Contents 7.1 Definition and Importance of Anatomy and Physiology in exercise and Sports. 7.2. Functions of Skeletal ‘System, Classification of Bones and Types of Joints __ 7.3 Properties and Functions of Muscles __74 Functions and Structure of Circulatory System and Heart | 7S Functions and Structure of Respiratory System Anatomy is the study of structure, size and shape of a living being. The study of human body with reset fil its parts and their relationship to each other is knows as human anatomy. Human anatomy studies, living beings. In other words, in human Physiology, different functions performed by differess systems a jiudied such as respiratory system, digestive system. circulatory system, muscular system, skeletal swine It can be stated that human physiology is the study of a body and the functions performed by its tifac "= Anatomy (Structure, shape, size and location of human organs) i Kinesiology -> itis basically the study of movement (Study of relationship of Anatomy and Physiology for the Movement for Human Body) Physiology (Study of various system , Circulatory, Muscular, Skeletal, Resparatory * ™ Human Skeleton system is mainly divided in four main parts. = Vertebral Column having 33 bones in children and 26 bones in adults. = The hands of an adult have 28 small bones. uses? s The body has 40% to 50% weight of muscle and total 650 different types of normal human body. = Human Body has two types of Blood Circulatory Systems. = Centre of Gravity is an imaginary point, It Plays a vital role for equilibrium. 184 igop Anatomy and Physiology 1 structure where as Physiology is the stud ly of functioning of human internal ing being is studied. In anatomy, we nal structure ete, In physiology, we fnitio . she branch of biology concerned with the i , e e internal str i i es especially as revealed by dissection and the separation af parte nmanss animals, and other living physiology, “A branch of biology that deals with the functions and activit seh as organs, tissues, or cells) and of the physical and chemical phenomena i if i stems of Body ‘body works amazingly with the help of various systems in our body. The hi body i of gens called systems, that work together to keep the body in balanee and werk clfently The ieee es of life or of living matter involved.” da oe esr in human bole jance and work efficiently. The following, 1. Circulatory system 2. Respiratory system 3. Muscular system 4, Skeletal system 5. Nervous system 6. Digestive system 1, Bxeretory system 8. Reproductive system 9, Endocrine system 10, Immune system Importance of Anatomy and Physiology in Exercise and Sports Human anatomy and physiology play a vital role in physical education and sports. Without their knowledge, a sports person cannot reach at the apex point in terms of sports performance. Human anatomy and Hysiology help in multiple ways in the field of sports and games. Hereis a brief description of the importance of anatomy and physiology in physical education, |. Cellular Structure Provides the Knowledge of Structure of Various Organs Human anatomy provides the detailed knowledge of the structure of us organs of body, We get the knowledge of structure, shape, size 22d weight of organs of all the systems of body. We come to know |= == anatomy nal the length, size and shape of the bones and organs. With the | i anatomy, f the percentage of white San eee = sad red fibes Le a ideal A a result the teachers and nae vorking the eld & stical educati vy solect the sports according to the traits of students. For example, itt lifting Ta hort stature students in comparison to volleyball and basket ball. In re ‘ay, the stude reel i i arison to a percentagi fast twitch fibres in compariso fibres. «9? the students, who have more pe} res i.e, fas ee ie, slow twitch. formance in sprinting events instead of endurance rate,” "@» Slow twitch fibres can present better performs pt vin *ilogy Provides the Knowledge about the Functions of Various Organs 4 the knowledge sig] a i ins of body. We get the tg BY provid ; about the functions of various orga a ec knowledge ea a a eae system with the help of physiology. We aso get ee ths Ding fonctions of nevtem, muscular system and excretory system, ete, Ss "Sl training, a physical trainer should have proper knowledge.oo during Exercise wing about Chemical Charges number of oF im games and sp0rts OF Pero re omical ve participate ‘nour body. The know! is of When we porticpatg im EO To eology. On the basis nw? fhanges tal " gh human physiology. © chemical pe achieved onky Uhrough, ham Pe done in the balanced . owledge, the essen this knowlede, or required chang e balanced neatly, the sports performance of sports pers diet and consequent], enhanced. tion of Sports Injuries ; 4. Ae EE ane ea at i tusion, fracture and dislocation of injuries such as sprain, strain, contusion, i Sports tnljommon phenomenon in the field of games and sports Generally, Se aeare i to any sports injury during his it is 8 t every sport person falls prey iy ins her Sacre ‘The proper knowledge of human anatomy a physilony , rts injuri i ‘ts train went sports injuries upto some extent during spor' candetition, That is why, the protective equipments in games and sports are used to provide protection on to the soft and delicate organs. Infact, the appropriate knowledge about the mutual functions of bones, muscles, tendons and ligaments is really helpful in the prevention of sports injuries. 5. Helpful in the Selection of Sports Human anatomy and physiology are helpful in the selection of sports. Its main reason is that there are different types of sports. Different types of sports require different of anatomical structure. One sport may require a specific structure whereas the requirement of the anatomy might be different for the other sports. With the help of anatomy and physiology, we come to know the shape, size or constitution of different organs of body and their functional capacities. For example, the body weight for a long distance racer should be less and he should have good cardio-vascular endurance and more percentage of red or slow twitch fibres. The knowledge of such traits or capacities is available only in human anatomy and physiology. 6. Helpful in the Process of Rehabilitation We are well aware of the fact that to get injuries inthe field of games and sports 's natural. Through rehabitation, an injured players can recover and get ready to give a good performance in sports again. ‘The knowledge of hun anatomy is really essential for effective rehabilitative procoss, For example the knowledge of types of bones, types of joints, ligaments, tendons and muccles yy ‘essential for providing proper rehabilitation. Without such knowlede provide rehabilitation properly. Hence, it can be s: human anatomy is very conducive in the s we cannot, aid that the knowledge of Process of rehabilitation. 7. Helpful in the Preparation of Training Programme Good training programmes can be prepared for differ help of appropriate knowledge of human anatomy of fact, good training programmes can only be prone esioloRy. j teachers of couches have basie knowledge of inant oon Doeal education knowledge of structure and physiologieal limitsleapabilites et aetna ie oe Berson can be had only through human anatomy and physica Henge aporta. and physiology are helpful in the preparation of trning soe Hence, anatomy 1 Programmes, 8. Helpful in Physical Fitness Development ‘The knowledge of human anatomy and physioloey j natomy and physiology is vi ical fi development. We are well aware of this fag, that ae Physical fitness components of physical fitness is also diffe gee rent for diffsren more speed and strength is required in 100 meter rage sren ys Ports Bc ore endurance ‘ent sports persons with the and physiology. As a matter AHHH HHH AHHH HHH HEH HH HEHE HH HHA HH HHH HHH HF HH Anatomy Physiology Kinesiology Rehabilitation First Aid Sports massage Principles of Kinesny Skeleton System The Skull The Axial Bones Functions of Bones Sesamoid Bones Irregular Bones Hinge Joint Pivot Joint Synovial Joint Cartilaginous Joint Fibrous Joint Saddle Jot Properties of Muscle Slow Twitch Muscle Fast twitch Muscle Cardiac Muscle Internal Respiration External Respiration Bronchi Diaphragm Pharynx Larynx Plasma wee REC Pulmonary Circulation Systematic Circulate” Stroke Volume Cardiac Output systolic Diastolic Equilibriumbs wnded in long distance ra The differe i or demau bere rent means of physical fitness de ited or ee fopment of the above-mentioned components of physical ene 7 ir be dovents, the knowledge of the composition of all Te eee all the organs of body compre ca get such Knowledge only from husnan nd their wor tial anatomy and physiology. ae set ‘i i i . * gat Knowing about Anatomical and Physiological Differences among Males and Females a. HED of the knowledge of human anatomy and physiology, the anatomical and physiological, diffe 38754 females can be understood properly. Due to anatomical and physiological difference: sant g sports and sports equipment are different for males and females, For example, UJ gaa cure of shoulder among males and females, therefore the weight of equipments such a shot, diseus, in be od javelin is less for females in comparison to males owing to anatomical and physiological differences. on an i amet jre less efficient and capable in running events but more efficient in gymnastics and swimming. So, ie understood properly with the help of human anatomy and a ‘st and physiological differences can be noes of among males and cis a dif & a b3 psilo talon Providing First Aid to Sports Persons risque natural to get injury during daily practice and competition. Ifthe frst aid is not provided properly to } Hi Teunded person at that time, the consequences can be fatal. A first aider should have proper knowk ate ongans of various systems of body, only then the first aid ean be provided appropriately. Hence, arp that the Knowledge of human anatomy is definitely essential in the diagnosis of fi inovledge of human anatomy provides a firm base for the protection and treatment of wounded sports person. 11. Helpful in Sports Massage ‘the knowledge of human anatomy and physiology is helpful in performing sports massage. In fact, sports nassage is used to rectify or settle the imbalances in soft tissues, which are usually imbalanced by performing ttrenuous physical activity repeatedly. By providing sports massage before and after exercise or training, sorts injuries can be prevented. It also helps in enhancing the sports performance. If we do not have proper nowledge of human anatomy and physiology, the tissues may be ruptured by performing sports massage. the knowledge of anatomy and physiology is significant for performing sports massage. 12. Helpful in Providing the Knowledge of Environmental Effects on Sports Persons The knowledge of anatomy and physiology is beneficial in providing the knowledge of environmental effects on the sports persons. For example, the number of red blood cells increases by doing sports training at high altitude. Unused air sacs or alveolus in the lungs become active. Heart rate and respiratory rate are also inereased at such altitude. The studies of such effects on sports persons are only possible through the knowledge of anatomy and physiology. Practice. Questions 7.1 |. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (1 Mark) 2 i ith the structural aspect of the human body is known as : The science that deals with the stri sp an body is mori (a) Physiology (b) Anatomy © Botany : (d) Kinesiology ; 2 The scientific study about the human or non-human body movements is known as = (a) Physiology (b) Anatomy Ri (©) Biology (d) Kinesiology \d bones is known + The study of the larger structures of the body such as heart ams 2 ues) (@) Systemic Anatomy (b) Regional Anatomy 5. ; = tomy -(e) Surface Anatomy. “ (d) Microscopie Anatomy + Gross Anatomy -‘A Textbook of Physical Education—X1 The athlete who has a greater dominance of slow twitch muscle fibre jg a Q.4. The a (CBSE Text poop Q (a) A sprinter (b) Thrower Mtn (c) A long distance runner (d) None of these Q,5y Anatomy is the study of structure of human body. (a) Partly true (0) True (©) No (d) None of these is helpful in Preparation for sports trai () Physiology (d) None of these Q& The knowledge of .. (a) Anatomy (©) Both (a) and (6) @. 7. Physiology provides knowledge about (@) Human behaviour (©) Functioning of human body Q. 8. Study of all the systems of (a) Kinesiology (8) Physiology (©) Anatomy @ au ASSERTION AND REASON ining Programm, (6) Human structure (d) None of these a Read the following statements—Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Choose one of the cor alternatives given below: are (CBSE SQP 20203, Assertion (A) : Human anatomy provides the detailed knowledge of the structure of various gra of body. Reason (R) : The knowledge of structure, shape, injuries. Size may be helpful in prevention of sprs (c) (A) is true but (R) is false. (d) (A) is false but (R) is true, ll. SHORT QUESTION ANSWERS (3 Marks, Q. 1. Explain the structure of body. ow Q, 2. Differentiate between Anatomy and Physiology, (C.B.S.E Text Boo! Q. 3. What is the difference between Gross Anatomy and Microscopic Anatomy? Q.A. Define Kinesiology, (C.B.S.E Text Book 100 Words)-1 it é lll, SHORT QUESTION ANSWERS (5 Marks, 200 Words) Q. 1. Why is it compulsory to study anatomy and physiology? Explaii Q. 2. Define Kinesiology. Explain its importanceFundamentals of Anatomy, Physioloy Aco eM HoH eh Roach eo) eaatasaele is a combination of various bones. In a child, there are 213 bones whereas in adult there yste! made up of mineral a ; se bones are neral and organic substances. But these are different in sizes tpt e bones are joined together by ligaments. Many bones aet as levers in our body. Bones also st ae or te attachment 9 ihe se etal museles because muscles are attached to these bones, ‘They wot 2S oy a nely changes bo pact the body. In pregnancy, the child's whole skeletal oe tte catilage which slowly changes into bones. Bones are mainly made up of calcium phosphate, geo sonates calcio f ori A meena chloride and some organic elements. “divided into four parts: Zu gon is divi cle ne 2, Trunk po 12 Jed with the upper part of vertebral column. It | cevest qs atioched SC ynium and Face, Cranium is a box made | ‘ert ws ——{ = 8006 ich have main senses, like eyes, ears, nose | aie ‘wav isthe lower part of the skull. thas only J sttegamed as mandible and it is movable. ot 2. Tiunk enh the majority of humans have 33 separate vertebrae, | ree during normal development several vertebrae fuse ether, leaving a total of 24, in most cases. The confusion tant whether or not there are 32-34 vertebrae stems from tte ha that the two lowest vertebrae, the sacrum and the | =m cup, are single bones made up of several smaller bones stich have fused together. This is how the vertebrae are contd: 24 separate vertebrae and the sacrum, formed from 5 fued vertebrae and the coceyx, formed from 3-5 fused ‘ervbrae. If you count the coceyx and sacrum each as one ‘erbra, then there are 26 vertebrae. If the fused vertebrae we all counted separately, then the total number of ‘erebrae comes to between 32 and 34, The rib cage is ‘npised of 12 pairs of ribs plus the sternum for a total of fata bones. The rib cage functions as a protection aay organs such as the heart and lungs. The ribs crattl like crescents, with one end flattened and the tothe qe undead. The rounded ends are attached at joints atic vertebrae at the back and the flattened ends : er at the sternum, in the front. LPP Limbs ing PP limb is divided i ; shoulder and elbow i is di , between the shoulder a = the fa vided into three regions. These consist of the a ea Het is located distal to the (Pay te 81 bones i i i ‘the upper arm, and the ulna aly) and the ones in each limb, The humerus is the single bone of the upp , and the u ray ng the radius (laterally) are the aired bones ofthe forearm. The base of the hand contre eight Se The eles carpal bone, and the palm of the hand is frmed by five Tore ech ale sterol "8 total i at : e of 62 bent vontain a total of 14 bones, each of which is a phalanx bone of beook of Physical Educatlo BI A Tox 4, Lower Limbs oe cr limb i n Tower limb is di y e femur, patella, tibj D, joint and ihe foot, The lower limb contains 82 bones. eee ae att ib ‘ankle is the foot s. The femur is the single b ing bone located on vt eae metatarsal Lae ane trons the tibia is the larger, weight-bearing bone located on the . es with the and articulates regions. The thigh i tion of the lower limb located hy i thigh is that por i egions. divided into three a, the Ky Medi ht bones, each of which is known as» rior portion of the foot is formed by a group of eight bones, each of whic ‘own as a The posterior in ‘hereas the mid-fox ins five elon; ones, each of which is a metatarsal bone. The tose bn, i ich s . The toog mid-foot contains five elongated b t mo) tinal! bones, each of which is 0 phalanx bone of the foot. There are a total of 64 bones Otay smal « Skeleton System Skeleton system comprises of the bones of the entire body: 1, Axial Bones: It has the following bones: (a) Skull - 28 (6) Sternum - 1 (©) Ribs = 24 (d) Hyoid Bone - 1 (©) Vertebral Column - Adult - 26 Child - 33 2. Appendicular Bones: It has the following bones: (a) Upper limbs - 62 (6) Lower limbs - 64 Functions of Bones 1. To Provide Strength: Bones 2. To Give Shape to body: 8. Store house of minerals: There are such bon minerals are very useful for our life. 4. To Provide Security: Bones Protect some soft and delicate or; 5. Junction: It is the muscles which join with bones and be: i tv 1 pecifically the region between the knee joint and the ankle joing" int. The leg is 5} i | f g, and the of the lateral leg. The bones of the foot are divided into tyes late 8. nes of the othe fibula is the thin bone of th of the leg, Bans of our body like heart, brain andluss | ‘come passive instruments of movement a | locomotion of different organs of the body. 6. Works as levers: Bone: 7, Self Nursing: Whenever bon 8. Production of blood cells: RB Gives Support to muscles: of skeletal muscles, Classification of Bones —aSsitication of Bones SNGTS a8 strerel types oft tones depend 1. Sesamoid Bones These bones are like the seeds of fname tree. Their specific size helps in mechanical work and helps the ligament. These bones are found in the tendons of muscles. These bones are found in knees, hands and fect 6 on their shape and formation which are as follows: To Fatwa |found where there is need for protection, For example, bo »ple, bones pone® Ang (aturmuum bone) are flat. These bones have fa surface cereal Hand Ele attached to them, These bones act as shies for soft and fo | eee jase eg, For examples Hs, skull, shoulder bones and seapul ee i ona ele! Percsteumn Bones Comeact seir long length some bones are called long bones. These are situated ia a coy pet ci lower limbs. These are found in shoulde 1 ages acta levers in our body, Apart from this, these bones help us me Metin/moverent, Without these bones, we can't move from one in Mio another ee bones have higher length and weight. Femur, which is found in the Tie the longest bone in the body. Leg bones are Tibia, Fibula and aie land Hand bones are Humerus, Radius and Una. These bones are Ferg enough to bear heavy weight. 4. short Bones rece bones are short in Tength and are called bones. For example, earpals Tharsals, These bones have less weight. But they are more powerful. qhese bones are made of the tissues of cancelleous bone and are covered Mheompact tissues. These bones are used for exerting force. For example, ‘armls, tarsals, metacarpals and metatarsals, ete. oeai—| Gib epiphysis 5. lmegular Bones These bones have some special shape/size. Because of this, these bones Fy ue different from other bones. These bones are found is our spines. ‘There 26 it “s spines. are 26 irregular bones in the spines. Saat Baas morc t2) sacrum, ed covey fateJAI A Textbook of Physical Education—X! s of Joints Le aan, aanire two or more than two bones is called a joint. The study of joints is The com| Sao cae at lle arth i 7 where ther © tw: Y.As | can be described in the following manner as well-“Each and every place Pe ae to op gi ‘i meet, is called a joint.’ : ; ’ Bones fact articular surfaces of the bones are sometimes separated by a thin membrane, sone connective tissue or fibro cartilage and in the frely moving joints, are completely separated, 4 flexibility to a person’s skeleton. The shape and size of each joint is based on its fu My ° se d nctionin, jo’ no movement, slightly movement and free movement. These joints are divided on the basis of moveinent following ways: » Classification of Joints Joints are classified on the basis of movement in the following ways: 1. Fibrous Joints ‘These joints are also called immovable are joined together through tissue, in nature. There is no cartilage present between them, ‘They are found in the bones of skull and face. The scientific name given to this joint is ‘SYNARTHROSIS’, Joints because these joints These joints are immovable 2. Cartilageneous Joints There is a liquid present in these kinds of joints. In these joints, the surface of bones is separated by some intervening substencr and only slight movement is possible. For example: (i) Symphyeig Saints (G) Smnchandrosie joints. The scientific nam of thia joint is ‘AMPHARTHROSIS’. (® ‘Symphysis Joints: It is a joint where two long bone surfaces are connected by a broad flat dise of fibrocartilage. For example, Symphysis Pubic and Intervertebral Joints, (ii) Synchondrosis Joints: cartilage changes to bone is found between Diaphys bones. It is a temporary joint. The before adulthood. This joint is and Epiphysis of the long3, Synovial Joints ‘This kind of joint is also called joints in our body come the bones are covered with cartilage, the shocks in the upper part ¢ It is also currounded by ligaments whieh bind toy ; Tendons of muscles pass ov pind together both the bones and also provi Cartilage prov panes. The scientific name of th bones. ynovial joint. Most of the nder this category. ‘The ends of This cartilage bears body and protects: bones, tion of a correet joint, It is ther both the ‘er these joints which ability to the ends of both the joint is ‘DIARTHROSIS\, the helpfull in the complet a smooth surface For example, joint of legs and arms. Freel ; joints are of various kinds: ene © a 5 Condyloid Joints: In this kind of joint. movement takes place in two directions. For example in a wrist joint, there is flexion extension, adduction, abduction, circulation bet no rotation. Ball and Socket Joints: This kind of joint has one end of the bone round like a ball and the other end like a cup. For example, hip and shoulder joints. Gliding Joints: These joints have gliding power. Their movement depends on the ligaments which build them. This kind of joint has the capacity to move in any direction. For example, joints of wrists and ankles. Hinge Joints: These joints permit angular movement in one direction like a door on its hinges. For example, joints in elbows, knees, and fingers. Pivot Joints: These are joints with a rotatary movement in one axis. In this form a ring rotates around a pivot or a pivot, like process rotates within ring being formed of bone and cartilage, eg, atlas and axis bones at the top of the neck. Saddle Joint: This kind of joint has many movements. For example, a thumbs joint. It enables the thumb to oppose fingers, Subchongea— ‘ie wath — Arseutae earioge Syroval rombrine ‘Synovial JointsRUZ" A Textbook of Physical Educatlon—X! Practice Questions. 7.2 |. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION ANSWERS (1 Mark) (CBSE Text Ny 10, The short bones are generally + ° Oh Quy, oe ee “ Cube-shaped (e) Curved . (2) Thin on Q. 11. One of the functions of the skeletal system includes hema enaliste sich rete i ; 2 Book Quon, (a) Provision of support to the body (&) Formation of blood cells “ (©) Production of minerals (d) Protection of delicate organs . A child has . bones. (OBS Tea Bont Ging! (a) 206 (b) 213 (c) 225, (d) 270 Q. 13. Bones serve as a store house for : (CBSE Text Book Quin, (a) Potassium (b) Oxygen (c) Calcium (d) Nitrogen + According to the functional classification of joint which focuses on the amount of, movement of the joint, synarthroses are also known as: (C.B.S.E Text Book Quest (a) Immovable joints (®) Slightly movable joints (c) Freely movable joints (d) Combination of immovable and slightly movable joints Q. 15, The sutures of the skull are the best examples of: (CB.S.E Text Book Quesicn (2) Cartilaginous joints (b) Synovial joints (¢) Fibrous joints (a) Freely movable iss &- 16. The synovial joints in which angular movement is allowed in just one plane is called: (C.B.S.E Text Book Quest (a) Hinge joint () Saddle joint (©) Plane joint (d) Pivot joint - Human skeleton is made up of (a) Bones () Muscles © Skin (d) Blood Q. 18. Upper limb is divided in : (a) Three regions () Four regions (c) Ten small regions (d) Five big regions Q. 19. How many bones are there in the lower limb? (a) 32 (6) 30 (c) 23 (a) 50 QH. Skull is attached with ., (a) Vertebral column — (b) Lower part of legs (c) Near the heart (d) Between the lungs - Face is the lower part of (a) Skull () Brain (© Heart (d) Lungs Q. 22. The rib cage Comprises of .. . pairs of ribs. (a) 12 () 03 (©) 15 (@ 20 44. How many bones are there in a rib cage? (a) 24 (b) 32 (e) 42 (a) 62 Q. 24, Skull has ssn bones. (a) 82 (b) 28 (c) 29 (a) 39 Q. 25. Appendicular skeleton-bones: (a) 64 () 65 (c) 62 (d) 126 seated Q. 26. The cartilage provides a smooth surface for opposing the bones, lubries! synovial fluid. (a) Hyaline (6) Elastion (c) Fibroelastie (@) Allsip and shoulder joints are example of; she a? fq) Ball and sacket joint (0) Gliding joints (¢) Pivot joint (d) Condyloid joints {nich joint is present in elbow? « Hinge (b) Gliding {) Ball and Socket (d) Saddle amu joints are called fibrous joints, ae {@) Immovable joints (@) Freely movable joints (6) Slightly movable joints (d) None of the above wo, Synchondrosis is a type of 7 (a) Immovable joint (o Freely movable joint (6) Slightly movable joint (d) None of the above ASSERTION AND REASON 31. Read the following statements—Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Choose one of the correct alternatives given below: (CBSE SQP 2020-21) Assertion (A): These joints contain synovial fluid. Reason (R) : They are mostly not found in the limbs. In the context of above two statements which one of the following is correct. (a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A). (b) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). (o) (A) is true but (R) is false. (@) (A) is false but (R) is true. MATCH THE FOLLOWING 82. Mateh Table-1 with Table-2 and select the correct answer from the code given below: ‘able-1 | ‘Table-2 iE as 1 Condy joint Code:al Education—Xt [HIG Tentvook of Prva IDENTIFY PICTURES ng pictur’ Q. 3a, Mdentify the folloy (a) Long Bone _(6) Short Bone (c) Irregular Bone (d) Flat Bone Stay SSS Code ll, SHORT QUESTION ANSWERS (3 Marks, 100 Words)-1 Q. 1. Explain the skeleton of human body. (C.B.S.E Text Book Quest Q. 2. Explain the functions of bones. Q. 3. Name the longest and the shortest bones in the body. (C.B.S.E Text Book Ques Q. 4. List at least two functions of the skeletal system, (C.B.S.E Text Book Qu Q. 5-Alame the four main classifications of bones, (C.B.S.E Text Book Qs 6. What are the two basic classifications of a joint? (C.B.S.E Text Book Ques Q. 7, What is the major difference between a fibrous joint and a cartilaginous joint? (C.B.S.E Text Book we Q. 8. Name two ball and socket joints of the body. (CBSE Text Book 0 Ill. SHORT QUESTION ANSWERS (5 Marks, 200 Words)-I1 Q. 1. Explain the types of joints in details, Q. 2. Classify bones, Q. 3. Elaborate the functions of the skeletal system, Q. 4. Write about the types of synovial joints in detail with suitable examples. —ion yiroaueron oo ssctes ay a” important ole in the movemes ery single movement of human body ae tet and Pale an cniNH oF lengthening af muscle Me maven tin the blood ireulation-They protect an co i in mi lace the abdominal organs. They also provide shape to body. The skeletal poses work under contro} and make use of them in our day-indsy ig re ae called skeletal muscles (ies mes are not under Our eontrol and work automatically They eee a, smooth or involuntary jes The heart is a very specialized ty ’Pe of involuntary muslee called o . . is] ‘ardiac muscle. Muscle lls, als fan as musele fibres oF myoeytes, are the fundamental unite of pce muscles, Humans have three types of tovties, skeletal, smooth and cardiac, Our 4. Contractility In the case of skeletal muscles, muscle cells con muscles do not require this input. P ithin the cell called causing the cell to shorten, or contract. Since this is goes on simultaneously and in a coordinated fashion in thousands of myocytes at the same time, the muscle as a whole contracts. 2. Excitability For a muscle to contract and do work, its cells must be stimulated, most often by the nerves supplying then. Nervous impulses cause the release of the neuro transmitter acetylcholine at the nerve-muscle junction. aad the acetylcholine activates receptors on the surface of the muscle cell. This results in an influx of positively charged sodium ions into the muscle cells and a depolarization of the muscle cell membrane, which in the ‘esting state is quite negatively charged. If the membrane becomes sufficiently depolarized, an action potential results; the muscle cell is then “excited” from an electrochemical standpoint. 3. Elasticity When something is described as elastic, it ean be stretched or contracted by some amount above or below its ‘esting or default length without damaging it, and that it will return to this resting length once the oe for stretching or contraction is removed. Your muscles require the property of elastie recoil for them ta beable ‘do their jobs. If, say, your biceps muscles failed to recoil to their resting length after being stretched during ‘series of curling exercises, they would become slack, and slack muscles with no tension are ui “*y force and are therefore useless as levers. 4. Extensibility . : troys them. Your I’stof your body's cells lack the eapacity to stretch; attempting to do Fe See ae eee long evindical musele cells, however, have a different story. Muscle cel caeaaen ‘Your muscle cells ean be 1 Ability, they must accordingly possess extensibility, or the eapacity | eae Giiapatank weraues ia let eched to about three times their contracted length same eae hey one is lengthening while the other is ina ents, si a istic muscles operate s igh contracts while your quadriceps ona For ieee anager hamatring in the back of your thigh contracts while your q For example, wher , extended, " ‘‘A Textbook of Physical Education—XI Functions and Structure of Muscles Functions and Structure oo Functions of Muscles scle gystem is just like a machine which changes chemical energy into mechanical energy, saa hese Kinds of muscles_-voluntary, involuntary and cardiac. Apart from this, there & ne skeletal muscle fibres in our body—red fibres and white fibres. They can be called as slow twignh _] fast twitch muscles respectively. These fibres have different functions. Different muscles sn Tia in the following manner: fits 1, Voluntary muscles provide power to the movement of the bone system. These muscles function conscious control and ean be controlled and we can decide when to use them. They are AN50 kn skeletal muscles. 2. The human body becomes full of movement due to contra 3. Muscles in unison with bones make work easier. . Muscles give shape and size to the body. . The body works by the contraction and relaxation of the muscles, . Helps in work of internal organs like digestion and intestines. 7 Muscle contractions carry out two things. Either they maintain a posture or they cause oven 8. Some muscles are helpful in enhancing movement. 7 9. Large muscles protect bones. 10. Muscles help in the movement of liquids in the body. 11. Muscles provide design to the body. 12. Involuntary muscles are related to the blood vessels. iction and extension of muscles, movement of internal organs—stomach, intestines, viscera x 13. Cardiac muscles perform pumping action of the heart, Structure of Muscles Movement is the basis of all human activities. In other words, in a human body. Otherwise the human body can become moti of muscles, due to muscle contraction, movement takes pt ionless. Generally, a person has 40 to 50° wt Mole ard plate (necromuscuar junctionin Sports dy contains approximately 650 differ yan bo i ent muscles which 7 * 008 ay apealing and becutiful. Muscles are ausched are ieee te mare : artilage, ligaments and skins. The jght under the skin are flat, oi re ong. Mules ae Sean Rear the hip area are wide and flat, The muscles a 1 eg through the connective tne, te reads known as fibres which are attached to one ean these Bbresconsitite musle. Kaen jenath ofa fibre is about 3 mm-4 mm and its width 10 fbrils as well which is helpful in contraction cy eich as some ye bt ed sarcolemma. These fibres are tied ! of myot and stores oxygen in muscles. Connective ee ‘e Heo uees fibres and form a small bundle named fascicules. Many vei bi nd together scle. Muscles bind with bones with the help of tendons. Two types of fibres and in muscles. 1 ped Muscle Fibres pe sres contract very slowly, as a result these fibres play a prominent role in activities full of endurance aistance 12028. White Muscle Fibres suse fibres contract fast and produce explosive power. That is why these fibres play an important role in the dirtes full of power anaerobic exercise, like high jump, football, short-distance races and weight lifting. Cassification of Muscles Os the basis of their structure muscles have been classified as : 1. Voluntary muscles 2. Involuntary muscles. 3. Cardiac muscles {Voluntary or Skeletal Muscles These kinds of muscles are also called striped muscles and are under our ‘ious control. They act according to our will. These muscles have the atest diversity in shape, size, strength, speed of contraction, extension ud the means for which they are attached to the bones or other tissues Thee muscles are helpful in the movement of oxygen from one place to = and also helpful in the movements related to respiration. These . a sbey a man’s desire. They react quickly to the stimuli and are ofrapid contractions, These muscles get tired quickly. It happens ma, function very quickly. These muscles can be divided into two ‘v twitch and fast twitch. Their description is as follows: ‘© Slow Twiteh: Slow twitch (Type 1) or red muscles have a lot of mllochondria and myoglobin which give color to the muscular tissue. se muscles can produce power for a longer period. It carries a Sxygen and continues the aerobic process for a long time i ; fat and carbohydrates in the form of fuel. These muscu lar A 8 keep on contracting for a long time but they have less power. Nt Twitch: These muscles have less number of mitochontris “the slow twitch muscles. Contraction speed of muscles is higher. a)ABIE A Textbook of Physical Education—X! In addition, the foree produced by these muscles is also greater than the slow taiten use, in addition, sles ns, tt is aerobie, rich in mitochondria, capillaries and appe, Fast twitch muscles are of three kinds — II, II,, II. These enhance contractioy I. Type II, Muscular fiber: 28 ed deoxygenated. : TI. Type II, Muscular fibre: This muscular fibre is also known by the name of and myoglobin. It is the faster kind of muscles in a human being, As compar: fibre (oxygenated muscle), it contracts with terrific speed and with fall force. for very little time. Afterwards, it begins to ache. Ill. Type I, Muscular fibre: Tly. Tt lacks y Mito ed to slow twiten™ It is anaerobic (white) muscle which lacks mitochondria ang myogl j 2. Involuntary or Smooth muscles canal. These mu, SC muscles conty are capable of long time sus, Easily because of their slowness of response. These us possess active or myosin filaments. But the structural Strangements of these filaments are very difewm, compared to the skeletal muscles, ‘Involunlay oc Shean luscles. 3. Cardiac Muscles These muscles are in our heart. Unlike voluntary muscles, have stripes. But there are some differences because ite a Each cell has a large oval centrally located nucleus. There colour. These muscles do not function as per our way independence. these muscles have branches, cells are red in They have fullFundamentals of Anatomy, Physiology in Sports. ‘| f | MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION ANSWERS (1 Mark) ha many types of muscle tissue are there? (0 (C.B.S.E Text Book Question) at 2 @3 ; . oes _ ypcomotion and facial expressions are one of the important responsibilities of : os (C.B.S.E Text Book Question) fo) Candiae muscles (b) Skeletal muscle (g Smooth muscle (@) Cardiac and Skeletal muscles sq The ability of a muscle to shorten forcefully is known as: (C.B.S.E Text Book Question) (q) Extensibility () Contractility (o) Elasticity (a) Excitability a On the basis of their structure, muscles are classified in (a)3 parts () 5 parts (o) 10 parts, (@) 8 parts a.i$ Bones are protected by (a) Small muscles ©) Large muscles (© Ribs (@) Skin Muscles give shape and size to the .. 7 (@) Body (6) Heart (©) Lungs (@) Skeleton (40. mms Fefers to the ability to activate muscles causing them to contract. (a) Extensibility () Elasticity (©) Excitability (d) None of the above {\4l. Which of the following is/are property of muscles? (a) Contractility (b) Excitability (c) Elasticity (d) All REASON AND ASSERTION {82 Read the following statements—Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Choose one of the correct lernatives given below: Assertion (A): Voluntary muscles provide power to the movements of bone system. Thera! 2: These muscles funtion under conscious control and can be controlled. We can decide use them. ‘he context of above two statements, which one of the following is correct? Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A). is ae (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). @ es ‘true, but (R) is false. 's false, but (R) is true. (a)[fia Textbook of Pnyteal Eauention =! MATCH THE FOLLOWING 7 2 lect the correct answer from the code o: @. 48 Match Table-1 with Table-2 and selec CO sen hn, Table-1 a Tabla ja Mimutus |] [een a ay 11. | Ability to stretch a muscle to reach its full range ea 2. | Elasticity of movement without restriction eto be stretched | fa) IV. | Ability of muscle cells to forcefully shorten eae 4. | Extensibility ll. SHORT QUESTION ANSWERS (5 Marks, ". SHORT QUESTION ANSWERS (3 Marks, 100 Words)-I Q. 1. Explain the functions of a muscular system, Q. 2. Explain the muscles involved in the inten Q. 3. Explain the construction of muscles. emia is a muscle? List the major types of muscles, (C.BS.E Text Book Ques +. 5. List the four major functional characteristics of the skeletal muscles. (CB. Text Book Qu - (C.B.S.E Text Book Ques iat (C.BS.E Text Book Ques ‘nal reactions of our body. x Q. 6. Write down the properties of cardiae muscle, Q. 7, How are smooth muscles different from eardine muscles? (C. Q#7 Where are smooth muscles found? Q. 9. How do cardiac muscles diffor from skele LE Text Book Qe stot tal muscles? (CBSE Text Book Qi 200 Words)-It Q. 1. Explain the constructive classification of muscles. ‘plain the properties of m details,- to Circulatory System pe opto te sn je heels, discusses And OFANS Of nutrients jeter efers to circulatory system, ‘The wast, 14098 10, must be continuously removed side te eaystom of the body that carries out both mposiatized functions continuously both in «called circulatory system, ic, the hears vit Sood vessels through which the blood ig ed nuovsly circulated to and fro. The system that es plood and consists of the heart, blood sel blood, Iymph, and the lymphatic vessels and is alled circulatory system. Blood plays an tant role in this system that’s why it is also sled as blood circulatory system, slood fad is red colour liquid tissue present in the body. Ithas two parts: = Plasma © Blood cells 1. Plasma Fu nda tat Anatomy, Pysciogy in Sport Circulatory System About 85% of blood is blood plasma, a fluid that is the blood’s liquid medium, which by itself is straw-yellow in clour. It is essentially an aqueous solution containing 92% water, 8% blood plasma proteins, and trace ‘nuns of other materials. Plasma circulates dissolved nutrients, such as glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids \dssalved in the blood or bound to plasma proteins), and removes waste products, such as carbon dioxide, urea, ‘ad lactic acid, 2 Blood Celis These are of three types: (0) Platelets: They play a major role in blood clotting (coagulation). Fibrin from the coagulation cascade “reates a mesh over the platelet plug. White Blood Cells: White blood cells are a part of the body’s immune system; they destroy and ‘move old or aberrant cells and cellular debris, ‘as well as attack infectious agents (pathogens) and foreign substances. The cancer of leukocytes is called leukemia. ' Red Blood Cel ves Proportion °f blood ce Would be b : Red blood cells contain the blood’ sod cells lack nucleus and organelles in mammals. “el cells and other cells) are also marked by glycopro hemoglobin and distribute oxygen. Mature red © The red blood cells (together with endothelial teins that define the different blood types. The 7 as the ratio of volume of RBCs, volume of blood occupied by red blood cells is referred t0 a8 IH HT arene human body nd is normally about 45%. The combined surface ar68 © oughly 2,000 times as big as the body's exterior face.of Blood ; an ny important functions within the body, including: Blood perfor Coagulation, the response to a broken blood vessel, the conversion of blood from a li 1. Coagulation, Wit a sa gel to stop bleeding. ~ 4 2. Messenger functions, including the transport of hormones and the signalling of tissue dana 3. Supply of oxygen to tissues (bound to haemoglobin, which is carried in red cells), | 4. Supply of nutrients such as glucose, amino acid, and fatty acids (dissolved in the blood g bin | plasma proteins (e.g., blood lipids)). 5. Regulation of core body temperature and hydraulie functions 6. Removal of waste such as carbon dioxide, urea, and lactic aci ¥ Immunological functions, including circulation of white blood cells, and detection of forcign mat by antibodies. | Blood Circulation The blood circulatory system (cardio-vascular system) delivers mutrients and oxygen to all cells in the bod consists of the heart and the blood vessels running through the entire body. The arteries carry blood away fs the heart; the veins carry it back to the heart. The system of blood vessels resembles ‘tree—The “trunk ty dete Aaorta) branches into large arteries, which lead to smaller vessels. The smallest arteries end ing pegrork of tiny vessels, the capillary network. There is not only one blood circulatory system in the hums body, but two, which are connected—The systemic circulation provides organs, tissues act cells with bled s that they get oxygen and other vital substances. The pulmonary circulation is where one fresh oxygen w: breathe in, enters the blood. At the same time, earbon dioxide is released from the blood, In our body blood is circulated in two types: (a) Pulmonary circulation (®) Systematic circulation (2) Pulmonary Circulation The impure blood from the right atrium passes into the right ventricle. When the ight ventricle contracts, th }ieed goes into pulmonary artery. From here, the blood reaches two lungs, Here, the Elood levee CO, ane takes 1 ‘The exchange of CO, and 0, takes place here. Afterwards, pulmonary capillaries unite until veins ry veins which emit the purified blo i and then goes into the aorta for syst circulation again, The sequence is: Venacava (Impure Blood)—Right Atrium (Impure Blood)—Right Ventricle (mpure Blood)—Pulmen Artery (Impure Blood)—Lungs (Pure Blood)—Pulmonary Vein (Pure Blood)_-Left Atria. (6) Systematic Circulation In systemic circulation blood comes out from the left ventricle through aorta, Afterwards, blood reacts arteries which circulate blood to all parts of the body unless pure blood reaches the eeteries. These arte divided and further subdivided. Arteries resist the flow of blood beemes they have narrow pass arteries perform two functions: (i) Maintenance of arterial blood pressure, (ii) Regulation of blood flow into capillaries, These capillaries have thin walls, so that exchange between plasma and interstitial uid mi a well. The capillaries unite and form veins which, in turn, become inforios vena cece and superid D oy wieice ist quer oe s mm (Pure Blood)—Capllaries—Aorta (Pure Blood)—Arteries (Pure Bh d)—Capill; Ss '8 (Pure Blood)—Capillaries Supply to of food, gases and waste + Vi blood) — Right Atrium spange 1 (Impure Blood) —> § Es ood) => Su _ eat Impure rior Vi macave ~+ Interior Venacave crate is the number of times the heart beats in the space of ec, Whan it beats pumped ie amine: Be ear a mea ran ® som ck waste ey ‘ear supplies the body with just the right amount of blood at the ee r at that time. For example, being fri ically sa teleases adrenaline, a hormone, to make the heart rate faster "This ee ea meee meget e560 OF confront potential danger. The pulse is often confused with the heart rate. However, goss refers instead to how many times per minute the arteries expand and contract in response to the Hoping action of the heart. The pulse rate is exactly equal to the heartbeat, as the contractions of the heart Rise the increases in blood pressure in the arteries that lead to a noticeable pulse. Taking the pulse is, Gevtore, a direct measure of heart rate. Pulse Rate Heart rate, also known as pulse, is the number of times a person’s heart beats per minute, Normal heart rate saries from person to person, but a normal range for adults is 60 to 100 beats per minute. However, a normal yeart rate depends on the individual, age, body size, heart conditions, whether the person is sitting or moving nedication used and even air temperature. Emotions can affect heart rate; for example, getting excited or sared can increase the heart rate. Most importantly, getting fitter lowers the heart rate, by making heart susees work more efficiently. A well-trained athlete may have a resting heart rate of 72 to 80 beats per sinute, Stroke Volume Stroke volume is the volume of blood pumped from the left ventricle per beat. Stroke volume is calculated using measurements of ventricle volumes from an echocardiogram and subtracting the volume of the blood in the ‘eatricle at the end of a beat from the volume of blood just prior to the beat. The term stroke volume can apply toeach of the two ventricles of the heart, although it usually refers to the left ventricle. The stroke volumes for each ventricle are generally equal, both being approximately 70 ‘ml in a healthy 70 kg man. Cardiac Output The cardiae output is simply the amount of ia the product of the heart rate, whic! wiki of blood pumped per beat. The cardiac output i thing about 70 kg (1654 Ibs), the cardiac output at rest is al “t+ is 70 beats/min, the stroke volume would be a little more {blood pumped by the heart per minute. Necessarily, the cardiac 'n ig tho number of beats per minute, and the stroke volume, which usually expressed in litres/minute. For someone out 6 litres/minute. In this case, if the heart than 70 mUbeat. Bed Pressure ld oresure is the pressure afcireulating blood on the walls af blond vessel. Us without further apceation, Scene uly roles to the PSR are oe har bat wr dant pressure ‘nigi?,°*PF88ed in terms of the systolic pressure (maxinny ete en ee ee mum in Datioas Ges toeet baste aa rrestred in mifimetres of mercury neath) ibove the surrounding espe ensured ie a jong with respiratory rate, heart rate, oxygen “aluraion. ee mrceanral iar : i reaars ivan adult is approximately 120 millimetres “mercury and body temperature, Normal restink A abbreviated “120/80 mmely”, Traditionally, blood Fregine) ¥8tolic, and 80 millimetres of mercury d hygmomanometer. 'S measured non-invasively using & mereury-tube Sphygmon aof Physical Education—X! Py ABIL’ A Textbook Free |. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION ANSWERS (1 Mark) (CBSE Text Bo Q. 44, Trachen is also known as ‘ext Book (a) Windpipe (©) Pharynx Q. 45. The movement of air into and out of the (a) External respiration (©) Internal respiration Q. 46. The principal organ of respiration Ques (b) Voiee box (d) Nose ii ed: (C.B.S.E Text Bo e lungs is ealled : ( Text Book Quin (b) Ventilation (d) Respiration (CBSE Text Book Queig (a) Nose (b) Larynx (©) Trachea (d) Lungs Q. 47. The heart is made up of : (C.BS.E Text Book Question (a) Connective tissue (b) Epithelial tissue ) Cardiac tissue (d) Musele tissue ain heart has .. chambers : (C.B.S.E Text Book Questiog, (a) Three () Four (©) Five (d) Six Q. 49. For how many minutes a man can survive without oxygen? (a) 4 minutes (®) 10 minutes em. (c) 2 days (d) 10 days 750. How many parts are there in a respiratory system? (a) 2 (5 (©) 3 @ 10 REASON AND ASSERTION Q. 51. Read the following statements—Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Choose one of the corre alternatives given below: Assertion (A): Cardiac output is the amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute. Reason (R): It is the product of heart rate and stroke volume. In the context of above two statements, which one of the following is correct? (a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A), (®) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct, i (©) (A) is true, but (R) is false. atenolol a (d) (A) is false, but (R) is true. MATCH THE FOLLOWING Q. 52, Match Table-1 with Table-2 and select the correct answer from the code given belo™ Vital Capacit; | ea ma Pe | Tt is the amount lef in lungs after a maxi’ | expiration Respiration per minute (volume) [/ ration reathing esl - er Maximum amount of air a person ca” from the lungsIL SHORT QUESTION ANSWERS (3 Marks, 100 Words)-I Q.1. What do you mean by blood circulation? (C.B.S.E Text Book Question) eae are the functions of blood? (C.B.S.E Text Book Question) . 3. What are the functions of heart? QT Explain the functions of respirator Q.5. Write the mind vocabulary related to respiratory system. Q.6. Explain the construction of heart. Q.7. Define respiration. (C.BS.E Text Book Question) Q.8. Write a short note on pharynx. (C.BS.E Test Book Question) Q.9. Explain the function of the diaphragm in breathing. (CBS.E Text Book Question) Q12-Define circulatory system. (CBS.E Text Book Question) i 11. What is the difference between Arteries and Veins? (CBS.E Text Book Question) “SHORT QUESTION ANSWERS (5 Marks, 200 Words)-II 1. Explain in detail the blood cells. EZ Write notes ving: A. Stroke ee = *e. Cardiac Output C. Heart Beat D. Pulse Rate E. Blood Pressure * Explain the circulatory system. ; mie What is the construction of respiratory system? Explain. °-5. Explain the respiration process in detail. i trata ts and also write their fuxgon,Sf@t and clean illustration of heart, sharing its different Por i‘A Textbook of Physical Education—XI OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (ro RECS os Respiratory System Haman being’s first need is oxygen. Without food and water a human being ean survive for some day without oxygen the life is not possbile for even few minutes, Breathing is the process that brings 0 present inthe air into our lungs and moves oxygen through out our body. Our lungs remove use pass it through our blood-stream, where it is carried off to the tissues and organs that allow and move. Our lungs also take carbon dioxide from our blood and release it into the air when Due to body metabolism, carbon dioxide (CO,) is produced. Respiration is a two way process called internal respiration and the other process is called external respiration. Oxygen is inhaled, After g, time, chemical changes take place. As a result, some waste substances get accumulated Complete respirat involves inhalation of oxygen (O,) and exhalation of carbon dioxide (CO,) “ Functions of Respiratory System ea The functions of the respiratory system are as follow: 1, It helps in exchange of O, and CO, in the human | jasa\cavty us body. Paranasal Sinses. yp Us to walk, 4 We breathe, One process 2. Internal respiration takes place between cells and capillaries, 3. It helps in regulation of body temperature, 4. It helps in maintaining and regulating pH level of the body. 5. It affects the blood flow and heart rate. Respiratory rate and heart rate increase and decrease simultaneously. 6. It protects from bacteria. Structure of Respiratory System The process of carrying oxygen and exhaling out carbon dioxide is calle ‘This is a process wherein oxygen is taken in from the envi H,0 and energy through several chemical reactions in our bi chemical changes in cells) is thrown out. Man can live for some time without water but without oxygen man's life « | vrgen 8 stopped from entring a human being’s body for 4 minutes, he may die, Thar gy etenesrmet oor of oxygen. ; Respiratory system has many organs. Function of these are as under: 1. Nose, 2. Pharynx, 3. Larynx, 4. Trachea, 5, Bronchi, d respiration. ironment. The oxydised food produces CO; * ody and carbon dioxide (produced quite £7 6. Diaphragm, 7. Lungs 1. Nose ae ii i gan of the respiratory system, It hy ‘The nose is an important organ of f the respiration process. It has two parts—external feature and (a) External Features: It is triangular frame of bones an, two nostrils in the inner side of the nose, (6) Internal Cavities: Bach cavity has a 1t of small hair Tho hale ae cleared from unwanted particles which aro trapped by the small hi IPs us to smell things. It plays a key 1 * internal cavitios Md cartilage, It is covered with skin, There #* tas a filter, The air we inhale air, 2. PharynX Behind the no the oesophas™ a muscular tube which extends f ith ao acilinas fom the base of the skull to its junction ois pharynx. I we at the level of C