Psychology From Inquiry To Understanding Canadian 2Nd Edition Lilienfeld Test Bank Full Chapter PDF

Psychology From Inquiry to
Understanding Canadian 2nd Edition

Lilienfeld Test Bank
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Chapter 8: LANGUAGE, THINKING, AND REASONING

Multiple Choice Questions
1) Which of the following statements about language is true?

a. It is symbolic.
b. It can be written, spoken, or signed.
c. It is capable of an infinite set of meaningful utterances.
d. All of the above
Answer: d
Type: MC
Question ID: Lil 2ce 8.1-1
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 296
Topic: Language, Thinking, and Reasoning: Getting Inside Our Talking Heads
Skill: Conceptual
2) The authors provide a brief conversation between two students discussing tickets for a
game. The inferences we make about this discussion indicate that
a. the ways in which language can be interpreted are extremely limited.
b. our ability to understand “slang” is very limited because it is a cognitively taxing
event.
c. most language use is quite literal.
d. our ability to understand language requires implicit skills in accessing knowledge
and interpreting phrases.
Answer: d
Type: MC
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 296
Skill: Factual
3) Newspaper headlines, such as “Killer Sentenced to Die for Second Time in 10 Years,”
may strike us as funny. From the perspective of language, this is because the phrase or
headline
a. lacks subject-verb agreement.
b. has no literal interpretation.
c. has ambiguous syntax.
d. is impossible to interpret.
Answer: c
Type: MC
Test Bank for Lilienfeld et al, Psychology: From Inquiry to Understanding, 2ce
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Canada Inc.
2
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 296-297
Skill: Conceptual
4) As symbol systems of communication, most languages

a. are arbitrary in the relationship between words and meaning.
b. do not have concepts that are unique to just one particular language.
c. can be translated to another without impaired meanings of complex concepts.
d. generally match sounds to the meaning of words.
Answer: a
Type: MC
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 296-297
Topic: How Does Language Work?
Skill: Conceptual
5) Language is
a. a communication system that requires little implicit processing.
b. rarely ambiguous.
c. a symbol system of communication.
d. a communication system that includes words, but not gestures.
Answer: c
Type: MC
Diff: 1
Page Ref: 296
Skill: Factual
6) Carl is reading the newspaper and laughs when he sees the headline “Drunk Gets Nine
Months in Violin Case”. From the perspective of language, Carl most likely finds this
humourous because the phrase or headline
a. lacks subject-verb agreement.
b. has ambiguous syntax.
c. has no literal interpretation.
d. has ambiguous word interpretations.
Answer: d
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Ref: 296-297
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Skill: Applied
7) Much of our language use serves non-informational purposes, such as

a. maintaining social relationships.
b. telling the barista that we want a skim latte.
c. providing directions to an event.
d. advising a friend what time to show up at a party.
Answer: a
Type: MC
Diff: 1
Page Ref: 296-297
Skill: Factual
8) We often do not consider the complexity of language. This is in part because

a. our use of language is generally automatic.
b. language acquisition requires little practice.
c. language acquisition is easy.
d. humans do not often consider complex phenomena.
Answer: a
Type: MC
Diff: 1
Page Ref: 297
Topic: The Features of Language
Skill: Factual
9) The level of analysis of language that focuses on the sounds people use when then
speak and listen is called
a. morphemes.
b. phonemes.
c. syntax.
d. semantics.
Answer: b
Type: MC
Diff: 1
Page Ref: 297
Skill: Factual
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10) The level of analysis of language that focuses on the smallest units of meaningful
speech is called
a. morphemes.
b. phonemes.
c. syntax.
d. extralinguistic.
Answer: a
Type: MC
Diff: 1
Page Ref: 297
Skill: Factual
11) The level of analysis of language that focuses on how words are combined to form
sentences is called
a. morphemes.
b. phonemes.
c. syntax.
d. extralinguistic.
Answer: c
Type: MC
Diff: 1
Page Ref: 297
Skill: Factual
12) Dr. Doolittle is studying the order in which children around the world learn to make
the speech sounds used in their native languages, to see if there are common patterns.
Dr. Doolittle's approach to the analysis of language is at the level of
a. morphemes.
b. phonemes.
c. syntax.
d. extralinguistic.
Answer: b
Type: MC
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 297
Skill: Applied
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13) Mado is sad that she has lost the French-Canadian that her French-Canadian parents
spoke in her childhood. She knows many French-Canadian words, but she has
forgotten how to put them together into real French-Canadian sentences. Mado seems
to have a problem with French-Canadian
a. morphemes.
b. phonemes.
c. syntax.
d. extralinguistic information.
Answer: c
Type: MC
Diff: 3
Page Ref: 297
Skill: Applied
14) What are the basic units of sound that compose the words in a language?
a. Lingmemes
b. Morphemes
c. Phonemes
d. Anomias
Answer: c
Type: MC
Diff: 1
Page Ref: 297
Skill: Factual
15) Phonemes are

a. the basic rules of grammar.
b. the basic brain structures.
c. the basic units of meaning.
d. the basic units of sound.
Answer: d
Type: MC
Diff: 1
Page Ref: 297
Skill: Factual
16) Consider the English word "rereading." Which of these is one phoneme in that word?
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a. “read”
b. “re”
c. “r”
d. “rea”
Answer: c
Type: MC
Diff: 3
Page Ref: 297-298
Skill: Conceptual
17) The smallest units of speech that contain meaning are called
a. lingmemes.
b. morphemes.
c. phonemes.
d. anomias.
Answer: b
Type: MC
Diff: 1
Page Ref: 297
Skill: Factual
18) Consider the English word "rereading." Which of these is one morpheme in that
word?
a. Reading
b. Re
c. R
d. Rea
Answer: b
Type: MC
Diff: 3
Page Ref: 297-298
Skill: Conceptual
19) Basic units of sound are called __________; basic units of meaning are called
__________.
a. phonemes, syntax
b. phonemes, morphemes
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c. morphemes, phonemes
d. morphemes, syntax
Answer: b
Type: MC
Diff: 1
Page Ref: 297
Skill: Factual
20) Almost all words in any language contain more __________ than __________.
a. phonemes, syntax
b. phonemes, morphemes
c. morphemes, phonemes
d. morphemes, syntax
Answer: b
Type: MC
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 297-298
Skill: Conceptual
21) A study of morphemes shows the first words babies learn to speak in any language
typically refer to
a. actions they enjoy doing (eat, run, play).
b. how things look or feel (red, big, hot).
c. how they feel (hungry, frightened, lonely).
d. specific objects or people (mama, doggie, truck).
Answer: d
Type: MC
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 297-298
Skill: Factual
22) The analysis of how words are combined together to form grammatical sentences and
phrases is at the level of
a. morphemes.
b. phonemes.
c. syntax.
d. semantics.
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Answer: c
Type: MC
Diff: 1
Page Ref: 297-298
Skill: Factual
23) Syntax is the study of

a. the meanings of words and phrases.
b. the basic sounds of a language.
c. how words are combined into sentences.
d. developing more effective computer languages.
Answer: c
Type: MC
Diff: 1
Page Ref: 297-298
Skill: Factual
24) Which of these levels of analysis is most directly related to the fact that "the boy ate
the chicken" and "the chicken ate the boy" mean very different things?
a. Morphemes
b. Phonemes
c. Syntax
d. Extralinguistic information
Answer: c
Type: MC
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 297-298
Skill: Conceptual
25) The English language has ________ phonemes.

a. no more than 15
b. more than 100
c. between 60 and 75
d. between 40 and 45
Answer: d
Type: MC
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Diff: 2
Page Ref: 297
Skill: Factual
26) Language is based on universal sound units called

a. phonemes.
b. morphemes.
c. semantics.
d. registers.
Answer: a
Type: MC
Diff: 1
Page Ref: 297-298
Skill: Factual
27) How many morphemes are there in the sentence “I predicted it”?
a. 4
b. 6
c. 5
d. 7
Answer: c
Type: MC
Diff: 3
Page Ref: 297-298
Skill: Applied
28) You are learning Russian in preparation for a trip next summer. Although you are
doing a good job recognizing the written signs you need to know, you are having
trouble with the sounds of the Russian language. Which of the following aspects of
language is giving you trouble?
a. Phonemes
b. Morphemes
c. Syntax
d. Semantics
Answer: a
Type: MC
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Diff: 3
Page Ref: 297-298
Skill: Applied
29) The system of rules that governs how we assign meaning to the morphemes we use is
called
a. semantics.
b. syntax.
c. phonology.
d. regularization.
Answer: a
Type: MC
Diff: 1
Page Ref: 297-298
Skill: Factual
30) The system of rules that governs how we combine words to form grammatical
sentences is called
a. semantics.
b. syntax.
c. phonology.
d. regularization.
Answer: b
Type: MC
Diff: 1
Page Ref: 297-298
Skill: Factual
31) The basic meaningful units of any language are called

a. phonemes.
b. morphemes.
c. semantics.
d. registers.
Answer: b
Type: MC
Diff: 1
Page Ref: 297-298
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Skill: Factual
32) The sounds t, th, and sh are

a. phonemes.
b. morphemes.
c. semantics.
d. registers.
Answer: a
Type: MC
Diff: 1
Page Ref: 297-298
Skill: Conceptual
33) What are the smallest units of meaning in a language?

a. Phonemes
b. Morphemes
c. Semantics
d. Registers
Answer: b
Type: MC
Diff: 1
Page Ref: 297-298
Skill: Factual
34) When speakers of English add “ed” to a verb to indicate past tense, they are applying
a. a dialectical marker.
b. a prefix.
c. a morpheme.
d. a phoneme.
Answer: c
Type: MC
Diff: 3
Page Ref: 297-298
Skill: Conceptual
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35) Which of the following is not one of the four levels of analysis that we use in
producing language?
a. Phonemes
b. Morphemes
c. Semantics
d. Syntax
Answer: c
Type: MC
Diff: 1
Page Ref: 297-298
Skill: Factual
36) Hawaiian words tend to consist of repetitions of only a few phrases (such as
kakahiaka for morning) because the language contains a very small number of
____________.
a. phonemes
b. morphemes
c. grammatical rules
d. phonesthemes
Answer: a
Type: MC
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 297-298
Skill: Conceptual
37) _____________ is to putting together a meal as ____________ is to menu items.

a. Phonesthemes; phonemes
b. Syntax; morphemes
c. Morphemes; phonemes
d. Syntax; phonemes
Answer: b
Type: MC
Diff: 3
Page Ref: 297-298
Skill: Conceptual
38) From the following items, which is the best example of syntax?
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a. A textbook
b. A conversation
c. PowerPoint bullets
d. A lecture
Answer: a
Type: MC
Diff: 3
Page Ref: 297-298
Skill: Conceptual
39) In most cases, the rules of syntax

a. are the same across different languages.
b. are rarely followed in real-world language.
c. are perfectly applied in conversation.
d. are the same across different dialects.
Answer: b
Type: MC
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 297-298
Skill: Factual
40) According to the Cross-Linguistic Table 8.2 in your book, which phoneme is distinct
in Arabic but not English?
a. R and L
b. K and Kh
c. D and T
d. S and Z
Answer: b
Type: MC
Diff: 3
Page Ref: 298
Skill: Factual
41) The term dialect is used to indicate

a. variations of a language that follow no structural patterns.
b. distinct and different languages found in the same country.
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c. language forms that share a common origin, but that have varied pronunciation,
vocabulary, and syntax.
d. language forms that are based on another language, but that do not have a
syntactic structure of their own.
Answer: c
Type: MC
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 298-299
Skill: Factual
42) Rosario lives in southern Italy and Genero lives in northern Italy. Both speak Italian
and can understand each other, but their language varies according to their
geographical areas. What feature of language reflects these variations?
a. Phonesthemes
b. Syntax
c. Dialect
d. Extralinguistic information
Answer: c
Type: MC
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 298-299
Skill: Applied
43) Mike is from British Columbia and Mary Ann is from Nova Scotia. Mike sometimes
makes fun of Mary Ann’s “maritime accent” and the way she pronounces certain
words. In this example, Mike is noticing differences in _______________.
a. syntax
b. dialect
c. morphemes
d. phonesthemes
Answer: b
Type: MC
Diff: 3
Page Ref: 298-299
Skill: Applied
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44) Your friend sends you a text message on your cell phone that says “This is just
horrible!” In order to interpret what your friend is meaning, you often need
_____________ to help you understand what is going on.
a. phonesthemes
b. syntax
c. extralinguistic information
d. dialect
Answer: c
Type: MC
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 298
Skill: Conceptual
45) Email can often lead to misunderstandings. This is because

a. people misspell more often with email than with pen-and-paper writing.
b. of decreasing literacy levels.
c. most people read email more rapidly than other written forms.
d. it lacks extralinguistic information.
Answer: d
Type: MC
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 298
Skill: Conceptual
46) Although extralinguistic information is not a formal part of language, it does serve
the purpose of
a. generally providing entertainment value, which captures our attention.
b. assisting in interpretation.
c. distracting us from the emotional aspects of communication.
d. providing literal and factual information.
Answer: b
Type: MC
Diff: 3
Page Ref: 298
Skill: Factual
47) Extralinguistic information allows us to determine meaning by analyzing
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a. phonetics.
b. grammar.
c. context.
d. added morphemes.
Answer: c
Type: MC
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 298
Skill: Factual
48) Our co-worker says, “It's awful in here.” To understand what she means, we must
a. examine the morphemes in the statement to determine the smaller units of
meaning in the sentence.
b. ignore nonverbal cues so that we are not distracted.
c. parse the grammatical structure of her comment.
d. take into account extralinguistic information, such as location and facial
expressions.
Answer: d
Type: MC
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 298
Skill: Conceptual
49) Language requires tremendous resource use on the part of the brain. For this reason,
________ theorists believe that language must offer adaptive advantage.
a. evolutionary
b. cognitive
c. psychoanalytic
d. behaviourist
Answer: a
Type: MC
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 299-300
Topic: How Did Language Come About and Why?
Skill: Factual
50) A key difficulty in explaining how language evolved is the ________ phonemes,
words, and rules of syntax.
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a. rigidness and uniformity of

b. consistency of
c. resemblance of meaning to
d. arbitrariness of
Answer: d
Type: MC
Diff: 1
Page Ref: 299-300
Skill: Factual
51) Successful communication

a. rarely requires nonverbal information from the speaker.
b. depends mainly on the literal and accurate interpretation of words.
c. depends exclusively on language content.
d. depends on the reasoning abilities of the listener.
Answer: d
Type: MC
Diff: 1
Page Ref: 299-300
Skill: Factual
52) Using the word hee-haw to describe the sound that a donkey makes is an example of
a. a morphological marker.
b. anomia.
c. onomatopoeia.
d. a dialect.
Answer: c
Type: MC
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 299-300
Skill: Conceptual
53) The textbook authors note that the word for mother in most languages begins with an
“m” or “n” sound. They speculate that this may be because
a. they all derive from the Latin word mater.
b. these are the most common phonemes in all languages.
c. all languages have the same origin.
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d. these phonemes tend to be the first that children acquire.
Answer: d
Type: MC
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 299-300
Skill: Conceptual
54) Words that use the “sn” sound sequence and are nose-related, such as sneeze, snort,
snooze, and snot are referred to as
a. onomatopoeia.
b. morphemes.
c. phonemes.
d. phonesthemes.
Answer: d
Type: MC
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 299
Skill: Factual
55) A collection of words such as slide, slip, slick, slid, sled, and slippery are an example
of ____________.
a. phonemes
b. morphemes
c. holophrases
d. phonesthemes
Answer: d
Type: MC
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 299
Skill: Conceptual
56) Juanita read the children’s story No Such Things repeatedly to her daughter
Aliquandra when she was in the womb. Once Aliquandra was born, Juanita noticed
that her daughter sucked on her pacifier much more when she would read No Such
Things to her relative to other stories. What is the best explanation for why this
occurs?
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a. Babies prefer novel stimuli and tend to pay less attention to stories that they have
heard repeatedly.
b. Babies can hear inside the womb and are able to recognize songs or stories once
they are born.
c. Babies respond to the sound of their mother’s voice only, and do not show
preference for stories.
d. Babies prefer melodic sounds relative to other noise and display more activity to
rhyming stories.
Answer: b
Type: MC
Diff: 3
Page Ref: 300-302
Topic: How Do Children Learn Language?
Skill: Applied
57) The best predictor of whether someone will achieve fluency in a second language is
a. the simplicity of the second language's structure.
b. IQ.
c. motivation.
d. age of acquisition.
Answer: d
Type: MC
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 300-301
Skill: Factual
58) Using the ________ paradigm, researchers have found that infants can recognize
sounds to which they were exposed in utero.
a. Cat in the Hat
b. habituation
c. high-amplitude sucking
d. auditory cliff
Answer: c
Type: MC
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 300
Skill: Factual
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59) Babies can hear inside the womb

a. no earlier than the seventh month.
b. by the fifth month.
c. only after the sixth month.
d. by the second month.
Answer: b
Type: MC
Diff: 3
Page Ref: 300
Skill: Factual
60) Newborn infants show a preference for

a. their mother's native language.
b. the English language.
c. any language if it is spoken by a familiar voice.
d. the Spanish language.
Answer: a
Type: MC
Diff: 3
Page Ref: 300-301
Skill: Factual
61) Which of the following provides the strongest support for both the nature and nurture
sides of language acquisition?
a. All babies have the innate capacity for language in the brain, but are dependent on
the environment to be able to express and produce any speech sounds or words.
b. Without attention and reinforcement from their parents, babies would fail to
develop language past the point of non-specific babbling sounds.
c. All babies initially share the same basic phoneme categories, regardless of their
parents’ native language, but only use phonemes specific to the language they have
heard by about 10 months of age.
d. Babies cannot process speech sounds and noise until approximately 5 months of
age as their temporal lobes and auditory cortices are still forming and developing
neural connections.
Answer: c
Type: MC
Diff: 3
Page Ref: 300-301
21

Skill: Conceptual
62) Jack is a 10-month old, and smiles every time his mother says words such as Mommy,
puppy, bottle, blankie, and teddy. He also has learned to point at the object that is
associated with the words she speaks, however he has not yet been able to say the
words himself. What does this example tell us about language acquisition?
a. Production precedes comprehension
b. Comprehension precedes production
c. Recognition precedes comprehension
d. Production precedes recognition
Answer: b
Type: MC
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 300-302
Skill: Applied
63) Babies engage in intentional vocalizations that sound meaningful, but are not. This is
referred to as
a. babbling.
b. holographic speech.
c. telegraphic speech.
d. two-word utterances.
Answer: a
Type: MC
Diff: 1
Page Ref: 300
Skill: Factual
64) Which of the following stages in language development occurs at 2 months?

a. Cooing
b. Syllables
c. Reduplicative babbling
d. Conversational babbling
Answer: a
Type: MC
Diff: 1
Page Ref: 300-301
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Skill: Factual

a. Cooing
b. Syllables
Answer: c
Type: MC
Diff: 1
Page Ref: 300-301
Skill: Factual

a. Cooing
b. Syllables
Answer: d
Type: MC
Diff: 1
Page Ref: 300-301
Skill: Factual
67) By the end of the first year of life, an infant will generally
a. speak in two-word “sentences.”
b. be in the cooing stage of vocalization.
c. have a vocabulary of approximately 100 words.
d. use only the phonemes of the native language of his or her caregiver.
Answer: d
Type: MC
Diff: 3
Page Ref: 300-301
Skill: Factual
23
68) _______________ are grammatical elements that modify words by adding sounds to
them that change their meaning (such as adding s for plural).
a. Syntax
b. Dialectical qualifiers
c. Phonesthemes
d. Morphological markers
Answer: d
Type: MC
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 302
Skill: Factual
69) Which of the following represents the most accurate statement about how children
learn language?
a. Most children recognize their own names as early as two months.
b. Reduplicative babbling precedes the syllables stage of vocalization.
c. Children can produce many more words than they can understand.
d. Comprehension of words precedes production.
Answer: d
Type: MC
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 300-302
Skill: Conceptual
70) Maria uses the single word cookie to convey the entire thought of “I want a cookie.”
Maria is using the word cookie during the ____________ stage.
a. babbling
b. monolingual
c. homonym
d. one-word
Answer: d
Type: MC
Diff: 3
Page Ref: 300-302
Skill: Applied
24
71) Children acquire most syntactic rules by __________, and continue to acquire more
complex rules as they develop.
a. around 10 months old
b. about 1 year of age
c. 2 years of age
d. preschool age
Answer: d
Type: MC
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 300-302
Skill: Factual
72) Penny has begun to use words such as “daddy play” and “soft kitty” to express
herself. Penny is in what stage of speech production?
a. Morphemes
b. One-word stage
c. Two-word phrases
d. Generative speech
Answer: c
Type: MC
Diff: 1
Page Ref: 300-302
Skill: Applied
73) All of the following are true of sign language, except

a. it features generativity.
b. there is one universal form of sign language.
c. it uses both iconic and non-iconic signs.
d. there are complex syntax structures.
Answer: b
Type: MC
Diff: 3
Page Ref: 302-303
Topic: Special Cases of Language Learning
Skill: Factual
74) When people are bilingual, speaking two or more languages, how will they respond
when given personality tests in the two languages?
25
a. They will respond more securely in their first language.

b. Their responses will be the same in either language.
c. They will show more friendliness in their second language.
d. They will reflect the culture of the language they are using.
Answer: d
Type: MC
Diff: 3
Page Ref: 303-304
Skill: Conceptual
75) Which of the following is true with respect to the brain areas associated with spoken
and signed language?
a. Sign language is associated with activation of Wernicke’s area but not Broca’s
area.
b. Sign language is associated with use of brain areas that concern visual and spatial
processing only.
c. Both spoken and sign language show activation of the “language areas” of the
brain, and sign language also relies on visual and spatial processing areas.
d. People who use sign language show much greater activation of visual and spatial
processing areas than those who use spoken language alone.
Answer: c
Type: MC
Diff: 3
Page Ref: 302-303
Skill: Factual
76) Which of the following is false with respect to language development in deaf babies?
a. Deaf babies acquire their first “words” (signs) much later than hearing babies.
b. Deaf babies pass through the same stages of syntactic development as hearing
babies.
c. Deaf babies engage in babbling behaviour with their hands rather than vocally.
d. Deaf babies born to hearing parents may be slightly delayed if the parents do
not know how to sign.
Answer: a
Type: MC
Diff: 3
Page Ref: 302-303
26
Skill: Factual
77) All of the following are myths about sign language, except
a. deaf babies babble with their hands.
b. American Sign Language translates word-for-word to spoken English.
c. signing has a negative effect on a deaf child's ability to speak.
d. because they can lip-read, deaf people do not need to learn sign language.
Answer: a
Type: MC
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 302-303
Skill: Factual
78) One of the key difficulties in studying how deaf infants acquire language is
a. the small population size.
b. having similar learning conditions between deaf and hearing babies.
c. differences in how babies babble.
d. that deaf babies do not learn syntax.
Answer: b
Type: MC
Diff: 3
Page Ref: 302-303
Skill: Conceptual
79) Henry hears German spoken in his home, but he is exposed only to English in school.
It is likely that Henry
a. will fail to experience difficulties in either language.
b. will have difficulties in vocabulary, but not syntax.
c. will shown metalinguistic deficits.
d. will have improved metalinguistic ability.
Answer: d
Type: MC
Diff: 3
Page Ref: 303-304
Skill: Applied
27
80) The case of Genie and her failure to acquire meaningful language ability best
supports
a. metalinguistic deficiency.
b. the nativist approach.
c. the critical period theory.
d. the limitations of bilingualism.
Answer: c
Type: MC
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 304
Skill: Conceptual
81) Dr. Speecher wants to examine whether there are differences in language
development between bilingual and monolingual children. He found that bilingual
children do show some delay in ____________ but do not demonstrate impairments
in _____________.
a. vocabulary development; syntax
b. phonestheme development; vocabulary
c. syntax; vocabulary development
d. vocabulary; phonestheme development
Answer: c
Type: MC
Diff: 3
Page Ref: 303-304
Skill: Applied
82) Which of the following individuals would most likely be able to learn a second
language more easily than the others?
a. 27-year old Zeke who speaks Italian and is trying to learn Spanish.
b. 14-year old Carlos is trying to learn English and has only spoken Spanish until that
point.
c. 9-year old Chantelle speaks French and needs to learn Japanese because her family
is moving to Japan.
d. 5-year old Luca is an English speaker being taught German as a second language.
Answer: d
Type: MC
Diff: 3
Page Ref: 303-304
28

Skill: Conceptual
83) Susan would like for her child to learn a second language. If she wants the child to be
fluent in the second language, research suggests that she should begin instruction no
later than age
a. five.
b. three.
c. ten.
d. seven.
Answer: d
Type: MC
Diff: 3
Page Ref: 303-304
Skill: Applied
84) ____________ provide(s) an example where children appear to develop their own
system of communication that are often a combination of basic language components
and invented components.
a. Cryptophasia
b. Homesign
c. Phonesthemes
d. Covert speech
Answer: b
Type: MC
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 304
Skill: Factual
85) Language acquisition in humans is typically marked by a(n) ___________ period,

rather than a __________ period.
a. holographic; cryptophasic
b. sensitive; critical
c. phonemic; morphemic
d. imitative; generative
Answer: b
Type: MC
Diff: 3
29
Page Ref: 304-305

Skill: Conceptual
86) Some believe that twins often share a secret and distinct language. Research suggests
that
a. the secret language of twins is referred to as homesign.
b. Cryptophasia is a true phenomenon for roughly half of all twins studied.
c. most twins develop language more quickly than singletons, leaving them free to
develop new languages.
d. twins may be more susceptible to language delays, which appear to some observers
as distinct language forms.
Answer: d
Type: MC
Diff: 3
Page Ref: 307
Topic: Theoretical Accounts of Language Acquisition
Skill: Factual
86) Which of the following negates a purely behaviourist view of language acquisition?
a. Observational learning
b. Generativity
c. Social pragmatics
d. Operant conditioning
Answer: b
Type: MC
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 305-307
Skill: Conceptual
87) The language acquisition device is to ______________ as the social environment is

to ______________.
a. the nurturist view; the nativist view
b. the social pragmatics account; the imitation account
c. the nativist view; the social pragmatics account
d. the imitation account; the nativist account
Answer: c
Type: MC
Diff: 2
30
Page Ref: 305-307

Skill: Conceptual
88) Allowing an infinite number of unique sentences to be created from combining our
symbols in novel ways refers to
a. semanticity.
b. generativity.
c. displacement.
d. syntax.
Answer: b
Type: MC
Diff: 1
Page Ref: 305-307
Skill: Factual
89) The _______ account of language acquisition posits that children are born knowing
how language works.
a. nurturist
b. nativist
c. environmentalist
d. gestaltist
Answer: b
Type: MC
Diff: 1
Page Ref: 305-307
Skill: Factual
90) This account of language acquisition posits that children infer what language means
based on the context, including interactions with others.
a. Social stigmatics
b. Social pragmatics
c. Nativist
d. Nurturist
Answer: b
Type: MC
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 305-307
31

Skill: Factual
91) While it offers compelling explanations for language development, the most
significant shortcoming of the nativist account is
a. its emphasis on extralinguistic information.
b. that it is unfalsifiable.
c. the emphasis on neurophysiology.
d. it does not address generativity.
Answer: b
Type: MC
Diff: 3
Page Ref: 305-307
Skill: Conceptual
92) A major debate that goes on with respect to how infants learn their first language
deals with
a. whether experience and learning have any important effect.
b. the relative importance of genetic inheritance and experience.
c. how many languages children are able to learn at one time.
d. whether genetic inheritance has any important effect at all.
Answer: b
Type: MC
Diff: 3
Page Ref: 305-307
Skill: Conceptual
93) Learning theories for the acquisition of language emphasize the importance of
a. differences between animal communication and real language.
b. an inborn ability to learn and use language.
c. our experience with language.
d. health in teaching children to speak.
Answer: c
Type: MC
Diff: 3
Page Ref: 305-307
Skill: Conceptual
32
94) Learning theories for the acquisition of language would agree with the importance of
which of the following statements?
a. No other animals can use a real language in any way.
b. The language we speak depends on what verbal skills are reinforced.
c. Humans have an inborn ability to learn and use language.
d. Children develop pragmatics without direct instruction.
Answer: b
Type: MC
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 305-307
Skill: Conceptual
95) The fact that parents often repeat a baby's sounds into proper English supports which
theory of language acquisition?
a. Biological
b. Learning
c. Transformational
d. Transitional
Answer: b
Type: MC
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 305-307
Skill: Conceptual
96) Language acquisition theories that emphasize the importance of biology and genetic
inheritance all claim that
a. children must be carefully taught to speak to be healthy.
b. humans have an inborn ability to learn and use language.
c. no other animals can use a real language in any way.
d. the language we speak does not depend on our experience.
Answer: b
Type: MC
Diff: 3
Page Ref: 305-307
Skill: Conceptual
33
97) A language acquisition device (LAD) is

a. an innate, unique capacity to acquire and develop language.
b. a technique used by the Gardners to train Washoe to use sign language.
c. a mechanical device that enhances the spoken word for hard-of-hearing infants.
d. a procedure that all infants must go through in the acquisition of language.
Answer: a
Type: MC
Diff: 1
Page Ref: 305-307
Skill: Factual
98) All of the following are true about children's use of language except:
a. Language is innate in children.
b. Children are born with a predisposition for language.
c. Language acquisition in children is purely biologically based.
d. Children are reinforced for their language behaviour.
Answer: c
Type: MC
Diff: 3
Page Ref: 305-307
Skill: Conceptual
99) The key to understanding language acquisition is to

a. consider the structure of the language.
b. study the context in which language is learned and used.
c. concentrate on the biological basis of language.
d. analyze the way a child learns language.
Answer: b
Type: MC
Diff: 3
Page Ref: 305-307
Skill: Factual
100) Based on animal and human research, the following may be said about language
development:
a. A child is pre-wired for language acquisition.
b. The importance of the social setting in which it is used cannot be underestimated.
34
c. A child must have correct language usage reinforced.

d. All of the above
Answer: d
Type: MC
Diff: 3
Page Ref: 305-308
Skill: Conceptual
101) The imitation account's primary weakness is that

a. it does not account for generativity.
b. it overemphasizes brain structures.
c. it does not allow for the effects of social context.
d. children only mimic language if reinforced.
Answer: a
Type: MC
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 305-307
Skill: Factual
102) According to the ________ account, children can deduce meaning of words they do
not understand by inferring meaning from the context.
a. social pragmatics
b. imitation
c. general cognitive processing
d. nativist
Answer: a
Type: MC
Diff: 3
Page Ref: 305-307
Skill: Conceptual
103) According to famed linguist Noam Chomsky, humans have an innate ability to
understand and produce language through a device he called
a. Syntax Synthesizer (SS).
b. Grammar Grabber (GG).
c. Language Acquisition Device (LAD).
d. Language Learning System (LLS).
35
Answer: c
Type: MC
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 305-307
Skill: Factual
104) There are specific areas of the brain that are specialized for processing language.
This fact supports the view of language acquisition that emphasizes the importance
of
a. classical conditioning.
b. innate biological factors.
c. illness and nutrition.
d. operant conditioning.
Answer: b
Type: MC
Diff: 3
Page Ref: 305-307
Skill: Conceptual
105) The area of the brain involved in speech comprehension is

a. the parietal lobe.
b. Broca's area.
c. the hippocampus.
d. Wernicke's area.
Answer: d
Type: MC
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 306
Skill: Factual
106) The area of the brain involved in speech production is

a. the parietal lobe.
b. Broca's area.
c. the hippocampus.
d. Wernicke's area.
Answer: b
36
Type: MC
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 306
Skill: Factual
107) The conclusions regarding language in chimpanzees can be summarized by saying

that
a. chimp language will be meaningless until they learn to speak.
b. some chimps have developed a fully human language.
c. there is no evidence for real language in chimps at all.
d. chimps are making us think carefully about language.
Answer: d
Type: MC
Diff: 3
Page Ref: 307-308
Topic: Nonhuman Animal Communication
Skill: Conceptual
108) In nonhuman animals, the most common circumstances under which

communication occurs are
a. mating and food distribution.
b. feeding and labour.
c. aggression and mating.
d. hunting and food distribution.
Answer: c
Type: MC
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 307-308
Skill: Factual
109) Dr. Wigdeed studies the use of alarm calls in a population of vervet monkeys. She
presents the monkeys with different types of predators (e.g., leopard, snake, hawk)
and records their vocalizations. What should Dr. Wigdeed expect to find when she
analyses the alarm calls?
a. Vervet monkeys only produce alarm calls for the most threatening of the
predators.
b. Vervet monkeys use different alarm calls for different predators.
c. Vervet monkeys use the same alarm call for all different types of predators.
37
d. Vervet monkeys do not produce alarm calls, but only calls specific to mating and
aggression.
Answer: b
Type: MC
Diff: 3
Page Ref: 307-308
Skill: Applied
110) Which of the following provides an example of animal communication that goes
beyond situations concerning mating and aggression?
a. Facial expressions and slapping the ground in chimpanzees.
b. Male songbirds producing specific songs.
c. A wildcat barring its teeth at an intruder.
d. The waggle dance of honey bees.
Answer: d
Type: MC
Diff: 3
Page Ref: 307-308
Skill: Conceptual
111) The key reason why psychologists are interested in whether parrots or chimpanzees
can learn different aspects of language is because
a. we want to ask them what their inner experiences are like.
b. it would help us train them more quickly and efficiently.
c. we get tired of just talking to other people all the time.
d. it relates to how much language is controlled by biology.
Answer: d
Type: MC
Diff: 3
Page Ref: 307-308
Skill: Conceptual
112) Early attempts to teach chimpanzees to talk were complete failures, primarily
because
a. the researchers didn't use scientific conditioning methods.
b. chimpanzees lack the physical ability to produce spoken speech.
c. nothing—even the earliest attempts achieved real successes.
38
d. the chimpanzees used were not of the proper species.
Answer: b
Type: MC
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 307-308
Skill: Factual
113) Studies using sign language or lexigram boards to teach chimpanzees language have
found that
a. chimpanzees are able to associate symbols to meaning very quickly.
b. chimpanzees can combine words into complex forms, but never master syntactic
rules.
c. chimpanzees often focus their communicative efforts on abstract concepts.
d. chimpanzees communicate better using vocal sounds than symbols and pictures.
Answer: b
Type: MC
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 307-308
Skill: Factual
113) Which two animal species demonstrate language learning that resembles human
learning the most?
a. Bonobos and African Grey Parrots
b. Vervet Monkeys and Chimpanzees
c. Squirrels and Canaries
d. Finches and Bonobos
Answer: a
Type: MC
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 307-308
Skill: Factual
114) Based on animal and human research, the development of language in human
children is
a. a product of reinforcement only.
b. in part innate and in part reinforced.
c. innate.
39
d. a role of physiology.
Answer: b
Type: MC
Diff: 3
Page Ref: 307-308
Skill: Conceptual
115) Research has found some success in both ____________ and _____________ in
learning language that follows similar pathways as human language acquisition.
a. chimpanzees; parrots
b. vervet monkeys; honey bees
c. parrots; bonobos
d. finches; chimpanzees
Answer: c
Type: MC
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 307-308
Skill: Factual
116) Honeybees communicate through

a. the waggle dance.
b. the release of pheromones.
c. touching antennae.
d. changing pitch of buzzing.
Answer: a
Type: MC
Diff: 1
Page Ref: 307-308
Skill: Factual
117) The communication between honeybees would not be classified as language

because
a. bees are not animals.
b. bee communication seems to be instinctual.
c. bees do not use a spoken or auditory communication system.
d. their communication lacks semanticity.
40
Answer: b
Type: MC
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 307-308
Skill: Conceptual
118) In order to conclusively show that animals do use language, one would have to
demonstrate that
a. the language had an auditory, or sound, component.
b. the animals have the same vocal abilities as people.
c. the language used arbitrary symbols.
d. the language had a genetic or instinctual base.
Answer: c
Type: MC
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 307-308
Skill: Conceptual
119) Which of the following is NOT an animal that has been taught to produce behaviour
that some think is language-like?
a. Armadillos
b. Bonobos
c. Parrots
d. Chimpanzees
Answer: a
Type: MC
Diff:1
Page Ref: 307-308
Skill: Factual
120) In studies of attempts to teach chimpanzees language, researchers have found that
a. children master syntax later than chimpanzees.
b. chimpanzees are similar to human children in requiring few trials to associate
signs with meaning.
c. chimpanzees frequently engage in naming behaviours.
d. chimpanzees do not get faster when learning new words.
Answer: d
41
Type: MC
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 307-308
Skill: Factual
121) If you wanted to teach a nonhuman animal to communicate using language, which
of the following animals does research suggest would be the best choice?
a. Chimpanzees
b. Bonobos
c. Gorillas
d. Parakeets
Answer: b
Type: MC
Diff: 3
Page Ref: 307-308
Skill: Conceptual
122) John B. Watson speculated that thinking operates as a form of ____________

speech, which he referred to as covert speech.
a. internal
b. intimate
c. holographic
d. cryptophasic
Answer: a
Type: MC
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 309
Topic: Do We Think in Words? The Relation Between Language and Thought
Skill: Factual
123) Helen Keller's writings suggest support for

a. the imitation approach.
b. linguistic relativity.
c. critical periods.
d. linguistic determinism.
Answer: d
Type: MC
42
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 309-310
Topic: Linguistic Determinism: We Speak, Therefore We Think
Skill: Factual
124) Studies that have demonstrated the ability of infants to engage in cognitive
performance tests (such as looking and sucking procedures) provide evidence that
a. infants do not appear to show any ability to engage in cognition prior to acquiring
language.
b. thought processes in infants are reflective of a linguistic determinism view.
c. linguistic determinism does not accurately reflect our language or cognitive
abilities.
d. infants can engage in basic forms of cognition, but this delays language
development.
Answer: c
Type: MC
Diff: 3
Page Ref: 309-310
Skill: Conceptual
125) An early experiment on subvocal language in which curare was used to immobilize
the test subject did not rule out the possibility of linguistic determinism. This is
because
a. the study was not replicated.
b. language may be simulated mentally, rather than being subvocal.
c. the study violated ethical guidelines.
d. the subject still had limited use of facial muscles.
Answer: b
Type: MC
Diff: 3
Page Ref: 309-310
Skill: Factual
126) Recent research using PET scans has found that ___________________________,
as evidenced by patterns of brain activation.
a. the linguistic determinism approach is correct
b. the linguistic relativity approach is correct
c. the linguistic determinism approach is incorrect
d. the linguistic relativity approach is incorrect
43
Answer: c
Type: MC
Diff: 3
Page Ref: 309-311
Skill: Factual
127) The view that language defines our thinking reflects what approach to language?
a. Linguistic determinism
b. Sapir-Wharf hypothesis
c. Linguistic relativity
d. General cognitive processing account
Answer: a
Type: MC
Diff: 1
Page Ref: 309-311
Skill: Factual
128) Research findings concerning which of the following do not support the Sapir-
Whorf hypothesis?
a. Colour categorization tasks across cultures
b. Memory recall across different languages
c. Spatial classification according to native language
d. Cross-language differences in perception
Answer: a
Type: MC
Diff: 3
Page Ref: 310-311
Topic: Linguistic Relativity: Language Gives Thought a Gentle Nudge
Skill: Conceptual
129) Research on the relation between cognition and language suggests that
a. language shapes all aspects of perception, thought, and memory.
b. language cannot affect thinking and memory.
c. some aspects of thinking are more vulnerable to language influence than others.
d. cultures that have only two “colour” words, dark and bright, cannot distinguish
other colours.
Answer: c
Type: MC
44

Diff: 3
Page Ref: 310-311
Skill: Conceptual
130) According to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, a person's native language dictates

a. the understanding of syntax.
b. the speed with which the language is acquired.
c. the length of the critical period.
d. their thinking processes.
Answer: d
Type: MC
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 310-311
Skill: Factual
131) The ways different people think about and perceive the world is most strongly
affected by
a. the different types of food they eat.
b. the different cultures in which they live.
c. the different climates in which they live.
d. the different languages they speak.
Answer: b
Type: MC
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 310-311
Skill: Conceptual
132) In the 1950s, a linguist named Benjamin Whorf proposed that thought and language
are related in that the language we speak
a. is directly affected by how we think.
b. may reflect something about how we think.
c. directly determines how we think.
d. may be affected somewhat by how we think.
Answer: c
Type: MC
Diff: 2
45
Page Ref: 310-311

Skill: Factual
133) Current beliefs about thought and language can be summarized by saying that
a. the language we speak completely determines how we think.
b. the way we are trained as children controls our language.
c. there is really no relationship between thought and language.
d. our culture and experiences shape the language we use.
Answer: d
Type: MC
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 310-311
Skill: Factual
134) Imagine a society in which people spoke a language with only two words for
animals: animals with four feet, and animals with more than four feet (insects,
spiders, etc). What would Benjamin Whorf predict about those people?
a. They should be more open to the animals' true natures.
b. They should perceive and think about animals differently.
c. They should have a lower intelligence than other people.
d. They should show more fear of multi-legged animals.
Answer: b
Type: MC
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 310-311
Skill: Conceptual
135) The Dani language has only two words for colour ("light" and "dark"), but the Dani
are just as good at recognizing and remembering different colours as North
Americans are. This is strong evidence against
a. the idea that artistic talent is genetically determined.
b. the belief that colour is an important cognitive process.
c. the racial prejudices against the Dani people.
d. the hypothesis that language determines thought.
Answer: d
Type: MC
Diff: 2
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
How Sir Richard Neuill Earle of
Warwicke, and his brother Iohn, Lord
Marquise Montacute, through their too
much boldnesse were slaine at
Barnet, the 14 of Aprill, Anno 1471.
[1118]
1.
Among the heauy heape of happy knightes,

Whome fortune stald vpon her staylesse stage,
Oft hoyst on hie, oft pight in wretched plights,
Behold mee, Baldwine, a per se of my age,
Lord Richard Neuill, earle by maryage
Of Warwicke duchy, of Sarum by discent,
Which erst my father through his mariage hent.
2.
Wouldst thou beholde false fortune in her kinde?

Note well my selfe, so shalt thou see her naked:
Full faire before, but too too foule behinde,
Most drowsy still whan most shee seemes awaked:
My fame and shame her shift full oft hath shaked,
By enterchaunge, alow, and vp aloft,
The lysard like, that chaungeth hew full oft.
3.
For while the duke of Yorke in life remaynde,

Mine vncle deare, I was his happy hand:
In all attempts my purpose I attaynde,
Though king, and queene, and most lordes of the land,
With all their power did often mee withstand:
For God gaue fortune, and my good behauiour
Did from their prince steale mee the people’s fauour.
4.
So that through mee in fieldes right manly fought,

By force myne vncle tooke king Henry twise:
As for my cosin Edward I so[1119] wrought,
When both our siers were slaine through rash aduice,
That hee atchiefde his father’s enterprise:
For into Scotland king and queene wee chased,
By meane whereof the kingdome hee embraced.
5.
Which after hee had enioyed[1120] in quiet peace,

(For shortly after was king Henry take,
And put in prison)[1121] his power to encrease,
I went to Fraunce and match[1122] him with a make
The French kinge’s daughter, whome hee did forsake:
For while with paine I brought this sute to passe,
Hee to a widdowe rashely wedded was.
6.
This made the French king shrewdly to mistrust,

That all my treaties had but ill pretence,
And when I sawe my king so bent to lust,
That with his fayth hee past not to dispence,
Which is a prince’s honour’s chiefe defence:
I could not rest till I had found a meane
To mend his misse, or els to marre him cleane.
7.
[Wherefore] I mee allied[1123] with his brother George,

Incensing him his brother to maligne,
Through many a tale I did against him forge:
So that through power that wee from[1124] Calais bring
And found at home, wee frayed so the king,
That hee did flie to[1125] Freseland ward amayne,
Whereby king Henry had the crowne againe.
8.
Than put wee th’earle[1126] of Worcester to death,

King Edward’s friend, a man to foule[1127] defamed:
And in the while came Edward into breath:
For with the duke of Burgoine so hee framed,
That with the power that hee to him had named,
Unlooked for hee came to England streight,
And got to Yorke, and tooke the towne by sleight.
9.
And after through the sufferaunce of my brother,

Which like a beast occasion fouly lost,
Hee came to London safe with many other,
And tooke the towne to good king Henrie’s cost:
Who was through him from post to piller tost,
Till th’earle[1128] of Oxforde, I, and other more,
Assembled power his freedome to restore.
10.
Whereof king Edward warned came with speede,

And camped with his hoast in Barnet towne,
Where wee right fearce encountred him in deed
On Easter day, right earely, on the downe:
There many a man was slaine and stricken downe,
On eyther side, and neither part did gaine,
Till that I and my brother both were slaine.[1129]
11.
For wee to hart[1130] our ouermatched men,

Forsooke our steedes, and in the thickest throng
Ran preacing forth on foote, and fought so then
That downe wee draue them were they neuer[1131] so
strong:
But ere this lucke[1132] had lasted very long
With nomber and force wee were so fouly cloyed,[1133]
And rescue faylde, that quite wee were destroyed.
12.
Now tell mee, Baldwine, hast thou heard or read

Of any man that did as I haue done?
That in his time so many armies led,
And victory at euery voyage won?
Hast thou euer[1134] heard of subiect vnder sonne,
That plaast and baast his soueraignes[1135] so oft
By enterchaunge, now low, and than aloft?
13.
Perchaunce thou thinkst my doinges were not such

As I and other doe affirme they were:
And in thy minde I see thou musest much
What meanes I vsde, that should mee so prefer:
Wherein, because I will thou shalt not erre,
The truth of all I will at large recyte,
The short is this: I was no hypocrite.
14.
I neuer did nor sayd saue what I ment,

The common weale was still my chiefest care:
To priuate gayne or glory was I neuer bent,[1136]
I neuer past[1137] vpon delicious fare:
Of needefull food my bourd was neuer bare,
No creditour did curse mee day by day,
I vsed playnnesse, euer pitch and pay.
15.
I heard poore[1138] souldiers and poore workemen whine

Because theyr dutyes were not truely[1139] payde:
Agayne I saw how people did repine
At those through whom theyr payment was[1140] delayde:
And proofe did oft assure (as scripture sayd)
That God doth wreke the wretched people’s greues,
I saw the polls cut of fro polling theues.
16.
This made mee alway iustly for to deale,

Which whan the people playnly vnderstoode,
Because they saw mee mynd the common weale,
They still endeuoured how to doe mee good,
Ready to spend theyr substaunce, life, and bloud,
In any cause where to I did them moue:
For sure they were it was for theyr behoue.
17.
And so it was: for when the realme decayed

By such as good king Henry sore abused,
To mend the state I gaue his enemies ayde:
But when king Edward sinfull prankes still vsed,
And would not mend, I likewise him refused,
And holp Henry, better[1141] of the twayne,
And in his quarell (iust I thinke) was slayne.
18.
And therefore, Baldwine, teach by proofe of mee,

That such as couet people’s loue to get,
Must see theyr workes and wordes in all agree,
Liue liberally and keepe them out of det,
On common welth[1142] let all theyr care be set:
For vpright dealing, dets payd, poore sustayned,
Is meane whereby all heartes are throwly gayned.[1143]
[As soone as the earle had ended this admonition: “Sure,”
sayd[1144] one, “I thinke the earle of Warwicke (although hee were a
glorious man) hath sayd no more of himselfe then what is true. For if
hee had not had notable good vertues, or vertuous qualities, and
vsed laudable meanes in his trade of life, the people would neuer
haue loued him as they did: but God be with him, and send his soule
rest, for sure his body neuer had any. And although he dyed, yet ciuil
warres ceased not. For immediately after his death came queene
Margaret with a power out of Fraunce, bringing with her her yong
son prince Edward: and with such friends as she found here, gaue
king Edward a battayl at Tewkesbury, where both she and her son
were taken prisoners with Eadmund duke of Somerset her chiefe
captayne: whose son lord Iohn, and the earle of Deuonshyre were
slayn in fight,[1145] and the duke himselfe with diuers other
immediately beheaded. Whose infortunes are worthy to be
remembred, chiefly prince Edward’s, whome the king for speaking
trueth cruelly stroke with his gauntlet, and his brethren
tyrannously[1146] murdered. But seing the time so far spent, I will
passe them ouer, and with them Fauconbridge that ioly rouer
beheaded at Southampton: whose commotion made in Kent, was
cause of sely Henrye’s destruction. And seing king Henry himselfe
was cause of the destruction of many noble princes, being of all
other most infortunate himselfe, I will declare what I haue noted in
his vnlucky life: who wounded in prison with a dagger, may lament
his wretchednesse in maner following.”]
How King Henry the sixte, a vertuous
Prince, was, after many other
miseries, cruelly murdered in the
Tower of London, the 22 of May, Anno
1471.[1147]
1.
If euer woefull wight had cause to rue his state,

Or by his ruefull plight to moue men mone his fate,
My piteous plaint may please my mishap to reherse,
Whereof the least most lightely heard, the hardest hart
may perce.
2.
What hart so hard can heare of innocence opprest

By fraud in worldly goods, but melteth in the brest?
Whan guiltlesse men bee spoilde, imprisoned for their
owne,
Who waileth not their wretched case to whom the case is
knowen?
3.
The lyon licks[1148] the sores of seely wounded shepe,

The dead man’s corse may[1149] cause the crocodile to
wepe,
The waues that waste the rocks refresh the rotten redes,
Such ruth the wrack of innocence in cruell creatures
bredes.
4.
What hart is then so hard but will for pity blede,

To heare so cruell lucke so cleare a life succede?
To see a seely soule with wo and sorrow sounst,[1150]
A king depriude, in prison pent, to death with daggers
dounst.[1151]
5.
Would God the day of birth had brought me to my bere,

Then had I neuer felt the chaunge of fortune’s chere:
Would God the graue had gript me in her greedy
woumbe,
Whan crown in cradle made me king with oyle of holy
thoumbe.
6.
Would God the rufull tombe had bene my royall throne,

So should no kingly charge haue made me make my
mone:
O that my soule had flowen to heauen with the ioy,
Whan one sort cryed, God saue the king, another, Viue le
Roy.
7.
So had I not bene washt in waues of worldly wo,

My minde to quiet bent, had not bene tossed so:
My frendes had ben aliue: my subiects not opprest:[1152]
But death, or cruell destiny, denied me this rest.
8.
Alas, what should we count the cause of wretches cares,
The starres do stirre them vp, astronomy declares:
Our[1153] humours, sayth the leache, the double true
deuines
To th’[1154] will of God, or ill of man, the doubtfull cause
assignes.
9.
Such doltish heades as dreame that all things driue by

haps,
Count lacke of former care for cause of after claps,
Attributing to man a power fro God bereft,
Abusing vs, and robbing him, through their most wicked
theft.
10.
But God doth guyde the world, and euery hap by skill,
Our wit, and willing power, are payzed by his will:
What wit most wisely wardes, and will most deadly vrkes,
Though all our powre would presse it downe, doth dash
our warest workes.
11.
Than desteny, our sinne, God’s will, or else his wreake,

Doe worke our wretched woes, for humours be too
weake,
Except wee take them so, as they prouoke to sinne,
For through our lust by humours fed all vicious deedes
beginne.
12.
So sinne and they be one, both working like effect,

And cause the wrath of God to wreake the soule infect,
Thus wrath and wreake deuine, man’s sinnes and
humours ill,
Concurre in one, though in a sort, ech doth a course
fulfill.
13.
If likewise such as say the welkin fortune warkes,

Take fortune for our fate and starres thereof the markes,
Then desteny with fate and God’s will all bee one:
But if they meane it otherwise, skath causers skies be
none.
14.
Thus of our heauy haps, chiefe causes bee but twayne,

Whereon the rest depend, and vnder put remayne:
The chiefe the will deuine, calde desteny and fate,
The other sinne, through humour’s holpe, which God
doth highly hate.
15.
The first apoynteth payne for good men’s exercise,

The second doth deserue due punishment for vice:
This witnesseth the wrath, and that the loue of God,
The good for loue, the bad for sinne, God beateth with
his rod.
16.
Although my sondry sinnes doe place mee with the

worst,
My haps yet cause mee hope to bee among the fyrst:
The eye that searcheth all and seeth euery thought,
Is iudge how sore I hated sinne, and after vertue sought.
17.
The solace of my soule my chiefest pleasure was,
Of worldly pomp, of fame, or game, I did not passe:
My kingdomes nor my crowne I prised not a crum:
In heauen were my riches heapt, to which I sought to
com.
18.
Yet were my sorrowes such as neuer man had like,

So diuers stormes at once, so often did mee strike:
But why, God knowes, not I, except it were for this,
To shewe by paterne of a prince, how brittle honour is.
19.
Our kingdomes are but cares, our state deuoide of stay,

Our riches ready snares, to hasten our decay:
Our pleasures priuy prickes, our vices to prouoke,
Our pompe a pumpe, our fame a flame, our power a
smouldring smoke.
20.
I speake not but by proofe, and that may many rue,

My life doth cry it out, my death doth try it true:
Whereof I will in brefe rehearse the[1155] heauy hap,
That, Baldwine, in his woefull warpe, my wretchednes
may wrap.
21.
In Windsore borne I was, and bare my father’s name,

Who wonne by warre all Fraunce to his eternall fame,
And left to mee the crowne, to bee receiued in peace
Through mariage made with Charles his heyre, vpon his
life’s decease.
22.
Which shortly did ensue, yet died my father furst,
And both the[1156] realmes were mine, ere I a yeare were
nurst:
Which as they fell too soone, so faded they as fast:
For Charles, and Edward, got them both or forty yeares
were past.
23.
This Charles was eldest sonne of Charles my father in

lawe,
To whome as heire of Fraunce, the Frenchmen did them
draw,
But Edward was the heire of Richard duke of Yorke,
The heyre of Roger Mortimer, slaine by the kerne of
Korke.
24.
Before I came to age Charles had recouered Fraunce,

And kild my men of warre, so happy was his chaunce:
And through a mad contract I made with Raynerd’s
daughter
I gaue and lost all Normandy, the cause of many a
slaughter.
25.
First of mine vncle Humfrey, abhorring sore this act,

Because I thereby brake a better precontract:
Than of the flattering duke that first the mariage made,
The iust rewarde of such as dare theyr princes ill
perswade.
26.
And I poore sely wretch abode the brunt of all,

My mariadge lust so sweete was mixt with bitter gall:
My wife was wise and good, had she ben rightly sought,
But our vnlawfull getting it, may make a good thing
nought.
27.
Wherefore warne men beware how they iust promise

breake,
Least proofe of paynfull plagues do cause them wayle
the wreake,
Aduise well ere they graunt, but what they graunt
performe:
For God will plague all doublenes although we feele no
worme.
28.
I falsly borne in hand, beleued I did well,

But all thinges bee not true that learned men doe tell:
My clergy sayd a prince was to no promise bound,
Whose wordes to be no gospell tho, I to my griefe haue
found.
29.
For after mariage ioynde queene Margaret and mee,

For one mishap afore, I dayly met with three:
Of Normandy and Fraunce, Charles got away my
crowne,
The duke of Yorke and other sought at home to put mee
downe.
30.
Bellona rang the bell at home and all abroade,

With whose mishaps amayne fell fortune did mee lode:
In Fraunce I lost my forts, at home the foughten field,
My kinred slayn, my friendes opprest, my selfe enforst to
yeeld.
31.
Duke Richard tooke mee twise, and forste mee to resine

My crowne and titles, due vnto my father’s lyne:
And kept mee as a warde, did all thinges as him list,
Till that[1157] my wife through bloudy sword had tane me
from[1158] his fist.
32.
But though we[1159] slew the duke my sorrowes did not

slake,
But like to Hydrae’s head still more and more awake:
For Edward, through the ayde of Warwicke and his
brother,
From one field draue mee to the Scots, and toke me in
another.
33.
Then went my friendes to wracke, for Edward ware the

crowne,
From[1160] which for nine yeares space his pryson held
me downe:
Yet thence through Warwicke’s worke I was agayne
releast,
And Edward driuen fro the realme, to seeke his friendes
by east.
34.
But what preuayleth paine, or prouidence of man,

To help him to good hap, whom destiny doth ban?
Who moyleth to remoue the rocke out of the mud,
Shall myre himselfe, and hardly scape the swelling of the
flud.
35.
This all my friendes haue founde, and I haue felt it so,

Ordaynd to be the touch of wretchednes and woe:
For ere I had a yeare possest my seat agayne,
I lost both it and liberty, my helpers all were slaine.
36.
For Edward first by stelth, and sith by gathred strength,

Arriude, and got to Yorke and London at the length:
Tooke mee and tyed mee vp, yet Warwicke was so stout,
Hee came with power to Barnet fielde, in hope to helpe
mee out:
37.
And there, alas, was slaine, with many a worthy knight:

O Lord, that euer such lucke should hap in helping right:
Last came my wife and sonne, that long lay in exile,
Defied the king, and fought a fielde, I may bewaile the
while.
38.
For there mine onely sonne, not thirteene yeares of age,

Was tane, and murdered straight by Edward in his rage:
And shortly I my selfe, to stint all furder strife,
Stabde with his brother’s bloudy blade in prison lost my
life.
39.
Lo, here the heauy haps which happened mee by heape,

See here the pleasaunt fruites that many princes reape,
The painefull plagues of those that breake theyr lawfull
bandes,
Their meede which may and will not saue their friendes
fro bloudy handes.
40.
God graunt my woefull haps, too greeuous to rehearce,

May teach all states to knowe, howe deepely daungers
pearce,
How fraile all honours are, how brittle worldly blisse,
That warned through my fearefull fate, they feare to doe
amisse.[1161]
[This tragedy ended, another sayd: “Either you or king Henry are
a good philosopher, so narowly to argue the causes of misfortunes?
but there is nothing to experience which taught, or might teach the
king this lesson. But to proceede in our matter, I finde mention here,
shortly after the death of this king, of a duke of Excester found dead
in the sea betweene Douer and Calais, but what hee was, or by what
aduenture hee died, maister Fabian hath not shewed, and maister
Hall hath ouerskipped him: so that except wee be friendlier vnto him,
hee is like to be double drowned, both in sea, and in the gulfe of
forgetfulnes.” About this matter was much talke, but because one
tooke vpon him to seeke out that story, that charge was committed to
him. And to bee occupied in the meane while, I haue found the story
of one drowned likewise, and that so notably, though priuely, that all
the world knew of it: wherefore I sayd: “Because night approacheth,
and that wee will lose no time, yee shall heare what I haue noted
concerning the duke of Clarence, king Edward’s brother, who all to
bee washed in wine, may bewayle his infortune after this maner.”]
How George Plantagenet, third sonne
of the Duke of Yorke, was by his
brother King Edward wrongfully
imprisoned, and by his brother
Richard miserably murdered the 11 of
Jan. An. 1478.[1162]
1.
The foule is fowle, men say, that files the nest:

Which makes me loth to speke now, might I chuse,
But seyng time vnburdened hath her brest,
And fame blowne vp the blast of all abuse,
My silence rather might my life accuse
Than shroude our shame, though fayne I would it so,
For truth will out, although the world say no.
2.
And therefore, Baldwine, hartely I[1163] thee beseche

To pause a while vpon my heauy playnt,
And vnneth though[1164] I vtter speedy speche,
No fault of wit nor folly makes[1165] mee faynt:
No heady drinkes haue gieuen my tongue attaint
Through quaffing craft: yet wine my witts confound,
Not of which I dranke,[1166] but wherein I drownd.[1167]
3.
What prince I am, although I neede not shewe,
Because my wine betrayes mee by the smell:
For neuer creature was[1168] soust in Bacchus dew
To death, but I, through fortune’s rigour fell:
Yet that thou maist my story better tell,
I will declare as briefly as I may,
My welth, my woe, and causers of decay.
4.
The famous house surnamde Plantagenet,

Whereat dame fortune frowardly did frowne,
While Bolenbroke vniustly sought to set
His lord king Richard quite beside the crowne,
Though many a day it wanted due renowne,
God so preserved[1169] by prouidence and grace,
That lawfull heyres did neuer fayle the race.
5.
For Lionell, king Edwarde’s eldest childe,[1170]

Both eame[1171] and heyr to Richard yssulesse,
Begot a daughter Phillip, whom[1172] vndefilde[1173]
The earle of March espousde, and God did blesse
With fruite assinde the kingdom to possesse:
I meane syr Roger Mortimer, whose heyre,
The earle of Cambridge, maried Anne the fayre.
6.
This earle of Cambridge, Richard clept by name,

Was sonne to Edmund Langley duke of Yorke:
Which Edmund was fift brother to the same
Duke Lionell, that all this lyne doth korke:
Of which two howses ioyned in a forke,
My father Richard, prince Plantagenet,
True duke of Yorke, was lawfull heyr beget.

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Psychology From Inquiry to

Understanding Canadian 2nd Edition

Chapter 8: LANGUAGE, THINKING, AND REASONING

1) Which of the following statements about language is true?

4) As symbol systems of communication, most languages

7) Much of our language use serves non-informational purposes, such as

8) We often do not consider the complexity of language. This is in part because

15) Phonemes are

23) Syntax is the study of

25) The English language has ________ phonemes.

Question ID: Lil 2ce 8.1-25

26) Language is based on universal sound units called

31) The basic meaningful units of any language are called

Topic: The Features of Language

32) The sounds t, th, and sh are

33) What are the smallest units of meaning in a language?

37) _____________ is to putting together a meal as ____________ is to menu items.

39) In most cases, the rules of syntax

41) The term dialect is used to indicate

45) Email can often lead to misunderstandings. This is because

47) Extralinguistic information allows us to determine meaning by analyzing

a. rigidness and uniformity of

51) Successful communication

d. these phonemes tend to be the first that children acquire.

59) Babies can hear inside the womb

60) Newborn infants show a preference for

Topic: How Do Children Learn Language?

64) Which of the following stages in language development occurs at 2 months?

Topic: How Do Children Learn Language?

65) Which of the following stages in language development occurs at 6 months?

66) Which of the following stages in language development occurs at 10 months?

73) All of the following are true of sign language, except

a. They will respond more securely in their first language.

Topic: Special Cases of Language Learning

85) Language acquisition in humans is typically marked by a(n) ___________ period,

Page Ref: 304-305

87) The language acquisition device is to ______________ as the social environment is

Page Ref: 305-307

Topic: Theoretical Accounts of Language Acquisition

97) A language acquisition device (LAD) is

99) The key to understanding language acquisition is to

c. A child must have correct language usage reinforced.

101) The imitation account's primary weakness is that

105) The area of the brain involved in speech comprehension is

106) The area of the brain involved in speech production is

107) The conclusions regarding language in chimpanzees can be summarized by saying

108) In nonhuman animals, the most common circumstances under which

d. the chimpanzees used were not of the proper species.

116) Honeybees communicate through

117) The communication between honeybees would not be classified as language

122) John B. Watson speculated that thinking operates as a form of ____________

123) Helen Keller's writings suggest support for

Question ID: Lil 2ce 8.1-129

130) According to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, a person's native language dictates

Page Ref: 310-311

Among the heauy heape of happy knightes,

Wouldst thou beholde false fortune in her kinde?

37) _ is to putting together a meal as is to menu items.