COBUILD

GORA

ENGLISH
CLANYIVEN?
BANOS
Helping learners with real English a

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EEE

setD COBUILD SERIES f{zom THE BANK OF ENGLISH

Katy Shaw
 COLLINS

-COBUILD
ENGLISH
GRAMMAR
_ EXERCISES
HarperCollins Publishers
77-85 Fulham Palace Road
London W6 8JB

COBUILD is a trademark of William Collins Sons & Co Ltd

© HarperCollins Publishers Ltd 1991

First published 1991
Reprinted 1991, 1992, 1993, 1995

10°96
t 65

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission in writing from the
Publisher.

ISBN 0 00 370428 9

Page layout and typesetting by eMC DESIGN, Berkhamsted

Printed and bound in Great Britain by HarperCollins Manufacturing, Glasgow

Acknowledgements

The author and publisher would like to express their gratitude to Joy Charnley for
keyboarding the manuscript.

The author and publishers are grateful to the following for permission to reproduce
the extracts on the pages indicated:

P. D. James and Faber and Faber Ltd from Innocent Blood 5-6, 23, 71;
The Estate of the late Sonia Brownell Orwell and Martin Secker and Warburg Ltd
from Animal Farm 8, 76; Edward Arnold Ltd from Where Angels Fear to Tread
by E. M. Forster 8; The Guardian 9-10, 47, 82; Tate Gallery Publications from
The Turner Collection in the Clore Gallery 10; The late Roald Dahl and Michael
Joseph and Penguin Books Ltd from The Soldier from Someone Like You 11;
The Observer 17, 66; Edward Arnold Ltd from A Passage to India by
E. M. Forster 21, 71; The Estate of the late Sonia Brownell Orwell and Martin Secker
and Warburg Ltd from 1984 34-35; Victor B. Scheffer and Souvenir Press Ltd from
The Year of the Whale 45-46; The Independent 46-4 7; Richard Allen and The South
London Press 48 (9b); Edwards and Hargreaves Ltd 60; The Estate of C. P. Snow,
reproduced by permission of Curtis Brown Ltd, London from The Masters 65;
Anita Brookner and Jonathan Cape Ltd from Hotel du Lac 71.

Every effort has been made to contact the owners of copyright material. The
publishers apologize for any omissions, and will be glad to pectlpy these when the
title is reprinted if details are sent.
Contents

Introduction

Chapter 1 Referring to people and things

Chapter 2 Giving information about people and things a2

Chapter 3 Making a message 22

Chapter 4 Varying the message Sp

Chapter 5 Expressing time 44

Chapter 6 Expressing manner and place 53

Chapter 7 Reporting what people say or think 61

Chapter 8 Combining messages 67

Chapter 9 Making texts to

Chapter 10 The structure of information 81

Reference Section 89

Key 95
Introduction
The Collins COBUILD English Grammar has been specially developed for advanced
students and teachers of English. This book of accompanying exercises can be used
by students working alone or in class, and will provide teachers with lesson material
that supports the Grammar closely.

There are exercises for all ten Chapters of the Grammar and for the Reference
Section. It is not necessary for students to work through the material sequentially.
They can instead select an exercise that deals with a particular problem. Exercises
are cross-referenced to the relevant paragraphs in the Grammar, so that students
can check the grammar point that is being practised and refer to the lists of
common words, where appropriate.

The exercises are varied in format. Most of them have a closed set of answers, which
are given in the answer key at the back of the book. However, there are also some
‘open-ended’ activities, where students can write answers that are true for
themselves. These exercises have a star (*) immediately following the cross-
reference, to highlight that they are not keyed. Students should ask their teacher or
another English speaker to check their answers to these exercises, if necessary.

It is very important to read the instructions to an exercise carefully. In most exercises,

the first question includes a model answer, to reinforce the instructions. Space is
provided in the remaining questions for students to write their own answers.

| hope the exercises are both useful and enjoyable. | would be pleased to receive
comments and feedback from users.

Katy Shaw
1 Referring to people and things
Introduction to the noun group

1 (Paras. 1.1 to 1.13) Describe the words in bold below in grammatical terms.
' modifier
a ... the grounds of a sixteenth century half-timbered house. ik eee eee cence
ees
b ... much of the work is taken on part-time or freelance. © eve eects
cece cnerces
c Give then’ all'thedetailstand Specifications; =++") 2h 8" 08 Uso. J8Pe... se.
d HECeCINE TO COMIMENEOMMENG MEWS: 9 i i i ee ucts
as elo awa ee alae

e Charing Cross is used in calculations of distance to and from London. ...........00eeeeeeeceees

f Werall enjoy good Weather don't: we? ss eer aie ns ec I oO
g He gave it to'Someone elSe!S 1 ice eee eee eee Ry RRR
Da ee ae
h. was'a big house -withlOts'OF WinGOWSir-—--s shave we ee et os
I, These are the: books youLaSked fora enns=ette tment esc hetcendlin Sle sano tides eM
j Cars can be rented at almostany airports iv stetepaca nswisn are ee

Things which can be counted: count nouns

2 (Paras. 1.16 to 1.23) Write the plural of the following singular count nouns.
Journeys
amet C Veet | Mg sice)se Soucaths co ra neshcutans a CES rs eRe ke ca) cece Ph gargs
DerCaliene set tesinwasacas
aus §& Nbaby' ee? Sousriee a Ses Pe Maes
(ee ol Ry ements eae RR Rt Dien ZCD IAs Been bccnetnes
erate manele
diaecINOUT ma Fa. Aseae. Se Beek Tee tROU Sec Mea cain
cn tcoeeteens
Cm SETS ie eine
stelasaeiew wan eye Jo *BANOWS: — ashasetantvieeetcromlnnesce

3 (Paras. 1.16 to 1.23) Write the singular of these plural count nouns.

a watches oe waich itaiietein aes fats end isa tesartieadieteerens

bY’ toads? “' hab Es Sede ce e= hovercratte "ws ss Seeee
BNelene Aor aniettitignets ante Ne =DUSEST a i Reece ner oes ae
Gi. COURTTICS:— mpiteetad aorctiiiceers:
hieent LSS Srapeiruit wwe oppo ce te
CU CICC se ne errerre Wertetotterss Nine SPECICS am Wen eteterere rere stetersycnn
staan

For more exercises on the plural form of count nouns, see page 89. .
Chapter 1

Things not usually counted : uncount nouns

4 (Paras. 1.24 to 1.34) Link the sentence openings on the left with appropriate
endings on the right, using the verbs below to fill in the gaps. You can use a verb
more than once.
be cause cook grow have involve travel

i Draughts Bele Gi eiiircepeieaattcetiaees not yet come up with a cure.

ii Mumps Die iistewwententh
Ravi wnahre played on a board with black and
white squares.

iii News Ci sinensis

eeneee an illness which is very dangerous to
pregnant women.
iv Genetics CG? beaasgavenvintegseis Meee about 1cm a month.

v Spaghetti GW seeds caeatuon

eee eeeeeees vigorous exercise.
vi Research into cancer Fo cpieta sticisenuietan
teespaaaeceead in about 8 minutes.
vii German measles SF vescsnaseaea
necanauen seems a swollen neck.
viii_ Hair h
ix Aerobics i

sete
5 (Para. 1.26) Decide which of the sentences on the right are possible. There is
more than one correct sentence in each group.
i What did your teacher do? He gave me some good advices.
. He gave me a good advice.
He gave me some good advice.
He gave me good advice.
ii Howis my English coming on? You’re making a lot of progresses.
You’re making a lot of progress.
You’re making progress.
You're making a progress.
iii What do you dislike about living My hairs are always getting dirty.
in a big city? My hair is always getting dirty.
My hair feel dirty.
My hair feels dirty.
iv What was her holiday like? She had an appalling weather.
She had appalling weather.
The weather was fantastic.
The weather were fantastic.
v___ Do you like the place where you're staying | haven't got many respects for my landlady.
at the moment? | haven't got much respect for my landlady.
| have a great respect for my landlady.
| have great respect for my landlady.
aowrTdwanonweanoaomdmdanandsy®
eo7Tomo
 Referring to people and things

vi Why did she get upset? The news were bad.

The news was bad.
There was some bad news waiting for her.
There was a bad news waiting for her.
vii Do you like the room? The furnitures are shabby.
The furniture is shabby.
There isn’t enough furniture.
There aren’t enough furnitures.
viii What happened when you got to the Our baggage was overweight.
check-in? Our baggages were overweight.
We had too many baggages.
We had too much baggage.
Could you lend me £5? Sorry, | haven’t got many money.
Sorry, | haven't got much money.
Sorry, my money’s in my room.
Sorry, my moneys are in my room.
Why did you come home so late? The traffic were heavy.
The traffic was heavy.
There were a lot of traffic.
ao There was a
2.0
aoowenD
oo
68
aqoescsd
uD lot of traffic.

Referring to groups : collective nouns

6 (Paras. 1.48 to 1.52) Expand the following newspaper headlines to make a

paragraph. The first sentence has been written for you.

LOCAL PRESS CONCERNED GOVERNMENT CUTTING

ABOUT PRESENT SITUATION BACK ON EDUCATION
OPPOSITION STRONGLY LOCAL COUNCIL CLAIM
OPPOSED TO CUTS SCHOOLS NOT AFFECTED
STAFF DROP LOCAL SCHOOLS DETERIORATING
IN MORALE
COMMUNITY UP IN ARMS
PUBEIG VERY
DISSATISFIED FAMILY AFFECTED

The local press is very concerned about

7 (Paras. 1.49 to 1.52) Choose the most likely alternatives to complete the
following sentences.
a The staff is/are united on this issue.
b The staff is/are all here and is/are waiting in the staffroom.
The council has/have agreed to a re-vote.
The council has/have made numerous improvements in the area.
The press is/are unreliable as its/their source remains uncertain.
The press is/are outside - you'd better go out the back way!
The government consists/consist of a number of MPs.

Cy The
Ce
Cy)
Ome government is/are arguing fiercely with its/their opponents.
Chapter 1

Referring to people and things by name : proper

nouns
8 (Para. 1.56) Look at the list of titles in paragraph 1.56 and write four examples
from the list in each of the following columns. Two have been filled in for you. You
can use the same title in more than one column if you need to.

Family Honorary titles Royalty Church Hospital Police Military

Miss Baron

Nouns which are rarely used alone

9 (Para. 1.66) Use your Cobuild dictionary if necessary to suggest what extra
information you could add to the following nouns. An example has been given.

Big 8, pmsare enervivid Pofcroce mane IMPRESSION, © SONS ore sae ets aaron taser ue ate rate

Dite, tnG ors crs jnteueiere hana c a fiagenos world f: “the (ies, Fo eee eee regime

CFA 6 kidtiines
cn SRO ee discovery EB A sa AP cen aieene version

CLMMUNG Werrepet terest AG 6 Seem iters edition NA eteaieas

soe extent

Referring to activities and processes : ‘-ing’ nouns

10(Paras. 1.78 to 1.83) Fill in the gaps in the following dialogue between two
foreign students in England. The first gap has been completed for you.
Tina: Are you enjoying life in England?
Paula: Very much. Atthe..... beginning oars it was strange, but | had the
Pe hs cians aaa eae etre I'd soon settle in, and | was right.
Tina : lifeltinesamesAtthie fitStics eerie
ota. 2renee with the Principal of the school, he gave us

Bites Pais ea tac alee nts ane and toldius,not to.spend too. muchitime:. jsesm.
<n aces eee oe if

we wanted to learn English, so I’ve tried to study as much as possible.

Blt eerccrecupreerstage
herent eke in my room is difficult when really I'd like to be out
SSA Soe Pa —|just love shops!
 Referring to people and things

_ Specifying more exactly : compound nouns

11 (Paras. 1.84 to 1.93) Complete the following sentences, using the compound
nouns in the box below.

air conditioning compact disc package holiday

bank account greenhouse effect police station
blood pressure high school post office
book token hire purchase telephone number
brain drain inverted commas traveller's cheques
burglar alarm letter-box value added tax
car park modern languages X-ray

a When you write, you use inverted commas

D FIGODENainn foes ree fe ae mee elaete , please write your name, address and................++
and answer all the questions below. We will then send you a cheque book.
clf'someone breaks Intothe house! tne wesw: os...
and seee will go off — you’d better call the

d_ If you’re feeling run down, ask the doctor to give you a check up - he’ll check your................5-
and he may even ask the hospital to give you a chest ..............ee
eee cece ees ,
e We're going to Spain — the travel agent’s booked 2... 1... ee cece eee eee for us and we’ve
already.gotiourtickets and! S.G0.6.
ee. seeres scan eses . We'll leave our car in the long stay
Ses ere ee ae eas oe eek Pa a at the airport and the hotel sounds good -it’s got
Sn PAN, Se ae ee mer Se | , so the rooms should be cool.

Come Siti allege eases spre etcisayec inateici. csteo ASIUGVING. Me cneee
ancacure neni te . He has to
read a lot, so he’d probably appreciate €2............
cece eee ee eee for his birthday.
BUY INEStaMpS at tN@ ame crocs cece «ctl or cerns and pop the letters inthe.................. outside.
h Scientists are very concerned about the results of deforestation, which has contributed to the

i The emigration of professionals to better paid jobs abroad is known as the............--..-eee ?

A PeWernavente Pelclt Ot tier were encetatetate ctet-tatelelstaterst
y== player yet — we’ve got it on
ARNT Peete e ihe paettten eas it WAS LODUIDIUst pee et t eee ne a eet ae DLL We Te Paving

over two years.

Review : The noun group

412 Underline the nouns in the extract below.

Afterwards she had sat on the bed and watched while her mother packed her case. Everything
that she had brought with her from prison went in; the suit in which she had travelled to London, her
gloves, her underclothes, her shoulder bag, even her toilet articles and pyjamas. It was an
extravagance thus to relinquish even the small necessities of living, all of which would have to be
replaced; but Philippa didn’t check her. . .
Chapter 1

Still without speaking Philippa took the case from her mother and hurled it into the middle of
the stream. She had first glanced each way to make sure that the tow—path was empty, but even so
the splash as the case hit the water sounded so likea falling body that they simultaneously glanced at
each other, frightened that someone from the road must have heard.
from Innocent Blood by P.D.James

13Insert each of the following nouns into the sentences below, and add the
appropriate form of the verb in brackets.
advice flock hair knowledge music news progress suburbs trousers
a My parents are both dark, but my...... hair Araunayiy ercbenittisy 35° is Aah a aetere naturally blonde.
Disthe eG ch uence YOUN BANGING oe ee icc really useful — thank you!
Ga OnmimollMyn ce nccnte ate errs eee neem eee: Aired ! What can | do? (split
Gili afraidcthat tec. wt srca Sauciceyeaieccn
cisecee eter ae . worse than we’d feared.
GTN ames eines on ea OfIMOSTIALBS CITIES: W escunien«
oaeneels © heavily populated.
Pie WG enetneie caesar nt erie Of SHES iN thE DEMjaru sme eeyo atetacnste about 100. (number
SSMVie ee nero,
iets «i? OGENSliShiteee amen= a«s gradually — the teacher has told me my
high LER eA Ieee Le regood. (increase, be)
Niger eee ener. reallV Ane sates
ee aeae me relax. (help)

Referring to people and things without naming

them : pronouns

14 (Paras. 1.94 to 1.114) Explain what each pronoun refers to. :

a Have you seen the plane? It’s really big. It =”

the plane
rhein acta ie
b Husband: The children love their presents. sd SU ape ie ta oe Beet
Wife : Have you given them to them already? ' VOU ee ie ete ee ae=

Ll ee re ee ae
them = Satay ete Cera eae rere
c Sue:I'm bringing one of my friends tonight. | =

TOY ea bh te Pe
Helen : Oh? What’s their name — have | ever met them? LNCS 8 Aeebae
ee eee
Le SP chee
eee ee
themre =" © Sere ae oe
d Steve : No-one’s received their postcards from our holiday yet. PCIE yo oo As caresee
Mary : Oh—when did you send them? Everyone’s had theirs VOU IRS che ot gen neere
from our holiday —John and | sent ours on the first day, Thema (t= 9Wie ast ete! &
so they got our news on the day before we got back. THES ea bed eR ee
QUIS FF ahye be tients
sss
They: (ere eeeene
 Referring to people and things

OU Sena Meson tatedaty

te neracetehett

Referring to the subject : reflexive pronouns

15(Paras. 1.115 to 1.122) Insert a reflexive pronoun, a personal pronoun, or a

possessive pronoun into each gap.
a Look at Chris—He cut A’mself while. .Ae was shaving.
b The Third World has established......... as a low cost manufacturer.
c Thechild staredat......... intently in the mirror, realising for the first time that the face was
wetungentes own.
d The first time | managed to doit,......... was really proud of......... ani hee: parents were
proud Of. 24 S28. too.
e Wecouldn’t resolve the problem —we asked......... iitiwaStees sec e. own fault.

Referring to people and things in a general way :

indefinite pronouns

16(Paras. 1.127 to 1.140) Fill in the gaps with indefinite pronouns.

We were all sitting watching television the other night. There was..........%..... interesting
on — but we were all tired, so we were willing to watch......... at all, as long as it was.........
which would help us relax after a hard day’s work. Anyway, after half an hour, a ghost story came on,
and we all started watching it. Then......... really started enjoying themselves. It was a gripping
StOLy, and nee acam: was really involved in it. When it finished,......... SpOke= ss aaaoscut in the
room was dead quiet. Then there was a loud thud outside.

Although we were sure......... could be outside the house,......... dared move. Eventually
1s went to the window and peered outside. There wasn’t......... there. Suddenly there
was another noise — this time a crack of twigs. .......... wanted to admit how nervous they felt.
Reh eee ee crept towards the back door. Just as we reached it, there was a loud metallic sound, and
the cat flap shot open. There had been......... outside, after all— butto......... relief,
it was only the cat.

Other pronouns

17(Paras. 1.109; 1.157 to 1.160) Explain what the pronouns in bold refer to in the
following sentences.
a There are two cups — one with sugar and one without. » one = bees a wy eds
ONG? =U Pattie
bt comnts
b They made three cakes — one was eaten and ONG MT Sita Sie ern erence
the others were left. NHECIOUNCTSI te is cciaieecsunss
cueostavels
c One hopes that this situation will improve. OMCR cars cam cuaie aisles
Chapter 1
oe ee

d_ I’ve poured out the coffee — this one’s for you. ONnG'S =: = Wa Sas near einen

e | saw one man pass it to another. ONE ts Say eee hart car

NOU Tan eopepe alateeanegeiel

f They both cooked — one made an omelette and ONG = a ch ak 25 eee

one a souffle. ONG =" ees

Sasceanaeets

g They ate, each savouring every mouthful. eachs (SC) 1 a 2h i. wees

h They used the same recipe book — | don’t know which recipe, ONG: -=05 >As bias
weet Adare

but it was one or the other of them. CE OU ON a eee tocol a see

i They were given a plate each. Cac” ta. wan 2 salem pee

Review : Pronouns

18(Paras. 1.94 to 1.160) Underline the pronouns in the passages below.

They had won, but they were weary and bleeding. Slowly they began to limp back towards the
farm. The sight of their dead comrades stretched upon the grass moved some of them to tears. And
for a little while they halted in sorrowful silence at the place where the windmill had once stood. Yes,
it was gone; almost the last trace of their labour was gone!
from Animal Farm by George Orwell

Meanwhile Lilia prided herself on her high personal standard, and Gino simply wondered why
she did not come round. He hated discomfort, and yearned for sympathy, but shrank from
mentioning his difficulties in the town in case they were put down to his own incompetence.
from Where Angels Fear to Tread by E.M. Forster

Identifying what you are talking about : determiners

19(Para. 1.208) Use determiners from the list in paragraph 1.208 to complete the
gaps in the following passage.

A number of people come to Britain every year-—.. MANY | visitors

come as tourists and......... people come to work here. But
whatever. 0... reason they have, almost......... visitor goes to see
uetatenel Om Changing of......... Guard. This is one of......... greatest
atiractions Wis ncaa.cs capital. Another’s .... ds. Tower of London —
bastientres: tourist I have ever met has seenit. ......... real sightseer
would go home without walking aroundit.......... people walk around
it every day and ans ivan of them are dissatisfied with what they see —
ite heec, of them return to see it again. Bs

20(Paras. 1.162 to 1.181; 1.212) Choose the correct alternative in each of the
following.
a We're planning to go to Far East/the Far East on holiday.
b Dialysis is used for purifying blood/the blood if your kidneys don’t work properly.
 Referring to people and things

| started learning to play violin/the violin when | was five.

She'd
poe) always dreamed of going on stage/the stage, or at least working in theatre/the theatre.
oO The roof of church/the church was blown off in the hurricane.
+> We went to church/the church last Sunday, as usual.
g Members of government/the government are most concerned about economy/the economy at the
present.

21 (Paras. 1.162 to 1.181; 1.212; 1.213 to 1.220) Use ‘a’, ‘an’, ‘the’ or nothing at
all to fill the gaps.
a | got.. es postcard from Anne yesterday. Sometimes, ......... postcards can be boring but
RRM one she picked out is lovely.
be She WenE tO nai. sis doctor because she had......... terrible cold, but he said she had
AIMCO flu and told her to stayin......... bed.
c I'd always wanted to play......... piano, so we went out and bought......... old one for

SRS acne children and luckily we’ve managed to get hold of ......... fantastic teacher.
CUA ceteo the. Dass il eAiacs lot of time was spent making......... fire towarm......... rooms,
but now with......... central heating ......... fires are becoming a thing of......... past.

Other determiners

22(Para. 1.236) Rewrite the following sentences.

a They asked for £100. She paid £200.
She ..., Paid them twice thesum they asked for.
b They gave me £50, I'd asked for £100.

Review : Determiners

23(Paras. 1.161 to 1.236) Use determiners to complete these texts. Not every gap
will need a determiner.

a The, CaUSEOfiemar’ « outrage is Mr Feldt’s plan to

Danii ereas< strikes and prohibit ...... increases in
Chapter 1 a

CE ene pay,...... prices,...... dividendsand......

rents fortwo years. ...... cause of his plan is a wave
Olivain strikes which has pushed ...... inflation
rate up to 6.7%, as...... consensus system of......
employers and...... unions agreeing...... "going—
rate" has failed to keep...... risesin...... line with
pee international levels.

from The Guardian

One
ane hundred and thirty-six years after his death Turner's
great gitot paintings has found...... permanent home in
wontons Clore Gallery, ...... newly built extension to...... Tate
Gallery on Millbank, There in ...... splendid suite of ......
FOOMS i.» aru entire contents of his studio can be seen arranged
Uh wee beautiful and instructive sequence following ......
central themes. of lurner’s art. 40... book provides ......
readable and accessible introduction to ...... display, and
Includes. vos... account Of. « «.-a< COMECHON: OF au aay works on
Mice paper, together with .avs-. eguideto. oo... MSe"O. toes:
Study Room in which they can be examined by...... public.
from The Turner Collection in the Clore Gallery

24 Insert a pronoun or determiner in each gap.

The large room was full of people. 7°". of the girls in yellow
was playing the piano, and beside...... stood a tall, red-haired ~~
young lady from a famous chorus, engaged in song. ...... had
drunk a quantity of champagne, and during the course of
song she had decided, ineptly, that everything was very, very sad
TAR 4 was not only singing, ...... was weeping too.
Whenever there was a pause in the song...... fthedog ache with
gasping, broken sobs, and then took up the lyric again in a
quavering soprano. The tears coursed down...... cheeks — not
freely, however, for when...... came into contact with ......
heavily beaded eyelashes ...... assumed an inky colour, and
pursued the rest of...... way in slow black rivulets.
from The Great Gatsby by F.Scott Fitzgerald

10
2 Giving more information about
things
Introduction

1 (Paras. 2.1 to 2.18) Underline all the adjectives in the following excerpt.

Let’s have some memories of sweet days. The seaside holidays in the summer, wet sand and red
buckets and shrimping nets and the slippery seaweedy rocks and the small clear pools and sea
anemones and snails and mussels and sometimes the grey translucent shrimp hovering deep down in
the beautiful green water.
from The Soldier from Someone Like You by Roald Dahl

Information focusing : adjective structures

2 (Paras. 2.19 to 2.23) Underline the adjectives, and say whether they are used
attributively or predicatively.
a We drew the velvet curtains and put on the light. ois attributive es
b ifcleshattercd ar wire Toe a. OO A ee d\n ee teen ee

c Hewdrovetheoldijcepiartoofast > SS 7) ieee

emp nce

d lt wastatemiblynandidecisionto inakes ieee se ae Veep 9S eee kee

e Weidrankesparkling white Wines. (es fem eM ete reretetera cieretncnatnenete

Identifying qualities : qualitative adjectives

3 (Para. 2.28) Choose suitable adjectives from this list to complete the sentences
below. In some cases there may be more than one alternative.
anxious appropriate attractive busy different difficult easy fine hard patient pleasant

silly simple understanding warm worried

The road you live in is really..........%.....4.. - I've never Seen So many Cars.

ieee ian ete ANGMAR

Hels aireally). SPs. e re ee Parke. mise sisters from
Howe HMAMIAVENV NSsoa ces ghana
anyone else I’ve met; | find him really...............-----
vena aes - much
cnens ANG este elsvatbaxverer
jhe weatheroniour holiday Wass Seaem ected: odeccnenes
ete ee
MOKE ae oe than I'd expected.

MAISTEXENCISENS NOtee pier settee POUTHTESICUILC eer arent “pets eataairaetouekeie to do even
PUR eMteice ee Gites exercises sometimes - andit’S...................to make
Pes Saat RS ee mistakes.
[Apt allWeete nt Meteers clsere to get through the exam - although I’M not........---.+++++-+

AOU TES MND IVER ete sveenetercsaray siete answers | should.do all right!
a
Chapter 2

Identifying the class that something belongs to :

classifying adjectives

4 (Paras. 2.29 to 2.33) Cross out the adjectives which are not possible in this
passage.

He lives in an urban/official area in north/northern England, but originally comes from a

military/rural part of south/southern Scotland. He was brought up in a traditional/
commercial way, and would like to see more theoretical/educational reforms to improve
the teaching in our schools. His active/domestic involvement in the community is
impressive, particularly given his natural/physical health. He has unfortunately had to
undergo personal/medical treatment recently, but is apparently making a full/regular
recovery.

5 (Paras. 2.29 to 2.33) Decide which of the classifying adjectives in the left hand
column go best with the nouns in the right hand column.
i | collect foreign a amenities
ii There are anumber of public b toys
iii Most of them live in urban c guitar
iv He plays the electric d emancipation
v_ She’sa single e areas
vi He went to medical f stamps
vii They fought for female g school
viii They were playing with wooden h parent

Identifying colours : colour adjectives

6 (Paras. 2.34 to 2.39) Decide which of the following colour adjectives are
appropriate. There is more than one possible answer in each case.
i His hairwas greyish
whitish
reddish-brown
the blackest I’ve ever seen
yellowish-black
bright brown
ii She was wearing a scarlet-red coat
an orangy-red coat
a deep red coat
a creamish coat
a bright black coat we
a pale white coat
iii They had the house painted dark white
pinkish red
light black .
bright yellow
yellowy white
A290
*-D7
709 deep purple
*qoaooonomd
>~"oprado0ga

12
 Giving more information about things

Showing strong feelings : emphasizing adjectives

7 (Para. 2.40) Choose an emphasizing adjective from the list in paragraph 2.40 to
fill each of the gaps in the postcards below.

Bali
Deat julie, erfect ¥ —naidaynere
oth having 4
: wan ve D'
we're Having 9 °° vag and WeTe

Love from

Marie

Making the reference more precise : post determiners

8 (Para. 2.44) Use the word given in brackets and choose one of the adjectives in
paragraph 2.44 to fill in the gaps below. Use the correct word order.
a Heliveson..... the other cis tye wreveyeceee side of the road. (the)
bs She. Nasxet ene acs Bees Se ck copies of the manuscript. (the, two)

c. We outlined “e7aaett:
agtrees ete. problems. (our, own)
dis Younumustinvand gets saat Serer vars cscs a ac worries off your chest. (your)
e The woman had frittered aWay...........0
cece eee eee ees fortune. (her)
f= Freddy:was.ceweniatoss
eg eeaeeene }«'s relative. (my)

Special classes of adjectives

9 (Para. 2.46) Complete each of the following sentences by using one of the
adjectives from the lists in paragraph 2.46, together with one of the words below.
congratulations failure glance ideas medicine task teacher village
a_ His reading was so bad that they askeda..... remedial Wik seen ieee teacher .... tohelp him.
b She trained as a doctor, and then specialised in...... 2.6... ccc eee cece ee eee eee é
c | see her quite DoH aT aie OSE kha eee sey oud :
d | stared at it hard but he only gave ita..............02-2
nee Rare ct tig «Neto
tteeetewt
e, Heapologised:and|WiShEG MC. .marye cen. seams ch + = cpeisieiast sirine apne ;
faultis death WwasicauSediby pistes tere ee Te Bie so seiece apne chitin lefties 2
ra [eevee mingiine WeleerliSiGliAunedauenooo:
cass ccocoToUnanonescda- ‘
HaIVNOMOStantaie |OOMVIUM arrmtatertersdat
tetatte). sleraicccralale ne aisolsa's :
13
 Chapter 2
ee eee

10(Para. 2.48) * Complete the sentences below.

a J caren lead acesashes, ginny agspaisn'S > abo we ww hein AS mw p wees none gia mud a coe ge

b You're WEICOME «ca ids Saude wshesmukery FeGee ped or evel apiveninils Spode ube ne sedemune setiis one
c HUES UTAVTSLYA andnhs SRO PA VIE SORAMe Marra aot tare de etn atria a eyle tater ty a eteatta tieneieMeese eee dee) =k(-T

d My best frieNd’'WAS SOMMY ..... 0c cece nec e een n eee e ener ere ee dered P een sneeee renee nnsaesnnaes

41(Paras. 2.55; 2.57) Use the lists in paragraphs 2.55 and 2.57 to fill in the gaps
in the following sentences, adding ‘to’ or ‘that’ as appropriate.
a Hewas....: inclinedto. be moody.
1, SINGS tetas pst eiGaxcacon
atte work hard.
cneisiiae ere Om they'd pass the exam, but they were.........--..+++++05:
CHPELEMWAS ee kircisie
they'd fail.
Ogle Se aac heath crests rain, just when | wanted to play tennis!

UL VOUME ere ce eticccriete drive, please do.

Tae A Fee pcareucaehoReokaie aeacbelasickas tell you what | really think, so don’t ask me!

Position of adjectives in noun groups

12(Paras. 2.58 to 2.66) Put the words below in the correct order to complete the
sentences.
roast/most delicious
Myomiothier: cooks the eet.ctrmost delicious
fo surste aternieictns Graterroast
oteaiteetanerete ss beef in the world.

concrete/grey/modern
His father: workediinta fit. in. i ese ner cen aes kas ees es building.
chequered/red and white/pretty
Onithetableiwasa ccc. .c%chote sacle a Ree tablecloth.
light brown/straight/ordinary

Special forms - ‘-ing’ adjectives

13(Para. 2.71) Complete the following extract from a letter using ’-ing’ adjectives.

I'm absolutely delighted to say that at last I’ve got a job. I had an interview with a charming lady
and think the job will be really oo. - there's a lot to do, so it may be ............00000 , but I wouldn’t
want a job Which WAS ......... and where there was nothing to do. It’s also really...
getting something at last - I've had 24 interviews, and a lot of them have been .............0.000 I was
beginning to find being unemployed vety «...........0000 . Some of the people I’ve had interviewing me
havejleenitedllvanme tenn - I've felt terrified - and I’ve found their indifference ........0......00 . It was
sihcstiees to Meet someone Who WasS SO .........0000+. - 2m going to-feel at home working for her - I’m
over the moon!

14
 Giving more information about things

14(Paras. 2.74 to 2.79) Choose a suitable noun from the right hand column to
follow the sentence openings on the left. Then complete the sentences
appropriately. One has been done for you.

i He made scathing
ii He had an overbearing
iii She was in excruciating
iv She's an enterprising
Vv She hit an oncoming OXPEMESNCE siya rcseter diet cheshepieicdtoe SIR a= ne coe pore» cetetas
vi He did outstanding ViCUiiflescuetecsrstsisveretoteme
tate uacetereeceteache tieciter. tanonvaresenaeerele
vii He was the unwitting
viii They've bought an old rambling “=
Dp
ior
oP
2.2
6
©
=

It was an uplifting i
It's a really appetizing j

feststcahtec ctf s 4) i tall og "

15(Paras. 2.81 to 2.97) Using the word in brackets, rewrite the sentences below
keeping the meaning similar.
a She found the situation very interesting. (intrigued)
She was intrigued by the SHUAHON. ooo ececececceeeeeeeeeeeeececeeeees
b The show will almost certainly be a flop. (destined)

c His only concern is his own problems. (preoccupied)

d He wasn't in the mood to help us. (disposed)

e | really owe my parents a lot. (indebted)

Compound adjectives
16(Paras. 2.102 to 2.103) Fill in the gaps in the following sentences with
compound adjectives from the list in paragraphs 2.102 and 2.103.
a The policeman was wearing a.. bullet-proof... vest, which probably saved his life.
bh Ournhousehold:nas allot Of. c-- son. ce se ae le devices to make housework easier, and we usually

£5
Chapter 2

c. theirtirsthome was avsrie ess. es ess eee eteflat, and now they’re moving to a typical English

cick IG GEAR STE ale terraced house.

d Weitry to make Good USCIOF ns cnc sis nc een wal aids in this school.
e I'd rather you didn’timake:any eo. vcs
es ee ce phone calls.
TASheboughnta scan homalenn ooeite car, and it was converted so that it could run on
TEN dant eek y ee petrol
g The market has been flooded with cheap .........0.+.+eescees toys.
h He could be briefly and accurately described aS @..........
eee eee eee liar.

Comparing things : comparatives and superlatives -

17(Paras. 2.108 to 2.127) Say whether the adjectives in bold are comparative or
superlative. ates
a I’m much taller than you. a bends SR
b We movedtoabiggerhousethanwehadhadbefore. 9 Lisscccccccececees
itiwas,.the,cheapesting nadieverDOUghtime tele | - ma.) etait
eae dice
She gradvally:became calmer ee eee
The film was the most exciting onel|hadseenforages. ne cece cence eeee
This cake is better thanithe lastone:youlmadem 2G & Hrow Wweyee Tes Ee See
Food became more plentifuleachday, 2 ce cee eee eee .
0
(2:
@
“™
snoThatisthe mostimportant partofthejob, 4 eee eee eee

18(Paras. 2.108 to 2.116) Rewrite the sentences below using the comparative
form of the adjectives in brackets.
a Motorways are wider than country lanes.
COU ts AMOS rire ccmcpie cepacia sare mane anoleachce Giete cea ee heaters (narrow)
b | ama lot younger than my brother.

MYibrOthneleatececc use hase oars erin oe kia uate eno erate (old)
c Billy is much taller than Sam.

d The village pond is twice as deep as the swimming pool.

THEESWIMIMINE BOO sa eseceenaentepsiae! ceteris lccirare escarrere ea eeeee (shallow)
e Joe’s suitcase is lighter than Mike's.

16
 Giving more information about things

19(Paras. 2.117 to 2.127) Insert the superlative form of these adjectives into the
extracts from an article on Record Breakers. You can use an adjective more than
once.

cold dry great heavy high hot long low wet windy

FROM THE HARD RAIN TO

THE BIG CHILL
Although the British climate is hitting new extremes, it is not yet
in world record class. The giant hailstones of Coffeyville, Kansas
still remain unchallenged.

At Paradise, Mt. Rainier, Washington, USA, 1,224.5in/110.2cm

fell between 19 February 197] and 18 February 1972.

ea ts wai Yes HAILSTONES :

Coffeyville, Kansas USA was bombarded with 1.67lb/750g
hailstorm on 3 September 1970. They measured 7.5in/19cm in
- diameter and 17.5/44.45 cm in circumference.

Le ee PLACE (annual mean) :

Turunendo, Colombia receives around 463.4in/1,177 cm of rain
each year.

eerie: Seater 2 PLACE (annual mean) :

The Atacamba Desert near Calama, Chile has the grand total of
zero rainfall in an average year. The Atacamba area suffered a
drought for 400 years-...........- drought on record - which
ended in 1971.

~ 2 OL SHADE TEMPERATURE :
Al’ Aziz ayah, Saudi Arabia, recorded 58C/136.4F on 13
September 1922.

Lets eres, Pee PLACE :

Dallol, Ethiopia had an annual mean temperature of 34.4C/94F
between 1960 and 1966.

eere ee measured mean temperature at Plateau Station,

Antartica is -56.6°C/-70°F.

gaa ie te ae SURFACE WIND SPEED :

Mt. Washington, Massachusetts, USA was buffeted by winds of
231 mph/371 kph on 12 April 1934.

Bre teeter, <a PLACE :

Gales regularly reach 200 mph/320 kph in Commonwealth Bay,
George V Coast, Antarctica.

ae
Chapter 2

Modifying using nouns : noun modifiers

20(Paras. 2.174 to 2.179) Choose the best alternative in each of the following
sentences.
a_ | put my keys in my trouser pocket / trousers pocket.
b Many people are arguing against the arm race / arms race.

c | asked her to sharpen the scissor blades / scissors blades.

d Where did you put the binocular case / binoculars case?
e | washed my jean belt / jeans belt by mistake.
f They have reported troop movement/troops movement close to the border.

Possessive structures

21(Paras. 2.180 to 2.192) Insert apostrophes in the appropriate places.

a lve got a brother and two sisters. My brothers teacher at St Marys School was Miss Williams, and my
sisters was Mrs James.
b Miss Williams hair was grey, unlike Mrs Jamess, which was red.
c My brother-in-laws car is not as fast as my friends new car.
d We saw the sheeps tails disappear behind the barn as the dogs chased them.
e Small shops prices are usually higher than supermarkets ones.

Talking about quantities and amounts

22(Paras. 2.195 to 2.210) Complete the gaps below using these quantifiers. You
can use each one more than once.
a good deal of agreatdealof heapsof lotsof the majority of many of
anumber of aquantityof someof tonsof the whole of
a, INClE:WaS canteaccmie. wacmiselciets concern about energy shortages.
Diy ies eyais eee seca People Cate wine. aise
cen. ee bread.

c |couldn't believe it - the children ate absolutely..................00. food at the party!

Gane SiGCVOlEd a5: giacscrce
asc suenvocrslds work towards producing as... ..-.2..ce onesies fresh
vegetables.

CO Bese porated
eye Sone the refugees have enough to eat, but................6....- them have very
little.
f= Therewere quite: ia. <ncrccuceeanae delegates at the conference.
2 >Donitworhy;, VOU VE'SOU rn... neem eeremenre time!
h 'We'spent.. s/cisiaen.
eesere entrees the summer gardening, and managed to do
Sine ereteiee taeee nearer work

18
 Giving more information about things

- Talking about amounts of things : other partitives

23(Paras. 2.211 to 2.224) Choose one noun to fit each partitive structure.
beer butter dirt evidence flour glass grass honey lemon rubbish salt whisky

a aprainot.....: Mis Gore Panel Ol. -. crys sass dsessve

DF a Shee Olsen
ae res tecess MP Pa SACK Ob cressszcualsnetareicteloese
sis
CHa KMOD Of eins cesta mcreates Ree LUMOIGK Olictntan
stonscant iat
On a CUMD Ulises
ccwn te sees ee rer SPECK OR Sewince
cae pears
O27 allcap Olean
cee ter tee Ke “aQ'shred Of ca.te rea cc corte

Deemcea DODO tam facet

ee eee [ea Ge Si Olsccprtmrascrecr tere

24(Paras. 2.217 and 2.218) Choose a suitable partitive for each of the following
nouns.

ee aes cers basket weeors of fruit ft (@2....0. 233eee See of beer

b Be ceeeeeeeeeeeeeeee of petrol SMA mim teacceme
cose of potatoes
Ci A ero See oars ere es oye ae of milk Ween rerntcntrine
eee ec of margarine
Cie cs ce eeie aes of toothpaste i A een eR Aa ae, See of chocolate

Oa a acetcwise eects ore)dak of medicine IJige hela orists

coiarecokamen ot of jam

25(Para. 2.222) Define the following nouns.

A chair is a piece of furniture.

Talking about age

26(Paras. 2.275 to 2.280) Rewrite the following sentences.

a He’s more than 30 years old and less than 40 years old.
He’s in. his thiPC MOE ey et Te ee Ss Te ace lee a ee
b Her father is nearly 80.

c She’s about 41 or 42.

SSIS ITeepe ree Teeth a effete eps oustctey cats epeecotauzalowlan area: eas, Yloyopen omy eeave kaySeeger
d His sister's 16 and he’s 14.
ATIE Va Eile eee teee atte redeetek eeeanetaste eed cleteticy oan eta eVntetal lao ee seat emo) eed sofa)9|os ealacerelelniateei

19
Chapter 2

Approximate amounts and measurements

27(Paras. 2.281 to 2.288) Write the following in full sentences.

a there / be / roughly 800 / student / my school

CR aN Wa Oe De ew. OW eS Owe Ce C8 66 ee ee ee Oh ee Pew we ee ee ee le eee Ole 6 eel a ee a se

Peewee tO VEMAR NS ADOC RSM HR ORK OCH AME TTP MARKEE DESC CBN Hee He Oe Ks a ww Wee we Oe ee we ose sx SS

See ewe He KUED M Me KOLO KN HRP Ke Ke RDEV Cen Ne Ce ww A Bee seks a a 20 66 86 OS Sew oss 8a 8

ah a we ee Re Oe ee ee) wee ee Coe Se awn) ae ee le mae 6S, me) we ee eine) ee Ae ee Oe ea Oebe) aie a) eee ee

San 6 ao ee a ee es ee ee Ble) @ 8 8 e BOW ON ale a)ew ame, We wee orem) mee oleae oes a wees we wee wee eel mR A le

Review of quantities and amounts

28*Write six sentences, each containing one of the following. Look at the example
below.
acarton of acoupleof aflockof mostof muchof a pool of

Nouns with prepositional phrases

29(Para. 2.305) Choose an appropriate noun from the lists in paragraph 2.305 and
add a suitable preposition to fill in the gaps in the following sentences.
collision sete fevileisremierete
a, His carwasiinvolved!inja temible 2. crsmcteecincis with another vehicle.
bieShe madeia SenenouSisyten «ch orate nasal mele toeaetaratote the collection.
COMINEICHUIG MAS QSTCAU wrcasiswecsctcuaataVG
bree oye em rere or mathematics.
detie expressed absolute i.5cvneaiccmenciadaivars
Greeeerie. the inadequate teaching he had received.
e The govemment placed an immediate............000.00- senesscncnce all imports from that
country.

f The maninadimade Adequate’. . vnnisnti

uw cme Reetme seeriets his family in his will.
g He bears:aitemible.... cavemen
craawa © heciaterercmins ete the people who attacked him.
hy Onttihtati pone liane ices ciate etatecta ats aren auaseerene aetna rere Mr McCabe.
{= THIS TEGQUITES ai 5-5 canis anchors gee einoerects eee public spending.
WUE URINE. sicissa'e: siaiinrsthcecetare mann eetefeieanrede whaling accomplish anything?

20
 Giving more information about things

. Nouns with non-finite clauses

30(Para. 2.316) Fill in the gaps with suitable nouns from the list in paragraph
23 16.
a I'dlovethe..... chance oe to go to England this year.
b She showed a great..........0000.00- to work.
CH Alita deci cree vie tt to type is an advantage.
dil havenjiWadithew.25 ee. aivane.
beeae to tidy my room this week.
e Ifyou can do this, you have no further...............05. to worry about your English!

Review : Giving information about people and things

31Underline all the adjectives in the excerpt below, and circle all the expressions
used to refer to measurements or quantities.

The caves are readily described. A tunnel eight feet long, five feet high, three feet wide, leads to
a circular chamber about twenty feet in diameter. This arrangement occurs again and again
throughout the group of hills, and this is all, this is a Marabar Cave. Having seen one such cave,
having seen two, having seen three, four, fourteen, twenty-four, the visitor returns to Chandrapore
uncertain whether he has had an interesting experience or a dull one or any experience at all. He
finds it difficult to discuss the caves, or to keep them apart in his mind, for the pattern never varies,
and no carving, not even a bees’ nest or a bat, distinguishes one from another. Nothing, nothing
attaches to them, and their reputation - for they have one - does not depend upon human speech. It
is as if the surrounding plain or the passing birds have taken upon themselves to exclaim
‘extraordinary’, and the word has taken root in the air, and been inhaled by mankind.
from A Passage to India by E.M.Forster

21
3 Making a message
Talking about events which involve only the subject :
intransitive verbs

1 (Paras. 3.9 to 3.14) Use the intransitive verbs below in an appropriate tense to
complete the sentences.
arise crackle doze economize elapse shiver yawn
a Inorderto buy acarwe.. economized ..aS much as possible.

b | think he’s asleep. Hey e242 -teeee eee during the lesson-and I’m sure he
now.
Go lhany ProblemSi..c antennae ets , let me know.
dG itwas'soicolarthat Wee. s.0 8. cee pase all night.
e Aibontire .g.4. sionals
eke in one of the gardens.
i. Alon? time yee seep seers
ce since we last met.

Involving someone or something other than the

subject : transitive verbs

2 (Paras. 3.15 to 3.20) Use the transitive verbs below in an appropriate tense to
complete the sentences.
address build display pronounce report shock take welcome

a
Db TMG CVEMbe rietracts
ae oneraseae NEr-ANCISHS ee ccc, che. it to the police.
© Heitaies
2.saneeern-. a house facing the river.
GO) Pee
Baie os tes the-envelope ands cntsen
ween «cane it to the postbox.
Oo ING 8 creed anne as the words in a very strange way.

f The: shopkeeper. atch aa arteeemassee his goods beautifully.

3 (Paras. 3.2 to 3.20) Say whether the verbs in the following sentences are
transitive or intransitive.
a The water evaporated. intransitive
b They upset the whole atmosphere at the party.
c That dress really suits you.

d The company presented him with a gold watch.

e They handled the situation very carefully.

22
 Making a message

f They dined at 9 o'clock.

ge the children petted us with Snowbaligigliy cobar). eb a ek eePReks eck.

Look at the pairs of sentences below, and say which verb is transitive and which is
intransitive, in each pair.
a_i | drove first, and the others followed. ere intransitive ae
iy Tey tuna ee VUE TENT POLK ee ee RRR pw cian TEEN ee
b 4 Twantedto know it the dress wouldfitme.” 9° "= EOE.
bernie and IWas delighted. a ean raat. ll 0 (eau) ty cee 2 Bente
é { The cameramen filmedihe actorsinthestudigs*) 222° FOS) SLL Se ae
it “As they filmed, trelaxed. ™ == © GE NE ENS RE
d.« Ta calm Sor Own and Wrote, MP em a ie ee ities
matetemare
li Shewroteletterstoallthe peopleshe knew. hatte
nee ett eeens
ei» wentupstairsand:changed:..4 (5 = Suen Ea ES es
Hy tchanged'my trousers.and my-shirt © el Fa i ree cies eemectslertle
Seer oes

(Paras. 3.2 to 3.5) Look at the following extract and underline all the verbs. Then
draw a circle around the transitive verbs.

She inserted the key in the lock, aware as she did so of the interested glance of the greengrocer,

and found herself in a narrow hall. The hall smelled of apples and loam, a strong rich tank which, she

guessed, overlaid less agreeable smells. It was very narrow - too narrow for a pram, she told herself -

and obstructed by two sacks of potatoes and a meshed bag of onions. To the right an open door led

into the shop; a second, with a glass panel, gave sight of a back yard.

from Innocent Blood by P.D.James

(Para. 3.21) Make two sentences with each of the openings on the left by
choosing suitable adjuncts of place from the right.
i The police escorted the man a onthe mantlepiece.
ii We treated her b with great care.
iii He positioned the ornaments Cc away.
iv They led the dog d_askindly as possible.
eto everything she wanted.
f out of the room.

23
Chapter 3
e
eee ee

7 (Para. 3.22) Use one of the verbs from paragraph 3.22 in an appropriate tense to
complete each gap below.
a Acar slowed down as it.. ae proached .. the traffic lights.
DoW en crete atlnacerers's the wood and saw some deer which...........+++2++5 it
CGY ieee ohete tetakeraerat eres neighbouring offices at work.
d_ | didn’t recognise the town at first. Then, ASW... 1... eee eee eee the corner of Elms Avenue, and

site ee Ae SR ire are the house where | was born, | realised | was on familiar ground.
GL ENthUSIASUGCKOWGS aa son eantogles
arse the streets.

Verbs where the object refers back to obs subject :

reflexive verbs

8 (Paras. 3.27 to 3.32) Use the list in paragraph 3.29 to fill in the blanks in the
following exercise. You need to add a verb and a reflexive pronoun.
aie! enjoy..... .... myself... immensely when I’m doing this kind of work.
cece cent eee eeee
b He got the children ready and then went tO............eeeeee y

c We enjoyed the holiday but found it difficult tO... 6.6.6... cece eee cece ee eee eee eee to the

humidity.
d She thinks clearly, but finds it difficult tO..... 0.0... 060 ces cece eee e ere ee eens effectively.

Verbs with little meaning : delexical verbs

9 (Para. 3.34) Use a delexical verb to fill each gap, and then choose the most
appropriate phrase from the right hand column to complete each sentence.
i He's... MAE... a confession a__ that she has kept.
lim YOURSNOUIG Er nec:
15ater respect b not to forget again.
HRT NCVC ics cs fae eae an attempt c atlast - now we know who did it. _
WVamelING svete tanete aces the decision d when you cross the road.
V JSAIMGW VOa recone insta an enquiry e todoit immediately.
Vir RUNG tarintarcizisierner the suggestion f for other people’s property.
VINPPRSHEIS cece ene ce the blame gto put things right.
VIIPMHeR A ees
aoats me a warning h_— into what happened.
Ix. Please. scx..-0ntennere care i although | think someone else did it.
XP SNCU cen «saa a promise j that we could go out tonight.

24
 Making a message

10(Paras. 3.49 to 3.50) Choose verbs from the list in paragraph 3.49 to complete
the sentences below. You need to use each verb twice, once transitively and once
intransitively.
a i Myjacket... Js hanging ... over there - can’t you see it?
ii The revolutionaries .. :; hanged east the man they suspected of being a spy.
D igethe childrens. <vcwe
ad ty ootheeng when we played cards.
tL ACSWINGIER S oicc cane cota him of what was supposed to be his.
ci. Theyihad a race, and heviu2 so... ;
Nae edie cece cigs third prize in the race.
d i |was watching TV while you.................. :
al Ulinesrtnterath
eine ates her face to she if she was telling the truth.
el ~Tewas the first time he .. .. srmss «eaucathe. - 3
it tt was the first time N@)...ci2
2ccsianirns 2oe a bus.
TAC WG tae te eee? for more pay.
Ll Ne VOUNP Malin ge.cce
mscco mniete ore his father in his rage.

Now write similar pairs of sentences, choosing other verbs from the list in paragraph 3.49.
Ce a re

mee ee ee, fe ee, sie Soe) Be Ne ee eee ese ee ee ee ee ee) ee ee ee se we wl

eee eee ee ee et ee ee ee ee ee ee eh ee ee he he he eh ee ee ee ee ee oh he ee

eet eee eee ee ee ee ee ewe ee ee ee ee he ee ee eh hw tee we eee ee we

Sp eh mee ee eee ee We aw es! 6 ie eo) ele rm mS) ee se ews a) ee) o's mw fe) 6. mn ww) (wm) eg) wee, a eel wee, woe) ae fmlmao

Verbs which can be used in both intransitive and

transitive clauses

11 (Para. 3.53) Decide which of the objects underlined you could omit in the text
below without making the meaning unclear. Circle them.

We had quite an adventure yesterday. Tim and I had forgotten the key to the house and couldn’t

enter the door. We knew Chris was asleep inside but he couldn’t hear the knocking. We asked a

neighbour for help but he explained that he didn’t have a spare key. We telephoned the house to try

and talk to Chris. He was fast asleep, so five minutes later we phoned Chris again, but with no luck!

So we had to try other methods of entering. We tried pushing the door; we pushed it and pushed it -

but no luck! Then we thought about other possibilities. We considered these possibilities carefully

and decided to sing a song together. We began a song and passers-by joined in the song. It sounded

terrible! But it worked! Chris heard us and opened the door. We've learned a lesson - we'll always

remember our keys in future!

25
Chapter 3

Changing your focus by changing the subject :

ergative verbs

12(Paras. 3.60 to 3.68) Complete each sentence opening on the left with a verb on
the right.
The gymnast balanced, then her body shattered.
He added flour and the sauce oc improved a lot.
After the illness, she looked older - defrosted overnight.
she had really
A burglar had entered the house and the d shrank.
alarm bell
The new teacher's really good - my reversed.
English has
They took the food out of the freezer, so it rang.
| used water which was too hot and my aged dramatically.
trousers
We saw the car move forward, then it roasted slowly.
He threw a ball and the glass thickened.
We put a turkey in the oven and it turned gracefully.

13(Paras. 3.60 to 3.68) Rewrite the following sentences.

a The latest model is very popular - we've sold a lot.
Tinedlatestamodel
has sold well.
4-\..5\nc
nares toca eerie sh GG 6a elesRs ition calla sale alec ea ee

They quickened their pace as the light began to fail.

THIF PACE... 5 « ce UT De Loe Se eee ee anette eee
She melted the butter in a saucepan.
The butter
The waves rocked the boat gently.
The boat Ce Bee wae wen awe ae 0a we 8M) A)See Oe) le) wwe wee, Ree a mem) ee) em mt) a)ot(el ee rein) ie Ce PW ea

Verbs which involve people doing the same thing to

each other : reciprocal verbs

14(Para. 3.71) Complete the sentences below. Be careful to add an appropriate

preposition if necessary.
a |first met my penfriend last year, although we PT
had corresponded with
Roe RS, et Re each other
since we were teenagers.

26
 Making a message

b She and her parents found it difficult.............

cece eee eeveces with each other.
c We hadn't seen one another for a long time - SOWE... 2... cee
eee eee eee and
rere ere ME Sine chats heteieae each other.
G SWer aes See. See eee, ieee each other because we couldn't agree which TV programme we

wanted to watch.

Verbs which can have two objects: ditransitive verbs

15(Paras. 3.74 to 3.83) Decide whether these gaps should be filled by ’to’, for’ or
nothing at all.
a Iwroteacard..... to oe her and posted it............ ME MWISHIMNE tet
oeenenrs: her a happy
birthday and promising............ her a longer letter in which | would tell............ her our
arrival time.
b He cooked a meal..........0% the visitors and showed it............ his wife before serving it
2 Foe oe them. It was wonderful food - he begrudged............ them nothing.
c Wehad promised............ the children that we would take them............ the circus, SO we

bought some tickets.

Extending or changing the meaning of a verb :

phrasal verbs

16 (Paras. 3.87; 3.89) Decide which of the following are true. There is more than
one correct answer in each case. Use a Cobuild dictionary if necessary.
i _ If you use these verbs, you are pay up
talking about money: rattle through
club together
tamper with
settle up
splash out
shop around
ii If you use these verbs, you are talking about opt out
food or drink: dine out
drink to
dispose of
boil over
stock up
romp through
iii If you use these verbs, you are talking about butt in
sleep or rest: doze off
sit down
lie in
sit back
lash out
TA
7Oo
AOC
rND
TA
TY flake out
MTMDAND
mrOra0
TA

27
Chapter 3

17(Paras. 3.93 to 3.95) Using a Cobuild dictionary if necessary, try to find one
phrasal verb in each group which is inappropriate.

ss do up b scale down
take on a flat smooth over a problem
pack off think over
board up weed out
sort out
hush up

s rub out d draw up

colour in rush through
cross out a picture rule out
pin up thrash out an agreement
piece together frighten away
tear up hammer out
doll up

" soak up ; bail out

top up hunt down
wipe up a liquid fight off a criminal
wipe away shoot down
hammer out track down
smooth over

g fill in : frighten away

fill up warn off
shoot down a form throw out an intruder
tear up fight off
tidy away add up

18(Paras. 3.95 to 3.97) Decide which phrasal verb can be used in each of the
following pairs of sentences.
a Aplane... took Shean aaneatts Off.eet : Moira.... took Sane eerie OTE See her coat.
b They felt very seasick and Hexaeniccerce the ball...... ee into
spate alevelsh teacdebatetcakeisso oisI the air.
CEA Crete rake ti anna io dak very early on Wer cmt canine the probletitecaescne sees
our journey. as Clearly as possible.
d Hewas sitting quite still, then he HO eric aceite the’words se.everse
eee
SATE ees Grau tram nes ; in the dictionary.

19(Para. 3.99) Rewrite the following sentences, using ergative phrasal verbs.
a Hewokeherup. | She RS woke
ae up.Re
ey a ew Oe. me im) ce aS ee Ju WD | OOM (sa etoe wm
b He wakes his wife up at 8am. His wife 2 ae Oe OS i mm Res eee: (eam) es A sy Med ca, ee AL lla wt es ce Ge

c They have closed down the old cinema. The old cinema SOC SLO Oe 8 Se me wee eS we oer a deh) GS)ee

d They will check passengers in at 1.30. Passengers SCC eT Hawa ee Rw Dees wee be DS ole eelal le

28
 Making a message

20(Para. 3.106) Complete the following sentences. Add an appropriate personal

pronoun in each case.
a He’s very rude to her - he always answers her back.
b Our twins are so alike that you can't
c She didn’t want to go along with them but inthe end they ...........cccce
eect teen eeeneeeees
Cl) FIMERMELENDOUIS' WEE Waltiine GUESICE:SO! lis: presiyaictilctust FE > esp viss simrale oo phe’ o.000, erejalno eoaletays audeeSpee

21 (Para 3.113) Choose the most appropriate verb on the right to follow each
sentence opening on the left. Add an appropriate pronoun in the blanks.
i He had a good relationship with her - he a wentthroughwith............
ii It’s no wonder they don’t like him - he has b talked downtown... ese. «=
always h
iii We had planned to emigrate for ages and c gotonwith.. ere 4
although we were nervous we
iv He always managed to avoid doing ajob-he d lookedupto............
Vv | didn't feel like working but eventually | em keptupwith Pep ecec shane
vi She’s much younger than her brother, fae Whe SledOULOf aaeiyiese aca
but during the walk she
vii They don’t get on with their father SCAU WU PA Witliyae a eeereeerre
but when they were small they
viii She was ill, so she was behind the rest of Ne SSOUdOWn NO eee ccs:
the class, but she soon

Verbs which consist of two parts : compound verbs

22(Paras. 3.123 to 3.125) Decide what each verb on the left refers to, choosing
one phrase from the list on the right.
a You double-glaze i aperson, when you trick them.
b You double-cross ii awindow with two sheets of glass.
c You double-check iii acar alongside another car.
d You double-park iv something you’re not sure about.

e If you cross-check something, you v ask someone alot of detailed questions.

f If you cross-examine someone, you vi_ write a note in a book to refer to another
section of the book.
g__ If you cross-question someone, you vii look at data from a different point of view
to check it.
h___If you cross-reference something, you viii ask a lot of questions.

29
Chapter 3

Noun groups as complements of link verbs

23(Para. 3.148) Complete the gaps in the following sentences with link verbs.
a she....Aad grown info... one of the most beautiful young women | had ever seen.
b- What the problemipsnnn seh sot a satette ater eats was far less than we had expected.
CAIUSINOW terra etrene ete eeetrees a far more serious state of affairs.
CG BUIIME Cat Sl Vastaemveere sic eet afune Waterman
creectraters her for advice.

Describing the object of a verb : object complements

24(Para. 3.170) Fill in the gaps in the following sentences with yerbs from the list in
paragraph 3.170.
a Thedoctor..... certified .« ate Dew him dead.
D Wipes <2 onc ee ene raatat se oe Catherine, but my friends call me Katy.
CimGLaNC alseriseltelerstaetants
cares inte tet a national monument.
BWANA 5 cesveinyecie
ci are nePeete PO ‘Billy’.
CET eerncertsisr
ssitso aoe elses aca him insane, although he wasn't.

Indicating what role something has or how it is

perceived : the preposition ‘as’

25(Para. 3.181) Complete the sentence openings on the left with appropriate
endings on the right.
i The people in the village a as atraitor.
have branded him
ii During the war she was - b- asa thief.
denounced
iii The censors certified the film as the 6Oth President.
iv lonly intended that as having long dark hair.
vy The nation elected him as a joke.
vi He described her ic
Dire)
=o as being unsuitable for children.

30
 Making a message

Talking about two actions done by the same person :

phase verbs together

26(Paras. 3.190 to 3.195) Decide which sentence is correct in each of the pairs
below.
a ‘T'll go to the USA this summer” she said.
i She wants to go to the USA.
ii She wants going to the USA.
b ‘I'll help you” he promised.
i He means to help us.
ii He means helping us.
c “| should pass the exam” she said.
i She expects passing the exam.
ii She expects to pass the exam.
d “I might buy a dog” he said.
i He’s considering to buy a dog.
ii He’s considering buying a dog.
e “I'm going to get a better job” she said.
i She’s resolved to get a better job.
ii She’s resolved getting a better job.
f “I'll come with you” her mother said.
i Her mother’s promised going with her.
ii Her mother’s promised to go with her.

Talking about two actions done by different people :

phase verbs separated by an object

27 (Paras. 3.205 to 3.207) Complete the gaps in the following sentences. Choose
an appropriate verb from the lists in paragraphs 3.205 and 3.207 and then add
one of the verbs in the box given below. You need to decide whether the second
verb should be a present participle or a ‘to’ — infinitive.
develop do obey play read sing take wait
a She's very good at.. listening 0. the children.../C44iINg...
Delica ce.teeae
oetas OUR COU nad ciststvs aisserene with her kittens.
Cr line Students:SometimeSs <. n2a2ss 226s - « EMEC ACMERS eerste
tenetseee rs all their work for
them!
a After along time lis.t.5,.0
<n octets sme IMYA DOLE, ccetevavete
e,o-nte= olaaicoe me for a meal, at a local
restaurant.
e She got stuck in atraffic jam on the way to the dentist’s and I’m afraid she.................. i

Sais iene Sane aes eces akghalf an hour.

Perleneneseraes haere ANT rated
tree ox ere in the bath -it did sound funny!
TheirparentS. a0. 4 6, cae ete SEINE ets o'sguya susie tse us ae their talents in music and art.
HUNGISETSCAN Geiser ciciersieyerselte eee Une SOIC Siem aeetamtate
sereteraneee every command.
4 Varying the message
Statements, questions, orders, and suggestions

1 (Para. 4.2) Write down the function of each of these sentences. Choose from the
functions below.
give information obtain information express an opinion give anorder make a promise
make a suggestion 4 ayy [
a l’ve ab :f for a number of years. e GG informat - as

Do Why did:vourdo that? erat ect eee tines eet

c That's exactly what | think. sntih ah oikard Oe
d lhiliwere-you, ’'d:ask him myself. --- "PR tas cee er eee Stee s oe.
oO iiwrite t0' you as:soon asi Carita rrr, 22 Som re ae Rg ee cae ee
cee torr
=n Sitidown andlistenta us: —— _<1.) ->BP me ee

sion the:comerbythe traticlights. “= # j.| # <il eared e@len Glee eee. soe.
ow
s> Could’yourtell:me:whatthis:Says?. Wa A CA ee Fee cies eee
aoe
is Why don:tyou lie;downianditry‘toisleep?y ee eee

jesse youléft., Pow: Sener OW "es cr Prepare OSermete 8 ores

ere eee
Kelillidowhatevenyoutsay eet wa? GMMR ha as So eee
| IUs not as tasty as.l'dihopedit:wouldiber="? YO GIO) BAGO OS OFF FOGR Biase:

2 (Para. 4.4) Underline the main verbs and the subjects, if they are given, and say
what mood is used.
a_ I'd like to know how you feel. declarative
b Write down the answer immediately.
Have you taken it all in? ee ee

Speak up, please. 2 0 Bis Clee Sie ee aie es ee «

He jotted down some notes on a pad.

Dejiassoomas you'can. - - patoaneviat? —< . «- gieumeetnaueee
aan eae deSe
He’ll pop round in a minute.
SS
fF
=
6
&
© What exactly did you think?

Asking questions : the interrogative mood

3 (Paras. 4.10 to 4.11) Decide which two responses in the right hand column are
most appropriate for each of the questions on the left.
i Doyou smoke? a Several times.
b Occasionally.
ii Why didn’t you come on time? c Yes, | can.
d_ |told him to.
32
 Varying the message

Has your husband ever been to Paris? Exactly what you told him to do.
Yes, | do.
Who told you? Nowhere.
| hope so.
Are you all going away this year? He did.
Yes, he has.
vi When did it happen? Because | was busy.
Fred.
vii Is he listening? In 1989.
His homework.
viii What's he done? No, he isn't.
| think it happened last year.
Where's he living at the moment? Not very well.
Yes, we are.
Can you swim? He’s not living anywhere.
ae _lcouldn’t.
tae
Ose
Feo
=O,
0er —

‘Yes/no’ - questions
4 (Paras. 4.12 to 4.16) Make ‘yes/no’ questions. Then choose the most
appropriate answer from the column on the right.
they /American? a Yes - for years.
ee
Are they American?
ee ee ee ee ee ee ee

b Several times a year.

c Yes - they have four.

d_ | expect so - they
usually do.

e_ Yes, they are.

Sneak ee Dk ee ew a ee ees 8 ie we we ale kh ie Ree AO

vi f It’s a boy.

33
Chapter 4

‘Wh’- questions
5 (Paras. 4.18 to 4.30) Read the statements below and then use ‘wh’ - words to
write questions. Write down whether the question word refers to the subject or the
object of the verb.
a_|was invited to the cinema last night.

Telling someone to do something : the imperative mood

6 (Para. 4.34) Fill in the gaps in the following sentences.

= Compare Rigi this graph with the other and tell me what you think.
Bree Boe Eee osc d that | help you - will you do it then?
P ereeyeeeners coun Tate all the pros and cons and then decide.

DREN sharSecs eee you were on a desert island- what would you take with you?

reAressis evar wisalegautecee yourself relaxing by the river on a sunny day.

Beetle pier eee the light colour of the ceiling with a darker colour on the walls.
EE wa term cme ace the idea that she gave you and try to develop it.

Review : mood

7 Read this extract and underline the statements. Circle the questions.

‘It's a beautiful thing, the destruction of words. Of course the great wastage is in the verbs and
adjectives, but there are hundreds of nouns that can be got rid of as well. It isn’t only the synonyms; >
there are also the antonyms. After all, what justification is there for a word which is simply the
opposite of some other word? A word contains its opposite in itself. Take “good”, for instance. If you
have a word like “good”, what need is there for a word like “bad”? “Ungood” will do just as well -
better, because it’s an exact opposite, which the other is not. Or again, if you want a stronger version

34
 Varying the message

of “good”, what sense is there in having a whole string of vague useless words like “excellent” and
“splendid” and all the rest of them? “Plusgood” covers the meaning; or ‘“doubleplusgood” if you
want something stronger still. Of course we use those forms already, but in the final version of
Newspeak there'll be nothing else. In the end the whole notion of goodness and badness will be
covered by only six words - in reality only one word. Don’t you see the beauty of that, Winston? It
was B.B.’s idea originally, of course’ he added as an afterthought.
from 1984 by George Orwell

Negation : forming negative statements

8 (Para. 4.43) Fill in the gaps below using negative words.

aust Neither my mother....... MOU oka my father eats fish.
Dbl eer reronpiarene attreterenien tsforget my holiday in Turkey - there’s...........-...--- on earth like the
coast there!
Clearer
oiehare isteretale can Say you didn’t try.
Cet erases
tence omnes of us understood the play.
@ There's... to cen cee cheese left, I’m afraid.

9 (Para. 4.54) Rewrite each of these sentences using a verb from paragraph 4.54
with ‘not’, and a ‘to’ — infinitive.
a I'd like to eat early.
J dont want to eat late.

10(Paras. 4.57 to 4.75) Use the words below to complete the sentences. You can
use words more than once if necessary.
neither never noneof notaltogether notvery nothing but nowhere
Assn iesNone Of,....them did as they were told.
[OTe HO Re Bacto oy ORI: would have known unless you’d told me.

CRINGESingrse see val teeetiee she hasn't been.

CG eSheSs Hae Ie cerns
Bray sure that it’s the best thing to do.
Ogi tetoeibyaiss catieveiatniercbee drink and drive.
TMM KE tan areaeys etait bread in the kitchen, and | don’t really want to eat bread.
Silents
cee ncrsitecens
siete alec party was to blame.

35
Chapter 4

Forming negative statements : negative affixes

11(Paras. 4.76 to 4.80) Use prefixes to form the opposite of the following nouns.
a ee eee ability Cee tanaott accuracy
Do Mice as practice [Pe ee ees espionage
C. . earie « action NS A ee wife
Gs oa ace een, information fig brdstusted. watein happiness
| PONS PAREN responsibility Orca ee management
fe VR Seeoe co-operation Die ate
ee ieee sincerity
2) Fstemaceniaenn matter (ee hero
Nea eee ae efficiency Pe |picadie cates possibility
iis ossched erence legibility fn Kasia
© use Prime Minister
Jerse alcove’ sae nares reverence TOE ae sine apartheid

12(Paras. 4.76 to 4.80) Use prefixes to form the opposite of these adjectives and
adverbs.
Bem sc iM esate mobile KS AG OE courteously
Do Barienecesar aware la Mia Seek reliable
Ces ih arth sic explicably Met sae practical
Oi arastoteisist costs.oe reverent Whe tenner
weerevatstavers legal
Ce seine adjusted On caterer rational
fo +s eee revolutionary Pa geet eats agreeable
Seer ee saute clockwise Cesena
se eters profit-making
WF repeon
ae vediporarcmoral PAO replaceable
eee reece
et existent Bora remem ees natural
AP meiaenrs Patera heron productive 6 Ey ee Bae remarkable

Qe ae 4 Stecasiele) KS rater
seerie code
Die ts finesse fuse We acta
a attack
Ce. annie
oo connect M 6... see lead
Oi Pine cti che inform nyt Ses... Seen Classify
COs rndece omelets tie Oy winds weet had sensitize
Fo arate
aesteks aks approve Dil ee obey
ee eta aioe lay Oe cee eee construe
Nigh ecs <octeeabornne calculate Wee cue
ne ners escalate
lt eakecta series stick So Bia hem eee read
| eee one treat tPF a cae eee agree

36
 Varying the message

14(Para. 4.81) Decide which negative adjectives in the right hand column are most
appropriate to complete the sentence openings on the left.
i Their house burned down and ever since they have been a worthless.
ii | couldn’t understand his reaction - it was b speechless.
iii Don’t bother to keep those old coins - they're c harmless.
iv Throw away that old machine -it’s d__srestless.
vy When |finished the run | was quite e homeless.
vi The flowers you gave me are lovely - I'm absolutely f breathless.
vii He slept very badly - he was really g __ useless.
viii Don’t worry about the dog - he’s h meaningless.

15(Para. 4.82) Complete the sentences below, using the words in brackets.
a Ourcarhas been stolen. (car)
carless
b He’sarefugee. (state)
He Scere
tars oo eee :
c We've gotnomoney. (penny)
WETGo creer
ccc Sem ectees, oe :
d The tree hasn’t got any leaves onit. (leaf)
TUS catieciane
esoeGiei sincere :
e He’s unemployed at present. (job)
TUS iseters i ci’= he a aaeanremne
sees ;
f There are no clouds inthe sky. (cloud)
HES Geena ia ie cusctg niesisvatsGrete
scars ;
Now write more sentences, adding ‘-less’ to other nouns to describe a lack of something.

Forming negative statements : broad negatives

16(Para. 4.83) Use broad negatives to fill in the gaps below.

Ae har YS ever sunbathe- where I live the sun is............+..05. hot enough and we
Bopie cece eotomeeas catia have hot summers. We do have garden chairs, but we..................USE

tHE SOMMEOY AC asrete te cerereialeiei

evelanys worn

37
Chapter 4

Emphasizing the negative aspect of a statement

17(Paras. 4.91 to 4.94) Choose words to complete the sentences below.
abit atall theleast bit inthe slightest whatsoever nothing whatsoever

a He wasn’t..... the leas ¢biterent concerned about what you said.

b POM TMISSAMEM a « cage a air crest store re late ‘
We couldisaytqste..
iFass ence eneece to persuade him to stay.

He'didit WithOUHANY, NEI. sc cues. cme me sale oe ei from his parents.

He’S NOt ae caterers
oe rae feck vere sorry for what he did.

—-
o
a
© IC's Of NO USG: Weiter esses - get rid of it.

Review : Negation
18*Complete the following sentences.
a WMS tererscke Bd aeates, wreenduaceren tea ang aes ances a er a Rl A aR aa peel 2 ro

b
c
d
&
f
§ NODOGY (eras. serie eSHORUORS ga.Se:biechat cise:mcoitca asonco RODaie:actellatinvny let) alleace ae Re 9 tatse a)ee a Bak

h PCONV TAIT) ries ee asieres voaleeewge atere Gara.d wualeve, a Nelsvaytibupematietoc\ RE hicksee oc ae a

Using modals
19(Para. 4.95) Underline the modals in the following sentences, and drawa circle
around the semi-modals.
a | ought to ask him, but | daren’t.
b She might type it if you ask her - she used to be a secretary.
c He needs to see a specialist and should make an appointment immediately.
d Shall we leave now, or can we wait a bit longer?

Special features of modals

20(Paras. 4.102 to 4.109) Make questions and negative statements from the
following sentences.
a He'll arrive.

ee
Will he arrive?
eM CC ee Ce ee
He won’ arrive.
ea eee Oe MR eeCO a Mein) figs Cea eriraries eurer wre cei Score Fog

38
 Varying the message

c You ought to have written.

eee ee wee mee ee ee eee eee eh eee et tee eek eT

ec

21 (Para. 4.109) Choose two appropriate responses on the right for each of the
statements on the left.
i | think it’s raining. Yes, he should.
ii He should have worked harder. | thought it would.
iii | expect we'll have chicken tonight. Yes - we must see it.
iv We must see that film. You're right - he really should have done.
Yes - | thought it would rain.
Yes - | suppose we will.
Yes - we must.
oO,roe
a2
©0
*
7
= Yes - | suppose we will have it again!

Referring to time

22(Paras. 4.110 to 4.117) Underline each modal in the following sentences. Say
whether each sentence refers to the past, the present or the future.
; ; present
a He'llalwaysdowhatyouwant, i tt tet lneee eeeeee
b Theywouldn’tacceptwhatwetoldthem. 4 kn cee ete tere ee eeee
oO She could play the piano really wellwhenshe was young, «wee
eee eee eee eee
a Wershialisee Fa a eae sal couchyomcence
aecee

© They would often play lots of practical jokesontheirteacherS, kc eee eee eee ee eee eee

Indicating ability

23(Paras. 4.119 to 4.122) State the function of ’can’ or ‘could’ as used in the
following sentences.
AWGVENESS
a licamhearaniowl:- + > bay té*«C ee Pe erate ieee cg

s They could be really helpfulwhen they tried, hd nnn t eee eee eee
He-canitsing = ne's tome dean on MeN NIN ei eschae a =
She could feel the breeze onfier Skin. . . 0. oe feces
ee oleClean awe «
They couldn't ski atallwhenthey arrived, nh eee e eee eee eee eee

CD
te Hecanbeveryannoyingsometimes,
CLC) eet
tteee eee ee

39
Chapter
ee 4

Indicating likelihood

24(Paras. 4.124 to 4.145) Say which modals would be appropriate to complete the
following sentences. There may be more than one possible answer.

must
ought to
shall

a lteteeet might ed well be true.

VOUS Rees she all be familiar with what we’re talking about.
CTE iat culearten troerts cite ays arrive by 4 o'clock at the latest.
G-Th. wc sca ether
deere not be true in this particular case.
OW UNMGTS © pre ate Aa caret Reet be a drought next summer.
Fa ee cts heen ate eseicles give it to you as soon as I've finished.
SADOMGKOUCIIMSTE SNC gemrcrtn cnsterhs eons in be broken.

Indicating permission

25(Paras 4.146 to 4.149) Underline each modal and write down its function in the
sentence. a,
permission
a You can drive at 7Omph on motorways.
b You may return books up to the date shown.
c Shecan have it —|don’t want it any more.
d We could do what we wanted. oe 2 ee a ee 2 ee ee ee ee

e They may use the car provided that they’re careful.

f They could pick as many flowers as they liked.

Indicating unacceptability

26(Paras. 4.150 to 4.157) Say which modals would be appropriate to complete the
following sentences. There may be more than one possible answer.

cannot mustn't shouldn't

may not shall not will not

AMY OU Anew -taisks sone ee smoke in this building. te

DE V.OUletareonserercten.f cinareetats really do that - it’s not a good idea.
Co SIC Breet critter
sehreiswalk on the grass. Se
dG TobaccOme. tac
tre oct ssnae be sold to anyone under the age of 18.
e Unless you work hard, you......... pass the exam.

40
 Varying the message

Review :indicating possibility

27 (Paras. 4.118 to 4.157) Complete the following chart, marking a cross to show
which modals (positive or negative) can be used to indicate which functions.

could may might ought to

could not may not might not ought not to

INDICATING
ABILITY

INDICATING
LIKELIHOOD

INDICATING
PERMISSION

INDICATING
UNACCEPTABILITY

shall should will would

shall not should not will not would not

INDICATING
ABILITY

INDICATING
LIKELIHOOD

INDICATING
PERMISSION

INDICATING
UNACCEPTABILITY

Interacting with other people

28(Paras. to 4.160 to 4.226) Write sentences in different ways, using any modals
which are appropriate. Then tick your most polite version.
a Ask someone if you can make a phone call.

mi al ee a RIP DSA(eLGHIelinis| eile) niindeiiel, mwiievialei Mileiere)\ale ws se i We em ee eee we eS) me) Oe Re Sew ee Re ee)(aire) wh(ee oe (el(sane a em 8 ew

eee ee ee

41
Chapter 4

b Ask someone to lend you £5.00.

Coe. See Vee PROPOR TORK APD See Dara wee ORT OOK SRN es On ees ee ww wwe we we ewe lel elie

ele ce ee eek ee ee he Re he ee Oe el ee Tw ob a Bete Ce aR ek ae Oe eee 8618) Sele ms:

Lew tee Ce eC hee te eee Oe OTC DOCH OV nen Phen ee ee es eS 8 we) wl a

Pe ee ee ee ee

50 elt ee) Se De im Ae eh ew aOR) imme ee ee we, Mem ON ee em mee wn ee) wo a rr oe ae

CC

eee et we ee ee ee ee ee we ee eh ee ee weee ee ee he ee hh he he ee hoe ee eee ee

Fae ee el ee fuera w Tee) Be ee he elie wie)rane fei.a. a) 68) 2, We) A eal ie Ae ew ae ee ee em OO gel ie .6 ee lege ale) nl ekmyeiieln eee we ee

Mirae, a) Mie [aj elie, sirelie mene, (mie. ew ae fe Sw) et) es eyes es ion 6 eee Wee a else neha 6. 6,5 a ew mosis we et we) we aw lat alee ie

oats a ea aes) eens) Chiapwadie, a)aie.ies) im ajiaie eles ia) ema) wieie elm a a)wy)@).e!rase ea) mw) wm, (elOeLe,,miis\emiim im mie! fe)al)-BiWGROU aces Wate om ls elect

Fs UTVirrESCSSENTJo CS TWO pCa YeavaR OEMCDt OtSetEC ELS OVCWer Per SetYear OMTVeerOa eeei OeWC CTRTSI CNT Ya INCI RCT MCHCee Ie MN oo mer er eRe eS

CUCM IL SeSIR VieteeTeTCA TTT AeeM TCI WO MaDCCPC To Va ec CC YSYOUSLU TC a TokSC TeOnI A te eee ey ere SCL cu “Matric kena

ROR AO CI CITCT Bee a JECT CT CHRICACI STC a CHCYarYH TiTecAC TCT IR ect i An Cs Cue ye et Oe i eS ec s ere er

290 a 2 08 eae ee ere we Be ae! hha ON eB ee 6, 6 ete) uate kl ft ne Re we Oink fe) Wl elie aeeeLMaG s

OMe iy a eos (ao eee wii ae pn, ERS ee. ences (Eee. 8,0, «||b S) ERE KT ee a) ee, awe wae Rl eee

SS) ee eR a Eee TER ATS380s) ee) wi mike) Tae es ok ee i mm om Ro) ee mw Be) im) (RM Ew BY) Pele) oe Melia ite mi Mn ie) oe merre earn

ate es) 20) 6a) Rate ees) Sm elim) Cake ee Bey we ea) el ew \6)iememe) Ge)mm (wl iw. alia ean racy eSoMnRlM tel tate = Wm 0a) me £8) 6) we Wm eh me rece) a me) he On

Ca PO aL Cia a a) ae ee eNO het ey Co cie Giot ec) oem oan

See 6:8 S SelM eee 8.8m, wpm (aie ays mile Oye rer) wile a.(whe) mu) mie beim, buisa)tee(mya (ahsaes ee o. nae oa wee ss o. wae <n eee
. ee . ee

42
 Varying the message

Expressions used instead of modals

29(Paras. 4.227 to 4.251) Choose which of the responses on the right are
possible. There is more than one in each case.
i Are you coming with us? I’m sorry, I’m unable to join you.
!'m sorry, | won't be able to join you.
It's impossible for me to join you.
| could be able to, but I’m not sure.
| can be able to, but I’m not sure.
*O
TM
a0 | might be able to, but I’m not sure.
ii Will the post arrive soon? | hope so - It has to.
It’s got to arrive soon.
It’s got to arrive in a minute.
The postman’s bound to arrive soon.
It used to arrive soon.
It would arrive soon.
iii Whatis your brother going to do when he He intends to be a swimmer.
has finished university? He can be able to get any job he wants.
He’s determined to be a lawyer.
He’s resolved to be a lawyer.
He got to decide for himself.
oS He doesn’t intend to do anything at the
~~
60
Ao
oO
oo:
oo
moment.

Semi-modals
30(Paras. 4.258 to 4.262) Choose endings for each of the sentence openings on
the left. Add th positive or the negative form of ‘used to’ to each sentence.
i There....used to... be a a ‘Bobby’.
in, Australianst..¢..<sece
ane me have b anAmerican state, now it is.
eH NE EUS IOOUMG) sass. sreclaele ace e have c aschangeable as it is now.
Mee OMOKING o.ce s aurre
ac cre be d pounds, shillings and pence, but now have
dollars.
vy Some people would say the world climate e much bigger than it is now.

Vite A BnitishiPOlCeman eee we setaess called f awall between East and West Berlin.
vii The world’s equatorial rain forest g considered dangerous.
ee be
Vili AlASKGy. bitues dense be h 100 pence, but now it has.

43
5 Expressing time
The present in general : the simple present

1 (Paras. 5.8 to 5.16) Find pairs of examples in which the simple present is used in
the same situation or for the same reason. Say what that situation or reason is.
i | promise that it’s true. She seldom scrubs the doorstep.
ii Asperm fertilises the egg. Romeo walks across the stage and sees Juliet.
iii We live in a suburb of London. | admit that this is a bit late.
iv He kicks the ball to Smith. She plays the star role.
v_ | hear you got the job. They tell me you've been ill.
vi He commutes daily. He’s an eminent surgeon.
vii He portrays a sad character. TD
ONO
a Metal expands and contracts.
aAar*nD

Complete these sentences, using one of the following verbs in the simple present.
Use each verb once only.
confess earn ebb enclose flow perform play
a Surgeons... perform ere operations,and UstiallVs cca nee s uscorn very high salaries.
DaHl@se ee et-ce-c scree the villain in the film.
COMME AIDC Se ever cress ae etenetars AN e theo cee alec ayeocere
Gla eteechaneeerets
sree that | completely forgot your birthday.
Culpa pene cr ne my application form and c.v.

Accent on the present : present continuous

3 (Paras. 5.17 to 5.20; 5.24) Find pairs of sentences where the present
continuous is used in the same situation or for the same reason. Say what that
situation or reason is.
i I’m doing these exercises. a_ The children are getting more exercise now
they're at school.
ii My husband’s learning to drive this year. b London's skyline is changing.
iii We're eating healthier food than before. c The children are forever knocking over their
drinks.
iv You're always borrowing my things. d_— She’s using my pen.
Vv The value of the pound is gradually falling. e I’m working from home at the moment.

44
 Expressing time

Emphasizing time in the present : using adjuncts

4 (Paras. 5.21 to 5.25) * Complete the following sentences.
ABINCVCEVS DGODGmentacmte carte trarck tie rerette attr acarc oh meet rerare nS eeeGisele aod avicy oe Slbnssane: sighs

DAMMIMAY-COUNULY We: tra GItlONal

llVist areisnaeu cima nuttnere dusnsiaaiels iomreeeeee ere eitietaicteiai Seeeeic oc sitter meme a o0
ae Ui tial
llVee nema etme er ote thereerie: ec triosSe UE eran POM ra ok ME, Vd aR MD
CRI NESE AVS VOUEEO |Our re cecca oach hase Pen roteinrce kane acts asl disci bv oes he is ach patie mee ING a
CMY DESH AE Mac SialWaVS woreawiite wicca eben aya Stil cy,crabsasieneie aerate ups unl epctin oweehNeel ow temas pau PREP as
Ba inthisteleyranala ge sae, Weise Mm esWegener
peteers Tee PNR eas

Review : The present

5 Complete each gap with a verb in either the simple present or the present
continuous.

Dear Erica,

re enjoyt.
We... = se vy Y' _ 2 Nancie Ou nolidaysalotabnach dayzwesay perce ae eaeacrere
ene the usual things —
Wigan: bepeisbitxis
oka een Owinrto. tHe DeACheeamecee ne fh cenien sees a dip in the sea,
PMV ake a hace in the sun for a while — that’s what We...........................at
the moment —
ALN OUIGLEGCIC vais
ey eee oe ere fO;ANNOY Me SHEE S. CRERTEE
ER aAtas ses ee cold water over my
back while] scc.cs...
ge sores tots this letter.

Weta aioaveatnaiastratgmgelae oth really tanned Aanculigne acct eeaeeeecmeeee very healthy. We
Sone el Rue cae sonneas to windsurf —it...........................much
easier than Jthought.

WER te pacts s Womeiacines

culate atsyou were here.

Love from Janet

6 Underline all the verbs in the simple present and put a circle round all the verbs in
the present continuous.

The Little Calf is now eight months old. A human child at this age is trying to lift its body from
the floor, to cling briefly to chairs, and to reach for the hem of mother’s skirt. The Little Calf, by
contrast, is well along the road to independence; if his mother were to disappear overnight he might
perhaps survive alone.

The Little Calf and his mother are feeding 400 miles at sea off San Francisco. They will go no
farther north this year, though many of their companions have dropped from sight over the horizon,
far on their way to the Bering Sea. The females that came into heat have dallied behind. The pattern
of the herd as the Little Calf knew it in spring is dissolving. Whales of like age and sex and breeding

45
Chapter 5

disposition are now consorting; the groups are separating in space because of the differences in their
swimming speeds.

The day is mild. A filmy diffusion pales the blue of the sky and gives a soft extra light. A gentle
breeze touches the moving sea. Here and there the surface breaks in a pattern of light, struck by a
shower of needles. Schools of sauries, each holding a million fish, break and boil to the top. Their
sides are gleaming iridescent silver; their backs are metallic blue-green. The Little Calf and his
mother, along with seven other females, the harem bull, and a young male, are lazily following the
fish, feasting as they go. During the bright of day, when the schools descend for reasons of their own
- reasons unknown to man - the old whales pursue them down, during the night the young whales
plunge with open jaws through the silver masses. Even the Little Calf, though nursing, is swallowing
the fat, tasty, ten-inch fish. . :
from The Year of the Whale by Victor B.Scheffer

Stating a definite time in the past : the simple past

a. (Paras. 5.27 to 5.30) Use one of the following verbs in the simple past to fill in
the gaps in these newspaper extracts. You can use a verb more than once if
necessary.
affect attack avert be cling die do drink driveoff fall leave put out
report say try use vote

a PG Chimp Dies
Joey the chimpanzee, one of the earliest stars of the
PG Tips tea advertisement, ed ace ofa
heart attack aged 39. Brian Le Grys, owner of Suffolk
Waldlife Parks genet acme. JOCY. Aes anas tesa:
a2cup onteagust before hee. ea eens :

from The Independent on Sunday

b Soccer Fire
Rolicéaer sneer disaster at Bristol City’s
football ground when they .................. a fire
under a stand containing 300 people just after the
kick-off of an FA cup tie between Bristol City and
Cambridge United.
from The Independent on Sunday

46
 Expressing time

Digital tip-off
AS burglar whGurnsurcna
cus ee to take a safe from
a business in Greater Manchester
CE Rea eaternfs teste cksse two clues — his fingertips.
DOLE CLIVE Si. ae eens on cathe the safe

from The Independent on Sunday

Vote for Freedom

Namibia’s constitution assembly
anarunw seta a arte: unanimously to declare
independence from South Africa at midnight on
March 21, the South African Press Association

Rottweilers Flee PC’s Truncheon

Ay DOliCeEMAan ane
ee se ee his truncheon to
Savera pirltwhom Aeeeer
as. eo knocked to the
ground by two rottweilers which
EG SI EME her spaniel. Diane Aldridge, 16,
Ldap eycevorainiever to her dog as PC Chris Aldridge,
Dy eaePee
WR an ee the eight-stone dogs in
Shoebury, Essex.

The Guardian
We apologise to those readers who
Lae ascifal< Shanhes MPEG not receive the Guardian on
Saturday when mechanical problems at our
London printing Plantmane reer one some
later editions.
from The Guardian

47
Chapter 5

Accent on the past : the past continuous

8 (Paras. 5.27 to 5.32) Use these verbs to complete the gaps below, using the
past continuous or the past simple where appropriate.
fall feel fracture go lose present slip

Asmall girl........fellSee assteneie cutee off the stage at Sunningbury Junior School last Friday and
SGHOUSI|Vic wetecmi outs seen qarmtyeke her legSSie" fre te sac cee coe oe ctor ne a bouquet of flowers to the
headmistress at the time, but she... 5... .0..0200
cece eae NerfOOtINE AGS ppsie a varenctercracts
preeussass :
Sheree yeseress eeees oe straight into hospital and her parents say that yesterday she..........

The past in relation to the present : the present

perfect

9 Use these verbs to fill the gaps in the extracts below, using the present perfect or
the simple past, as appropriate.
be have jackknife say spill tell undermine use vow

the 100 year old Koppens system of climatic

classification which the foreign office...........
to calculate allowances for such necessities as pith
helmets and bottled water.

b Astug-oMlove mum Wc) «oS teas to continue

her battle to win back custody of her children.
Speaking from Cairo, Egypt, the mother
cPechses tere eee aa here she ........{eeivimesdevastated
by an Egyptian court ruling that her three children
must stay with their Egyptian father.

c ALOR oc cole ae eoae ees on the M1 last night

eee
ATG TESS GONE TES mantra over the
northbound carriage. Several lorries
Sencar similar accidents this month in
the same place and experts are to inspect the site
this morning.

48
 Expressing time

Events before a particular time in the past : the past

perfect

10(Paras. 5.37 to 5.39) Choose the sentence on the right which best follows each
sentence on the left.
i The plane took off at 11. a Wewere furious - if only we hadn't overslept.
ii The plane was taking off. b It was a lovely flight.
iii The plane had taken off. c_ Itwas so frustrating - we could actually see the
plane!

Emphasizing time in the past : using adjuncts

11(Paras. 5.40 to 5.51) Choose time adjuncts from the list below to complete the
gaps.
ago allday eversince this morning yesterday evening
EVELanere
as We Veuve In (he Same NOUSEln. «smal: SINCE
names 1924.
De LWO WECKS). on ces
sou niece they went on holiday to the same place as they had visited the year
before.
c He was supposed to deliver the newspaper...........0ccn
eee cence ence ceucenecs but he came

Sie)netslinhes al
stele xenehciate Rw ae Slow Masa wie instead.
dG Tehadl DES SMOWINTE MAN. atese,nsqeictsehacae.
ace.n) caeucun users eae yore but it finally stopped at around
6 o'clock.

Review : the past

12(Paras. 5.26 to 5.51) Say which past tense has been used, and why, in the
following sentences.
a _ |was forever tidying up after everyone else.
eee
past continuous — repeated actions
et Oe ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee he ee ee ee ee

iim tas altel iw! ee lew eliastale, a fale) ewe, Ce a el Wwe Oe) | we el ww me We ie ae imie) wel ww ie we ee mime) mm al ee

ets kien a ee ee ee ek ee ew ee ei a we (mle ee ee a eee de 8) ee ke

— = Q a = 3oS @ a oei © = cot=F2. a Q @ = 00,=os@ = S = a 2 3 5 ®

a
}
bo > 33 @

49
 Chapter
peal 5 5 rae ieee lnSe eS eS

13*Complete each sentence below, using a suitable past tense.

Eh eiser eA ee SO oT reer AERIALS Tea areneisiete Te ee are eames since the beginning of this year.

The future

14(Paras. 5.53 to 5.65) Say which tense is used to indicate the future in each of
the following sentences. gid
a’ We'll'doitas soon’as possible Ro
modal ‘will
crs airipi sonia wi'eie' el cam oe. 9)-)aaixiaiay elesener
b She's going'tohaveabreak. © at eR eo citere ele esis osearia,oiseyeing=a
MOY; [WDE ATIVE: STOTT ares ola ceesicia eee votes aaa ao ae a
People will usually do what theywantinthe end. «-_— cece cece cc cee eee eee een eens
Hels cduertommake:upihismmind by tOmomows = SAW WU tee. ce aieere ca clclelate ayetalsie nistsiel aie ie eee
hil haveibeeniliving heresfor ZOsyearsiim March 7 enn ne = checgie tela eels =m etalefele = la)alainale aicla slots
Ourtishttakes off atS:3 5am 0-0 se 00 Bebe ticteer petal teper cette tone rate
& WEE
4005
=>
80
"0 SmiVING: DY Tal Beep arele ateye 8)ayaa) a wfeheie cin ate etelenteseheae pete

15(Paras. 5.60 to 5.62) Choose the most appropriate adjuncts on the left to link
with the future events on the right.
i Some day a__|’ll be more careful.
ii One of these days b_ I'll get round to tidying my room.
iii Inthe future .¢ you'll have an accident unless you're more
careful.
iv Sooner or later d_ they'll find out where she is.
vIn future e people will have to be more aware of the
environment.

Timing by adjuncts

16(Para. 5.70) Choose suitable adjuncts from the first part of the list in paragraph a
5.70 to fill in the gaps below.
a |called the doctor, and he arrived.... at ONCE. eee ane
be licalledithe doctor and hemesene sent ai came round.
c | waited for the doctor all morning. .................. he arrived.
d | phoned the doctor, who said he’d come round eee we ee eee ee

50
 Expressing time

17(Paras. 5.75 to 5.83) * Complete the following sentences.

So aaa eee CMe Mons, ee Bote est ee bY vn SN ico hv ch TRA oe Glee PW na cecadoa wes
SPR SORE Seite as * rds dixon oe Cee Re PE ae ar NY, EP See SEF eS ain OD
Cia tpn ee Reece rns Catan n Sicelany eh y mmvedie soos. e hahaa + Gannaie ee TORT ee © ok eee ae See ae yet.

DE PME NEM raises ste SCT TS et EOS TS bc 5cae ee ee Reel tee ee ee ©

Time expressions and prepositional phrases

18 (Paras. 5.84 to 5.85) Decide which of the following responses are possible.
There is more than one correct answer in each case.
i Whattime do you get up? a At8.15.
b At fifteen past 8.
c At quarter past 8.
d Ata quarter past 8.
e At eight fifteen.
f At eight and a quarter.
ii Whenis the news on? a Attentosix.
b Ata fifth to six.
c At 5.50.
d_ At fifty minutes past five.
e_ At five fifty.
f At ten minutes to six.
iii Whattime is his plane a At13.00.
scheduled to take off? b At1o’clock pm.
c At ipm.
d At13.00 pm.
e At one o'clock.
f Atone.

19(Paras. 5.90 to 5.99) Put one of the following prepositions in each gap.
at by during in on over
a Hehad planned to take the exam..... Mor’ coteSeptember but in fact he took it............ the
beginning of October and only got the results............ the New Year.
Once PRC the lecture he didn’t appear to be listening, but............ the end he asked some
very relevant questions.
C He wasiveryill Sieioc nsscis icJune; but gotibetter «a... gcicfre ens the SUpmnneauepre ements the end of
AUBUST Toran eisiaig tte the 30th August to be exact, he went back to work.
d She'd already learned to Swim............ the time she was four.
CO enue aaygees the Seventies, fashions changed considerably, and they changed just as much again

eee Rees the following decade.

Bul
Chapter 5

Frequency and duration

20(Para. 5.113) Choose units of time to complete the sentences below.

a Aminute is sixty... SECONdS ||...
D SINCE ALEHEN TD cirustielwniiens
sient UWaaee aceite setae aale
c Weare living in the twentieth..............506
d Therevare twelve .......6c0e enna 2s eiiaa, cg sasPeanagiann
e People usually work during the..............+06. SNIOU albreee ne esecgruere
hece ar
fa, THETEAre SIMY « sxc s« «ee eheelets
at incaneyaes Ben ete

21 (Para. 5.114) Complete the following sentences with suitable adverbs or

adverbial expressions. dicall
nuGhepadthe Paint at first, but when she had Itul.....ce-lsececseseese
she went to the doctor.
Da HO tire ts tetera ayriciaisin ote see Goes any WOrk, DUE N@ia. a2 an denen sae ee reat gets good results.
Gage ccocussay snevesy srsttensrsusaers
ee ersage do the gardening, so there are lots of weeds.
d | don't often go swimming, butI do.........0.....000cenees j
SMA VEM Ais aiausyeas cutee sine sees been.to the USAM DUET wid 22. ete oe eee meet
Americans in my job.

22(Para. 5.120) Choose the adverbs on the right which are most appropriate for the
events on the left.
i Theclock chimes a yearly.
ii Our post is delivered b =monthly.
iii | get paid c¢ hourly,
iv Wesettle our gas bill d = quarterly.
v_ They fill in a tax form e daily.

23(Para. 5.124) Use the prepositions in paragraph 5.124 to complete the following
text.

The building of the Tower of London was started eee in eee

eee wne

BOT ee, aces ues the Norman Conquest, and went on

eee es a number of centuries. Buildings were added
Aap dd Meee the 12th Century, and the Tower as you will see it
today was not completed............ later.

Tp isonly ty sci teers

the Tower opened to tourists that it has
become Britain’s number one tourist attraction with thousands
of visitors going through the turnstiles a year. Once inside, they
are willing to queue up............ a second time - sometimes
Mats AR an hour or so, to see the Crown Jewels, which are
housed in the Tower.

52
6 Expressing manner and place
Position of adjuncts

1 (Paras. 6.7 to 6.15) Place the adjuncts (given in brackets) in the appropriate
places in the sentences below.
a He's absent-minded. (somewhat)
He’s somewhat absent-minded
b She’s well-known. (for her generosity)
on met ee r Ch TRE os ROR OME Cor ee ey eee ae ieeetete Pie

ae ne := a Ba siden Seo Nad ae ee ok oe, ee |eae

' es uel . pa ee Weer REE Bes esr ros toa fies hercca SES a . —

ae oer : acaot ae a :- Sere Ne ara Sal? Waihi Med eae : ae

; ra peal = ms ve Sie RPRMOUMMRAI iclils ShoeOc ee Statelas a AroMs A tala :Ms pe : te |cs 3

ve = °:;i oe PRE Me ocd argu and Pathe Roles eee a

Adverb forms and meanings related to adjectives

2 (Para. 6.21) Complete the sentences below with suitable adverbs from the list in
paragraph 6.21.
a Thereare....... harlySeana any people out today - it’s really cold.
De She'S. Seaver
erate ais03 wearing any clothes.
Ca CONp INE ON terre memcteacie
endianeyietsjoa :
d Ihaven’t felt too good................5. .
e The post should arrive.............0
2eee ,

3 (Para. 6.26) Complete the gaps in the following pairs of sentences with suitable
adverbs from the list in paragraph 6.26. In each pair the adverbs have different
meanings.
rh INESCa WAS) a Aone as Sas as and cold.

it PlCOUIG SEG NIM ef ece doa os ale oom E

53
Chapter 6
ee

DP the night went arses enter ewe from London to Edinburgh.

ii The sun was almost .....05...0eeeeeee overhead.

Gly (HE Games ans vapid = in the competition.

li) (He Came tO VISICUS icc are eters uid sete , then went home.
d i Hepassed the exam............-eee- :
ii The-exam Wasn't .Wentecs
cares anetn :

Comparative and superlative adverbs

4 (Paras. 6.30 to 6.35) Choose the responses which are possible. There is more
than one response in each case.
i You're looking fit! Have you donea lot of I'm training much more harder.
running recently? I’m training much harder.
| can run much quicker now.
Yes - | can run much more quickly now.
Yes - I’m fastest in my club.
Yes - | run the fastest in my club.
ii Doyou train with the same team? Yes - we're doing better than before.
oo I’m
ODO
T0798
Q0 relying on it more and more heavily for
support.
oO Yes - our speed is improving more quickly
than before. :
d_ Yes - we're getting better - but we’re working
much harder.
e Yes - we’re training much more hard.
> Yes - we’re hardly training.

Adverbs of manner

5 (Para. 6.40) Choose an adverb in the right hand column to complete each
sentence.
i _ | loved the part of the film where he kissed her a __ bitterly.
ii lt was an easy task, but he did it very b- reluctantly.
iii She’d never tried before, but she went on stage quite c proudly.
iv They'd had bad experiences and spoke very d__ passionately.
v___He’s a very friendly person and always greets us e confidently.
vi Hecame in after a long day and sat down f — sincerely.
vii | do mean it g wearily. a
viii They accepted the award h_ cheerfully.
 Expressing manner and place

6 (Paras. 6.41 to 6.44) Complete the sentences below with suitable adverbs from
the lists in paragraphs 6.41 and 6.42.
a He. ..«.. Sincerely ooo hoped | would change my mind.
Di SHEINOLMCG a ceeetattnc: Rykimishasievern aleve until the children went to school and then started working

Ge she'sia.brilliant. boss She KNOWS)... ¢.cce.

exec neue amemaun when someone needs support.

CP HEMULEGTUMSE! Gos citer meen aemntae

Oeatan « at the Prince.
es ihey entered thE COUNLY cee aune cru etree
ates «ane but have since been naturalised

fT Sheithinkewety <<< <1... Sees

cinsicary , So she makes a good mathematician.
B-HETEW Peres i Se from London to Sydney.

Adverbs of degree

7 (Paras. 6.46 to 6.52) Put the adjuncts in brackets in the correct places in the
following sentences.
a |’ve enjoyed all the lessons. (tremendously)

b I’ve enjoyed all the lessons. (really)

s a :2:a BW c ie eget area cates ata rarrcrchicpeReySURO tes ces) sensi ee een Ia se

, a Bt iS .
= ; ee fx : BAe oe hapserdasckevay Rie Gen ae he ae ats asahanecomehe eae ae

: -Lat ;: i:ery Sr pe sir eee ae F;:ee

ee eae 2). itera homens)

Review : Adverbs

8 *Use the following adverbs to make sentences. These could be about your English
studies, yourself, or people or places you know.
absolutely carefully hardly intensely somewhat very much virtually

Geet elvis inci= alte alietieely: Aube wile fe( ceAfaytny e? a Mat wisiin)jet elm wom elim, arenrai(a tsp a vale, aeWi a em)ies mcm) Mw faa rw(elie SLTe Teas ApeTee aMaise See
Chapter 6

eee eee ee wee eee ee eee eh eee ee ee he oh eh ee ee eh hee ee he eh he eee hh oe eteh ee ee eh he

POM RRM O REDE SKC RETO SHR eT RAREST EMO PROP Ree Oe Dew ne we eS OS V sun ee me oe wee 6 8S se BD

9 (Paras. 6 .36 to 6.52 and 6.82 to 6.90) Put each of these adverbs in the
appropriate place in the chart below.

abroad beautifully immensely silently utterly

almost carefully meticulously somewhat vaguely
angrily downstairs near terribly virtually
ashore downstream overseas underfoot well
badly fiercely profoundly underneath wonderfully

ADVERBS OF ADVERBS OF ADVERBS OF

MANNER DEGREE PLACE

angrily almost abroad

Giving information about place : prepositions

10(Paras. 6.53 to 6.57) Underline the prepositions in the following sentences.

a The police van drew up alongside and we all got out of the car.
b She looked up at the roof and saw the bird on the tiles.
c It’s beyond the church, next to the post office.
d Among his baggage was a medicine chest.

Position of prepositional phrases

11 (Para. 6.58) Rewrite the following sentences, using one of the verbs in paragraph 6.58.
a We usually put our coats on the hooks.
Our coats usually..........! hang on the hooks.

56
 Expressing manner and place

b We keep our hats and scarves in the drawer.

PDE Gra BCAIVODM mey Mee green. Wl.ws «av vansa s MOST eae) oe wets... E.

12(Para. 6.58) Read the following passage. Then write a similar passage about the
place where you live.

London is in the south of England, and it is situated on the River Thames. About 6.7 million people
live there, and in addition over a million visitors stay there every year.
SA See we Se ew ee ee Be ee Ole Bw aw ee ee bem we. m ome elm See mya fee Mlle) ee (eo) BYelle) eal oom ie ixcel Niwile)ie mein) eee sew ex

pee een ete e eet eee OO ee eC OO Re ee eee ert te eo

BASS e (ea) eire) ee: © > &) 6) Be Rw Saale ee eae ww ee ew elie ein) OS) wm eon meowe A: Sin). I8.ae)lee. (@, 0.6, Mie) mie ee) awe a) Oe) BDae, ies) Rel ie

2.0 Se amie es ae ws Be he Celle eye MOR Te 80) ee ms ies) oes 8 ae a ete etn) elena) sia ee mo ee) ale 6 a Ries) OY esl ee oe ia iee enim als ee @

Cc

Indicating position

13(Paras. 6.64 to 6.68) This is a plan of where people sat at a dinner. Write the
names of those who attended in the correct places, using the information below.

James was on Helen’s left and Helen was opposite her husband Steve. Joseph was opposite Tina.
Mark sat at one end of the table and Ginny was at the other end. Steve was between Alice and Paula.
Tina was next to Mark. Ginny was between Paula and Edward. James was across the table from Alice,

who was next to Joseph.

Sil.
Chapter 6

14(Para. 6.69) Match each sentence opening on the left with an appropriate ending
from the right.
i Her husband sat at her bedside, admiring the yachts.
ii Wewalked along the quayside, sipping chilled orange juice.
iii They lay on the poolside, trying to fix the puncture.
iv She was crouching at the roadside, amazed by the size of the ships.
v Wecame down the mountainside, and wouldn't leave.
vi | stood at the dockside, skiing as fast as we could.
vii The farm was on the hillside, 0
.o
Ror
Gaovery exposed to the wind.

15(Para. 6.72) See how many sentences you can make from the following three
columns.
The house was situated : acouple of miles : behind our party.
The children were lingering .20 metres above the town.
The tent was pitched half a mile outside the town.
They were snorkelling a few thousand feet beyond those trees.
The plane was circling : a few metres from the shore.

The house was situated half a mile beyond those trees.

BES 918)(ep Sh)(6. 4) 8)es) aie ease) meee ie eh ees 68 een e oka wm mel em wl6 le Wm mp ee c8)\m Mloie elm! mlm) we me [aC el ta ei em

ALS Se wie Was eine See ee, © © eee 6 le Wie ae) @ ee wee we mein sell Su, wtmiele ete) men EMm mt(eel wiles) iw!wy ml a mime mma eter rete eet alom ailtae esis CARTee

ESD gC IMC SELYaPatOI TCM a eTCT MA Seeeee YO Vee ETA ee TY ty Cm Pe eae aie ue eR On, Meme mice

a,hee ee eee eS ee le) ae) ee) eke eee eee wee Rilestecel a)6) we eee We (bl Ge nies eee Mw een ksfe

a esis! eee ere ea ee am) Oe eee eee) Ee ee) Se ee Sh) ie eee heel oral Bien ie Wek

Indicating direction
16(Para. 6.74) Complete these sentences with suitable prepositions from the list in
paragraph 6.74. >
a We poured the coffee....... intO pitt ee the cups.
Dagnetchildrennacedmnename atest tnt their mother.
c She watched the people get.................. the train.

Cm Ney moored the bOateaeee

ne ieee the jetty.
Eminence arciaicoupleloi Shops |USt sea se the corner. :
58
 Expressing manner and place

Other ways of giving information about place

17(Paras. 6.87 to 6.91) Decide which of the following responses are possible.
What was your flight like? | didn’t like it when we were flying low.
| didn’t like it when we were flying high up.
| didn’t like being higher.
| felt an ache, deep in my stomach.
Deep down, |felt terrified.
| was glad when the airport was closer.
How's her visit to England been? She has been everywhere.
There’s nowhere she hasn’t been.
Nowhere has she enjoyed herself so much.
Nowhere she has enjoyed herself so much.
She’s visited anywhere.
She hasn’t been anywhere.
Are you going away this year? We're going somewhere new.
We're going somewhere abroad.
We’re looking for somewhere to visit.
We're looking for somewhere visiting.
We’re going anywhere we can find.
2Oo
"Dad
oS
oo
FO
oeo
aa
ga We’re going anywhere we can.

18(Para. 6.94) Choose the most appropriate words in the following sentences.
a He fell downstairs/upstairs with a bump.
b We're going to have a picnic indoors/outdoors.
We're moving a long way/near my mother so that we can help her more.

The boat sailed ashore/to sea so that we could lay in provisions.

The builder went downstairs/upstairs to gain access to the roof.
It started raining while they were sunbathing so they grabbed everything and ran indoors/outdoors.

SS
eS
6 Traffic congestion in big cities would be far worse but for efficient overground/underground train
networks.

19(Paras. 6.96 to 6.99) Choose sentence endings from the right which
appropriately complete the openings on the left. Add adverbs or adverbial
expressions from the lists in paragraphs 6.96 to 6.99 in the gaps.
i The skater spun....... round and VO.und ae! a the tunnel.
ii HE ACER eerste cgree a an tunes
ninseats b on the ice.
iii TNE SHIEK TACEG -ivicccic oS oie a ekS aateosig bet c_ the ice at great speed.
iv d waiting for the news.
Vv e to the finish.
vi f against the current.

59
Chapter 6

Other uses of prepositional phrases

20(Paras. 6.108 to 6.116) Say which sentences are used for each of reasons
a, b, c and d.
a___ referring to time b referring to manner
c circumstances of an action d__ reason or cause of an action
i We're going to Australia for Christmas.
ii They've managed despite their problems.
iii He resigned because of a disagreement.
iv They travelled everywhere by bus.
v_ She said she had worked as a nursery teacher in the Sixties.
vi She scowled and made a sign with her fist.

Review : prepositions

21 *Complete these sentences.

i New York is

ii My friend with the short dark hair

iii When I’m studying, | usually sit CC CC er

iv | live

22 Underline the prepositions in the following advertisement.

4&5 DAY CITY BREAKS

ROME, VENICE OR FLORENCE FROM £289
We are a Specialist Tour Operator providing a personal
service to Italy’s most beautiful Cities.
* Return Scheduled Flights from Heathrow.
* Tours and Transfers by Private Coach.
* 3 Star Hotels, all Rooms with Private Facilities.
* Breakfast & Evening Meals Included! (Venice B&B).
* Our Experienced Couriers are based in your Hotels.
* Special National Express Coach Scheme for travel to/from
UK Airport.
DATES AVAILABLE: OCTOBER 1990 TO APRIL 1991.
Our Holidays fill very quickly as places are limited!
PHONE OUR BROCHURE HOTLINE TODAY e
(0858) 432123
EDWARDS & HARGREAVES LTD
(FULL ABTA MEMBER A6667)

60
7 Reporting what people say or think
Indicating that you are reporting : reporting verbs

1 (Para. 7.7) Suggest the most suitable reporting verb for each gap.
a ‘What did you say your name was?’ she inquired
DY GN erro takehetater ‘Do as | say immediately!’
c ‘What incredible luck!’ she............0.0008 5
d ‘I'd like to begin by telling you that I’m the best swimmer in the school,’ he................+ ;
e ‘Do students learn English as their first foreign language in your country?’ he................+5 :

2 (Paras. 7.9 to 7.10) Fill in the gaps in the text below with suitable reporting verbs.
romised
Mypacentoihad ete...«..P : ONSeaberseells Lecsnioss ars that they would buy
meacarifI passed ENSTSRAM rAaNGca Sel. chenche cra te 6 ta st, caw alretla etMeteors
ENat UOWOWLO Pacey Iter i psmate ter culconic teliftel sens facols swe that I’d spend

the whole summer touring the West Country. Ihadnever

a 2d PPR R ewes locket ie oes. ne that I would fail, sowhenI opened
theenvelopevand. < q<stscshs
races cts oe @ sistem ettomiom sere that I’d got the
lowest grade possible, Iwas reallytaken aback. I just couldn’t
believe that it was true. My parents were furious and they
sleet me eats? SigsMe a a eS) o #Shehie that I should have passed. I tried
COEIANGaAn-
CX CUSE sv. ue sels: sos tere. cuetispee Shaheen
eet that I’dfelt

allonthe dey of theiexam and. ta. s.2 chs, cites) steno nsmares «tel cmos amerteme
that the examroomhadbeennoisy-butIstill
Shae ttle teteen | aNieie teMoo aren SMES ie:< that I couldn’t possibly have
Fat hed, AIG Ts... eis cas. Geer eeeens eet lewis suepcibesre the headmaster that I
oa Peas achen: fokc. </\ale: orMee enema that amistake had beenmade. He
RCE ed Meee teic es eo ker esd ee honin hes that Imight be right, ashehad
ARSE MAM. ois |oneRolo gte ae aromita ones that the students’ grades weren’t
Fisigoodasmstoall.. Them pcamulin lAcuBiOard cu. Mmeieteuchsewcmeye!
© @ss ««ss ae)-
that the marks were correct, but thenaletter arrived inwhichI
BT peace bs sees acme en ebet a Mer et ulets that I had been right - the Board
eee eat ae ee ed tok eet that they had made amistake. Soto
my delight, I received my car and zoomed off onmy first visit to the
West of England.

61
Chapter 7

3 (Para. 7.13) Link each sentence opening in the left hand column with a suitable
ending on the right.
i | never expected to go away this summer.
ii | don’t imagine it would rain.
iii | don’t suppose she was telling the truth.
iv We don’t plan to cause any damage.
Vv She didn’t think | would get first prize.
| don’t want we'll be able to go away this year.
He didn’t believe you to phone so late.
i They don’t intend 2m
wo
tao
"OS
Ss
Sa it will be fine enough for a picnic.

Reporting someone’s actual words : quote structures

4 (Para. 7.16) Suggest a reporting verb from the list in paragraph 7.16 to complete
each of the following sentences.
a ‘Please help me - |just don’t know how I'll manage if you don’t,’ she......7%..-....... :
b ‘As | was saying, the situation is quite clear...,) she...............05- :
c ‘Don't ever say that to me again, |...............00. :
d ‘The train on platform 5 will be calling additionally at Darlington,’ the loudspeaker............... :
e ‘No one ever comes to see me,’ the old man............---. ‘

f ‘You really must go now,’ he..........

5 (Para. 7.17) Add speakers and reporting verbs on the right to suitable quotes
from the left.
‘Aaah! a mouse!’ | whispered.
‘Erm | think erm... ,’ he yelled.
‘Ssh! Keep your voice down,’ | screamed.
‘Good morning, Mrs Jones,’ she shrieked.
‘You idiot,’ he mumbled.
‘Help!’ they chorused.

62
 Reporting what people say or think

Reporting statements and thoughts

6 (Para. 7.27) Complete these sentences with suitable reporting verbs, adding
pronouns where necessary. |
a eee | that | shouldn't forget to go to the dentist.
DB SiG mrs eric cscs secre ch aictoe et that | would find it difficult.
Cap GViantes ce keaas tre neh e ences that they were telling the truth.
CLEC SISLG pun rate nekiccuat aaee cra Goan as that it was a good idea.
SSS Se are
ee eee: that everything would be okay in the end.
TW PENUGOMDAN Vamos. eek ee cei pete ae eioers oes that our expenses would be reimbursed.

PNG cree ctor creme echt that we should fill in the forms without delay.
it MeLOOUCG arse tek pic ee cree coe eterere that he should make a statement.

Reporting questions

7 (Paras. 7.29 to 7.35) Look at the direct questions on the left. Which of the
indirect questions on the right are possible? There is more than one in each
group.
i | The woman said ‘What's your address, She asked him what was his address.
John?’ She enquired what his address was.
She asked him what his address was.
She asked him what his address is.
She asked what his address was.
She wanted to know what his address was.
ii ‘Do you agree with this business plan?’ He asked whether or not they agreed.
the director asked the managers. He asked them if they agreed.
He asked do you agree?
He asked them whether they agreed.
He asked whether they agreed or not.
He asked if they agree.
iii ‘What are you doing, William?’ | wanted to know what he was doing.
| asked myself. | didn’t know what he was doing.
| wondered what was he doing.
| wondered what he was doing.
| thought what he was doing.
TD | wondered to myself what he was doing.
-~OaAO
*-~qoanoooo
A”Aqgaeooond

Reporting orders, requests, advice and intentions

8 (Paras. 7.36 to 7.45) Rewrite these sentences in different ways, changing the
meaning as little as possible.
a ‘Goon, apply for the job, Anthony,’ Karen said.
KOFeriI GO Wangan rats pte Ut CARO deck cha es 5 B58 eS nee a ee ree aete SEE MEN POE E ORE Cs es
Maren SUE SOSUCR gic «Gomis id inn wiles oiecee euia cP Ir ee OMe bedUe wratate ale nde Pee teresa nM wr Enetae
KareniprONOSeG a. cinan est mi were tk Nee KAMAE TSS WEEK ALG ET RNR EEE Rae ee eee
Chapter 7

b ‘Peter should go to university,’ said the headmaster.

The NeadmMaster rECOMIMENGed wa cian we pew asin cileter peecnce eres tecn Palereyate apeere cleats) bie este fierele eta ten ae
The headmaster Suggested woes acc mc akie nn ve wasevsba ate ares Persie & eeausaee ste meee omer es ete eens
The Neadmaster-AGViSOd sc cseneps jl =)cysdensuapede trusting rhe ye nisi be oa eho a eo ee
c ‘Please give me the latest reports, Jane,’ said the boss.

ThE DOSSIASKEG ie sisi te + 0-8 5 pes tym ngntopeptpetiie gd uted © akcgta ae tagetena Ua Emel etnitotet AntRiee a Neeeteie « feat wean
TRSIDOSS NSUHUCTE 5.5.00 «ane wpeareata ehapps ceneataes ahem PPS eTNe aie et Me ace tet pyclacanaiien ip Leta dae
MINE DOSS TEQUESTC go isig dye sicunss un eget Sine wanischagbacyelel sucascee Renan eee ote ee OE te een neato ae ae aa
THE DOSS CHE CES aspaiscats eat ayictiara Ts aladalat Seypepe otecntel les VelaScr hice atltalne offoles la eaeee ren
MN HOSS'CEMaANGE Bite sohtiai wen sabato chen a omnes eee ema Den awk ao ast eee eas
d ‘I expect you to pop in when you’re in the area, Jenny,’ David said.
David'sugsested: sie: Werevee werewie dere as tw es ae iy ee ate eos eee eet
DENG RLU
[fel
=(0Beery tert ger ere erarionSn RN cee aCe LN ANCOR ATU gC ME EN OAc einen eee
DaVvidl PIOPOSCR: eeswe> da. iets $y mete MP ee echt Seer ee. pee eae eI cs 22a ae Sie es tener
David @€xpectS 25 ..2.0 s..cect ee 2A PPh. eet a nerticees arate fe chee ER ee ee eee

Avoiding mention of the person speaking or thinking

9 (Paras. 7.64 to 7.65) Complete the following sentences, using a passive form of
a Suitable reporting verb with the impersonal ‘It’.
Git LES GUVONIECE a6 oisspp NEN. that the watch will work for longer than 6 months.
Dee ee eee cee onemeee iene cera chs that there are more than 5 billion people on this
planet. .
Co is A Sane oheaets egtiOystenethave eae CLR Ramee ean cee: that‘a man will one day run a mile in 3 minutes.
CLE Se ete cere te te Seen eee ee te that over 2,000 people were killed in the
earthquake. -°
Sa cet teneee ec tac a cis eratctene te cratonPee mess yE LGaN that there will be another meeting next week.

10(Para. 7.65) * Complete these sentences, using suitable reporting verbs.

A UNWEC OWN URY TI, ere eesti cyaeo Steen, canons cone)cBtte,4°See al cy ee ce
DB WHEREIS asei, o aie a S562% as Pia enum cally shaySoaeleck Rta lefy lear e

11(Para. 7.65) Rewrite the sentences below as phase structures.

a Itis guaranteed that the food mixer will work for a year.
Se eee ee ee we Oe ee ie Bee we kee, we, Ma) ee plinl gh CORONER eee EIT a acer

64
 Reporting what people say or think

c It has been predicted that there will be snow tonight.

d It has been reported that ten people have been injured.

SOL OEECoy react men mn nL Gxctehenclheactenet eeearictie A cacttane chasse cen OTST ee oiee elgss Wiewe Mid prin a ea ee

Referring to the speaker and hearer

12(Paras. 7.68 to 7.77) Choose a speaker, reporting verb, and hearer from the
second column to report each quote from the first column. Add ‘to’ or ‘at’ as
appropriate.
i ‘I've lost my passport,’ NE COMTESSECie wnctins au. us.
ii ‘I’ve done better than you,’ they revealed............ all of us.
iii ‘Get out of here,’ she'complained!. 2... 20.0. us.
iv ‘The truth can be explained,’ the manager hinted............ him.
v_ ‘I'm afraid it was my fault,’ NEaNNOUNCEO sates ecards 1 us.
vi ‘I’m not at all happy about it,’ heiroaredine sneseswe me.
vii “You're what?’ she wailed... at See ey us.
viii ‘The company is closing,’ aoe
Oo
«OnoIibOaSted Ey. asta stereai- her.
ix ‘There’s a possibility of promotion,’

Review : Reporting what people say or think

13 Underline all the reporting verbs in the following extract.

‘«.. As for the present position, I agree with a good deal of what the Dean says. But I don’t
consider this is the right time to act. I know this long wait hasn’t improved some of our tempers. But
it won’t be much longer. Speaking as a fellow, I don’t see any alternative to waiting. I didn’t quite
understand the Dean’s suggestion. I do not know whether he thinks that other names ought to be
canvassed now. Speaking as a candidate, I can’t be expected to accept the view that other names ought
to be considered at this late stage. I hope that the Senior Tutor agrees with me.”

from The Masters by C.P.Snow

65
Chapter 7

14 Fill in the blanks in the following excerpt from a newspaper article choosing some
of the reporting verbs from this list.
accuse believe hint say want announce expect reveal think

AY POLICE SUPETIMLEMGENt mete ststeaver es . to be

at the centre of allegations over the falsification of
Kent Police’s crime detection figures, has retired on
PrOUNGSVOL (Mehealth.. tue ORCe ss aan ars
Yesterdays t ASiean vitae aerate . he may still face a
disciplinary tribunal, with others. Last September
the force ake: thatdisciplinary action was
being taken against 35 officers... .
from The Observer

15 Read this extract. Underline any direct questions and circle indirect statements.

On drugs we asked two questions: ‘‘Which of the following

drugs have you tried?”’ and ‘‘Which drug do you think most
dangerous in terms of the effect it has on society?’’ Overall, 65
per cent claimed to have tried cigarettes, 17 per cent cannabis, 6
per cent solvents and 89 per cent alcohol. Two per cent claimed
to have tried heroin (the bravado factor, you might suppose,
being cancelled out by the reticence factor; 7 per cent refused to
answer this question). But, worryingly, 3 per cent of under-1|4’s
claimed to have sampled it; and a huge 85 per cent of under-|4’s
reckoned to have tried alcohol, with only 8 per cent thinking it
harmful. Only four in ten of the over-19's thought heroin most |.
harmful. The government clearly has a lot of educating to do.

from New Society

66
8 Combining messages
1 (Paras. 8.4 to 8.5) Say whether the linking word used in each of the following
sentences is a subordinating conjunction or a co-ordinating conjunction.
a We froze and stood rooted to the spot.
co-ordinating
We wouldn't have got so uptight, if he hadn't kept nagging us.
We decided to go ahead even though she was against it.
Are we going direct to the hotel or will we get the chance to see the town? ...........00
eeeee eee
He was Clearing up while we were chatting.
They were young but relatively experienced.

Time clauses

2 (Paras. 8.8 to 8.22) Decide which of the responses on the right are possible.
There is more than one in each case.
Someone told me your mother’s an She became an engineer before | was born.
engineer and your father works part- time. Before | was born she became an engineer.
Is that right? When we will leave school my father will go
back to full-time work.
After we will leave school my father will work
full-time.
My father will go back to work full-time as
soon as we leave school.
My father will go back to work full-time as
soon as we leave school.
What did you all do? While the lecturer gave his talk |jotted down
some notes.
| jotted down some notes while the lecturer
gave his talk.
| jotted down some notes whilst lecture
proceeded.
All the students distracted each other when
the lecturer spoke.
We would distract each other as the lecturer
started his talk.
As he started his talk we would distract
each other.
Did he return? Yes, in May, by which time we had the news.
oo Yes, in May, by which time we had had the
news.
Yes, in May, at which point we had the news.
Yes, in May, whereupon we had the news.
Yes, in May, after which we had the news.
Oo
*?AOD
O Yes, in May,. after which we’d had the news.

3 (Paras. 8.8 to 8.21) Rewrite the following sentences, changing the meaning as
little as possible.
Chapter
ee en 8

b On every occasion he wrote to me | failed to answer.

WHENEVER sees secsente ce coup= xyrcieniw a jece AURONEN ARR aETOPE MUM SPO MeN Ot erie h = tatty aMeAwalent eresMelt ete ire areMerne min NE

c |heard the door slam and rushed downstairs immediately.

AS SOON'AS said on Gre ee re a TU OTs on Ace Winrro NG)te oder stscaarose a ensae ec

d | had only just walked through the door when the phone rang.

e He became a teacher when he left university.

EVOP SIMCOE oicc oss 5 aie ett ecaee erate ae oressSakeDatetate ete gc a oes egeR ae al ieee I a

4 Complete these sentences, using the time expressions below. Use each
expression only once. :

long before nowthat since the last time when whenever

a Ihave livedin this house....... since Brass sea | was born.

Died Sake crete Ree | try to study | get interrupted.
(S, SUVA HLEliae pe emeauodlopooanooe . she worked here.
d Aimifeecling Detten ac. camer, coeyatontes spate I've finished.
Ce een eer er 8 we went to the cinema was in January.
f It was about 10 o'clock lastnight).ct foe). 6.26.
.ek een they got in.

Conditional clauses
5 (Paras. 8.25 to 8.42) Choose up to four suitable endings in the right hand
column for each of the sentence openings in the left hand column.
i If it hadn't rained a the garden would need watering.
ii = If it didn’t rain the plants die.
iii If it doesn’t rain the plants would have died.
iv Unless it had rained the plants could die.
v___Unless it rained the plants could have died.
vi Unless it rains the garden wouldn't be so green.
vii Even if it had rained the plants would be dead.
viii Even if it rained as
~*~
S&S,
©0
2 the plants may die.
ix Evenif it rains ithe plants will die.
 Combining messages

6 (Paras. 8.25 to 8.42) Read this poem and underline all the conditional clauses.

The Rum Tum Tugger is a Curious Cat:

If you offer him pheasant he would rather have grouse.
If you put him in a house he would much prefera flat,
If you put him inaflat then he’d rather have a house.
If you set him on a mouse then he only wants a rat,
If you set him on a rat then he’d rather chase a mouse,

Yes the Rum Tum Tugger is a Curious Cat -

And there isn’t any call for me to shout it:
For he will do
As he do do
And there’s no doing anything about it!
from Old Possum’s Book of Practical Cats by T.S.Eliot

7 (Paras. 8.25 to 8.42) * Complete these sentences.

a I'd be delighted if
Daliniess the weathersibadthiSiweEEKEN fa aces Wins x siete wise Siheve mo wee ite een ore eyeeels Mia elena ere
c Provided that my teacher HELPS ces, one rae at ee tte Maly oo ccccoeye ainie Slane None. lata al aie
SENT PONE OULAS SOOM AS escre ate sete e cctses ercketotes arate ere ie eeeeere oe he Sifuapcvore adstauniane ane ar eyaise rietoasta atts
e Iflwere given the chance eee nee ee eee te ee ee ee he ee eee hee eee ee eh ee eee ee eee ee ee

Reason clauses

8 (Paras. 8.49 to 8.53) Complete the following letter.

Hillside Ccounge,

Tumbledeun Rov
Old Sout Downe
28 Febru

wrote to you more

pa
tillnotreceived 2 reply me aw yourcompany-
DewSu we haveCy 5 tisfied
with the work don y ; aia did, it
==”
writing tdYOU» Epsa Bh
ss at ! an ts hae t them to rectify their mistakes. Td
ago. | regret
- - However, they

riety St eee
jou sen
| should feel happier
Your workmen came pee ees
- 00 Mee ate
: an
ly
emrovee, oe : treme »
ee
ds,
fact, attempt ' oa the extensis |am still x _ there we pipes
uncerthe ae
correcHy Jo
.
oe ooo?
made no atbemp' plumbing,
eee ooee
have not beenothe extevsion
ion down into
have done the
They say they
.* way sitsectndripping
offsets
:
* Ay
PHAM cae ‘Ee fully wiring oni8l
city
gwitced! the el
eens
S eres

ee
"i
, we ha ve
ota Inee
5

ingero
ow Uve
on this.
g your comments
Lr ok in g forward bo hearin
=" We oe
Yours
fkhfully.
Mrs 8. 0! Bnevt

69
Chapter 8

Result clauses

9 (Paras. 8.54 to 8.64)

Complete the
following memo. BODGER & SON

ALL FALLE DOWNE

Tom— please pass this message on 4p Dick and Harry. Ms O'frien hes
writien again — pkose put your work right immediotely . . 2
she stops writing to me. |'ve beentosae the ectension inpoclbctstnd
lagree with what she'ssaidShe’s....... .. dissakisfied that] wovIdn't
besuprised # shetortustocourd— butdon't blame her
-the work is
we'll allbeaut ofaj& £ you don'tdo bettar|
. asbraightforwad jh... 22...
| can't believe such a mistake has been made.

Soplease getthings sorted out, ..-....-.. I'll havetoseeDickand

Hany myself. Please getin touch wrth them immediotoly.

Concessive clauses

10(Paras. 8.65 to 8.72) Complete the following telephone conversation.

Mr Bodger: Hello - Mrs O’Brien? Bodger here. |trust that the men have completed the work to your
satisfaction now.
Mrs O’Brien: Well - they've been working,...........U..eeeeeee | wouldn't say it was right.
MP Pic Rank teach atacnsser Fevers you've made an effort to get the work done, it’s hardly adequate.
And to be honest, we feel we should get our money back,..............e..e00- you feel
you can offer to do the work yourself.
Mr Bodger: What's the problem now?
Mrs O’Brien: | think you’d better come and see for yourself. What really annoys me is that
Sie aveuavartreunanciarerer meats the fact they've come back again and again, it’s still far from

perfect. They work just like anyone else,...............e0eees they take breaks every five”
minutes. You may find thats...)
.... +e meeege other customers don’t mind, we've had _
enough. ts
Mr Bodger: I'll come over and inspect the work right now.

70
 Combining messages

Clauses of place and manner

11(Paras. 8.73 to 8.82) Complete the following dialogue.
Mrs O’Brien: Well, Mr Bodger:| can't thank you enough for giving up all your time. It looks even better

re fhan a aiaha we'd hoped. You've done the work exactly...............-0- we wanted.
Mr Bodger: I’m sorry - | can only apologise for the trouble you've had. | can’t work out why they behaved

satu Mt cee te they did. | feel..................1! have no control over their work.
Bic Gherde Rio eeSeae I've looked, they’ve made mistakes.
Mrs O’Brien: Some of this work,...............00- you yourself said, should have been quite
straightforward. Nowit’s...............00- | would expect in my own house. I’m not sure
whether they'll get any more work from me. They've behaved..............202 they
don’t want a job, that’s for certain.

Review : Adverbial clauses

12(Para. 8.6) Describe the adverbial clauses in the following sentences.

i She does exercise after exercise so as to perfect her English. a TIME CLAUSE
ii | turned up at the dentist’s in spite of having the flu. b CONDITIONAL CLAUSE
iii He did the work very carefully so that he’d be sure of getting it right. c PURPOSE CLAUSE
iv We kept on working till the end of the day. d REASON CLAUSE
She had a lot of loose change in case they ran out. e RESULT CLAUSE
There was too much noise where we were sitting. f |©CONCESSIVE CLAUSE
| wouldn't enrol for the course unless | felt it would fulfill my needs. g PLACE CLAUSE
In the interview, | tried to speak just as | do normally. h CLAUSE OF MANNER

13(Paras. 8.6 to 8.82) Underline the adverbial clauses in the following extracts.

a And although cast adrift while he pursued other interests, other plans, she was waiting
for him, as one waits for an enemy; once they met, she would, by dint of insult and
outrage, reawaken the fury that had once been between them.
from Hotel du Lac by Anita Brookner

They are dark caves. Even when they open towards the sun, very little light penetrates
down the entrance tunnel into the circular chamber. There is little to see, and no eye to
see it, until the visitor arrives for his five minutes, and strikes a match.
from A Passage to India by E.M.Forster

Only when he reached Liverpool Street was he aware of hunger. He bought himself a
coffee and roll before catching the train home. It was nearly four before he put his key
in the latch. ..... Although it was still early, he felt very weary and his legs ached.
from Innocent Blood by P.D.James

Mas
Chapter 8

Relative clauses

14(Paras. 8.83 to 8.88) Say whether the relative clauses below are defining or
non-defining. d A -
: ON-GEFININ
a Rome, which is the capital of Italy, liesonthe Tiber, = j= — .aee. “ " pe oleae 9 a
b The city which he lives inis the largestinCentralAmerica. © kent
eeet eeee eeeeeee
c That actor, like many who are in the public eye, feels the pressure of the ..........0eee
see eeees
press.
d The boy whol spoke towas very co-operative, wt ew ee eee cee s enna

e The island which is off the east coast of New York is called Long Iisland. ........
2.20 eeeeeeeees
f Theisland, which lies in the Pacific Ocean, has a population of only iw kk ee eee eee eee ee
5,000.
g | don’t want to speak to anyone who phones after 10.30pm. vatieletgelteties
bin. a 2-2 Se

Relative pronouns in defining clauses

15(Paras. 8.89 to 8.91) Write sentences including defining relative clauses, using
the information in brackets.
a The postman (he has dark hair) is always early.
Ce OO

seme eee ee eee ete te ee ee ee ee eee ee eth oe ee et ee ee ee ee ee ee eee eee

Seen eee ee ee ee ee ee wh ee eww wee eee eee eee eee wee eer eee

SN Ree Rew ee WS a Lm ke, eee ee eine ee ae RM ie he ee on i ale wae @ wie 6c heme ee ee eo ee ee 8 ee eat oe

Relative pronouns in non-defining clauses

16(Paras. 8.92 to 8.94) Write sentences including non-defining relative clauses

using the information in brackets.
a The garden (it’s south-facing) is almost 100 metres long.
SLAB RRe} Ses) mee eee eek eae 8 Se img! ome mm ShRee SiG)(MRD n I ikem i OPwee wil mw IN)oe,(mi) wee Im lTGe Tet nscale tence ee

A500 8 8s ee) Smee eos ae kW ee el, SS ee Ol) ee ie ce Pees ee Se ee ee ee ee mm ee me ee

ee SD) eTim ee ae fe ee ee ee a ke S886 Oe ee ee wie he me wale eae eo) ww (me

Ee aa eR ee, Nae fe we, ame! A oe) ase) wm ml WH) ks)20), (a)ip wim Meh Ie RVacl cayene een22S be0 8 OU kaa ew eae mle ee) Ow wal TNS a) ee

72
 Combining messages

47(Paras. 8.83 to 8.108) Decide which of the following responses are possible.
i Who reported the accident? The policeman who witnessed it.
A policeman, who witnessed it.
The policeman what was on the corner.
A policeman what was on the corner.
A policeman, who | gave all the details to.
The policeman | gave all the details to.
ii |What did you think of the candidates? "oOo
So
oo
90 The woman was the best candidate we
interviewed.
The woman was the best candidate who we
interviewed.
The woman was the best candidate that we
interviewed.
Everyone we interviewed was well qualified.
Everyone we interviewed, was well qualified.
=o Everyone which we interviewed, was well
qualified.
iii Who was that woman? She’s the one | lent my book to.
She’s the one who | lent my book to.
She’s the one whom | lent my book to.
She’s the one to whom | lent my book.
She owns the shop which | go to.
She owns the shop to which | go to.
iv Why are you going to work ina O78
0
*o7Q
9 I'd prefer a hospital whose administration is
different hospital? better.
I'd prefer a hospital of which the
administration is better.
I'd prefer a hospital whose environment is
friendlier.
I'd prefer a hospital with whose staff I’d be
happier.
I'd prefer a hospital whose staff I’d be happier
with.
I'd prefer a hospital with whose staff I’d be
happier with.

Additional points about non-defining relative clauses

18(Paras. 8.109 to 8.111) Rewrite the following sentences so that they include
relative clauses.
a_ | gave the letter to George. George then posted it for me.
pee enn ne tee wee enw e we wwe Oe Cc ewe be ws tee ele te eee ee

Perce ae eee ee eeee ee eC ee

Chapter 8

Non-finite clauses

19(Paras. 8.132 to 8.133) Choose the ending in the right hand column which best
completes each sentence opening in the left hand column.
i Everyone going on the holiday a complained bitterly.
ii The dog wearing a red collar b could be stopped.
iii Any learner driver failing to display L-plates cis my father.
iv Noone wearing shorts d__is trying to cross the road.
v Someone wearing a stocking over his face eis doing a very good job.
vi Any driver failing to stop at a zebracrossing f looked really excited.
vii The boy preparing the barbeque g belongs to my mother.
viii Everyone waiting in the queue h_ will be allowed into the mosque.
ix Someone carrying a white stick i robbed the bank.
x The man wearing the new suit j.__ will be in big trouble.

Other structures used like non-finite clauses

20(Paras. 8.134 to 8.136) Join each pair of sentences to make a simple sentence.
a John gave us the documents. They were neatly folded and filed.
a)wee ie ee See fel am) aw ne) la 8) eiPeel nha) eb aj s,m mustelie Ce We). wees ne ein Wisi we 2 es ew See ee We el me ee gw ml)ee) wiae ie et

SCC eee ee ee Ree ek Se ee we wee wee ea wees wale ere ee iw

Bee ve} e)wl ee a wie we 6l'h el ele ae use a Sel ee eee) Be os ae2SslCe
Ole)OS
wets
ete ee Ge See A ee, ae: ee (ele ewe ae et i, Wiig weeny ate

Co-ordination

21 (Paras. 8.137 to 8.181) Use co-ordinating conjunctions to fill the gaps in the
following sentences.
a She seemedcalm..... yer a SAC
bebe: co0des nc resce you'll get into trouble.
c Everyone around him was panicking,............ he stayed calm.

74
 Combining messages

d Ten people were killed............ twenty injured.

e We stayed in acomfortable............ shabby place.
tT We didn't Gat. seu wei drink.

Emphasizing co-ordinating conjunctions

22(Paras. 8.182 to 8.187) Join the pairs of sentences using emphasizing

co-ordinating conjunctions.
a | drive an estate car. My husband drives an estate car too.

Seeecesa se hi eke fees we Bees a ek eS eee on) 8 8 a ww male we ete a)es oe) On Wels se 6a se wen ane es 0 6 es «aisle wx ® os wn

ee Bs bse Weir Ou Ce .uce w88 © e mie ©) kee, © Be 18) Sis Ape ee ee, aes uw 8) ees © 8a) es eeu)ees) els olny» es ee leoe |=) els s)wile) slellsiiaiein 6 ©

Ce

ee

ee ee

M2
9 Making texts
Referring back

1 (Paras. 9.2 to 9.5) Say which of the underlined pronouns and determiners refer
back to something that has already been mentioned, and what they refer back to.
If they do not refer back, leave the right hand column blank.

The cat joined the Re-education

Committee and was very active in it for some Le the

ri Re-education
as oes RameeCommittee
aenaan es
SNO-y (8s a at Saas draw otk x
days. She was seen one day sitting on a roof ONG! WP Na is Hin ewes hen rnceaeeeeas

and talking to some sparrows who were just out hefiscna) b dee ewe ate Dili. ds
SNE Sr Cocemwpge xetnies teeRedome
of her reach. She was telling them that all CheM eas ocd gee pew mae Pees ee
all nora: sreeu ws tearess we
animals were now comrades and that any sparrow

who chose could come and perch on her paw; but her = .... ss sec eee eee ee eeeeees
Te: "cians iwedands «snuuensieenin
the sparrows kept their distance. RUGUPES? © san bb avanamas sys adeewn eens

from Animal Farm by George Orwell

Referring back in a specific way

2 (Paras. 9.7 to 9.10) Insert ‘this’, ‘that’, ‘these’ or ‘those’ into the following
dialogues.
a ‘Happy Birthday!.......This Nee is for you - open it now!’
(ORL TR BOK VOU 5 Ss caiaia dean mek are my favourite chocolates!’
bSWhals iio ahaaat moving outside in the garden?’
‘It’s one of the squirrels that live in.............00
ee big tree over there.
Haven't you ever seen one before?’
c ‘The hotel's bad - the weather's awful! What a holiday!...............00- is the end!
‘Well - | told you the weather was unpredictable here.
The only person you have to blame for..............se0- is yourself!’

NatePearces ’s what you always say!’ Bo

3 (Paras. 9.11 to 9.19) Use the following words and phrases to fill in the gaps.
above the former the latter previous then thus in this way
a_ |have just received my order of a washing machine and tumble dryer. While | am delighted with
_... the former , lam disappointed with.............eceeee.
76
 Making texts

DP Lileedectcat
etrecee eran atts chapter in this book covers the theme of combining messages.
Ce TNREIOXEIGISE soci manneiren eee oe was easy - you should have got all the answers right.
d He wrote a cheque for too large an amount, .............
eeeeeeee incurring a debt of £1,500.
o Her English is much better than it was last year - but she didn’t have a very good teacher

— Dig a hole like this, and fill it with water. If you plant the bulbs.................000- , they should
do well.

(Para. 9.20) Use the words in brackets to make new sentences.

a She gave an interesting impression of the film.

Pier traces teres pie ees sot oaa sR renee © 91's sn a aceon ae ae geeae (assessment)
ie eek oecieorn ere eee ry i eS eo te a ee ee en re (evaluation)

On ts te ON ee a We on ad uted La ek ee cena (conclusion)

Tee eC yePe orEN Rr ee ON LS AN at EEREO Pee, © MO) SPO eee Na (decision)

eee ee ee ee ee he ee ee eh ee ee he ee he ee he ee

ee eee ee ee ee eh ee he ee ee ee eh

eee ee eet ee ew ee ee ee ee he eee eee eee ee oh ee ee eee ee eee eee

(Para. 9.21) Complete the sentence openings in the left hand column with
endings from the right hand column.
i Inthe circumstances in the company?
ii Whatis the latest development of asking for help?
iii Is there any possibility as it is in theory?
iv ls it as good in practice on the situation?
v___ It's a terrible state of affairs of cause and effect.
vi This is a feature you’d better stay in bed.
vii What is your position of modern industrial society.
viii This is a process SOO)
910)
ET
8
acl)
CD when old people are left alone.

77
Chapter 9

6 (Para. 9.23) Write down which pieces of writing from the list in paragraph 9.23

@) play. ia CAN ante PASSAGE, QUCTATION, SOM MOTD wns anna SMe: ab:

D MASAZINE Hiiks os WMA oe eseseiievavey evaloriie w aala,en aleloupe lapeats sigielas Glee abs ERunEMmrs leuyiy ote le RaNe)yaa =

= 2 ==,® 8 a

=*-
©27

Substituting for something already mentioned : using

‘so’ and ‘not’
7 (Paras. 9.24 to 9.27) Fill in the longer gaps with reporting verbs from the list in
paragraph 9.26. Insert ‘so’, ‘not’, or ‘do so’ into the shorter gaps.
a Doyou think it’s going to rain? Yes, |........ Phink NOE) vats wie ee !
b Are the exam results coming out soon? We certainly ...........0
cece cece ee cee eee eeee !
ce Onithe driving test Ne'WaS sn. «cei eyeepee ate to turn left, but he failed to........... :
Cir SNOUIG WE:SOMOWPRYCSa lls icercrersin scsie ceevirceeaarclis ele ceesdetnner ae :

Comparing with something already mentioned

8 (Para. 9.38) Use your Cobuild dictionary if necessary to decide which of the words
in bold would be most appropriate in the following sentences.
a She wore a red suit with red shoes and a corresponding/matching hat. Her jacket, however, was in a
contrary/contrasting colour.
b He’s moved and changed his job - the hours are much the same as in his old job and his salary is
analogous/comparable too.
c We've received two complaints about the meeting, but they are analogous/unrelated to each other.
d_ Inthe discussion with the couple we found it hard to resolve their conflicting /opposing views. They're
getting a divorce as they feel they are not comparable/compatible.
e We see him every day as we work in adjacent/parallel offices.

Referring forward
9 (Paras. 9.41 to 9.48) Underline all the words in these sentences which refer
forward to what is going to be said.

Students will not find this exercise difficult at all.

| told you to be prepared for such a situation as this. we
My suitcase contained the following : clothes, wash bag, towel, presents.
This is what you need to do : read the text carefully, then answer the questions.
The following example includes a determiner.
At the top of the page were these words : 'Write clearly in ink’.
oSIn the
OF
Oro
Ores) next exercise, you need to fill in the gaps.

78
 Making texts

10(Paras. 9.41 to 9.48) Complete the following sentences with suitable words, to
refer forward.
a lI’dlike youtodo...... the next gigchancuttinns exercise, then have a break.
Do Terceouk
ete attt kine chapter is about the structure of information.
CMINESECHON neaeeectcrs
crcathe cases is on ellipsis.
CG PraCuiSe WITtiNG a. «cats kucract, saute e wists sentences as these.
CRECHOE
his tows wienaces are the things you need: a pencil, a ruler, Some paper.

Leaving out words: ellipsis

— Paras. 9.49 to 9.62) Complete the gaps below using the appropriate form of an
uxiliary such as ‘be’, ‘can’, ‘do’ or ‘have’, adding ‘not’ where appropriate.
He’s a great deal taller than his sister........ Po eens :
Most of them passed, but a fewofthem...............65. ;
They had walked much further than we...............0- :
He had far more for breakfast than we.................. :
La rather SO NOW, DULSMO joer cee ays see te cece ,
fF
o&
=a.
70
3 You canrun much faster than!.................. ;

12(Paras. 9.49 to 9.62) Decide which of the responses on the right are possible.
There is more than one in each case.
i I’m going to help out. You needn't do.
You needn't.
Thanks, you need.
You'd better.
Don’t unless you want to.
Don’t unless you want.
ii You've got to do it. Ican't!
| couldn't!
| mustn't!
| haven't!
| don’t!
| won't!
iii Wecould try to go there. We daren't.
We daren’t go there.
We need to.
We need.
We needn't go there.
We needn't.
iv | think it was him. It can’t have.
It can’t have been.
It must have been.
It might have.
It must have.
It must have been.
*F*TDQAOVTYA
DOO
*MTQOQ07OU
*"oDaAadcTo
TH

t9
Chapter 9

Ellipsis in conversation

13(Paras. 9.63 to 9.67) Find three possible responses for each of the questions or
statements on the left.
i She's got hepatitis. a_ Alot!
ii Is she very ill? b I'm afraid so!
iii How many are there? c What?
iv Are you pleased? d_‘iTerribly!
e 600!
f Has she?
g Not really!
h Delighted!
i TOO many.

14(Paras. 9.68 to 9.69) Suggest as many suitable responses as you can which
agree with the following statements.
a |was absolutely fascinated.
Be ae ng Ae nieOe a Ce

ml erat ew) wjie e)re) Sa we Win) 6 em eee me, o Mileie bs) ele. Made oles bs Senne Lee et eee he he ene ee ee ee ew ew ee ws

21S) 6) Oe, We Gi) 0.0 ee SOROS Le wie eae eis oo imss (nied 6 (eae 6 2)0.8 ae = na ee we ee Ss ee we) a ee) See ee oe) ee i oe) eet a es ete

CSR TORR ee ee ee ee COP eM eck Te ek. ee le ee ee eee oil wees py we 6 uee S

Mais Se we AO le, a)ee w ase Keie: es) Qe m lee «.eVeieia 6)aeela) ae Bele we) em ee ee ee eS on) hy mel oe lee ee ee Se Re ee stm eR

BAS 8 COO as see eleven ase e060 knee See ns eee 6 Sle hee be we 8 we oe ae 6 © © w whale Wiuth is Wie anh lel etek tena own a

aleliph ee a)was. a ake, M68) @ Oak a ws lee Wee wae eke ae: me 8 (6) ewe tm em mm | fe(wie) Cwsm!) wR cle) As Ttmf mee Rey et aR

260, 36.0 6s a) ee ae 6 yk Soni n ai6

S1058 60
ae eee
wells Wiha Glee e Whe
ee eee » seeSsew
ale es ee em me) ew © Mya) Wlimme ieee aif) ty mien ae titeTectia ele

8 Ae eae) ee ORS a eRe ge ey aS 8. eee a em ine ves (ee) mee: we ew Oe mt mer) esl cee Cet al eter eee

CeCeCir teice i Yee der aCirTe eos Jee erWatetet ee ee ee Et Te

See wi
8tetreo a O88
Bw 8, WO ee Nie) ie mee CW) We) Rw (mh) eee, cS)(le i) we

Ct ahena Ee aLTee eC eee ae TOU TAS Te CM Cee INC TTR eeet Un TeMRE CR Cerne nC “errile cries) resacelin

Cinliage sin le) wife ale ae) (es) s 6b Ohm aie RGN) ee iae Reed, Sena es puke é ew © Sh S/S (eee \e(ote: Sim am) By amy ie ow! A fs eh Td

eee eee ee ee eee et et Ne.

het OR
eeae aa OSBaa Rehm te aim ea myhe,(RyeioA fey) a)fm)lew: Ww ol)lujSay wl) le Im) (me) a ete

80
10 The structure of information
Focusing on the thing affected : the passive voice

1 (Paras. 10.10 to 10.11) Explain why the agent is not mentioned in these
sentences.

a Inthe lab, the eggs are mixed with sperm. When they _ processes and scientific
have been fertilised, they divide. EXperiments od... .s..
b The distance canbecoveredinabouttwohours, ha cece ence ete ete cseeaenas

c She had been given an injection and her tooth had been filled. «ws. wee
ee eee

d Metal is heated to a very high temperature and is then

poured inte. the: mouldsS.vec ee toner Soe) Gh ee wre SW Vdlteth: does cee ae ccckdoneleme
dee
e English is spoken here. BYE care a usianPovees leeds hetomemeuetepetions

2 (Paras. 10.9 to 10.15) Rewrite the following sentences in the passive.

a She used a ladle to serve the soup.

3 (Para. 10.16) Choose the opening in the left hand column which goes best with
the phrase on the right, adding on ‘py’, or ‘in’, as necessary.
i wit.
The garden was overrun...W2T".... a his son.
ii He’sinvolved........... b dozens of pieces of furniture.
iii His beliefs are embodied........... c crowds of people cheering.
iv Albert Bridge is illuminated........... d several shady deals.
v Her happiness was overshadowed........... e weeds.
vi The streets were thronged........... f her mother’s illness.

BEE EES
The room was crammed........--- g thousands of light bulbs.

81
Chapter 10

4 (Para. 10.18) Referring to the lists in paragraph 10.18, fill in the gaps below,
using the most appropriate tense of the passive.
a Inwartime, food.........IsSrnvete areas ese usually...... rationed eae ;
Da TNE, dOCtOnis,. craniawe
etssarc acasrae recently for unprofessional conduct.
CG She w...22e. estan: Sore by the din.
Gi Thethree GemOnstrators cc. cai wise wlan tee wears £50 each.
CU HET ocean
ten aeseeet erie WIGGIV iererenetisrecentiavare
Wokscmtsten enone for his paintings.
f. Unfortunately the Tooth allitMatChas cer «cure rc stele te cre le ;

5 (Paras. 10.8 to 10.24) Underline all the passive forms in the following
newspaper extract.

More rain is forecast for the next few days.

Last night all shipping in the English Channel and
the Solent was advised to seek shelter and cross-
channel ferries were hit. Many roads remained
closed all over the country, and rail services,

particularly in the west, will be disrupted for several

days.
Four trainee marines were treated for hypothermia
after being airlifted by RAF helicopter from
Dartmoor. The cost of damage from the floods this
winter is now being counted in millions in the South-
West and Wales.
from The Guardian

Selecting focus : cleft sentences

6 (Paras. 10.25 to 10.30) Rewrite the following sentences.

a She first heard the news from Francis.
oe eee ee ee eee Cee ee ee Re Si) S MiSs oe w Ble 6 wee ae @ eae ween) ol eee teiimlle) ata) tier uf el Caan Meee bic. areca

ie)ia(ale eee: elie) RS @ ye aire a ale ea) es Me mS othe) eas ayem eee. Rw, Be) em wlmie)iu) a ey
ie] © mt Rel Om ime ww mT a oTRT mee ealtala ee ee

TA eee Ee Ig a Ueee OREDCL aeCC Meea EWN ea arUTR a teeDetaByTan we geMH eT earn, cer tleo Ska cis 3

See e aS eee a ae Re el oem alse een ee e/a aid! em sae elmmm), (ewe imices} initalie e (a) MUM tev ba) a)fotie ewe eee ee ola ada ee

82
 The structure of information

Taking the focus off the subject : using impersonal ‘it’

7 (Paras. 10.31 to 10.44) Say why the ‘it’ structure is used in each of the following
sentences. :

a Will it be a problem if | stay? whole situation implied

b It’s really satisfying to learn something new.
c It was a wet and windy March day.
GC 1OetETEWHENBOODIESMOKEetw iw 2k cev nds us REPEL
O It interests me that you don’t find the work straightforward. ...........ccccceeccccceeecceeunes

8 (Para. 10.36) * Use the adjectives in the second list in paragraph 10.36 to
describe the weather in your country.
ON a UME NNR BIA oe cactttinn ase a tsimsa wivhrwied sale wSheltie Atiard wregivin bale se ee
DT CHEESP II Sara conn kitecsin eae.sate vesorozsicae Sars gueeieheael ace:dle,«cnavecisha erage aieerie ernie ce eeeCee a
GA TRE WITElacre cters aacterspa cious aieceetaasa eanviarate eave aha’swlska roe tarsoneis Oe iscac oe oe eee eee ee
PORN elt et. PE A See Cen bias ska <a pine'n Hania ra Mee 1amaoshe wn Gea pee eee

9 (Paras. 10.39 to 10.40) Choose the phrase in the right hand column which best
completes each sentence opening in the left hand column.
i lIttakesme a___to learn new vocabulary as you meet it.
ii It’s important b an hour to get to school.
iii It’s a good idea c difficult to learn new words.
iv It took a long time d_tosort the problem out.
v_ Itcosts e totake good care of your teeth.
vi_—| find it f a lot to buy a season ticket.

Introducing something new: ‘there’ as subject

10(Paras. 10.46 to 10.55) Say why ‘there’ has been used in the following
sentences.

al thetewasiashulliscreamioutside; ce
something happened
eS eicie ricn crt geiets ailmci = oeseel
peinithevalleyibelow there lay aismeall Ut ines elaine @ ence cine oo ne oes nice ane
c There is expected tobe anagreementbetweenthe —_...... rsasisiay SaLetnatn el ah Sica are arate eataaes
two sides shortly.
dedhcrerareencnaptersiimthiSiOOkK: 5) ses etme tbe cain areeen trstetecee tome iene eweares istercee
Emiherewasicomusion amone MPS aDOULWMaLthen 7 eee iie ern eteclare celwine wieleone «nieloteialaya) are
consequences might be.
f Theresno pointevenaskingme-IWONntdoit, ha mancecncteci
vest asdtuwsnacaunaes
Chapter 10

Focusing on clauses or clause elements using

adjuncts

11(Para. 10.57) Decide which sentence adjunct in the left hand column goes best
with each sentence in the right hand column. You can use the sentences more
than once.
i Miraculously, a___ that’s exactly what | was thinking.
ii Funnily enough, b the door opened but no-one was there.
iii Mysteriously, c she was terribly generous.
iv Characteristically, d everything turned out all right in end.
Vv Typically, e the old lady survived the delicate operation.
vi__Fortunately,
vii Mercifully,
viii Curiously enough,
ix Luckily,
x Strangely enough,

12(Para. 10.61) Complete the sentences below with suitable sentence adjuncts
from the list in paragraph 10.61.
alah Rightly. ........ Go eee BP. , | decided to go ahead.
Die ohiciseoetatecite
sts Senn offered to help us.
CopHeV eons <eeare
aears donated £500 to our collection.
OAc emits
ia cctet coins seus gave the game away.
epShe cee aanesenie- seneee answered all the questions put to her.

13(Para. 10.64) Using the list in paragraph 10.64, fill in the gaps in the following
sentences.

DaltiS yen sutcoctsre mimetics possible to cure a patient by using this form of treatment, but

are Nahe actos hats a cure has not yet been achieved.

CHONG!S agate
co as ioe doing it for the sake of others but in my opinion she’s
choca Tit,aliolSate Meet ee asescn eteonly interested in herself.
; campaign
d There is a worldwide : against Bs
the..................00, unacceptable use of pesticides. —
Ogee reat s ena ete ee eae she is in charge of the project, but Jack does all the work.

fi AON SeOSUiIScias oc arn et ce Paneer the best remedy.

84
 The structure of information

14(Para. 10.68) Choose a word from the right hand column to complete each of the
sentence openings in the left hand column.
The painting was aesthetically superior.
The new product is environmentally strong.
I'm sorry - | feel it’s morally viable.
He believes that he is intellectually composed.
Using detergents is ecologically pleasing.
It is financially proven.
He is wiry, but is physically biased.
| feel this plan is politically unsound.
He was angry, but was outwardly safe.
It has been scientifically 00,
Se
P10
OO
SS wrong.

gana
15(Para. 10.70) Use the sentence adjuncts in brackets to rewrite the following
sentences, keeping the meaning similar.
a | should imagine that there are about 70 students.
Been Oe ee eee eeeeeo eee ee ee ce acne sade (at a rough estimate)

ee PN re ee arcs annie’caete:Fossa Sancta cu Mete wreteie toyerets ease eaenornend (as a rule)

Pc acs Re ene Saree RS HRC RLS Ditndsdd ahs aia etaan eter sta (for the most part)

BP RI ws A PRS Le Berege CMe inca) Sart eeNeeRTC Ncie late, DhattaPay OMT eo A ctyee CaleT aay ote oa (all in all)

Showing connections : linking adjuncts

16(Para. 10.77) Choose a suitable sentence from the right hand column to link with
a sentence in the left hand column.
Your son has become very short-sighted. a Hence he has lost weight.
His hearing has deteriorated. b Thus he should soon feel fitter and stronger.
We've told him to take more exercise. c As a result he could do with a deaf aid.
He’s been getting more exercise. d Consequently he requires new lenses.
He has reduced his fat intake. ec Accordingly he’s taken up jogging.

85
Chapter 10

Emphasizing

17(Para. 10.85) Rewrite the following sentences, choosing sentence adjuncts from
the list in paragraph 10.85 to emphasize their content.
a He has overspent his budget.

Indicating the most relevant thing : focusing adverbs

18(Para 10.87) Complete each sentence opening on the left with a suitable ending
from those on the right.
i The following candidates have done a from Spain and Italy.
particularly
ii There are a large number of students, b _with orders for books and magazines.
predominantly
iii They deal principally c MrJames.
iv l’d like to thank everybody present, but d onFrench-and German.
especially
v_ I'll be concentrating mainly e_ inthe Highlands.
vi The film was set in Scotland, chiefly f well.

Vi

19(Para. 10.88) Choose suitable adverbs from the list in paragraph 10.88 to fill in
the gaps below.
ai Hewaste re ee interested in fast cars.
. bd
Sits. 6 Seeee a matter of what your priorities are. .
CoN erroesicae want some information on ferries please.
Lo bee ee eee on merit.

86
 The structure of information

Review : Focusing on clauses or clause elements

using adjuncts

20(Paras. 10.56 to 10.91) Put these sentence adjuncts in the appropriate boxes.

accordingly furthermore nevertheless subsequently

at the same time incidentally on the contrary thereby
by contrast in conclusion positively thus
by the same token likewise secondly to put it midly
by the way meanwhile similarly to sum it up
even moreover simultaneously you know

INDICATING AN ADDITION INDICATING A PARALLEL CONTRASTS AND ALTERNATIVES

CAUSES INDICATING A SEQUENCE IN TIME ORDERING POINTS

accordingly

INDICATING A CHANGE IN A EMPHASIZING

CONVERSATION

87
Chapter 10

Doing by saying : performative verbs

21(Paras. 10.102 to 10.103) Using the lists in paragraphs 10.102 and 10.103,
decide which performative verb would be most appropriate in each of the
following statements.
al... guarantee... the watch will work.
Dai iii erasefecleaiaiaaie
aeaus you to ten years’ imprisonment.
Culifimsccamen
come meee s that | ever said that.
C0a sR cr Rais cee Stephen as chairperson.
Ciel Riereneih
aceurctire-mimkre gs
eee you for what you have done.

Making a statement into a question : question tags

22(Paras. 10.110 to 10.114) Add suitable question tags to the following

statements.
ane SIDCeNtneKe DEOle. ese eer hasnt he snes ?
bu ltanmived; es: Jateene-
teeieee 2 G
Dont tell MGW ornaiar~ reesteom veieie sequences ie
TNGRA CIMST UIC Well nea erecle os eaaprar ere mre secre e
Seethavies MSCs. spin
aise ee cece Z

an
©
Oe

You will let me know your results, ... 20.00. ccceeweccscecceees ?

7m
=> TECOESNLIMAKESSENSE: << 5 co. hw leccnks ivesoerans ornare ?

88
Reference Section
Forming plurals of count nouns

1 (Paras. R2 to R8) Make the following nouns plural, and write them in the
appropriate columns according to their pronunciation.
bag bank house cloth breed flash fox batch kit loss girder
spear drain branch pit

/S/ 1Zy /1Z/

banks bags batches

wee eee eee eee ee ee lll ee ee ee ee ee lll ll

2 (Paras. R2 to R19) Form plurals for the following count nouns.

a logit 9 loavesee
seh ee KS GISC: Pe ire rica crrys cm theregs

D.C Spake os hessmianes

ee eagn | OX oes rc nals te asak

CcanalVsSiSy 5 ans mecu Alessea rah siiketnaligvete CARS rraieus

cn epeirie chcadictts

GE EBIECI wane euerere rete eae ae Ne SCruimb 0 acces

es ae te

(Ce HU ip eros: ooo obo ae Oi ClESS aees wegfacie

setete kegs

fi -badgse >2 sctisieeaes cacieu sei Dp. 4echOwe 8 Seacrest.

SM MUCICUS) ) Sikiemrhsteseutesaue costes CPX oe ein ries estas mcrae

neath Ce Wakes BeBe tmusrce

soreieer bata Fotis a Rea:
woke teas tee

(MmaTire Manan “WR gers

cn pte as GS. (ENCHVIS) --- o eroganra.c dois qumaperasnin

Hee SLCAUUII| cler=tere tree emniets tera chs fe WE pon otic euaoco o

The spelling and pronunciation of possessives

3 (Paras. R32 to R40) Make possessive forms from the following.

7

a myparents dog... My.parents ce OR 9hee eee

b my mother and father NOUSE ......... cece eee eee eee eee teen nee enas
 C St\Maty SCHON cle c cee cere nen Obst h ea i gs ee Ms es aes ee ee

d...the children... WAS. osi.6.ee: aye. yocpnse mun winnie monn Rares set a aR eta = Sree sare ten ee

e three people “passports. ey ee cen cee ene ee ee ene yn cine anime Sn em SIE els

f. WOMEN. esas
FIGNtS nes escccrer «Shien Ghalh=snan
emae oe
area ter -chee
maine: ii tnan ee ees

B JUNG: CANEPA vse no sic. 5'5po. 0 syn plane aievino ns an otwww mn nom oo eee

4 (Para. R38) Add an apostrophe s (’s) to each of the following names, writing
them in the appropriate columns according to their pronunciation.
Beth Liz Luke Madge Ralph Rod Ross Sue William

Numbers

5 (Para. R45) Punctuate these numbers.

a 63127
b 7384
3429860
179324
815699253
020
>~
0a 1634592

6 (Paras. R46 to R47) Write the ordinal number in full and give its abbreviation in
rackets for each of the following cardinal numbers.
:pa, VEAL TST Ie ya cc gel ie et ee
Ba ere are tccerene veo nicee onan BOW ve ae eisER TRIGRETSToes DG Sk EIS EarELEROE SEIU ee CR TE Cee ae eee

S}

2D Ree eee eee ERE OTTER EERO R ERE EEO HERRERO EOE OREO EERO REO He ee eee EEE Eee EES

99 eee ee eee eee eee eee OEE OEE ESHER EEE EERE ERE EH EEE EEE EE EE EEE ES

58

20 ene eee eee eee eR EEE REE EEEEEE ee eEEeeEES

Ree eee meee eee eee eee Eee eee

as
>
&
2
6
© 300 RR eee eR OREO OO REE EEO REE RHEE EEE Eee E EEE E HEROES EEE H EET EERE EES

90
 Reference Section

7 (Paras. R48 to R49) Write out the following fractions in full and then convert
them to percentages.
a Ae
ahalf 50%
Meena ae cceneausecrenscentenecccecenseneeausussasecsecessvacuncensenescnraccncccneeescnccccccccconcscsnveveacescussssavoncse

b
c

PES m rae URNS SOAP. OI NIUE CI ous civvinsiness cxrovashorsnnsios cura vetutaoun aaliuokeapmenweroltestienah eras oceiecen
e

Verb forms and the formation of verb groups

8 (Paras. R55 to R57) Make the ‘s’ form of each of the following verbs, writing
them in the appropriate columns according to their pronunciation.
arrive bath buzz drag finish fix forego infer judge leap loot pick puff reduce speed

/S/ LZ /IZ/
a ate wee) hema See ee eicatiels efe wine) Le) a wie siete Piwls) Ale. ese see ee mysiejye em POS een ee ei eye wee ms) ie noel im elie: ia

Sa) mia et ee al me) Ki, eee ol a oe |) ernie ely ae me nike ane ie Sew Sew eke RR Cee ale ONeill enn, Sup een mea) mm moe a wee

ee De TShes hie a ee ee ace en ee ee oe dee eis we Se ee epee ee © Se tetia) a) @ a) ele wre te) wm, [ele eee, (mie) moe

A) a a ees skipping ...... caper skipped ee

oo
oe SOWR ERNE ccs uae hae sudaresmiviniy | tsileyeyias)s) a¥iara,ia)folisloe emcamay lain

Saat I a eas rma

1G 1 rene ks,FM re a entears sieve rake
ST WV yea cee a i re ae chats elShc Lesakeyed speras

Ci Gti Mn MEM See TEE tenia ccna tem ob FP usnmara spon usr chetee shacnats

GiGagtee! ik emp asiewe ene atin edB pdt ay rs wenn cere

oo
©}
=a"
oa
a= ONT ae a exces ccc ttnce Rae peesiege oe attesms eree l

40(Paras. R59 to R85) Make the ‘-ed’ form of the following verbs, writing them in
the appropriate column according to their pronunciation.
allude amass cry enliven enrich invent lap mash niggle peak raid
ratify sprint spurt tickle

Jif /\d/ /d/

Dome
amassed
Deaeoreterarera
ec ese wie wipees!
8 oe eyace
Os eejoiii 8 8 , |S a wa secmeateral atone Mallane Saateile a cans stain 4 9, Ckane. ates ence ee Ce ee oe ae

meso) uae mieijat ecm)er(myim Mmm Oem) Re ae! awe

See ata ae ede e a ace le stays ie ceee we! et Nuctete nis MOND, iu) with 6 SUeha mee

See) CL letaceheiac neha e minC aia U la mers ayer meee | Satie khaSeiceGn-e)cejlenateileyie/:6),0)|H.\) 8:(enh)iui8iista
eunns sees esse ees ee ee

iO Ere Riel sek wmialiat ee eee e Gre | | celal ete reap wie) ois eile me calle(eae
Bw cia) $. Pe) mela (a) wee mo, im dem i)
11 (Paras. R72; R78; R79) Write down as many verbs as you can whose past form
and past participle are the same as their base form, both in spelling and
pronunciation.

below.
Bae sete shoot fee nucpnvat shot So) ialshe womataryenearane
aads
bia pater
rt eter: hid he eesten tec cee
CG acre pers uelarsicthntanae
wn bound Lio rernrresertdiesrens'st
arate,scaleucaica anaes
icy cre deere
ug thrust Nec idissitisenas
ee etgma ae
rere eee ahs a aps oven ragsLens rode ae ape siete aetna caterer understood
Dye eosiahecetites
reteoenaceeo cress trod is ages ncecasa eet forbade

13 (Para. R79) Use a verb from the list in paragraph R79 in an appropriate tense to
complete each of the following sentences.
a The meeting....... has QUETIOT nae by 10 minutes.
Deineunsurers Say thauthey)ne aeo-qete
onenter tomoce creer the cargo.
Carlen ca siaertariarericinete
ease a serious operation last month.
GEA eee ce een
rk en ee what | said - | said ‘beard’ - not ‘beer’!
MIMS WOY tenn, copemicteseersetnncw
ater ahrte tet his shoes and needs new ones.
feeiinasorny:limeso.lateSi seas vse eee ae crear
SS PNOU contrtee:caeicuactane
geseteusyee creme netsce my name. It should be S-T-E-A-R-N.
Me WuMOLOleetnte ccs care ore emrcae eit and the machine stopped working.

14 (Paras. R80 to R88) Decide what the contractions stand for in each of the
following sentences.
a She’s been on holiday five times this year! ‘Ss = ofOR eS ee a

b She's being terribly difficult at the moment. ‘Ss =

c She'd been to Australia before, you know. ‘d = eee ee wee te te

d_ If we’d had the money, we’d have bought it at the time. ‘d =

‘i

92
 Reference Section

Finite verb groups and the formation of tenses

15 (Paras. R89 to R119) Say which tense is used in each of the following active
sentences. :
a_ | live in London.
simple present
Dene Was painine the roonnlast mMeht 999 9 an de abusbossionoiecasle
sta cneee eee hssee

MIREKCREVEINNGanClOnIt tsaame SPM EM LS ou ie aap eta aicipao eto

WEG WOLCIINE VALLE MOMent 96 ieeas sts ealte, areli urea wueearntie/ ntspletou
HVeDeenitoOttalyitnree times: = a sey. vutrisanad avers aferse.fe enersheceretetayovencasts
He caine raundforachatyesterday, = | PS eta icuscow acatvitue nieuesnre as thoniern oan

282
+»
a
a. We'll’be lying ona’ beach this'time nextweek, «aaah cs onea ace cen ss cseseectens
sas

16 (Paras. R89 to R119) Say which tenses are used in these passive sentences.
auGheeseusimadeiin Switzerland. Amt 5m I ea
simple
tere
present
Wieinne samicta tevebnretanmne
b The'proposal was being Giscussediyesterday, ite ketenes cere re sens wie e's ae

oO anes will‘have been sortediout by them; ~ ~~" rE ie ercteeciter ata era etsrelelenete auc tantetomia ee
Qa Hexrauibeenstabbed. fam IE ee Series cen ets <re cath ete conte Barmera

oO Their problems have been greatly exaggerated. cece ce rete tte e eee rere eee ees

Forming adverbs

17 (Paras. R136 to R146) Write down the adverbs related to the following
adjectives and nouns.

AamESNVs ee Blues mi» shyly fe ae hs *Satislactony ) sts acre

rencte teresa

DeeiOrnight Greate hewn

ealae « PP aii.” — Seapmemec Somes?

CRE CG SV eae aie, coretate rian eoere ee J. SOCCDy ew <Sactsreciccee Srey ae

Che CITECpa ecard starz aratetoes Searels Ki (CONG Byer ge ie scs.sit ers myemes coeiewaters

CMESIGISN te ae eeete ener IP aietslelilele™ "Satacs otcoaouaocs

fen elite rns ee acto

oe IM CrOOKCCip easier cern Srerctereceyore

Ce pips ee te ee ee rm os Ti WI eens bez couse stares wears

93
 aoe
Se - 7 ed

= eee eT tie
PIec} 2s Mong sathey re Ais

“a NEWT wi $9 (ee ce Ope al Geel ie wien

2 , | ol “ytiha Seed nose =

peng ae od +
re te
7 tin : et Jaco ti pr SA

: Sasaki re ; =.
= —" ; re *\* 7 Bre 1 ares Saki
'

a. os.
Gan oN Wy «bop wien geet ‘Ss
¥ ix M ay .
7 ‘ ay Nees OVI at] RATT At Der ramaabaved150
ah slicers nae
e is ini in ‘ ee amet co F ee. Perera a ot :
; . a eee “Stes y > yetneles' bsetonaio puis mp iil eet
Wi eetesy Gua Aa a. meet ys dosvrs cae wea
‘ / ¢ : ee > _ j od teal : athe yy hot_e
;

7 Uy Ba bhge sss Bealneoe ER eS aorampagte nan rat wl hab Orit aye

a)
4 Pal _ %, : ¢@ a -

2 iPonwt A os ties Se the Piet ne a c ree are 2)

rethee mae 0!| ee a ent

Mee ‘ 7 re Te? 7D a
Beet sean git oytate SAHA es 8oa ag!
& the ier wey ew ee oe eee wy, ee ane
te
: fe We ad ewer wer iS ® Chives a eta wa rar, 7 | Kc Ce eatia io

. oa ins
DT peices. » ere aes PetsVm a?)a tage « te oe“ eo
* aa os
(g tippy eeeee a on
~~
a a wag | fepiongiasans Pad) »

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Key Hospital

Doctor
Police

Constable
Military

Admiral
Mr Inspector Colonel
Nurse Police Corporal
Constable
Professor Sergeant General
Sister Lieutenant
Major
Note: Exercises marked with a star (*) do not have Private
Sergeant
answers in the key.
Possible answers :

a false / first / general / personal

Chapter 1 b different / modern
c new / recent
d latest / next / previous / second
a modifier e incredible
b common noun
¢ conjunction f previous
d specific determiner
e proper noun g different
f personal pronoun
h certain
g indefinite pronoun h quantifier
i demonstrative pronoun j general determiner 10 P beginning, feeling
T meeting, warning, sightseeing, sitting /studying,
a journeys b calves window-shopping
cmen d mouths
e shellfish f mice 11 a inverted commas
g babies h zebra b bank account, telephone number
i thoughts j gallows c burglar alarm, police station
d blood pressure, X-ray
a watch b toad e package holiday, traveller's cheques, car park, air
c¢ woman d country conditioning
e dice f raft f high school, modern languages, book token
g hovercraft h bus g post office, letter box
i grapefruit j species h greenhouse effect
i brain drain
ib,is ii g, causes j compact disc, hire purchase, value added tax
iii h, travels iv i, involves/is
v f, cooks vi a, has bed, mother, case, prison, suit, London, gloves, underclothes,
vii c, is viii d, grows shoulder bag, toilet articles, pyjamas, extravagance,
ix e, involves necessities, living, Phillipa, Phillipa, case, mother, middle,
stream, way, tow-path, splash, case, water, body, road
Possible sentences :
13 a hair, is
ic,d ii b,c iii b,d iv b,c vb,d vi b,c b advice, was/has been
vii b,c viii a,d ix b,c x b,d c trousers, have split
d news, is/was
Example answer : e suburbs, are
f flock, numbers/numbered
The local press is very concerned about the present situation g knowledge, is increasing, progress, is/has been
in schools. The government is cutting back on education, h music, helps
although the opposition is strongly opposed to the cuts. The
local council claims that schools are not affected. However, 14 it = theplane
local schools are deteriorating. In the schools staff are their = thechildren’s
suffering a drop in morale, and the community is up in arms you = husband
about the situation. The public are very dissatisfied, as they them = __ thepresents
consider that the family unit is affected. them = thechildren
| = Sue
ais bare,are chave d has eis, its my = _ Sue's
f are gconsists hare, their their = __ the friend’s
| = Helen
Family Honorary Royalty Church them = __ the friend
titles their = no-one’s
you = _ Steve
Miss Dame Prince Archbishop them = __ the postcards
Mr Baron Princess Bishop theirs = everyone's postcards
Mrs Baroness King Brother ours = John and Mary’s postcards
Ms Lady Queen Cardinal they = Johnand Mary’s friends
Lord Father our = Johnand Mary's
Pope we = Johnand Mary

95
 himself, he
itself Chapter 2
himself/herself, his /her/their
|, myself, my, me
ourselves, our
egoadom 1 sweet, seaside, wet, red, shrimping, slippery, seaweedy,
small, clear, grey, translucent, beautiful, green
16 nothing, anything, something, everyone/everybody,
everyone/everybody, no-one/nobody, everyone/everybody / 2 = avelvet: attributive
everything b shattered : predicative
cold: attributive
no-one/nobody/nothing, no-one/nobody, someone/ d hard : attributive
everyone /everybody, anyone/anything, No-one/Nobody, e sparkling white : attributive
Everyone/Everybody, someone/something, everyone's/
everybody's 3 abusy
b attractive, pleasant, patient, understanding, different
ay, a one = acup c fine, warm, pleasant
one = acup d difficult, hard, simple, easy, silly
b one = acake e anxious, worried, appropriate
theothers = twocakes
c one = people in general/ we 4 Adjectives not possible:
d one’s = _ thiscup official, north, military, south, commercial, theoretical,
e one = aman domestic, natural, personal, regular
another = _ adifferent man
f one = _— aperson 5B Af lia iiie ivc vh vig
one = __ theother person viid viii b
g each = oneperson and the other(s)
h one = _ arecipe 6 Appropriate adjectives:
theother = _ adifferent recipe ia,b,c,d iib,c,d iiib,d,e,f
i each = __ individually
7 Marie's card:
18 They, they, they, their, them, they, their perfect, utter/absolute /total, complete /real, entire
Katy's card :
herself, her, she, He, his, the, they,his perfect, absolute /utter, complete, outright

19 many/some, some/other/many, the, every, the, the, the, the, 8 atheother

the, Every, No, Many, few, many/most b the two remaining
c our own particular / specific
20 a the Far East b either d your present / main
c the violin d the stage, the theatre e her entire
e the church f church f my last / only (remaining)
g either, the economy
9 aremedial teacher
21 a a,-,the b forensic medicine
b the, a, the/-, - c neighbouring village
c the, an, the, a d fleeting glance
d_ the, a, the/a, the/,, -, -, the e belated congratulations
f cardiac failure
22 a_ She paid them twice the sum they asked for.
g thankless task
b They paid me half the sum I'd asked for.
h preconceived ideas
c Both Sebastian and William were enjoying themselves.
d He's now earning double/twice the salary he was earning.
11 ainclined to
e All the family opened their Christmas presents.
b willing /unwilling /bound to
c confident/sure /certain, worried /afraid/anxious that
23 a The, the/this, all, all, -, -, -, -, The/One, -, the, the, -, -, d bound/sure/certain to
Ne y= ewilling /happy to
b One, his, a, the, the/a, the, a, -, the, a, the, The /A, a, the,
f bound/sure/certain to
an, the, his/the, -, a, the, the, the
12 amost delicious roast
24 One, her, She, the, she, she, she, her, they, her, they, the
b modern grey concrete
c pretty red and white chequered
d ordinary light brown straight

13 charming, interesting, tiring, boring, encouraging,

intimidating, depressing, overwhelming, astounding,
refreshing, welcoming

14 ib iig iiih iv j vc via

vii f viii d ixe xi

15 a She was intrigued by the situation.

b The show is destined to be a flop.
c He is preoccupied by his own problems.
d He wasn't disposed to help us.
e | am indebted to my parents.

96
 Key

16 a bullet-proof e There are more than 200 farms around the town.
b labour-saving, interest-free f The local population is roughly 3,000.
¢ purpose-built, red-brick
d audio-visual 29 a collision with b contribution to
e long-distance c aptitude for d dissatisfaction with
f second-hand, lead-free e embargo on/ ban on f provision for
g mass-produced g grudge against h sympathy with
h two-faced icurb on j debate on

Ln Comparative : a,b,d,f,g 30 a opportunity /chance

Superlative : c,e,h b desire /readiness/willingness
c ability
18 a Country lanes are narrower than motorways. d chance /opportunity
b My brother is a lot older than me. e need
c¢ Sam is much shorter than Billy.
d The swimming pool is shallower than the village pond. 31 Adjectives :
e Mike's suitcase is heavier than Joe's. circular, uncertain, interesting, dull, difficult, human,
surrounding, passing, extraordinary
3 GREATEST SNOWFALL, HEAVIEST HAILSTONES, WETTEST
PLACE, DRIEST PLACE, the longest, HIGHEST SHADE Expressions referring to measurements or quantities :
TEMPERATURE, HOTTEST PLACE, COLDEST PLACE, The eight feet long, five feet high, three feet wide, twenty feet,
lowest, FASTEST SURFACE WIND SPEED, WINDIEST PLACE two, three, four, fourteen, twenty-four, Nothing, nothing, one

20 a trouser pocket
b arms race
c scissor blades
d binoculars case
e jeans belt
f troop movement

21 a I've, brother's, St Mary’s, sisters’

b Miss Williams’, Mrs James’s
c brother-in-law’s, friends’ /friend's
d sheep's
e shops’, supermarkets’

22 a a great deal of
b A number of, lots of
c heaps of/tons of /lots of
da good deal of/a great deal of /tons of /heaps of /lots of
e Many of /The majority of, some of/a number of
f a number of
g lots of /heaps of
h the whole of /the majority of, lots of /heaps of

23 a salt b glass
c butter d grass
e rubbish f honey
g beer h flour
i whisky j dirt
k evidence I lemon

24 a basket/bowl/tin b tank
c bottle/carton d tube
e bottle f barrel/bottle/can/crate
g sack/bag h packet/tub
i bar jjar

25 aA chair is a piece of furniture.

bA suitcase is an item of luggage.
c Adress is an article of clothing.
dA news story is a piece of information.

26 a He's in his thirties.

b He’s in his late seventies.
c She's in her early forties.
d They’re in their teens.

27 a There are roughly 800 students in my school.

b Approximately half of them live in (the) town and half in the
country.
c Something like 20% of them live on farms and nearly all
their fathers grow crops.
d The surrounding farms are 800 years old or thereabouts.

oF
Key

17 Inappropriate :
Chapter 3 a pack off b weed out
c doll up d frighten away
e hammer out f smooth over
g shoot down h add up
a economized b was yawning, is dozing
c arise d shivered
e crackled f has elapsed 18 a took off b threw up
c set out d looked up
a welcomed
b shocked, reported 19 a woke up. b wakes up at 8am.
c built / is building / has built / had built c has closed down. d will check in at 1.30.
d Address, take
e pronounced 20 a answers her back. b tell them apart.
f displays / displayed / has displayed c talked her round. d invited them in.

Intransitive : a, f 21 ic her ii b them iii a it iv f it

vhit vie him vii d him viii g them
Transitive : b,c, d, e, g

Intransitive : ai bii cil di ei 22 aii bi civ diii

Transitive : aii bi ci dii eii e vii ; fv g viii hvi

inserted(T), found(T), smelled, overlaid(T), was, told(T), 23 a had grown into b amounted to
led, gave(T) c turning into d turned to

est iid,e iiia,b iv c,f 24 a certified

b was christened
a approached c was designated / was declared
breached / entered / inhabited dis nicknamed
c occupy e declared
d reached, approached / neared
e filled / thronged 25 ib iia iii f ive vc vid

a enjoy myself 26 Correct : ai bi cii dii ei fii

b dress himself
c acclimatize ourselves 27 a listening to, reading
d express herself b watched, playing
c expect, to do
i made, c ii have, f d persuaded, to take
iii making, g iv taken / made, e e kept, waiting
vheld, h vi made,j f heard, singing
iiv taking / taken, i viii gave, b g encouraged, to develop
ix take, d x made / gave, a h expected, to obey

10 aiis hanging ii hanged bi, ii cheated

ci, iiwon di, ii studied
ei, ii had driven fi are striking ii struck

11 the door, the knocking, it, it, possiblities, a song, a song, the
song, us

12 ij iii iii g iv f vb
vic vii d viii e ixa xh

13 a has sold well.

b quickened as the light began to fail.
c melted in a saucepan.
d rocked gently.

14 a had corresponded with

b to communicate with
c hugged / cuddled / embraced, kissed
d argued with / fought with

15 a to, to, -, -, - b for, to, to, -c -, to

16 True:
Ll ayerent.s
ii b,c, d, e,f
iii b,c, d,e,g

98
 Key

Chapter 4 8 a Neither, nor

c No one/Nobody
b never, nowhere /nothing
d Neither/None eno

a | don’t want to eat late.

give information: a,g b | don't expect him to come.
obtain information: b, h c We aren't planning to go on holiday this year.
express an opinion: c, | d | don't seem to have your full address.
give an order : Ta
make apromise: e,k 10 a None of c nowhere
make a suggestion: d, i d not altogether/not very
e Never f nothing but g Neither
al'd like (Declarative)
b Write down (Imperative) 11 a inability /disability b malpractice
c Have you taken (Interrogative) c inaction d misinformation
d Speak up (Imperative) e irresponsibility f non-co-operation
e He jotted down (Declarative) g anti-matter h inefficiency
f Do it (Imperative) i illegibility j irreverence
g He'll pop round (Declarative) k inaccuracy | counter-espionage
h did you think? (Interrogative) m ex-wife n unhappiness
0 mismanagement p insincerity
if,b iik, t iii a,j iv l,i vh,r q antihero r impossibility
vim, p vii d, o viii e, n ix g,S xc, q s ex-Prime Minister t anti-apartheid

i Are they American? 12 a immobile b unaware

ii Have they lived /been living in London for a long time? c inexplicably d irreverent
iii Have they got/Do they have many children? e maladjusted f counter-revolutionary
iv Is their eldest child a boy or a girl? g anticlockwise h immoral
v Do they often go to the States? i non-existent j unproductive
vi Are they planning /Do they plan to go to New York this k discourteously l unreliable
year? m impractical n illegal
0 irrational p disagreeable
ie iia ilic iv f vb vid q non-profit-making r irreplaceable
s unnatural t unremarkable
a_i Whoinvited you to the cinema last night? S
ii Who was invited to the cinema last night? O 13 a undo b defuse
b i Whosecarisinthe carpark? S c disconnect d misinform
ii Where’syourcar? O e untie f disapprove
c i Whoreadthe book? S g mislay h miscalculate
ii What didshe read? O i unstick j mistreat/maltreat
d i Who’'swriting another novel? S k decode | counter-attack
ii What's hewriting? O m mislead n declassify
o desensitize p disobey
a Compare b Suppose q misconstrue r de-escalate
c Consider d Imagine s misread t disagree
e Picture f Contrast
g Take 14 ie iih iiia ivg
vf vib vii d viii c
‘It's a beautiful thing, the destruction of words. Of course the
a carless b stateless
great wastage is in the verbs and adjectives, but there are c penniless d leafless
hundreds of nouns that can be got rid of as well. It isn’t only e jobless f cloudless
the synonyms; there are also the antonyms. )After all, what
16 hardly, seldom, rarely, scarcely, barely
justification is there for a word which is simply the opposite of.
some other word? /A word contains its opposite in itself. Take 17, aa bit / the least bit / at all
ba bit / at all / in the slightest
“good”, for instance. JIf you have a word like “good”, what ¢ nothing whatsoever
need is there for a word like ‘bad’? Ungood” will do just as d whatsoever / at all
well - better, because it’s an exact opposite, which the other e at all / a bit / the least bit
f whatsoever / at all
is not. JOr again, if you want a stronger version of “good”,
what sense is there in having a whole string of vague useless 29 a ought to (modal), daren’t (semi-modal)
b might (modal), used to (semi-modal)
words like ‘excellent’ and “splendid” and all the rest of
c needs (semi-modal), should (modal)
“Plusgood” covers the meaning; or d shall (modal), can (modal)
“doubleplusgood” if you want something stronger still. Of
20 a Will he arrive? / He won't arrive.
course we use those forms already, but in the final version of b Should we leave? / We shouldn't leave.
Newspeak there’ll be nothing else. In the end the whole c Ought you to have written? / You oughtn’t to have written.
notion of goodness and badness will be covered by only six d Would they have told me? / They wouldn't have told me.

words - in reality only one word. 21 ib,e iia,d

Don't you see the beauty of that, Winston?) It was B.B.’s idea iif,h ivc,g
originally, of course’ he added as an afterthought.

99
Key

22 a 'lb- present b wouldn't - past c Please could you stop smoking?

c could - past
e would - past
23 a awareness
¢ ability
e ability (past)
24 acould / may / might
b should / will / may
c must / should / will / ought to
dcould / may / might
e could / may / might
f shall / will
gcould / may / might
25 a can - permission
b may - formal permission
¢ Can - permission
d could - permission in the past
e may - formal permission
f could - permission in the past
26 a mustn't / shouldn't / cannot
b shouldn't
c¢ mustn't / shouldn't / cannot
d may not / shall not / mustn't / cannot
e will not
27 See below
28 Suggested answers:
a Can! make a phone call?
Could t make a phone call?
May | make a phone call?
Might | possibly make a phone call?
d shall - future Can you stop smoking?
Please would you stop smoking?
Will you please stop smoking?
b capability (past)
d awareness (past) d Would you like a cup of tea?
f capability Have a cup of tea.
May | offer you a cup of tea?
Might | offer you a cup of tea?
e Wecould go outside.
Couldn't we go outside?
Shall we go outside?
Should we go outside?
f | won't talk about the accident.
| cannot talk about the accident.
| am not able to talk about the accident.
| will not talk about the accident.
g I'd like to go on holiday.
I'd love to go on holiday.
| should like to go on holiday.
h_— | should do it now.
| must do it now.
| shall have to do it now.
29 hab; caf iia, b,c,d iii a, c, d, f
30 iusedto ii used to iii didn't used to
iv used to v didn’t used to vi used to
vii used to viii didn’t used to
if iid iiih
ivg vc via
viie viii b

b Could you lend me £5.00?

Would you lend me £5.00?
Will you lend me £5.00?
Can you lend me £5.00?

can could may might ought to

cannot could not may not might not ought not to

INDICATING

eee aa
eee aa

INDICATING
PERMISSION
INDICATING x x
UNACCEPTABILITY

shall should will would must

shall not should not will not would not must not

INDICATING
ABILITY

INDICATING
LIKELIHOOD

INDICATING
PERMISSION

INDICATING
UNACCEPTABILITY
 Key

Chapter 5 a have undermined, have used

b has vowed, told, was
c jackknifed, spilled, have had

A i c: performative verbs used in commenting (5.16) 10 ib iic iiia

ii g: general truths (5.10)
iii f: general present including the present moment (5.9) ata a ever since
iv b: used in commentaries (5.14) b ago
ve: used in reporting (5.15) c yesterday evening, this morning
vi a: regular or habitual actions (5.11) d all day
vii d: used in reviews (5.12)
12 a past continuous - repeated actions (5.31)
2 aperform, earn b plays c ebbs, flows b past perfect - event before a particular time in the
d confess e enclose past (5.37)
c present perfect - no specific time stated (5.33)
= i d: the moment of speaking (5.17) d past simple - regular action (5.30)
ii e: emphasizing the present moment (5.18) e present perfect - situation still exists (5.35)
iii a: habitual actions (5.20) f past perfect - expectations and wishes (5.39)
iv c: frequent actions (5.24)
v b: progressive change (5.19) 14 a modal ‘will’ (5.53)
b ‘be going to’ (5.58)
5 are enjoying, do, walk/go, have/take, lie, are doing, is trying, c future continuous (5.55)
is pouring/is sprinkling, am writing are, look/am, are d ‘will’ - general truths (5.54)
learning, is, wish e ‘be due to’ (5.59)
f future perfect continuous (5.57)
6 The Little Calf
isnow eight months old. A human child at this g simple present (5.65)
h present continuous (5.65)
age(istrying))to lift its body from the floor, to cling briefly to
chairs, and to reach for the hem of mother’s skirt. The Little 15 ib iid iiie ivc va
Calf, by contrast, is well along the road to independence; if
his mother were to disappear overnight he might perhaps 16 a at once / immediately / instantly / within minutes / within
the hour
survive alone.
b eventually / finally / soon
c Eventually / Finally
The Little Calf and his mother 400 miles at dat once / immediately / later on / presently / within
sea off San Francisco. They will go no farther north this year, minutes / within the hour
though many of their companions have dropped from sight
over the horizon, far on their way to the Bering Sea. The 18 ia,c,d,e iia,c,e,f iii a,c,e,f

females that came into heat have dallied behind. The pattern 19 ain, at, in b During, at
of the herd as the Little Calf knew it in spring is dissolving. cin, during /over, At, on d by
Whales of like age and sex and breeding disposition e During, during/in

nowGonsorting) te grouns
because of the differences in their swimming speeds.
in space 20 a seconds
b decades, century
c century
The day is mild. A filmy diffusion pales the blue of the sky and d months, year
gives a soft extra light. A gentle breeze touches the moving e day, night
sea. Here and there the surface breaks in a pattern of light, f minutes, hour
struck by a shower of needles. Schools of sauries, each
21 a intermittently / occasionally / sporadically / constantly /
holding a million fish, break and boil to the top. Their sides frequently
are gleaming iridescent silver; their backs are metallic blue- b rarely / seldom, always / usually
green. The Little Calf and his mother, along with seven other c hardly ever / never
d from time to time / periodically
females, the harem bull, and a young male, lazily
e ever, often / sometimes / occasionally
(following ythe fish, feasting as they go. During the bright of
day, when the schools descend for reasons of their own - 22 ic iie iii b ivd va
reasons unknown to man - the old whales pursue them down,
23 in, after, for/over, after, until, since, for, for
during the night the young whales plunge with open jaws
through the silver masses. Even the Little Calf, though
nursing, Cisswallowing) thefat, tasty, ten-inch fish.

7 adied, said, drank, died

b averted, put out
c tried, left, said, fell
d voted, reported
e used, was, attacked, clung, drove off
f did, affected

8 fell, fractured, was presenting, lost, slipped, went, was

feeling

TOA
Key

14 jie lia iiib ive

Chapter 6 vf vid viig

15 Suggestions:
1 adHe'’s somewhat absent-minded. The house was situated half a mile beyond the trees.
b She's well known for her generosity. The children were lingering 20 metres behind our party.
c These scissors are simply useless. The tent was pitched a couple of miles outside the town.
d The house is normally kept meticulously clean. They were snorkelling a few metres from the shore.
e He really speaks loudly to the children. / He speaks to the The plane was circling a few thousand feet above the town.
children really loudly.
f They quickly remembered what they had been told. 16 ainto b toward / towards
g The children are usually very helpful in their own way. c into / onto d alongside
h He frequently forgets to do his homework on time. e around / round

2 ahardly / scarcely 17 ia,b,d,e ii a,b,c,f iii a,b,c,f

b hardly / scarcely
c presently / shortly 18 a downstairs b outdoors
d lately c near d ashore
e presently /shortly e upstairs f indoors
g underground
3. Tae ai clear ii clearly
bf direct ii directly 19 i b round and round
(i first ii first ii d toand fro / up and down
dr xt easily ii easy iii @ downhill
| deep ii deeply iv c across/over
v f upstream
4 ib,d,e,f ii a,b,c,d vi a_ through

5 Td iib iiie iva 20 ai,v biv cii,vi diii

vh vig vii f viiic
22 Prepositions:
6 asincerely
FROM
b part-time, full-time
to, from, with, in, to/from
c instinctively
TO
d bodily
e illegally, officially
f logically
gfirst-class / solo

7 al've enjoyed all the lessons tremendously.

b I've really enjoyed all the lessons.
c He’s lost virtually all his money.
d You knew perfectly well what | was talking about.
el’m positively disgusted by her behaviour.
f He works reasonably hard - but he dreams a great deal.

9 Adverbs of manner:
angrily, beautifully, carefully, fiercely, meticulously, silently,
vaguely

Adverbs of degree :
almost, badly, immensely, profoundly, somewhat, terribly,
utterly, virtually, well, wonderfully

Adverbs of place:
abroad, ashore, downstairs, downstream, near, overseas,
underfoot, underneath

10 a alongside, out of
b at, on
c beyond, next to
d Among

11 ahangon the hooks.

b belong in the drawer.
c stayed in (the house) after his illness.
d live in London.
Ginny
13 See plan -—right

102
 Key

Chapter 7 13 “... As for the present position, | agree with a good deal of
what the Dean says. But | don’t consider this is the right time
to act. | Know this long wait hasn't improved some of our
tempers. But it won't be much longer. Speaking asa fellow, |
a asked/inquired
b ordered/yelled don't see any alternative to waiting. | didn’t quite understand
c exclaimed /whispered the Dean's suggestion. | do not know whether he thinks that
d boasted /declared other names ought to be canvassed now. Speaking as a
e asked /inquired
candidate, | can’t be expected to accept the view that other
agreed/promised, expected/thought, expected/thought, names ought to be considered at this late stage. | hope that
imagined/expected, found/learned/realised/saw, felt, the Senior Tutor agrees with me.”
reasoned/remembered, remembered, felt, informed /told,
felt/thought, agreed/felt, noticed, claimed, discovered / 14 believed/thought, announced/revealed/said, believed /
found, accepted expected, announced/hinted /revealed

ia/b/e/g iic/f/h iiic/f/h iva 15 On drugs we asked two questions: “Which of the following
vb/c/e via/d/g viib/c/e viii a/d
drugs have you tried?” and “Which drug do you think most
a begged/pleaded
dangerous in terms of the effect it has on society?” Overall,
b concluded/observed /remarked
c ordered/warned 65 per cent claimed to have tried cigarettes, ) 17 per cent
d announced
e grumbled /mused/reflected cannabis, 6 per cent solvents and 89 per cent alcohol.
f advised /insisted/warned
Two per cent claimed to have tried heroin\ (the bravado factor,
id iie iia © iv f vb vic
you might suppose, being cancelled out by the reticence
a told me/said factor; (7 per cent refused to answer this question).) But,
b warned me/said
c promised me/said worryingly, f3 per cent of under-14’s claimed to have
d assured her/said
e reassured him/said sampled it; {and a huge} 85 per cent of under-14’s reckoned
f assured us/promised us/said to have tried alcohol, fwith only 8 per cent thinking it
g informed us/said
h told him/said harmful. JOnly four in ten of the over-19’s thought heroin

i b,c,e,f ii a,b,d,e iii a,b,d,f most harmful. /The government clearly has a lot of educating

a ___ Karen urged Anthony to apply for the job. to do.

Karen suggested that/proposed that Anthony should
apply for the job.
b The headmaster recommended /suggested that Peter
should go to university.
The headmaster advised Peter to go to university.
c The boss asked/instructed Jane to give him the latest
reports.
The boss requested /directed/demanded that Jane
should give him the latest reports.
d David suggested/proposed that Jenny should pop in
when she is/was in the area.
David urged Jenny to pop in when she is/was in the
area.
David expects Jenny to pop in when she is in the area.

a It is guaranteed
b_ It has been estimated
c It is/has been predicted
d__ It is rumoured /reported
e It is assumed/rumoured

441 a ___is guaranteed to work for a year.

b were expected to arrive last week.
c has been predicted for tonight.
dare reported to have been injured.

ig at ii,h to iii,f at iv,b to

v,a to vi,c to vii,i at viii,e to
ix,d to

103
Key

5 i ac,e,f,g
Chapter 8 ii a,c,d,f
iii —-b,d,h,i
iv ace,f,g
Co-ordinating conjunctions :a,d,f vo ad,fg
Subordinating conjunctions : b,c,e vi -b,d,h,i
vii = ace, fg
iabe,f ii a,b,c,d ili b,c,d,e eee
ix b,d,h,i
a All the time | was in France, | only saw three boys | knew. 4 5 A
b Whenever he wrote to me|failed to answer. 6 _Lines 2 to 6 of the poem all contain conditional clauses.
c As soon as | heard the door slam | rushed downstairs.
d Hardly had | walked through the door than the phone rang. 8
e Ever since he left university he has been teaching./Ever
since he left university he has been a teacher.

a since
b Whenever
before
c long tha
d now t
e The last time
f when we urate
b>
toa letter
ed a reply ur compan
y-
not recawv ne by yo
wo rk do
the
sfied wit
m sh ui not Ssati
a
SY hiat| ey
a Go. re rer ty wer. r H owevel, th
. «°F Feri 2°
ie
hiian two s hou! d feelhapp
came yesterday
been done
Your workmen
s thi s has
sivaiace. la
mieseele -
1 and ate sabifie-
irthe 10!pf mely dys
rmp tto pa 5fill €xtre
is Iam
fa ct,1 atte th e exteus we
tbempe tore
p Lu mb
rectly JP \oned andis
d no a
maadede notbeen cor down !
Ss that ft he ext ers ion
e floor o es a
ic io l

fauley wiririing cuss

susp
tk.- My
do yokwo ping S
incas€,...- ine
esepipes artsdrip
e, but th _ water st cate
tis |S ty ncase.
: ctricity of
e switched He ele
ne aes el
ets rea
have buck
adc lik ion we hav
ing ing
ow Livliv reoml In
ie nts on th
iis.
ow com me
aring yi
T ard to he
le oe

yours ful et
Mrs B. OBn

ALL FALLE DOWNE

Tom — please passthis messageontoDickand Harty. Mrs O'Brien has

writen again — pkase putyour work right immediotely So that
She stopswriting to me. |'ve bean
toseethe extension in question and
agreewithwha shessaidShe’s...S°. . ., dissabisfied that! wovldn't
bes prised ¢shetok ustocourt— but Idon't blame her-the wark is
that

| can't believe such «mistake has been made.

Soplease getthing
sorted out,
s OF 2!S€ PI havetosee
Dickand
Hain myself. Please getin toch nth them immedictoly.

“bee
104
I —Eee—eEeeeeeeeee eee
Key

10 Mr Bodger: 15 a The postman who/that has dark hair is always early.

Hello - Mrs O'Brien? Bodger here. | trust that the men have b The postman who/that | like the best always waves and
completed the work to your satisfaction now. smiles.
¢ The computer which /that works best costs £800.
Mrs O'Brien: d The computer which /that I've recommended is very
Well - they've been working, though | wouldn't say it was right. efficient.
Although you've made an effort to get the work done, it's
hardly adequate. And to be honest, we feel we should get our 16 a The garden, which is south-facing, is almost 100 metres
money back, even if you feel you can offer to do the work long.
yourself. b The garden, which we landscaped ourselves, is very green
at the moment.
Mr Bodger: c My mother, who visits me regularly, helps look after the
What's the problem now? children.
d My mother, who/whom the children love, keeps them
Mrs O’Brien: amused for hours.
| think you'd better come and see for yourself. What really
annoys me is that in spite of the fact they've come back 17 i a,b,e,f
again and again, it's still far from perfect. They work just like ii a,b,c,d
anyone else, except that they take breaks every 5 minutes. iii a,b,d,e
You may find that whereas other customers don’t mind, we've iv a,b,c,e
had enough. aay
18 al gave the letter to George, who then posted it for me.
Mr Bodger: b You might find the exam too difficult, in which case do what
I'll come over and inspect the work right now. you can.
cA friend told her to improve her diet, at which point she
Mrs O'Brien: made a huge effort to eat more healthily.
Well, Mr Bodger | can't thank you enough for giving up all d She gave up cigarettes last year, by which time she had
your time. It looks even better than we'd hoped. You've done been smoking for ten years.
the work exactly as we wanted. e Some people can’t swim, which means they may get
nervous on a boat.
Mr Bodger:
I'm sorry - | can only apologise for the trouble you've had. | ao) i f ii g iii b iv h vi
can't work out why they behaved as they did. | feel as though vi1 j vii e viii a ix d xe
| have no control over their work. Wherever I've looked, they've
made mistakes. 20 a John gave us the documents, neatly folded and filed.
b Absolutely baffled, | reread the extract.
Mrs O’Brien: c The children sat down obediently, their eyes on the food.
Some of this work, just as you yourself said, should have d She was looking unkempt, her skirt crumpled and creased.
been quite straightforward. Now it’s much as | would expect e Shocked by the news, | tried to work out what needed to be
in my own house. I’m not sure whether they'll get any more done.
work from me. They've behaved as if they don’t want a job,
that’s for certain. 21 a but/yet bor c but/yet
d and e but for
ke iif iiie iva
vd vig vii b viii h 22 a Both my husband and |drive estate cars.
b Neither John nor Juliette was there.
13 cl felt both physically and mentally exhausted.
d You can put it both in the oven and in the microwave.
And although cast adrift while he pursued other interests, e | was both disappointed and hurt.
other plans, she was waiting for him, as one waits for an f She felt neither delighted nor upset.
enemy; once they met, she would, by dint of insult and
outrage, reawaken the fury that had once been between
them.

They are dark caves. Even when they open towards the sun,
very little light penetrates down the entrance tunnel into the
circular chamber. There is little to see, and no eye to see it,
until the visitor arrives for his five minutes, and strikes a
match.

Only when he reached Liverpool Street was he aware of

hunger. He bought himself a coffee and roll before catching
the train home. It was nearly four before he put his key in the
latch. ..... Although it was still early, he felt very weary and his
legs ached.

14 Defining clauses: b,d,e,g Non-defining clauses: a,c,f

105
Key

ib,d,e ii a,d,f iii b,e,f iv b,c,f

Chapter 9
13 ic,f,g iib,d,g ili a,e,i iv d,g,h

4 it the Re-education Committee 14 a So was |. / | was too. / What! / Really?

b Really? / Didn't you? / | didn't either! / Neither did I!
She The cat
c Definitely. / Really? / What? / So had |, / | had too.
one (doesn't refer back)
d Wouldn't you? / Really? / Neither would |. / | wouldn’t
her the cat's
The cat
either.
She
them the sparrows
all (doesn't refer back)
her the cat's
the the sparrows already mentioned
their the sparrows’

2 athis, These
b that, that
¢ This, this, That

3 athe former, the latter

b previous
¢ above
d thus
e then
fin this way

4 aHer interpretation of the film was interesting.

Her (personal) view of the film was interesting.
b He gave us a good assessment of the situation.
His evaluation of the situation was good.
c |'ve come to the conclusion that this is no good.
I've reached the decision that this is no good.

See: iid iii b ivc

vh vig viia viiie

6 aexcerpt, extract, passage, phrase, quotation, sentence, text,

words
b excerpt, extract, instalment, item, letter, paragraph,
section, sentence, table, text, words
c example, excerpt, extract, item, letter, paragraph, passage,
phrase, quotation, sentence, statement, summary, table,
text, words
d example, item, table, words
e chapter, example, item, paragraph, sentence, summary,
table, text, words
f example, item, phrase, quotation, sentence, table, text,
words
gitem, paragraph, passage, quotation, sentence, statement,
table, words

a expect /hope/think so
b hope so/not
c expected /told, do so
d suppose so

a matching, contrasting
b comparable
c unrelated
d opposing, compatible
e adjacent

a this b such c the following

d This e The following f these
g next

10 a this/the following/the next

b following/next
c below
d such
e These

ais b did c had

d did e wouldn't f can

106
 Key

Chapter 10 13 a Officially, unofficially

b in theory, in practice
c apparently/ostensibly/supposedly, actually /really
dallegedly /apparently/seemingly
1 a focus on what happens, processes and scientific e Nominally /Ostensibly /Supposedly/Theoretically
experiments f probably
b agent unknown
c obvious who the agent is 14 ie iii iii j iva vh
dasa. above vi c vii b viii g ix d x f
e people in general are the agents
15 a At a rough estimate, there are about 70 students.
2 aThe soup was served with a ladle. / A ladle was used to b They come to classes every day, as a rule.
serve the soup. c For the most part, they enjoy doing grammar.
b This decision has been debated by a number of teachers. dAll in all, they're very willing.
c Good blooms will be developed by frequent watering.
d You're being called. 16 id lic iii e iv b va
e It is said that fibre is good for your health.
17 a He has actually overspent his budget.
3 iwithe iiind iiiina iv byg b The hotel didn’t even have a restaurant.
v by f vi with c vii with b c | really loved the trip on the river.
d It is very kind of you, to say the least / to put it mildly.
4 ais... rationed e For heaven’s sake, don’t look at me like that.
b has been suspended
c was deafened 18 ht ii a iii b ivc vd vie
d were fined
e is/has been ... acclaimed 19 a just /only/purely /solely
f was rained off b purely /simply/solely
c just /only
5 More rain is forecast for the next few days. d exclusively /purely /solely
Last night all shipping in the English Channel and the
20
Solent was advised to seek shelter and cross-channel ferries
were hit. Many roads remained closed all over the country, INDICATING AN INDICATING A CONTRASTS AND
and rail services, particularly in the west, will be disrupted for ADDITION PARALLEL ALTERNATIVES
several days.
at the same time by the same token by contrast
Four trainee marines were treated for hypothermia after furthermore likewise nevertheless
being airlifted by RAF helicopter from Dartmoor. The cost of moreover similarly on the contrary
damage from the floods this winter is now being counted in
CAUSES INDICATING A ORDERING POINTS
millions in the South-West and Wales. SEQUENCE IN TIME

6 altwas Francis who first told her the news. accordingly meanwhile in conclusion
b It is my brother who is ill, not my sister. thereby simultaneously secondly
thus subsequently to sum up
c What amazed me was their generosity.
d What they want is more money.
INDICATING A CHANGE EMPHASIZING
e All you need is an open mind on the subject. IN A CONVERSATION

7 arefers to a whole situation or fact that has been implied by the way even
b refers forward to a ‘to’ - infinitive clause incidentally positively
you know to put it mildly
c used to talk about the weather
d refers to a whole situation
e introduces a comment

9 Ib iie iiia ivd vf vic 21 a guarantee

b sentence
10 asaying that something happened c deny
b literary d propose /second
c saying that something exists e forgive
d saying that something exists
e saying that something happened 22 a hasn't he?
f spoken - contracted form b didn't it?
c will you?
11 ide iia,b iii b,d ivc,e vc,d d aren't I?
vi d,e vii d,e viii a,b,d ix de x a,b,d e will you?
f shall we?
12 aRightly, wrongly g won't you?
b kindly h does it?
c generously
d carelessly /foolishly
e bravely/cleverly/correctly

107
Key

10 /t/ /\a/ /a/

Reference Section amassed cried alluded
enriched enlivened invented
kipped niggled raided
mashed ratified sprinted
1 /s/ /2/ /1Z/ peaked tickled spurted
banks bags batches
cloths breeds branches
kits drains foxes bet burst cast cost cut hit hurt let put quit set
pits girders flashes shed shut spread thrust
spears houses
losses broadcast forecast miscast typecast undercut beset
reset typecast
2 aloaves b sparks
c analyses d pitches 12 a shoot b hide
e mice f badges c bind d thrust
g nuclei h fleas e ride f tread
i firemen j strata g stand h stride
k discs loxen i tell jdo
m flamingos /flamingoes n crumbs k understand | forbid
o classes p echoes
q indexes /indices rflies 13 a overran/has overrun
s radii t vertebrae b will underwrite /have underwritten /are underwriting
c underwent
3 amy parents’ dog d misheard
b my mother and father’s house e has outgrown
c St Mary's school f overslept
d the children’s bags g have misspelt
e three people’s passports h overheated
f women's rights
gJulie's camera 14 a has - bis
chad d had; would
AS, ap /1z/ 15 a simple present
Beth’s Rod’s Liz’s
Luke's Sue's Madge’s b past continuous
Ralph’s William’s Ross's c past perfect
d present continuous
5 a63,127 b 7,384 c 3,429,860 e present perfect
d 179,324 e 815,699,253 f 1,634,592 f simple past
g future continuous
6 a twenty first (21st)
b forty fifth (45th) 16 a simple present
c third (3rd) b past continuous
d a hundred and twenty second (122nd) c future perfect
e ninety ninth (99th) d past perfect
ffifty eighth (58th) e present perfect
g twentieth (20th)
h three hundredth (300th) 17 a shyly b fortnightly
c easily d gently
7 aahalf;50% e straight f tragically
b a quarter; 25% g purposely h satisfactorily
c three quarters ; 75% i outright j deeply
d four hundredths ; 4% k eerily | freelance
e seven tenths ; 70% m crookedly nwryly

8 F/s7, Wa VAZaT
baths arrives buzzes
leaps drags finishes
loots foregoes fixes
picks infers judges
puffs speeds reduces

9 a skipping skipped
b stowing stowed
c_ spotting spotted
d == manning manned
e chewing chewed
f distilling distilled
g disagreeing disagreed
h conferring conferred

108
Whail
 GUAR IN

COORD
COLLINS Birmingham University International Language Database

ENGLISH GRAMMAR EXERCISES

This book of exercises accompanies the Collins COBUILD English
Grammar. It provides practice material for all ten Chapters of the
Grammar, as well as for the Reference Section. An answer key is
included, making the book suitable for both class and individual use.

Fully cross-referenced to the Grammar

Reinforces the main grammatical points
Frequent reference to the lists of common words
AMO BTMA eeaUTE
Decree incorporate real texts and examples
Controlled and open-ended activities
Answer key included

HE BANK OF ENGLISH is a unique computer database

which monitors and records the way in which the English
language is actually used in the modern world. It is continually
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newspapers, magazines, books, TV, radio, and real life

ai
conversations - the language as it is written and spoken today.
ISBN 00-00-370428-9

SE ee eae el 9 °78000