Psychology Core Concepts 8Th Edition Zimbardo Test Bank Full Chapter PDF

Psychology Core Concepts 8th Edition
Zimbardo Test Bank

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Zimbardo TB CH07
Key: Answer, Page, Type, Learning Objective, Level
Type
A=Applied
C=Conceptual
F=Factual
Level
(1)=Easy; (2)=Moderate; (3)=Difficult
LO=Learning Objective
SG=Used in Study Guide
p=page
Zimbardo TB CH07
Multiple Choice Single Select

M/C Question 1
A psychologist spends her entire career studying how and why changes occur in people
throughout their lives. This psychologist is most likely working in the field of
a) abnormal psychology.
b) gerontology.
Incorrect. Gerontology emphasizes only the changes that occur in older adulthood.
c) developmental psychology.
Correct. Human development studies focus on the changes that occur throughout
people’s lives, from conception to death.
d) maturational studies.
e) geriatrics.
ANS: c
Objective=7.1: Describe the phases of prenatal development
Topic=Prenatal Development
Skill=Understanding
Difficulty=Easy
M/C Question 2
A key research interest in developmental psychology is to
a) trace the evolution of the human race.
Incorrect. This would be of primary concern to an evolutionary psychologist.
b) identify the biochemical processes involved in thought.
c) determine how organisms change over time.
Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Correct. The changes that take place between conception and death are of interest to
a developmental psychologist.
d) predict adult behavior.
e) study the effects of genetic mutations on behavior.
ANS: c
Skill=Understanding
Difficulty=Easy
M/C Question 3
The nature–nurture controversy is primarily concerned with
a) the use of a chronological versus a longitudinal approach.
b) the difference between developmental and chronological age.
c) the relative importance of heredity and environment.
d) the extent to which development is continuous or discontinuous.
e) whether to study similarities or differences between people.
ANS: c
Skill=Understanding
Difficulty=Easy
M/C Question 4
Dr. Smith believes people who are very aggressive have become so because of their life
experiences. Dr. Goldberg believes people are more or less aggressive from birth because of
genetic factors. Which of the following terms best describes an issue in human development that
is highlighted by their disagreement?
a) nature versus nurture
Correct. Nature refers to genetic factors, while nurture refers to environmental
influences.
b) cognition versus emotion
Incorrect. The issue highlighted emphasizes the effects of nature (genes) and
nurture (environmental factors).
c) classical versus operant conditioning
d) cross-sectional studies versus longitudinal studies
e) continuity versus discontinuity
ANS: a
Skill=Applying
Difficulty=Difficult
M/C Question 5
Juan and Carlos are identical twins. Juan was raised by his father and mother, and Carlos was
accidentally placed with another family after a mix-up at the hospital. At the age of 15, both boys
“ran into each other” at a football game and noticed how they appeared to be mirror images of
each other. After proving they were twins by genetic testing, the families discussed some of the
differences between the boys. Juan is very athletic and intelligent and excels in basketball but
does not take school seriously and has F’s in all subjects. Carlos is also athletic and intelligent
and excels in baseball and makes straight A’s as a result of his strict home life and study routine.
Although they are identical twins, what do you think accounts for the differences in their
academic performance based on the research?
a) nurture
Correct. Nurture would be correct in that differences in study routines are likely to
be a factor.
b) nature
Incorrect. They are likely to be similar in genetic makeup.
c) school district superintendent
d) teacher appraisals of performance
e) continuity
ANS: a
Skill=Applying
Difficulty=Medium
M/C Question 6
Each of the 10 children born to Ernest and Elvira Orangeburg has been born with red hair. Each
child is also very intelligent and athletic. The Orangeburg’s are expecting an 11th child who is
also likely to be born with the same traits according to ________ as evidenced in the ________.
a) nurture; nature versus nurture controversy
b) nature; nature versus nurture controversy
Correct. Nature refers to heredity, or genetic factors, whereas nurture refers to
environmental influences.
c) environmental factors; conception theory
Incorrect. Environment refers to environmental influences, and the conception
theory is not discussed in the book.
d) teratogens; Conception Theory
e) learning; classical conditioning theory
ANS: b
Skill=Applying
Difficulty=Medium
M/C Question 7
With regard to the nature–nurture controversy, most researchers
a) feel that nature is clearly more important.
b) feel that nurture is clearly more important.
c) are more interested in the interaction of nature and nurture.
Correct. Rather that adhere to one position, most agree that both nature and nurture
are very important factors in development.
d) believe that changes are gradual over time.
Incorrect. This is not a major point of the nature-nurture debate.
e) accept that development occurs in stages.
ANS: c
Skill=Understanding
Difficulty=Medium
M/C Question 8
Marisa is at a point in her pregnancy when the zygote is moving down to her uterus. Which
period of prenatal development is Marisa currently experiencing?
a) fetal
b) embryonic
Incorrect. During the embryonic period, the organism is called an embryo, not a
zygote.
c) placental
d) germinal
Correct. During the germinal period, the organism is called a zygote.
e) vitriolic
ANS: d
Skill=Applying
Difficulty=Medium
M/C Question 9
Which of the following describes the embryonic period?
a) the period during which the zygote moves down to the uterus and begins to implant in
the lining
Incorrect. The zygote begins to implant in the uterine lining during the germinal
period.
b) the period during which the major organs and structures of the organism first develop
Correct. It is during the embryonic period that major organs and structures develop.
c) the period during which the umbilical cord develops
d) the period during which tremendous growth occurs and the organs continue to develop
and become functional
e) the period during which the endometrium is shed from the lining of the uterus and is
evacuated out the vagina
ANS: b
Skill=Understanding
Difficulty=Easy
M/C Question 10
Tameeka is at a point in her pregnancy during which the major organs and structures of her baby
are first developing. Which period of prenatal development is Tameeka currently experiencing?
a) fetal
Incorrect. The fetal period occurs after the organs have first developed and is the
time during which they continue to develop and become functional.
b) embryonic
Correct. During the embryonic period, major organs and structures first develop.
c) placental
d) germinal
e) zygotic
ANS: b
Skill=Applying
Difficulty=Medium
M/C Question 11
Greta’s child has hyperactivity and attention difficulties and suffers from intellectual disability.
If these defects can be traced to a teratogen used by Greta when she was pregnant, which was she
most likely abusing?
a) nicotine
Incorrect. The effects of nicotine do not include smaller than normal heads, facial
deformities, and heart defects.
b) cocaine
c) marijuana
d) alcohol
Correct. Greta’s child is exhibiting symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome.
e) caffeine
ANS: d
Skill=Applying
M/C Question 12
Sally has been smoking cigarettes for 10 years. She is now pregnant. Her doctor explained that
maternal smoking carries a greater risk of
a) FAS
Incorrect. This stands for fetal alcohol syndrome, which is not a risk of smoking
during pregnancy.
b) FAE
c) ADHD
d) SIDS
Correct. When mothers smoke during pregnancy, their children are at increased risk
of sudden infant death syndrome.
e) SADS
ANS: d
Skill=Applying
Difficulty=Medium
M/C Question 13
Which of the following situations is an example of synchronicity?
a) Karen and her son, P.J., are on the floor playing with rattles.
b) Sherral laughs when she sees her daughter, Zoe, laugh.
Correct. The interplay of the mother and daughter’s behavior indicates
synchronicity.
c) Patti is upset because her son, Danny, won’t stop sucking his thumb.
d) Rob punishes his son, Michael, for pulling the dog’s tail.
Incorrect. This might demonstrate the concept of operant punishment but not
synchronicity.
e) Chris is teaching his son, Cameron, to hit a golf ball.
ANS: b
Objective=7.2: Recall how reflexes and abilities effectively help newborns survive and
thrive in their environment
Topic=The Neonatal Period: Abilities of the Newborn Child
Skill=Applying
Difficulty=Medium
M/C Question 14
Javier was born 3 days ago. His parents have noticed that he has several reflexes, which the
doctors have been testing. Which of the following is NOT a reflex exhibited by healthy
newborns?
a) grasping reflex
b) rooting reflex
Incorrect. This is one of the four reflexes that an infant exhibits while trying to find
nourishment when hungry.
c) walking reflex
Correct. This is not one of the four mentioned in the book.
d) stepping reflex
e) postural reflex
ANS: c
Skill=Applying
Difficulty=Medium
M/C Question 15
________ is the idea that we form attachments to those who provide reassurance through
physical touch, as opposed to feeding us.
a) Proximity
b) Generativity
c) Contact comfort
Correct. This was the crux of the research by Harry Harlow.
d) Imprinting
Incorrect. This refers to an innate tendency to see as one’s mother the first thing it
sees moving after birth.
e) Identity
ANS: c
Objective=7.3: Report the different sources that impact development of the infant
Topic=Infancy: Building on the Neonatal Blueprint
Skill=Understanding
Difficulty=Medium
M/C Question 16
The emotional attachment of a human infant for its caregiver
a) starts just after birth.
b) depends on signals generated by the infant.
c) may carry over into and determine adult behavior.
d) may involve more than the caregiver providing food to the infant.
e) All of these answers are correct.
ANS: e
Skill=Understanding
Difficulty=Easy
M/C Question 17
Three-month-old Brianna would be expected to have the lowest skin temperature when she is
a) left in a room with her mother.
Incorrect. The presence of an attachment figure like a parent would not lead to a
reduction in skin temperature.
b) left alone with a stranger.
Correct. The studies on attachment suggest that we have the greatest stress reaction
when we’re separated from our attachment figures.
c) completely alone.
d) in a room with her mother and a stranger.
e) None of these answers are correct.
ANS: b
Skill=Applying
M/C Question 18
If a child is exposed to the “Strange Situation,” then he or she
a) should receive immediate medical attention.
b) will view novel and eccentric stimuli.
c) will be in a room with other children who are unfamiliar.
Incorrect. This sort of peer exposure was not an aspect of the Strange Situation
experiment.
d) will be left with a stranger or alone in an unfamiliar situation.
Correct. This was the basis of Mary Ainsworth’s Strange Situation experiment;
children were separated from and then reunified with their primary caregivers.
e) be asked to rate the size of various line lengths
ANS: d
Skill=Understanding
Difficulty=Easy
M/C Question 19
What was Mary Ainsworth trying to determine when she devised an experimental method called
the Strange Situation?
a) the nature of gestural communication between mothers and babies
b) aspects of purposeful exploration as the baby investigates a strange environment
c) parental discipline styles in the first year of life
Incorrect. She sought to study the nature of attachment.
d) the nature of attachment between caretakers and babies
Correct. She sought to understand the nature of attachment between caregivers and
babies.
e) the relationship between preschool enrollment and academic achievement
ANS: d
Skill=Understanding
Difficulty=Medium
M/C Question 20
Jane displayed no distress toward her mother when she left nor any happiness when she returned.
This is best explained by which form of attachment?
a) anxious-secure
Incorrect. There is no “anxious-secure” attachment identified by Ainsworth.
b) ambivalent
c) secure
d) avoidant
Correct. The avoidant attachment is marked by an absence of a strong affectionate
bond between a child and caregiver.
e) anxious-ambivalent
ANS: d
Skill=Applying
Difficulty=Medium
M/C Question 21
Rico is quite relaxed with his caregivers and is able to interact with strangers quite well. This is
best explained by which form of attachment?
a) anxious-secure
b) ambivalent
c) secure
d) avoidant
ANS: c
Skill=Applying
Difficulty=Medium
M/C Question 22
Susan becomes extremely upset when her mother leaves, grasping her leg and refusing to let go.
When her mother returns, she is difficult to console and cries herself to the point of exhaustion.
This is best explained by which form of attachment?
a) anxious-secure
Incorrect. There is no such thing as an “anxious-secure” attachment.
b) ambivalent
c) secure
d) avoidant
Correct. This child wants the parent to be present but demonstrates anger and
distress when the parent returns from a brief absence.
ANS: e
Skill=Applying
Difficulty=Medium
M/C Question 23
Anna, a 1-year-old, fears being away from her mother. It appears that Anna has
a) an attachment disorder.
b) stranger anxiety.
Incorrect. Stranger anxiety, a term that is used less commonly anymore, refers to
the fear of being around unfamiliar people.
c) generalized anxiety.
d) separation anxiety.
Correct. Separation anxiety refers to the fear of being away from one’s primary
caregiver.
e) Parten’s syndrome
ANS: d
Skill=Applying
Difficulty=Medium
M/C Question 24
Which type of attachment style is characterized by babies who do not seem to care very much
whether the mother is present or absent and are equally comfortable with her and a stranger?
a) secure
Incorrect. The secure attachment is evident if babies venture away from their
mother, are upset when she leaves and not well comforted by a stranger, and calm
down quickly when she returns.
b) avoidant
Correct. An avoidant attachment is evident if babies don’t seem to care very much
whether their mother is present or absent and are equally comfortable in the
presence of their mother or a stranger.
c) resistant
d) disorganized
e) permissive
ANS: b
Skill=Understanding
Difficulty=Medium
M/C Question 25
The first stage of Erikson’s psychosocial theory involves an infant’s need to
a) develop a basic sense of trust in the environment.
Correct. Erikson’s first stage is called trust vs. mistrust.
b) explore and manipulate objects.
c) initiate intellectual and motor tasks.
d) experience a comfortable sense of autonomy.
Incorrect. This would exemplify the stage called autonomy vs. shame and doubt,
and that is the second stage of Erikson’s theory.
e) receive enough food necessary for survival.
ANS: a
Skill=Understanding
Difficulty=Medium
M/C Question 26
Like any 4-month-old, Amy depends on her parents to feed her and to change her diapers. When
Amy cries, her devoted parents quickly respond to her needs. According to Erikson, Amy should
develop a sense of ________.
a) trust
Correct. Infants whose needs are consistently met come to trust their caregivers,
and this trust helps promote attachment.
b) mistrust
c) autonomy
Incorrect. Autonomy does not develop until around 18 months of age.
d) initiative
e) shame
ANS: a
Skill=Applying
Difficulty=Medium
M/C Question 27
A child that is just beginning to produce speechlike sounds is most likely in the ________ stage
of speech production.
a) telegraphic
b) one-word stage
c) scaffolding
d) babbling
e) formal operational
ANS: d
Objective=7.4: Examine the process through which a baby develops language skills
Topic=How Children Acquire Language
Skill=Applying
M/C Question 28
Which of the following is an example of telegraphic speech?
a) “pet dog”
Correct. Telegraphic speech packs a lot of information into a few highly
informative words, typically omitting words such as the, a, and of.
b) “ba ba ba”
Incorrect. This would be an example of babbling, not telegraphic speech.
c) “but I just runned home”
d) “bottle”
e) “Daddy!”
ANS: a
Objective=7.4: Examine the process through which a baby develops language skills
Skill=Applying
M/C Question 29
The sentence “Ralphie eat cookie full” is an example of
a) scaffolding.
b) telegraphic speech.
Correct. This sort of choppy sentence omits function words such as the and a.
c) motherese.
d) babbling.
Incorrect. Babbling is the repetition of vowel-consonant combinations such as
“bababababa,” or “mamamamama.”
e) assimilation.
ANS: b
Objective=7.4: Examine the process through which a baby develops language
Skill=Applying
M/C Question 30
A child that says, “We eated pizza for dinner,” has made the error of
a) overregularization.
Correct. This child is over-applying the rule of grammar that says you add “ed” to a
word to express it in the past tense.
b) overgeneralization.
c) discrimination.
d) scaffolding.
Incorrect. This is a concept from Vygotsky’s theory of cognitive development. It
does not adequately answer this question.
e) overextension.
ANS: a
Objective=7.4: Examine the process through which a baby develops language
Skill=Applying
M/C Question 31
Because Michelle has a concept of what happens in a restaurant, Piaget would say that Michelle
has
a) imprinted on eating.
Incorrect. Imprinting refers to a biological tendency to view as one’s mother the
first thing it sees after birth.
b) learned to assimilate food.
c) learned restaurant operations.
d) failed to develop overregularization.
e) a restaurant schema.
Correct. A scheme is a mental representation of an object, idea or action.
ANS: e
Objective=7.5: Recall Piaget’s theory on cognitive development
Topic=Cognitive Development: Piaget’s Theory
Skill=Applying
Difficulty=Medium
M/C Question 32
Assimilation is said to occur when a child
a) believes that an object exists even if it can’t be seen at that moment.
b) adds increasingly more symbolic representations of outer reality.
c) updates or changes existing schemes as a result of new information.
d) modifies new information to fit into what is already known.
e) forgets information that has not been accessed recently.
ANS: d
Skill=Understanding
Difficulty=Medium
M/C Question 33
The two dynamic processes at work in cognitive growth, according to Piaget, are
a) overregularization and object permanence.
b) overregularization and object permanence.
c) assimilation and accommodation.
Correct. He suggested that these two processes represented different levels of
cognitive growth.
d) egocentrism and centration.
Incorrect. These are two limitations of preoperational thought.
e) competence and inferiority.
ANS: c
Skill=Understanding
Difficulty=Medium
M/C Question 34
Assimilation is to accommodation as
a) necessary is to optional.
Incorrect. Piaget did not consider either of these two processes to be optional.
b) help is to hinder.
c) hinder is to help.
d) using is to changing.
Correct. In Piaget’s theory, assimilation allows the use of existing schemas to
interpret new information, while accommodation results in the adjusting or changing
of existing schemas in the face of new information.
e) aid is to obstruct
ANS: d
Skill=Understanding
Difficulty=Medium
M/C Question 35
Your little sister picks up objects, feels every part of them, and then puts them in her mouth.
What stage of Jean Piaget’s model of cognitive development does this behavior suggest she is
in?
a) the concrete operations stage
b) the sensorimotor stage
Correct. During this stage, infants interact deliberately with objects by chewing,
grasping, and tasting them.
c) the preoperational stage
Incorrect. During the preoperational stage, children no longer have to rely only on
senses and motor skills. It is during the sensorimotor stage when they chew, grasp,
and taste objects.
d) the formal operations stage
e) the postformal operations stage
ANS: b
Skill=Applying
Difficulty=Medium
M/C Question 36
Accommodation is said to occur when a child
a) believes that an object exists even if it can’t be seen at that moment.
b) adds increasingly more symbolic representations of outer reality.
c) updates or changes existing schemes as a result of new information.
d) modifies new information to fit into what is already known.
e) forgets information that has not been accessed recently.
ANS: c
Skill=Understanding
Difficulty=Medium
M/C Question 37
Which of the following is an example of sensorimotor intelligence?
a) the ability to think abstractly
b) the inability to take another’s perspective
c) crawling toward a desired parent
d) the ability to represent objects mentally that are not physically present
e) abstract problem-solving and logical decision-making
ANS: c
Skill=Applying
M/C Question 38
A major cognitive advance made during the sensorimotor stage is the ability to
a) think abstractly and creatively.
b) solve simple problems using mental representation.
c) understand that the self is distinct from other people and objects.
d) create mental representations of objects that are not physically present.
Correct. This is the skill that underlies the development of object permanence.
e) know that changes in appearance do not mean that the object itself changes.
Incorrect. This underlies the skill of conservation, which does not develop until the
concrete operations stage.
ANS: d
Skill=Understanding
Difficulty=Medium
M/C Question 39
Ashani is 18 months old. When her mom leaves her at the babysitter’s house, Ashani cries
initially. After a few moments, she stops crying because her mom is “out of sight and out of
mind.” According to Piaget, which period of cognitive development would Ashani be in?
a) sensorimotor
Correct. Remember, sensorimotor children (from age 0–2 years) is initially marked
by a lack of object permanence.
b) preoperational
Incorrect. This stage is between the ages of 2 and 7 years.
c) concrete operations
d) concrete operations
e) postformal operations
ANS: a
Skill=Applying
Difficulty=Medium
M/C Question 40
Young infants cannot appreciate the carnival game in which a pea seems to disappear from under
a walnut because they have not yet developed a sense of
a) conservation.
Incorrect. This is a primary limitation of the preoperational child.
b) object permanence.
Correct. This is a primary limitation of the sensorimotor child.
c) centration.
d) egocentrism.
e) reversibility
ANS: b
Skill=Applying
M/C Question 41
A child who has not mastered object permanence believes that
a) not all grown-up men are fathers.
b) two small pieces of pizza are better than one large piece.
c) everyone is thinking about the child.
d) a hidden doll no longer exists.
Correct. For this child, “out of sight, out of mind,” is a defining concept.
e) rain occurs when the clouds are sad.
Incorrect. This example refers to animistic thinking, which is a characteristic of
preoperational thinking.
ANS: d
Skill=Applying
M/C Question 42
Ron, a toddler, takes a picture and puts it to the receiver of a phone in order to “show” it to his
grandmother. This example illustrates
a) disoriented attachment.
b) conservation.
c) object permanence.
Incorrect. In Piaget’s theory, object permanence is the understanding that objects
continue to exist when they cannot be immediately perceived.
d) egocentrism.
Correct. In Piaget’s theory, egocentrism is the inability to take another person’s
point of view.
e) reversibility
ANS: d
Skill=Applying
Difficulty=Medium
M/C Question 43
Elijah is a 3-year-old little boy who likes to spread his peas and carrots all over his plate. After
spreading out his food, he asks for more. His mom pushes all the food together and Elijah
continues to eat. Which period of cognitive development is Elijah in?
a) egocentrism
Incorrect. Egocentrism is not one of the periods of cognitive development, but
rather is a limitation of the early cognitive stages.
b) sensorimotor
c) preoperational
Correct. Elijah’s lack of demonstration that he has mastered the concept of
conservation suggests that he is in the preoperational stage of Piaget’s theory
d) accommodation
e) assimilation
ANS: c
Skill=Applying
M/C Question 44
Piaget would use the concept of ________ to explain why a child would state that “my G.I. Joe is
hungry.”
a) centration
b) animistic thinking
Correct. This sort of thinking occurs when children attribute human qualities to
non-human objects or animals.
c) assimilation
d) accommodation
e) egocentrism
Incorrect. This limitation refers to a child’s lack of ability to take another person’s
perspective.
ANS: b
Objective=7.5: Recall Piaget's theory on cognitive development
Skill=Applying
M/C Question 45
Donna is so focused on the idea of having a big bowl of ice cream that she refuses to eat ice
cream off a plate, even though the plate has more ice cream. Her refusal is an example of
a) egocentrism.
b) conservation.
Incorrect. This question does not involve a feature change that would denote
conservation.
c) animistic thinking.
d) centration.
Correct. Donna is focusing only on one feature of the ice cream—its dish—instead
of multiple aspects (including its volume).
e) object permanence.
ANS: d
Skill=Applying
M/C Question 46
Your little brother has a big ball of clay. While he watches, you roll the ball of clay into a long
snake-like shape. He begins to cry because he thinks he has less clay now. Which of Piaget’s
stages is your brother likely to be in?
a) sensorimotor
b) preoperational
Correct. Your little brother shows lack of conservation, or the ability to understand
that altering the appearance of something does not change its quantity; this lack of
understanding is characteristic of preoperational children.
c) formal operational
d) concrete operational
Incorrect. By the time children are in the concrete operational stage, they have
developed conservation.
e) postformal operational
ANS: b
Skill=Applying
M/C Question 47
Ethan, a 3-year-old, asks his mom to cut a pizza pie into 12 rather than 8 pieces because he is
“really hungry.” On the basis of this example, it is most appropriate to conclude that Ethan
a) understands object permanence.
b) does not understand object permanence.
c) understands conservation.
Incorrect. In this example, Ethan does not understand the concept of conservation
because he thinks that 12 slices of pizza are more food than 8 slices of the same
pizza.
d) does not understand conservation.
Correct. Conservation is the Piagetian principle that certain properties remain the
same even when the appearance of an object changes.
e) understands the personal fable
ANS: d
Skill=Applying
Difficulty=Medium
M/C Question 48
Which of the following is an example of animistic thought?
a) An object ceases to exist when hidden from sight.
Incorrect. This example represents a lack of object permanence, not animistic
thinking.
b) A child is unwilling to share toys.
c) A child sucks on a nipple.
d) A child chooses a tall thin glass of milk over a short, wide glass of milk.
e) After witnessing a traffic accident, a child refers to a damaged fender as an “owie.”
Correct. The application of human qualities to an inanimate object is animistic
thinking.
ANS: e
Skill=Applying
M/C Question 49
Elka is 9 years old. She has been working on her science project that places different dinosaurs
into different periods of time. Which stage of cognitive development is she most likely in?
a) preoperational
b) formal operations
Incorrect. Elka would be a little bit too young to be considered in the formal
operations stage of Piaget’s theory.
c) sensorimotor
d) concrete operations
Correct. Piaget believed that the concrete operations stage of cognitive
development occurs between the ages of 7 and 12 years.
e) postformal operations
ANS: d
Skill=Applying
Difficulty=Medium
M/C Question 50
Daryl believes that there is more Silly Putty when it is in a ball shape than when John makes it
into a big “pancake.” Piaget would argue that Daryl has
a) learned object permanence.
b) not mastered conservation.
Correct. Daryl does not realize that a change in the appearance does not change the
quantity of the silly putty.
c) demonstrated egocentrism.
d) animistic thinking.
Incorrect. There is nothing in this question that indicates the application of human
tendencies to an inanimate object.
e) formal operational thought.
ANS: b
Skill=Applying
Difficulty=Medium
M/C Question 51
Larry, a 10-year-old, first sees two identical glasses with water at the same level; then, the water
from one of the short, wide glasses is poured into a taller, thinner glass. Larry will likely
conclude that
a) there is more water in the taller, thinner glass.
Incorrect. If Larry was younger, and in the preoperational period, this would be an
accurate answer.
b) there is more water in the shorter, wider glass.
c) there are equal amounts of water in the shorter, wider and taller, thinner glasses.
Correct. because Larry is in the concrete operational stage of Piaget’s theory, he has
mastered the concepts of conservation and reversibility.
d) there are equal amounts of water in the two identical glasses only.
e) all of the glasses have the same amount of water.
ANS: c
Skill=Applying
Difficulty=Medium
M/C Question 52
According to the most recent evidence, what can be said of Piaget’s findings?
a) The capacities of infants usually are not as high as claimed by Piaget.
b) Object permanence has been shown as early as 1 month of age, thus refuting Piaget’s
claim that it is not established until toddlerhood.
Incorrect. Recent research has suggested that object permanence may exist as early
as 2 or 3 months of age, but not as early as 1 month of age.
c) Piaget’s theory seems to underestimate the age by which a child masters egocentrism
and object permanence.
Correct. This is an accurate criticism as laid out by the text.
d) Piaget’s concept that the qualitative changes in cognitive processing is more important
than the quantitative changes has been effectively refuted.
e) They were so groundless that the views of Vygotsky completely eclipsed them.
ANS: c
Skill=Understanding
Difficulty=Medium
M/C Question 53
During Piaget’s formal operational stage, thinking becomes
a) egocentric.
b) animistic.
c) abstract.
Correct. The ability to consider hypotheticals and “what ifs” marks the abstract
qualities of formal operational thinking.
d) habituated.
e) impulsive.
Incorrect. There is nothing in the text that suggests that formal operational thinking
is impulsive.
ANS: c
Topic=Cognitive Development: Piaget’s Theory; Adolescence and Culture
Skill=Understanding
Difficulty=Medium
M/C Question 54
In contrast to Piaget, Vygotsky emphasized the role of ________ during development.
a) learned responses
Incorrect. This would be the theory of the behaviorist, and this is not the type of
psychologist that Vygotsky was.
b) social interactions
Correct. Vygotsky believed that social interactions were essential for the
development of cognitive skills.
c) individual differences
d) the child’s representations of the world
e) genetics
ANS: b
Skill=Understanding
Difficulty=Easy
M/C Question 55
Whereas Piaget viewed cognitive development as a result of individual discovery and a child’s
interaction with objects, Vygotsky attributed cognitive development to
a) biological changes in the brain.
b) unconscious factors.
c) completing activities in isolation.
Incorrect. Vygotsky believed that cognitive development occurred as a result of
social interactions between a child and skilled people.
d) interaction between a child and skilled people.
Correct. Vygotsky attributed cognitive development to interaction between a child
and skilled people.
e) observational learning
ANS: d
Skill=Understanding
Difficulty=Medium
M/C Question 56
Which of the following illustrates Vygotsky’s concept of scaffolding?
a) Several children work together to overcome an obstacle they could not conquer
individually.
Incorrect. Scaffolding emphasizes one-on-one learning.
b) A teacher works one-on-one with a student and then begins to withdraw help as the
student becomes more skilled.
Correct. Vygotsky attributed cognitive development to interactions between a child
and skilled people.
c) Learning in one area, such as language, tends to reinforce learning that occurs in other
areas, such as mathematics.
d) Physical interaction with the environment is a key to learning, so teachers require
students to run and play a great deal.
e) A child has a negative experience with a classmate and then goes home to cry about not
wanting to back to school the next day.
ANS: b
Skill=Applying
M/C Question 57
Shelley and Julie are mothers who each have a 3-month-old infant. Shelley tells Julie, “My son is
so fussy,” to which Julie replies, “That’s funny—my son is so easy.” It appears that Shelley and
Julie are discussing their newborns’
a) personalities.
b) moods.
c) reflexes.
Incorrect. A reflex refers to an inborn, involuntary motor response to a stimulus.
d) temperaments.
Correct. A temperament refers to a child’s inclination to engage in a certain style of
behavior.
e) attachments
ANS: d
Objective=7.6: Examine the factors that influence social and emotional development in
childhood
Topic=Social and Emotional Development
Skill=Applying
Difficulty=Medium
M/C Question 58
Germain tends to rule his home with an iron fist. His children know the rules and they are
expected to obey them without question or they know there will be harsh consequences. Diana
Baumrind would describe Germain’s parenting style as
a) authoritarian.
Correct. An authoritarian parenting style leaves little to no room for exchange
between parent and child, and obedience is expected.
b) authoritative.
Incorrect. An authoritative parenting style allows for exchange between a child and
parents, and while rules are still enforced, there can be collaboration and discussion
on some of those rules.
c) ironclad.
d) indulgent.
e) permissive
ANS: a
childhood
Skill=Applying
M/C Question 59
A child from which of the following parenting types would be most likely to lack social skills
later in life?
a) ambivalent
b) authoritative
c) secure
d) permissive
e) indulgent
ANS: d
childhood
Skill=Understanding
Difficulty=Easy
M/C Question 60
A 4-year-old child who insists on choosing and putting on her clothes without any assistance
from her mother would be classified by Erikson as being in the ________ stage.
a) concrete operational
b) trust versus mistrust
c) initiative versus guilt
Correct. In this stage, children become very concerned with doing things
independently.
d) intimacy versus isolation
Incorrect. This is Erikson’s stage that involves young adulthood, not toddlerhood.
e) competence versus inferiority
ANS: c
childhood
Skill=Applying
Difficulty=Medium
M/C Question 61
Erikson would explain a child’s interest in achieving goals on the sporting field or in the
classroom as being due to
a) a reinforcement of stereotypes.
b) a way to channel nervous energy.
c) the need to feel a sense of competence.
Correct. This is the essential element of the stage called industry vs. inferiority.
d) a rebellion against authority figures.
Incorrect. There is nothing in the text that suggests this as a part of Erikson’s
theory.
e) a way to establish trust with teammates.
ANS: c
childhood
Skill=Applying
Difficulty=Medium
M/C Question 62
Rosa, who is 13, wants to spend her babysitting money on something special, but she also wants
to save some of the money to buy her brother a birthday gift. She is trying to decide the best way
to spend her money. Which stage of cognitive development is Rosa in?
a) sensorimotor
Incorrect. Rosa is much too old to be considered in the sensorimotor stage. This
stage applies to children between the ages of 0 and 2 years.
b) formal operations
Correct. Piaget believed that the formal operations period begins at the age of 12.
c) biophysical
d) reversibility
e) formal operational
ANS: b
Objective=7.9: Indicate the neural and cognitive developmental changes that occur in
adolescence
Topic=Neural and Cognitive Development in Adolescence
Skill=Applying
M/C Question 63
A child who refuses to steal candy because of a fear of being caught is most likely demonstrating
a) postconventional morality.
b) centration.
Incorrect. This is a concept from Piaget’s theory of cognitive development.
c) formal operational thought.
d) animistic thinking.
e) preconventional morality.
Correct. According to Kohlberg, this is the earliest stage of morality. It is mediated
by external rules of right and wrong.
ANS: e
Objective=7.10: Evaluate theories of moral development and moral disengagement
Topic=Moral Development
Skill=Applying
M/C Question 64
Obedience to rules because of the fear of punishment is a characteristic of ________ morality.
a) conventional
Incorrect. In conventional morality, behavior is governed by the norms of society.
b) preconventional morality
Correct. In preconventional morality, behavior is governed by the consequences of
an action.
c) principled
d) postconventional
e) postformal
ANS: b
Skill=Understanding
Difficulty=Easy
M/C Question 65
Brad is in an electronics store with his parents. He looks at the CDs and thinks for a moment that
he could grab one and put it beneath his coat. As he considers this possibility, he decides not to
do it because he might get caught, and his parents would punish him. What stage of moral
development does Brad’s decision represent?
a) preoperational
Incorrect. Preoperational is a term used in Piaget’s theory of human development; it
is not a term related to moral choices.
b) preconventional
Correct. At the preconventional level, one determines right and wrong based on
what consequences would likely result from an action.
c) autonomous moral principles
d) conventional role conformity
e) postformal morality
ANS: b
Skill=Applying
Difficulty=Medium
M/C Question 66
Edmund is a Boy Scout. While on a camping trip, the scout leader tells the boys to stay away
from the lake. Some of the scouts ignore the leader and go fishing by the lake anyway. Edmund
wants to do what the leader tells him and believes that good behaviors are rewarded while bad
behaviors are punished. Which level of moral reasoning is he in?
a) preconventional
Correct. Preconventional morality focuses on the role of an authority figure who
determines what is a correct action.
b) conventional
Incorrect. Conventional morality focuses on the rules that maintain social order and
allow people to get along.
c) postconventional
d) convenient
e) assimilated
ANS: a
Skill=Applying
Difficulty=Medium
M/C Question 67
Saul believes in the Golden Rule and desperately wants people to view him as a good person.
Most likely, he is in which level of moral development?
a) convergent
b) postconventional
c) conventional
Correct. Conventional morality focuses on the rules that maintain social order and
allow people to get along.
d) preconventional
Incorrect. Preconventional morality focuses on the role of an authority figure who
determines what is a correct action.
e) postformal
ANS: c
Skill=Applying
M/C Question 68
When faced with a conflict between law and conscience, Liz follows her conscience despite the
personal risk. This would be characteristic of ________ morality.
a) conventional
b) preconventional
Incorrect. At the preconventional level, a person determines right and wrong based
on the expected consequences of an action.
c) postconventional
Correct. At the postconventional level, right and wrong are determined by the
individual, which may be in disagreement with accepted social norms.
d) unconventional
e) autonomous
ANS: c
Skill=Applying
M/C Question 69
Kohlberg suggests that the sixth stage of moral reasoning is evident when an individual acts in
order to
a) gain acceptance and avoid disapproval from others.
b) follow rules and avoid penalties.
c) support universal principles of conscience.
Correct. This is the most advanced stage of morality, according to Kohlberg, and
not all people get to it.
d) promote the welfare of the society.
e) achieve rewards and avoid punishments.
Incorrect. This is the earliest stage of morality, according to Kohlberg, and
represents external determinants of right and wrong.
ANS: c
Skill=Understanding
Difficulty=Medium
M/C Question 70
Which of the following is a serious flaw in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?
a) The lower stages have not been found in all cultures.
b) Moral reasoning does not predict actual behavior.
Correct. As research, as well as your own experiences, might show, knowing the
moral choice does not always mean we select it.
c) The higher stages are not associated with education.
d) The stages as a whole do not parallel Piaget’s stages.
Incorrect. This was not a specific contention of Kohlberg’s theory.
e) All cultures attain the stages in the same order.
ANS: b
Skill=Understanding
Difficulty=Medium
M/C Question 71
According to Gilligan, Kohlberg’s theory of moral development
a) should only be applied to males.
Correct. Because Kohlberg’s theory was established using only boys and men,
Gilligan has suggested that his theory is not applicable to the morality of girls or
women.
b) explains moral reasoning in multiple cultures.
c) should be extended to males.
Incorrect. In fact, Gilligan suggests that Kohlberg theory should be restricted to
only males.
d) is a comprehensive theory without missing components.
e) should only be applied to females
ANS: a
Skill=Understanding
Difficulty=Medium
M/C Question 72
Jeremy is 17 years old. According to Erikson, his chief task will be acquiring a sense of
a) identity.
Correct. According to Erikson, adolescents must begin to develop a sense of self.
b) intimacy.
Incorrect. According to Erikson, developing intimacy begins in early adulthood.
c) generativity.
d) autonomy.
e) integrity
ANS: a
Objective=7.11: Report some of the issues faced by adolescents
Skill=Applying
Difficulty=Medium
M/C Question 73
Brad is 18 and is looking into career options. He is currently deciding whether he wants to
become a gourmet chef or a race car driver. Brad is at what stage of Erik Erikson’s psychosocial
development?
a) integrity versus despair
b) intimacy versus isolation
c) generativity versus stagnation
Incorrect. Brad is too young to enter the generativity versus stagnation stage.
d) identity versus role confusion
Correct. In the identity versus role confusion stage, the individual is searching for a
consistent sense of self, and one part of this process is choosing a career.
e) industry versus inferiority
ANS: d
Objective=7.11: Report some of the issues faced by adolescents
Skill=Applying
Difficulty=Medium
M/C Question 74
A person who is lonely and who cannot form meaningful connections with others did not
successfully resolve the ________ crisis, according to Erikson.
a) trust versus mistrust
b) initiative versus guilt
c) generativity versus stagnation
Incorrect. This is the stage of middle adulthood. This question refers to the stage of
early adulthood.
d) affiliation versus social rejection
e) intimacy versus isolation
Correct. Finding a lifelong intimate partner is the crux of the intimacy versus
isolation stage.
ANS: e
Objective=7.12: Report some of the changes associated with the entry into ‘adulthood’
Topic=Early Adulthood: Explorations, Autonomy, and Intimacy
Skill=Applying
Difficulty=Medium
M/C Question 75
Amy is 30 years old and she has difficulty forming meaningful relationships with others.
According to Erikson, she is most likely in the ________ stage.
a) intimacy versus isolation
Correct. Erikson said that the primary challenge of young adulthood is forming
intimate relationships or being left with the sense that we are alone in the world.
b) identity versus role confusion
c) basic trust versus mistrust
Incorrect. This is the first stage of Erikson’s theory, and it occurs during the first
year of life.
d) integrity versus despair
e) autonomy versus shame/doubt
ANS: a
Objective=7.12: Report some of the changes associated with the entry into 'adulthood'
Topic=Early Adulthood: Explorations, Autonomy, and Intimacy
Skill=Applying
Difficulty=Medium
M/C Question 76
Erikson believed that you cannot move into the period of generativity until you have
a) a stable marriage.
b) reached the age of 50.
c) achieved worldly-wise, adult cognitive style.
Incorrect. Erikson’s theory is of psychosocial and personality development, not
cognitive development.
d) faced and accepted your own mortality.
e) successfully met the challenges of identity and intimacy.
Correct. According to Erikson, you must master stage six before you advance to
stage seven.
ANS: e
Objective=7.13: Examine the complexity and generativity that accompanies the midlife
Topic=The Challenges of Midlife: Complexity and Generativity
Skill=Understanding
Difficulty=Medium
M/C Question 77
Aaron is a middle-aged physician. He gives back to the community by acting as a mentor to
teenagers interested in entering the medical profession. Erikson would say that Aaron is
experiencing
a) intimacy.
b) identity.
c) generativity.
Correct. According to Erikson, mentoring is a kind of generativity.
d) integrity.
Incorrect. According to Erikson, sense of integrity is usually established in older
adulthood.
e) industry
ANS: c
Objective=7.13: Examine the complexity and generativity that accompanies the midlife
Topic=The Challenges of Midlife: Complexity and Generativity
Skill=Applying
M/C Question 78
The despair of a person who is in Erikson’s final psychosocial crisis is most likely caused by
a) a fear of dying.
Incorrect. Despair might be a consequence of the unpleasant part of this stage, not a
cause of it.
b) a decrease in mental ability and physical stamina.
c) an incomplete resolution of earlier developmental crises.
Correct. As we come to the end of our lives, Erikson suggested we are left in
despair if we have “unfinished business” from earlier stages.
d) societal discrimination against the elderly.
e) lack of social support from friends and family members.
ANS: c
Objective=7.14: Record the different changes that can be expected in late adulthood
Topic=Late Adulthood: The Age of Integrity
Skill=Understanding
Difficulty=Medium
Essay
Essay Question 79
Describe the sensory and reflexive abilities and preferences of an infant.
Global Correct Feedback: Newborns have certain sensory preferences (e.g., smell of
banana, salted to unsalted cereal, female voice, familiar sound patterns). All senses are in
place at birth, but their vision (20/500) is relatively weak. Infants are capable of certain
sucking, postural, and grasping reflexes.
Skill=Analyzing
Essay Question 80
Describe the four stages in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development. Be sure to address the
abilities and limits of each stage.
Global Correct Feedback: The stages—in order—are sensorimotor (ages 0–2),

preoperational (2–6 or 7), concrete operational (7–11), and formal operational (12 and on).
The student should address concepts such as object permanence, egocentrism, animistic
thinking, centration, conservation, and mental operations. Mental representations, logic,
and abstract thinking should be addressed as well.
Objective=7.5: Recall Piaget’s theory on cognitive development & 7.9: Indicate the
neural and cognitive developmental changes that occur in adolescence
Topic=Cognitive Development: Piaget’s Theory & Neural and Cognitive Development in
Adolescence
Skill=Analyzing
Essay Question 81
Describe the transitions that are characteristic of adolescence, including changes that occur
involving physical maturation and sexuality.
Global Correct Feedback: The student should discuss the pubescent growth spurt,
menarche, and production of sperm in regard to physical maturation. In regard to sexuality,
the struggles of determining sexual orientation and the fact that most teens have had
intercourse by the age of 17 could be noted. The importance of both friends and parents
could be mentioned in regard to social identity.
Objective=7.8: Identify the physical changes and new sexual identity that are associated
with adolescence
Topic=Physical Maturation in Adolescence
Skill=Applying
Essay Question 82
What changes can a person expect as they age beyond their 60s?
Global Correct Feedback: Physical changes occur in regard to energy and stamina, skin,
hair, and height. Vision and hearing loss can also occur (which may necessitate a hearing
aid and glasses). While intelligence should remain sharp, memory (especially for newer
events) may be more challenging. Sexuality can still be enjoyed and social interaction
takes on an important role.
Objective=7.14: Record the different changes that can be expected in late adulthood
Topic=Late Adulthood: The Age of Integrity
Skill=Applying
Difficulty=Medium
Multiple Choice Single Select
M/C Question 83
The brain’s ability to rewire itself to adapt to its environment, a quality called ________, is
greatest during the early childhood years and declines as we get old. As such, if one has a head
injury, it is most likely that one will have greater recovery if that were to happen during the early
years.
a) plasticity
b) neurogenesis
c) synaptic pruning
d) lateralization
e) a split brain
ANS: a
Objective=7.3: Discuss how nature and nurture interact in infant development
Skill=Remembering
Difficulty=Easy
M/C Question 84
Research has found that infants who received 15 minutes of massage showed higher levels of
________ in their blood, supporting the idea that touch is an important factor in helping to
mediate a child’s stress response system.
a) progesterone
b) oxytocin
c) estrogen
d) testosterone
e) glutamate
ANS: b
Skill=Remembering
Difficulty=Hard
M/C Question 85
Research has found that children who ________ had long-term implications, going all the way
into adulthood. As adults, they earned lower wages and suffered from more mental health
problems!
a) did not have exposure to organized religion
b) were raised by a single parent
c) were undernourished
d) did not go to preschool
e) did not receive immunizations
ANS: c
Skill=Remembering
Difficulty=Medium
M/C Question 86
Field and others (2014) found that 1 in ________ boys were concerned with their body image
and had taken steps to improve it.
a) 2
b) 5
c) 8
d) 12
e) 15
ANS: b
Objective=7.8: Examine the issues of body image and sexual identity that emerge during
adolescence
Skill=Remembering
Difficulty=Hard
M/C Question 87
In a very disturbing finding, Hepworth (2010) found that ________% of 10-year-old girls had
dieted at least once.
a) 25
b) 40
c) 55
d) 80
e) 95
ANS: d
Objective=7.8: Examine the issues of body image and sexual identity that emerge during
adolescence
Skill=Remembering
Difficulty=Hard
M/C Question 88
Which of the following is the best summary of what Bandura called moral disengagement?
a) proactivity
b) withdrawal
c) convergence
d) agreement
e) avoidance
ANS: e
Skill=Understanding
Difficulty=Hard
M/C Question 89
As noted in the book Man (Dis)connected by Zimbardo and Coulombe, ________% of American
children today are born to unwed mothers, and an absence of a stable father figure has significant
implications for young boys.
a) 10
b) 20
c) 40
d) 50
e) 70
ANS: c
Objective=7.11: Describe some of the issues faced by adolescents
Skill=Remembering
Difficulty=Hard
M/C Question 90
Research by Starr & Ferguson (2012) found that girls were more likely to choose a “sexy” doll
versus a “normal” one as their idealized self-image if they watched more television and
a) were only-children.
b) had early indications of gender nonconforming behaviors.
c) had a troubling history of sexual acting out (SAO) behaviors.
d) reported that they already had a boyfriend prior to the age of 10 years.
e) had mothers who engaged in higher amounts of self-objectification.
ANS: e
Objective=7.11: Describe some of the issues faced by adolescents
Skill=Remembering
Difficulty=Easy
M/C Question 91
By definition, an innate ability is one that is
a) inborn.
b) learned.
c) social.
d) culturally specific.
e) limited in duration.
ANS: a
Objective=Core Concept 7.1
Topic=Key Question: What Innate Abilities Does the Infant Possess?
Skill=Remembering
Difficulty=Easy
M/C Question 92
The unfolding of crucial processes that distinguish adults from children is called
a) evolution.
b) epigenetics.
c) development.
d) maturation.
e) sociometry.
ANS: d
Topic=Key Question: What Are the Developmental Tasks of Childhood?
Skill=Remembering
Difficulty=Easy
M/C Question 93
Modern psychologists generally view the theories of Piaget, Kohlberg, and Erikson as sharing
one common flaw. What is it?
a) They all underestimated the abilities of children.
b) None of them conducted any research to support their conclusions.
c) Development does not occur in rigid stages as all three proposed.
d) All three theories were correct for boys and men but not for girls and women.
e) The theories all paid far too much attention to genetic contributions and too little
attention to environmental contributions.
ANS: c
Topic=Key Question: What Developmental Challenges Do Adults Face?
Skill=Understanding
Difficulty=Hard
M/C Question 94
A growing body of research has found that ________ can be a strong predictor of delinquency
and criminal behavior in children.
a) low self-control
b) high delay of gratification
c) strong emotional intelligence
d) poor academic skills
e) reading disabilities
ANS: a
Topic=Psychology Matters: Not Just Fun and Games: The Role of Child’s Play in Life
Success
Skill=Remembering
Difficulty=Medium
M/C Question 95
Morris has difficulty with staying focused on a multistep task that requires planning and follow-
through. Such deficits in ________ are often seen in those who suffer from attention-deficit
hyperactivity disorder.
a) convergent thinking
b) socioemotional regulation
c) working memory
d) executive functioning
e) impulsive disinhibition
ANS: d
Topic=Psychology Matters: The Puzzle of ADHD
Skill=Applying
Difficulty=Easy
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
States, 'while specially asserting the rights of Hungary and
its independence.' Another version of this somewhat oracular
statement runs as follows:—'Hungary, without infringing the
Ausgleich law, will find ways and means of regulating those
affairs which, in virtue of the Pragmatic sanction, are common
to both States, while at the same time protecting her own
interests and giving greater emphasis to her independence.'
Dr. Szell added:—'When the right time comes I shall explain my
views, and eventually submit proposals to the House.
Meanwhile, let us husband our strength and keep our powder
dry.' The self-confident and almost defiant tone of this
forecast, coming from a responsible statesman accustomed to
display such prudence and moderation of language as M. Szell,
has made a profound impression in Austria. It assumes the
breakdown of the Austrian Parliamentary system to be a
certainty, and anticipates the adoption by Hungary of
one-sided measures which, according to M. Szell, will afford
more effective protection to its interests and confirm its
independence. This seems to be interpreted in Vienna as an
indication that the Hungarian Premier has a cut and dry scheme
ready for the revision of the Ausgleich in a direction which
bodes ill for Austria. The gravity of the Ministerial
statement is recognized by journals of such divergent views as
the semi-official 'Fremdenblatt,' the pan-Germanic and
Anti-Semitic 'Deutsche Zeitung,' and the 'Neues Wiener
Tagblatt,' which is the organ of the moderate German element.
The 'Neues Wiener Tagblatt' frankly acknowledges that, in
addition to all her other cares, Austria has now to consider
the crucial question of the form which her relations with
Hungary will assume at no distant date. Commercial severance
and declarations of independence are, it says, being discussed
by the initiated sections of the community in both countries,
as if it were a matter of merely economic concern, instead of
the greatest and most perilous political problem that the
Monarchy has been called upon to solve since the establishment
of the Dual system, which, in spite of its complexity, has
worked well for such a long period. The 'Neues Wiener
Tagblatt,' nevertheless, admits that things have now reached a
stage at which economic severance is no longer impossible." In
a subsequent speech on New Year's Day, M. Szell declared that
it "would be a fatal mistake to sever the ties which had so
long connected the two countries, as the objects for which
they were called into existence still remained and their
fundamental basis was not shaken."
The Vienna journals, on that New Year's Day of 1901, reviewed

the past and surveyed the prospects of the future in gloomy
and pessimistic tones. Heading its article "Progress
Backward," the "Wiener Allgemeine Zeitung" said: "It is true
that Austria has at her disposal a larger and more efficiently
trained army than ever. The natural resources of the country
have been better developed than in the past. The progress of
the century has not been without influence upon ourselves.
But, whereas other nations are more vigorous, greater, and
mightier, we have become weaker, smaller, and less important.
The history of the world during the second half of the past
century has been made at our expense. … In the new partition
of the world no room has been reserved for Austria. The most
important events which will perhaps give the world a new
physiognomy are taking place without Austria's being able to
exercise the slightest influence thereon. We are living upon
our old reputation, but in the long run that capital will
prove insufficient."
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: A. D. 1900 (December).

Census of Vienna.
See (in this volume)

VIENNA: A. D. 1900.
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: A. D. 1901.
Parliamentary elections.
Weakening of the Clerical and Anti-Semitic parties.
Gains for the ultra-radical German parties.
Disorderly opening of the Reichsrath.
Speech of the Emperor from the throne.
From the parliamentary elections held in January the Clerical

and Anti-Semitic parties came back to the Reichsrath shorn of
about one-third of their strength, while the various radical
factions, especially those among the Germans, appear to have
made considerable gains. Even in the Tyrol, one of the
strongest of the Clerical leaders, Baron Di Pauli, was
defeated, and in Vienna the Anti-Semitic majority was cut to
less than one-fourth of what it had been three years before.
"The Pan-Germanic group," writes "The Times" correspondent
from Vienna, "which only numbered five in the last Parliament,
now musters 21. It will be remembered that it openly advocates
incorporation with the German Empire, and as a preparatory
measure the wholesale conversion of the German population of
Austria to Protestantism. It has hitherto been to a certain
extent boycotted by the other German parties, being excluded
from their so-called union for mutual defence and joint
action." "But the programme which had thus been boycotted by
the bulk of the German members has been the most successful of
all in the recent general election. The position of its
leading representative, Herr Schönerer, has been so
strengthened that he has been able to impose upon the whole
group the title of Pan-Germanic Union, and to enforce the
acceptance of the principle of 'emancipation from Rome.' The
latter demand caused a certain hesitation on the part of some
of his new followers, who, however, ultimately decided to
adopt it, although not to the full extent of renouncing the
Roman Catholic faith, as Herr Schönerer and his principal
lieutenant, Herr Wolf, themselves had done. At a conference of
the party its programme was declared to be the promotion of
such a federal connexion of the German provinces of Austria
with the German Empire as would furnish a permanent guarantee
for the maintenance of the German nationality in this country.
The party would oppose every Government that resisted the
realization of that object, and it could not participate in
any manifestations of loyalty while such a Government policy
was maintained. At the same time, the party regarded it as
their obvious duty to emancipate themselves from Rome in a
political but not religious sense—that is to say, to free
themselves from the influence of the Roman Curia in affairs of
State.
{46}
"This boycotted party and programme now threatens to win the

voluntary or enforced adherence of the advanced section of the
other German groups which had hitherto declined to commit
themselves to such an extreme policy. The most moderate of all
the German parties, that of the constitutional landed
proprietors, has felt called upon to enter an energetic and
indignant protest against the foregoing Pan-Germanic
programme. While they are convinced supporters of the
Austro-German alliance, they unconditionally reject
aspirations which they hold to be totally inconsistent with
the tried and reliable basis of that agreement, and which
would constitute an undignified sacrifice of the independence
of the Monarchy. They further decline to make their
manifestations of loyalty to the Sovereign dependent upon any
condition; and they strongly condemn the emancipation from
Rome movement as a culpable confusion of the spheres of
religion and politics, and an infringement of the liberty of
conscience which is calculated to sow dissension among the
German nationality in Austria.
"It now remains to be seen to which side the bulk of the

German representatives will rally; to that of the Moderates,
who have re-affirmed their devotion to the Dynasty and the
existing Constitution, or to that of the Pan-Germanic
revolutionaries, who have decided to make their manifestations
of loyalty dependent upon the adoption by the Crown of their
programme.
"The outlook has thus undergone, if anything, a change for the
worse since the last Reichsrath was dissolved. The only
reassuring feature of the situation is that the fall of the
Ministry is not a primary end with any of the parties in the
Reichsrath. Dr. von Körber, who is a politician of great tact
and experience, has avoided friction on all sides."
The opening session of the newly elected Reichsrath was held

on the 31st of January, and the disorderly temper in it was
manifested upon a reference by the President to the death of
Queen Victoria, which called out cries of hostility to England
from both Germans and Czechs.
"In the course of the proceedings some of the members of the

Extreme Czech fraction warned the Prime Minister in
threatening terms against introducing a single word hostile to
the Czech nation in the coming Speech from the Throne. They
also announced their intention of squaring accounts with him
so soon as the Speech from the Throne should be delivered. The
whole sitting did not last an hour, but … what happened
suffices to show that not only the Pan-Germanic Union, but
also the Extreme section of the German People's party and a
couple of Radical Czechs, are ready at a moment's notice to
transform the Reichsrath into a bear garden."
On the 4th of February the two Houses of the Reichsrath were

assembled at the Palace and addressed by the Emperor, in a
speech from the throne of which the following is a partial
report: "His Majesty referred to various features of
legislation, including the Budget, the revision of the Customs
tariff, the promotion of trade, industry, and navigation, the
protection of the working classes and the regulation of the
hours of labour, the Government railway projects and the
Bosnian lines, and Bills for the regulation of emigration, the
construction of dwellings for the lower classes, the
repression of drunkenness, the development of the University
system and other educational reforms, and a revision of the
Press laws—in fact a whole inventory of the important
legislative arrears consequent upon the breakdown of
Parliament.
"The following passage occurs in the further course of the

speech: 'The Constitution which I bestowed upon my dominions
in the exercise of my free will ought to be an adequate
guarantee for the development of my people. The finances of
the State have been put in order in exemplary fashion and its
credit has been raised to a high level. The freedom of the
subject reposes upon a firm foundation, and thanks to the
scholastic organization and the extraordinary increase of
educational establishments general culture has reached a
gratifying standard, which has more especially contributed to
the efficiency and intelligence of my army. The Provincial
Diets have been able to do much within the limits of their
jurisdiction. The beneficial influence of the constitutional
system has penetrated as far as the communal administrations.
I am thus justified in saying that the fundamental laws of the
State are a precious possession of my loyal people.
Notwithstanding the autonomy enjoyed by certain kingdoms and
provinces, they constitute for foreigners the symbol of the
strength and unity of the State. I was, therefore, all the
more grieved that the last sessions of the Legislature should
have had no result, even if I am prepared to acknowledge that
such business as affected the position of the Monarchy was
satisfactorily transacted by all parties.'
"The Emperor then expressed his regret that other matters of

equal importance affecting the interests of Austria had not
been disposed of. His Majesty made an appeal to the
representatives of the Reichsrath to devote their efforts to
the necessary and urgent work awaiting them, and assured them
that they might count upon the Government. All attempts at the
moral and material development of the Empire were, he said,
stultified by the nationality strife. Experience had shown
that the efforts of the Government to bring about a settlement
of the principal questions involved therein had led to no
result and that it was preferable to deal with the matter in
the Legislature. The Government regarded a generally
satisfactory solution of the pending language question as
being both an act of justice and a necessity of State.
Trusting in the good will manifested by all parties, the
Ministry would do its utmost to promote a settlement which
would relieve the country of its greatest evil. At the same
time, the Cabinet was under the obligation of maintaining
intact the unity of language in certain departments of the
Administration, in which it constituted an old and well-tested
institution. Success must never again be sought through
paralysing the popular representation. The hindrance of
Parliamentary work could only postpone or render quite
impossible the realization of such aspirations as most deeply
affected the public mind. The Sovereign then referred to the
damage done to the interests of the Empire by the obstacles
placed in the way of the regular working of the Constitution,
and pointed to the indispensable necessity of the vigorous
co-operation of Parliament in the approaching settlement of
the commercial relations between the two halves of the
Monarchy. The speech concluded with a warmly-worded appeal to
the representatives to establish a peace which would
correspond to the requirements of the time and to defend as
their fathers had defended 'this venerable State which accords
equal protection to all its peoples.'"
{47}
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: A. D. 1901 (March).

Continued turbulence of the factions
in the Austrian Reichsrath.
Outspoken aim of the Pan-Germans.
At this writing (late in March), the disgraceful and

destructive conflict of reckless factions is still raging in
the Austrian Reichsrath, and the parties have come to blows
several times. The hope of the German extremists for a
dissolution of the Empire seems to be more and more openly
avowed. On one occasion, "a Czech member, Dr. Sieleny, having
accused the Pan-Germans of wistfully glancing across the
frontier, Herr Stein, a member of the Pan-Germanic group,
replied, 'We do not glance, we gaze.' Being reproached with
looking towards Germany with an ulterior motive, the same
gentleman answered, 'You Czechs want to go to Russia, and we
Germans want to go to Germany.' Again, on being told that he
would like to become a Prussian, he exclaimed, 'I declare
openly that we want to go to the German Empire.' Finally, in
reply to another remark, Herr Stein observed that everybody in
the country who was an Austrian patriot was stupid."
----------AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: End--------
AUTONOMY, Constitutional:
Granted by Spain to Cuba and Porto Rico.

CUBA: A. D. 1897 (NOVEMBER);
and 1897-1898 (NOVEMBER-FEBRUARY).
AYUNTAMIENTOS.
Town councillors in Spain and in the Spanish American states.

CUBA: A. D. 1901 (JANUARY).
B.
BABYLON: Exploration of the ruins of the city.

ARCHÆOLOGICAL RESEARCH:
BABYLONIA: GERMAN EXPLORATION.
BABYLON: Railway to the ruins.

TURKEY: A. D. 1899 (NOVEMBER).
BABYLONIA: Archæological Exploration in.

ARCHÆOLOGICAL RESEARCH: BABYLONIA: AMERICAN
EXPLORATION.
BACHI,
BASHEE ISLANDS, The American acquisition of.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1898 (JULY-DECEMBER).
BACTERIAL SCIENCE, Recent.

SCIENCE, RECENT: MEDICAL AND SURGICAL.
BADENI, Count: Austrian ministry.

AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: A. D. 1895-1896.
BADEN-POWELL, General R. S. S.: Defense of Mafeking.

SOUTH AFRICA (THE FIELD OF WAR):
A. D. 1899 (OCTOBER-NOVEMBER); and 1900 (MARCH-MAY).
BAGDAD, Railways to.

TURKEY: A. D. 1899 (NOVEMBER); and JEWS: A. D. 1899.
BAJAUR.

INDIA: A.D. 1895 (MARCH-SEPTEMBER).
BALFOUR, Arthur J.:

First Lord of the Treasury in the British Cabinet.

ENGLAND: A. D. 1894-1895; and 1900 (NOVEMBER-DECEMBER).
BALFOUR, Arthur J.:

Tribute to Queen Victoria.

ENGLAND: A. D. 1901 (JANUARY).
BALKAN AND DANUBIAN STATES, The.
"The States of the Balkan Peninsula, ever since the practical

disruption of European Turkey after the war of 1877-78, have
been in a condition of chronic restlessness. Those who desire
the repose of Europe have hoped against hope that the new
communities which were founded or extended on the ruins of the
Ottoman dominion in Europe would be able and willing to keep
the peace among themselves and to combine in resisting the
intrusion of foreign influences. These expectations have been
too frequently disappointed. The lawlessness of Bulgaria and
the unsettled state of Servia, more especially, continue to
constitute a periodical cause of anxiety to the diplomacy of
Europe. The recent murder at Bukharest of Professor
Mihaileano, a Macedonian by birth and a Rumanian by
extraction, appears to be a shocking example of the teaching
of a school of political conspirators who have their centre of
operations at Sofia. These persons had already combined to
blackmail and terrorise the leading Rumanian residents in the
capital of Bulgaria, where the most abominable outrages are
stated to have been committed with impunity. Apparently, they
have now carried the war, with surprising audacity, into the
Rumanian capital itself. Two persons marked out for vengeance
by the terrorists of Sofia had previously been murdered in
Bukharest, according to our Vienna Correspondent, but these
were Bulgarians by birth. It is a further step in this
mischievous propaganda that a Rumanian subject, the occupant
of an official position at the seat of the Rumanian
government, should be done to death by emissaries from the
secret society at Sofia. His crime was that, born of Rumanian
parents in Macedonia, he had the boldness to controvert in the
Press the claims of the Bulgarians to obtain the upper hand in
a Turkish province, where Greeks, Turks, Bulgarians,
Albanians, and Serbs are inextricably mixed up. Professor
Mihaileano had probably very good reasons for coming to the
conclusion that, whatever may be the evils of Ottoman rule,
they are less than those which would follow a free fight in
the Balkans, ending, it may be, in the ascendency of Bulgarian
ruffianism.
"It is for this offence that M. Mihaileano suffered the

penalty of death by the decree of a secret tribunal, and at
the hands of assassins sent out to do their deadly work by
political intriguers who sit in safety at Sofia. The most
serious aspect of the matter, however, is the careless and
almost contemptuous attitude of the Bulgarian Government. The
reign of terror at Sofia and the too successful attempts to
extend it to Rumania have provoked remonstrances not only from
the government at Bukharest, but from some of the Great
Powers, including Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Italy. … There
is only too much reason to fear, even now, that both the
Bulgarian Government and the ruler of the Principality are
afraid to break with the terrorists of Sofia.
{48}
Political assassination is unfortunately among the traditions
of the Bulgarian State, but it has never been practised with
such frequency and impunity as under the rule of Prince
Ferdinand. … His own conduct as a ruler, coupled with the
lamentable decline of the spirit of Bulgarian independence,
which seemed to be vigorous and unflinching before the
kidnapping of Prince Alexander, has steadily lowered his
position. The Bulgarian agitation—to a large extent a sham
one—for the 'redemption,' as it is called, of Macedonia is a
safety-valve that relieves Prince Ferdinand and those who
surround him from much unpleasant criticism. …
"The situation in the Balkans is in many respects disquieting.

The Bulgarian agitation for the absorption of Macedonia is not
discouraged in high quarters. The hostility of the Sofia
conspirators to the Koutzo-Wallachs, the Rumanians of
Macedonia, is due to the fact that the latter, being a small
minority of the population, are ready to take their chance of
equal treatment under Turkish rule, subject to the supervision
of Europe, rather than to be swallowed up in an enlarged
Bulgaria, dominated by the passions that now prevail in the
Principality and that have been cultivated for obvious
reasons. Russia, it is believed, has no wish to see Bulgarian
aspirations realized, and would much rather keep the
Principality in a state of expectant dependence. Servia and
Greece would be as much embarrassed as Rumania by the success
of the Bulgarian propaganda, and Austria-Hungary would regard
it as a grave menace. Of course the Turkish government could
not be expected to acquiesce in what would, in fact, be its
knell of doom. … In Greece, the insubordination in certain
sections of the army is a symptom not very alarming in itself,
but unpleasantly significant of latent discontent. In Turkey,
of course, the recrudescence of the fanaticism which
periodically breaks out in the massacres of the Armenians
cannot be overlooked. A more unfortunate time could not be
chosen for endeavouring to reopen the Eastern question by
pressing forward the Bulgarian claim to Macedonia. Nor could a
more unfortunate method be adopted of presenting that claim than
that of the terrorists who appear to be sheltered or screened
at Sofia."
London Times, August 23, 1900.
See, also (in this volume),

TURKEY: A. D. 1899-1901.
BALKAN AND DANUBIAN STATES:

Bulgaria.
On the 15th of July, 1895, M. Stambouloff, lately the powerful

chief minister in the Bulgarian government, but now overthrown
and out of favor, was attacked by four assassins, in the
streets of Sofia, and received wounds from which he died three
days afterwards.
The increasing influence of Russia in Bulgaria was manifested

unmistakably on the 14th of February, 1896, when Prince Boris,
the infant son and heir of the reigning Prince Ferdinand, was
solemnly baptised into the Orthodox Greek Church, the Tzar of
Russia, represented by proxy at the ceremony, acting as
sponsor. This is understood to have been done in opposition to
the most earnest remonstrances of the mother of the child, who is
an ardent Roman Catholic, the father being nominally the same.
BALKAN AND DANUBIAN STATES: Montenegro:

Recent changes.
"The accession of territory obtained under the Berlin Treaty

has already begun to alter the character of the country. The
area of the Principality has been almost doubled, and fertile
valleys, tracts of rich woodland and a strip of sea-coast have
been added to the realm of Prince Nikolas. Montenegro is now
something more than the rocky eyrie of a warlike clan, and the
problem of its commercial development constantly occupies the
mind of its ruler. The state of transition is reflected in the
aspect of the capital. A tiny hamlet in 1878, Tzetinye now
bears witness to the growth of civilisation and to the
beneficent influence of a paternal despotism. … Nikolas I.,
'Prince and Gospodar of free Tzrnagora and the Berda,' is the
most picturesque and remarkable figure in the South Slavonic
world. Descended from a long line of heroes, the heir of the
Vladikas, he has, like them, distinguished himself in many a
hard-fought conflict with the hereditary foe. In the field of
poetry he has also won his triumphs; like his father Mirko,
'the Sword of Montenegro,' he has written lyric odes and
ballads; like his ancestor, the Vladika Petar II., he has
composed historical dramas, and his poems and plays hold a
recognised place in contemporary Slavonic literature. The
inheritor of a splendid tradition, a warrior and a bard,
gifted by nature with a fine physique and a commanding
presence, he forms the impersonation and embodiment of all
that appeals most to the imagination of a romantic and
impressionable race, to its martial instinct, its poetic
temperament, and its strange—and to us
incomprehensible—yearning after long-vanished glories. … Any
attempt to describe Prince Nikolas' work as an administrator
and a reformer would lead me too far. The codification of the
law, which was begun by his ancestors, Danilo I. and Petar I.,
has been almost completed under his supervision. … The
suppression of the vendetta is one of the greatest of the
Prince's achievements. … Crime is now rare in the
Principality, except in the frontier districts, where acts of
homicide are regarded as justifiable, and indeed laudable, if
perpetrated in payment of old scores, or if the victim is an
Albanian from over the border. Primary education has been made
universal, schools have arisen in every village, and lecturers
have been appointed to explain to the peasants the advantages
of learning. Communications are being opened up, and the
Principality, which a few years since possessed nothing but
mule-tracks, can now boast of 138 miles of excellent
carriage-road, better engineered and maintained than any I
have seen in the Peninsula. The construction of roads is
viewed with some apprehension by the more conservative
Montenegrins, who fear that their mountain stronghold may lose
its inaccessible character. But the Prince is determined to
keep abreast of the march of civilisation. Nine post-offices
and thirteen telegraph stations have been established. The
latter, which are much used by the people, will play an
important part in the next mobilization of the Montenegrin
army. Hitherto the forces of the Principality have been called
together by stentorian couriers who shouted from the tops of
the mountains. A great reform, however, still remains to be
attempted—the conversion of a clan of warriors into an
industrial nation. The change has been rendered inevitable by
the enlargement of the bounds of the Principality, and its
necessity is fully recognised by the Prince.
{49}
Once the future of the country is assured, his order will be
'à bas les armes.' He is aware that such an edict would be
intensely unpopular, but he will not flinch when the time for
issuing it arrives. Every Montenegrin has been taught from his
cradle to regard warfare as his sole vocation in life, and to
despise industrial pursuits. The tradition of five hundred
years has remained unbroken, but the Prince will not hesitate
to destroy it. So enormous is his influence over the people,
that he feels confident in his ability to carry out this
sweeping reform."
J. D. Bourchier,
Montenegro and her Prince
(Fortnightly Review, December, 1898).
BALKAN AND DANUBIAN STATES: Montenegro:

New title of the Prince.
On the 19th of December, 1900, at Tzetinye, or Cettigne, "the

President of the Council of State, in the presence of the
other Ministers and dignitaries and of the members of the
Diplomatic Corps, presented an address to the Prince of
Montenegro praying him, in token of the gratitude of the
Montenegrin people for the benefits which he had conferred on
them during his 40 years' reign, to take the title of Royal
Highness. The Prince acceded to the request, and, replying to
the President, thanked all the European rulers who on this
occasion had given him a fresh proof of their friendship by
their recognition of his new title. After the ceremony a Te
Deum was celebrated in the Cathedral, and the Prince
subsequently reviewed the troops, receiving a great welcome
from the people."
Telegram,
Reuter's Agency.
BALKAN AND DANUBIAN STATES:

Servia.
In January, 1894, the young king, Alexander, called his

father, the ex-king, Milan (abdicated in 1889—see, in volume
1. BALKAN AND DANUBIAN STATES: A. D. 1879-1889), to Belgrade
to give him help against his Radical ministers, who had been
taking, the latter thought, too much into their own hands. The
first result was a change of ministry, soon followed by a
decision from the synod of Servian bishops annulling the
divorce of ex-King Milan and Queen Natalie; by a public
announcement of their reconciliation, and by an ukase from
King Alexander, cancelling all laws and resolutions which
touched his parents and restoring to them their rights and
privileges as members of the royal house. This, again, was
followed, on the 21st of May, by a royal proclamation which
abolished the constitution of December, 1888, and restored the
old constitution of 1869. This was a tremendous step backward, to
a state of things in which almost no protection against
arbitrary kingship could be found.
For some years the ex-king exercised considerable influence

over his son, and was again an uncertain and much distrusted
factor in the troubled politics of southeastern Europe. In
1898 the son appointed him commander-in-chief of the Servian
army, and he is said to have ably and energetically improved
its efficiency during the brief period of his command. A
breach between father and son was brought about before long,
however, by the determination of the latter to marry a lady,
Madame Draga Maschin, considerably older than himself, who had
been lady-in-waiting to his mother; while the father was
arranging a political marriage for him with a German princess.
The young king married his chosen bride in August, 1900, and
guarded his frontier with troops to bar the return of his
father, then sojourning at a German watering place, to the
kingdom. It was a final exile for the ex-king. He visited
Paris for a time; then went to Vienna, and there, on the 11th
of February, 1901, he died, at the age of 47.
BALLOONS, Declaration against explosives from.

PEACE CONFERENCE.
BALTIC and NORTH SEA CANALS.

GERMANY: A. D. 1895 (JUNE); and 1900 (JUNE).
BANK OF FRANCE: Renewal of privileges.

MONETARY QUESTIONS: A. D. 1897.
BANKING: Its effect on the Nineteenth Century.

NINETEENTH CENTURY: THE TREND.
BANKRUPTCY LAW, National.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1898 (JULY 1).
BARBADOS: Condition and relief measures.

WEST INDIES, THE BRITISH: A. D. 1897.
BARCELONA: A. D. 1895.
Student riots.

SPAIN: A. D. 1895-1896.
BAROTSILAND:
British Protectorate proclaimed.

SOUTH AFRICA (RHODESIA): A. D. 1900 (SEPTEMBER).
BARRAGE WORKS, Nile.

EGYPT: A. D. 1898-1901.
BARRIOS, President: Assassination.

CENTRAL AMERICA (GUATEMALA): A. D. 1897-1898.
BARTON, Miss Clara, and the Red Cross Society.

Relief work in Armenia and Cuba.

ARMENIA: A. D. 1896 (JANUARY-MARCH);
and CUBA: A. D. 1896-1897.
BASHEE,
BACHI ISLANDS, The American acquisition of.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1898 (JULY-DECEMBER).
BECHUANALAND, British:
Annexation to Cape Colony.

AFRICA: A. D. 1895 (CAPE COLONY).
BECHUANALAND, British:
Partial conveyance to the British South Africa Company.

AFRICA: A. D. 1895 (BECHUANALAND).
BEEF INVESTIGATION, The American Army.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1898-1899.
BEET SUGAR.

GERMANY: A. D. 1896 (MAY);
and SUGAR BOUNTIES.
BEHRING SEA.

BERING SEA.
BÊL, Temple of:

Exploration of its ruins at Nippur.
ARCHÆOLOGICAL RESEARCH: BABYLONIA: AMERICAN
EXPLORATION.
BELGIAN ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION.

POLAR EXPLORATION, 1897-1899.
{50}
BELGIUM: A. D. 1894-1895.
The first election under the new constitution.
Victory of the Catholics and surprising Socialist gains.
Elsewhere in this work the full text of the Belgian

constitution as it was revised in 1893;
See in volume 1
CONSTITUTION OF BELGIUM).
The peculiar features of the new constitution, especially in

its provision of a system of cumulative or plural voting, are
described.
See in volume 3
NETHERLANDS (BELGIUM): A. D. 1892-1893)
The singularity of the experiment thus introduced caused the

elections that were held in Belgium in 1894 and 1895 to be
watched with an interest widely felt. Elections for the
Chamber of Representatives and the Senate occurred on the same
day, October 14, 1894. Previously the Belgian suffrage had
been limited to about 130,000 electors. Under the new
constitution the electors numbered no less than 1,370,000, and
the working of the plural system gave them 2, 111,000 votes.

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The Vienna journals, on that New Year's Day of 1901, reviewed

AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: A. D. 1900 (December).

See (in this volume)

From the parliamentary elections held in January the Clerical

"This boycotted party and programme now threatens to win the

"It now remains to be seen to which side the bulk of the

The opening session of the newly elected Reichsrath was held

"In the course of the proceedings some of the members of the

On the 4th of February the two Houses of the Reichsrath were

"The following passage occurs in the further course of the

"The Emperor then expressed his regret that other matters of

AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: A. D. 1901 (March).

At this writing (late in March), the disgraceful and

See (in this volume)

Town councillors in Spain and in the Spanish American states.

See (in this volume)

BABYLON: Exploration of the ruins of the city.

See (in this volume)

See (in this volume)

BABYLONIA: Archæological Exploration in.

See (in this volume)

See (in this volume)

BACTERIAL SCIENCE, Recent.

See (in this volume)

BADENI, Count: Austrian ministry.

See (in this volume)

BADEN-POWELL, General R. S. S.: Defense of Mafeking.

See (in this volume)

BAGDAD, Railways to.

See (in this volume)

See (in this volume)

BALFOUR, Arthur J.:

See (in this volume)

BALFOUR, Arthur J.:

See (in this volume)

BALKAN AND DANUBIAN STATES, The.

"The States of the Balkan Peninsula, ever since the practical

"It is for this offence that M. Mihaileano suffered the

"The situation in the Balkans is in many respects disquieting.

London Times, August 23, 1900.

See, also (in this volume),

BALKAN AND DANUBIAN STATES:

On the 15th of July, 1895, M. Stambouloff, lately the powerful

The increasing influence of Russia in Bulgaria was manifested

BALKAN AND DANUBIAN STATES: Montenegro:

"The accession of territory obtained under the Berlin Treaty

BALKAN AND DANUBIAN STATES: Montenegro:

On the 19th of December, 1900, at Tzetinye, or Cettigne, "the

BALKAN AND DANUBIAN STATES:

In January, 1894, the young king, Alexander, called his

For some years the ex-king exercised considerable influence

BALLOONS, Declaration against explosives from.

See (in this volume)

BALTIC and NORTH SEA CANALS.

See (in this volume)

BANK OF FRANCE: Renewal of privileges.

See (in this volume)

BANKING: Its effect on the Nineteenth Century.