UCSP REVIEWER

Second Quarter

LESSON 1: Kinship, Marriage, and the Household

Kinship, marriage, and household are important key concepts in the study of society and culture.

KINSHIP
• It is a social institution that refers to relations formed between members of society.
• Sociologists define kinship as the different forms of socially accepted relations among people.

TYPES OF KINSHIP
- Kinship by Blood
- Kinship by Marriage
- Marriage Across Cultures
- Kinship by Rituals

PART 1: Kinship by blood

- Consanguineal Kinship or kinship based on blood is considered as the most basic and general form
of relations.
- Descent refers to a biological relationship. It also often refers to an individual’s child or offspring
or his/her parents and ancestry.
- Lineage refers to the line where one’s descent is traced.
Principles of descent
• Kinship can be studied by analyzing the relationships that exist between persons.
• Anthropologist develop diagrams to clearly identify and illustrate the different consanguineal
relationships.
Symbols used by anthropologists to study patterns of descent and kin groups.

UNILINEAL DESCENT
• Unilineal Descent is where in the descent is traced through a single line of ancestors from either the male
or female line.
• In the Patrilineal Descent, both males and females belong to the kin group of their father but they do not
belong to their mother’s kin group. In this form of descent, only the males pass on to their children their
family identity.
• Matrilineal Descent focuses on the unilineal descent that is traced through the female line. Both male and
female offsprings are considered members of their mother’s matrilineal descent group but only the
daughters can pass on the family line to their offspring.
PATRILINEAL FORM OF DESCENT

MATRILINEAL FORM OF DESCENT

NONUNILINEAL DESCENT
• Nonunilineal Descent or Cognatic Descent Principle is where in both of the parent’s ancestors are traced.
• In a Bilateral Descent, kinship is traced through both ancestral lines of the mother and father .
BILATERAL DESCENT

PART 2: Kinship by Marriage

- Affinal Kinship or Kinship based on marriage refers to the type of relations developed when a
marriage occurs.
- The husband forms new relation with his wife and his wife’s family. In the same manner, the wife
also
develops new relations with her husband and her husband’s family.
PART 3: Marriage across cultures
● Different societies have different sets of cultural practices, norms, and rules pertaining to marriage.
● Cultures across societies have developed traditions, customs, rules, and norms that determine how
marriage will be done.
ENDOGAMY
- Compulsory Marriage is practice by some societies in their own village, community, ethnic, social,
or religious group.
EXOGAMY
- or Out-marriage refers to a marriage custom where an individual is required by society’s norms
and rules to marry outside of their own group, community, or social classes.
MONOGAMY
- came from the Greek words monos and gamos which literally means “one union.” It refers to
marriage or sexual partnering custom or practice where an individual has only one male or female
partner.
POLYGAMY
- refers to the practice of having more than one partner or sexual mate. It can be polygyny (man) or
polyandry (woman).

POST MARITAL RESIDENCY RULES

● Anthropologists are also interested in the rules of residence of the couple’s permanent residence
after marriage.
● In the study of postmarital residency rules, social scientists analyze the intersection of both the
consaguineal and affinal kinship relations.
● Neolocal form of residence is when couples who just got married settle independently and build
a home that is independent from the place of residence of both of the newlywed’s parents.

Forms of neolocal rules of residence:

● Patrilocal rule of residence occurs when married couples stay in the house of the husband’s
relatives or near the husband’s kin.
● Matrilocal rule of residence happens when the couples live with the wife’s relatives or near the
wife’s kin.
● Biolocal residence happens when the newlywed couple stays with the husband’s relative and the
wife’s kin alternately.
Referred marriage and arranged marriages
● Referred marriage partners are found when matchmakers help their single friends or relatives
find their possible husband or wife by referring them to another man or woman who is also
interested in finding a life partner.
● Arranged marriage is done when marriage partners are not referred but arranged by the parents
of the groom and bride.

Types of Arranged Marriages:

1. Child Marriage – It happens when parents arrange for the marriage of their child long before the
marriage takes place. The marriage will be consummated in the future.
2. Exchange Marriage – In this form of marriage, there is a reciprocal exchange of spouses
between two countries, tribes, or groups.

Types of Arranged Marriages:

3. Diplomatic Marriage – This form of marriage occurs when an arranged marriage has been
established between two royal or political families in order to forge political or diplomatic
alliances.
4. Modern Arranged Marriage – In this form of marriage, the child’s parents, with the consent of
the child, choose from several possible mates.

PART 4: KINSHIP BY RITUALS

Compadrazgo
• literally translated as “godparenthood’’. It is a ritualized form of forging co-parenthood or family. This
can be done through the performance of Catholic rituals such as baptism, confirmation, and marriage.
• Through the compadrazgo set-up, a relationship between the child’s biological parents, their children, and
persons close to the parents but not related by blood become a family.
Family
- It is considered as the basic unit of social organization.
- It is made up of a group of individuals who are linked together by marriage, blood, relations, or
adoption.
- It constitutes a single household that interrelates with each other and performs the social roles of a
husband, wife, mother, father, brother, and sister.
- In the Philippines, the spiritual parents are called by the child’s biological parents as compadre or
kumpare for the male godparent and kumare for the female godparent.
- The godson or goddaughter is called inaanak by the godparent, while the godson or goddaughter
calls his or her spiritual parent or godparent as ninong or ninang.
PART 5: THE FAMILY AND THE HOUSEHOLD
Different definitions of family according to sociologists and anthropologists

NUCLEAR FAMILY AND EXTENDED FAMILY

Nuclear Family
- It is a type of family that is made up of a group of people who are united by social ties.
- It is usually made up of two adults and their socially recognized children.
Extended Family
- It is a type of family whose members go beyond the nuclear family made up of parents and their
offspring.

An extended family household may be in any of the following forms:

1. A single nuclear family and other persons related to the nucleus.
2. Two or more nuclear families related to each other without any other persons.
3. Two or more nuclear families that are related to each other, plus other persons related to at least one of
the nuclear families.

BLENDED OR RECONSTITUTED FAMILIES

Blended Family
- It is a type of family where the parents have a child or children from previous marital relationships
but all the members stay and congregate to form a new family unit.
- It is also known as step family, reconstituted family, or complex family.

PART 6: KINSHIP OF POLITICS

Kinship of politics: Political Dynasties and Alliances
● Politics have also been influenced by kinship relations.
● In the Philippines, most politicians elected in public offices and government positions are relatives. This
is known in politics as political dynasties.
● In the pending Political Dynasty Bill of the House of Representatives, the House proposal states that a
political dynasty exists when “two or more individuals who are related within second degree of
consanguinity” or “those relatives of a person who may be the latter’s brother or sister, direct ascendant or
direct descendant, whether legitimate or illegitimate, full or half blood, including their spouses” hold
elected government positions.
● Political alliances are also common in the Philippines.
● Political parties tend to align and forge cooperation with other stronger parties or with the administration
party to ensure victory in the elections or guarantee the passage of legislation.
● By creating alliances, politicians would continue to receive more funds, resources, and support from the
ruling party or administration party.

LESSON 2: Political and Leadership Structures

PART 1: Political Organization
- is any entity that is involved in the political process.

THE FOUR DIFFERENT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION

• Band
•Tribes
•Chiefdom
•State and Nation

BAND
- The is the most traditional and smallest type of political organization.
- Politically independent, a band usually does not recognize the formal government.
- There are no written codes or laws.
- There is no organized group of leaders.
- This is the result of their tendency and nature of moving from one place to another in search of
food or shelter.
- They are the indigenous or primitive people known as nomads.

TRIBE or TRIBE
- More complex and larger than a band.
- There is a shifting from a basic form of livelihood to a multiple way of living.
- Commonly headed by a village headman who perform leadership roles but has limited
power.
- Most tribes remain egalitarian.
CHIEFDOM
- A more defined political organizations.
- Have a more or less permanent, full-time leader with real authority to make major decisions.
- These leaders are referred to as the " chief ".
- It is composed of several communities that is ruled by a permanent paramount chief coming from
this elite family. Power is inherited

STATE AND NATION

STATE
-A political unit consisting of a government that has sovereignty presiding over a group of people
and well defined territory.
- People who comprise a state are called it's Citizens.
NATION
- Group of people that share a common history, language,traditions, customs, habits and ethnicity.

PART 2: Authority and Legitimacy

MAX WEBBER
- a distinguished sociologist, introduced a theory that delineates authority into three distinct
categories.
- He established the basis for comprehending how authority attains legitimacy as a system of
beliefs.
- His essay, titled "The Three Categories of Legitimate Governance," was translated into English
and posthumously published in 1958, providing a lucid elucidation of his theory.
Herbert Spencer
- In his interpretation of Weber's theory, proposed that legitimate order and authority stem from
various facets of a unified concept that underlies all structured human interactions.
- This concept encompasses two core elements: norms and authority.
- Spencer elaborated on the notion that "authority and norms embody opposing principles of social
organization, with one rooted in adherence to rules or principles, and the other in compliance with
directives."

AUTHORITY
 The power to give orders or make decisions: the power or right to direct or control someone or
something.
LEGITIMACY
 The belief that a rule, institution, or leader has the right to govern.

LESSON 3: Economic Institutions

Economy
  is the social institution that organizes a society's production, distribution, and consumption
of goods and services.
 As an institution, the economy operates, for better or worse, in a generally predictable
manner. Goods are commodities ranging from necessities (food, clothing, shelter) to luxury
items (cars, swimming pools, yachts). Services are activities that benefit others (for example,
the work of priests, physicians, teachers, and computer software specialists).

Part 1: Reciprocity

 In most situations, when you give something away, you expect something in return.
 This economic process entails the exchange of commodities between parties, often on an
individual basis. In reciprocity, there are no goods and services lost because it is a circular process
wherein
 you just receive and return the favor.
 Barter is the most common form of reciprocity, as this process includes the exchange of
commodities between individuals.

According to Marshall Sahlin’s (1965), there are three major types of reciprocity:

Part 2: Transfers
 When resources from one individual or organization are given to another with no expectation of
return. E.g. Transfer of financial aids, government subsidies, and social security.

Part 3: Redistribution
 Economic redistribution occurs when the resources of one, several individuals, or groups are
collected and distributed proportionally or equally to participating members. E.g. progressive
income tax systems and charity donations.

Part 4: Market Transactions

• Market is referred to as the exchange of goods and services that involves buying and selling
processes.
- Market is about making money, capital, income, and growth (Women and Economy,
2011).
- Humans have several needs and wants that are deemed as bases of market sellers for
producing goods and services.
- After the production of goods and services, everything is brought to the market for the
purpose of selling.
- Buyers are then expected to purchase the available market supplies (goods and services)
for the purpose of consumption and satisfying their needs.

1. Traditional Economy- is the economic system whereby the means of production is based on
traditions, practices, and even beliefs of the people. In this kind of economy, the people employ
the same practices which were also by their forefathers.
2. Command Economy - the means of production is owned and controlled by the government. The
government decides what, how much, and for whom to produce.
3. Market Economy -the means of production in this economic system is controlled by private
enterprises. Free trade is evident.
4. Mixed Economy - This is a combination of the three other economic system. A mixed economy is
variously defined as an economic system blending elements of a market economy with elements.
of a planned economy, free markets with state interventionism, or private enterprise with public
enterprise.
Part 5: Market and State
• State and market are two different institutions, but they are interrelated and both perform critical
functions.
• The State, as the one that directs the nation as a whole, has a greater role in the attainment of
economic progress.
• Through its government, the state must be able to create laws, policies, and programs that would be of
real benefit to the nation.
• It is vital that the state is able to protect its institutions from possible pressures that major actors of the
market may cause.
• The State, being more dominant entity and as the protector of the welfare of the people, must be able to
regulate economic activities so as not to pose threat to the economy

LESSON 4: Non-State Institutions

What Is a Non-State Institutions?

-These are institutions that are not controlled by the government or by the State.

Part 1: Bank and Corporation

Bank- It is a financial institution licensed to provide several financial services to different types of
costumers.
Corporation- It is owned by a group of people but has a separate legal identity (the owners of a
corporation are not responsible for its own debts). Corporations offer stocks (determines level of
ownership), as well as bonds (allows one to earn interest). These generate large amounts of capital, which
is needed for growth (Contreras et al. 2016).

Part 2: Cooperatives and Trade Unions

COOPERATIVES
- is a non-state institution characterized by collective ownership and operation, where
individuals with common needs join together to pool resources and share in the benefits.
Cooperatives can take various forms, including agricultural, consumer, or worker
cooperatives, and they aim to achieve economic goals for the mutual benefit of their
members.
- a cooperative is owned by its members.
- refers to autonomous association whose membership is voluntary toward the attainment of
common economic, social and cultural needs or aspiration.
TRADE UNIONS
- is a non-state institution formed by workers to collectively advocate for and protect their
rights and interests in the workplace. It operates through collective bargaining,
negotiations, and often addresses issues related to wages, working conditions, and overall
employee welfare.
- An organization of workers whose main objective is to protect the welfare of it's
members.
- It's purpose is to collectively negotiate employers for better compensation benefits, safety
standard in the workplace, just to name a few.
Part 3: Development Agencies

What is Development Agencies?

 legal entities coordinated by the Ministry of Industry and Technology.

 Promote progress by engaging in projects, policy making and dialogue.
 Committed/dedicated to distributing aid.
 These agencies are present in developing countries challenged by security conflict, food shortage,
climate change, financial instability and others.

Aid can be subdivided into two categories:

  Humanitarian aid - efforts in response to disasters.
 Development aid – aimed at helping countries to achieve sustainable economic growth.

Part 4: International Organizations

INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION
 International organization is an organization with an international membership, scope, or presence.
 International organizations under non-state institutions refer to entities that play a significant role
in international affairs but are not directly associated with individual countries or governments.

LESSON 5: Education

Part 1: Functions of Education in Society (Formal and Non-formal)

EDUCATION
• The act or process of imparting or acquiring general knowledge, developing the powers of reasoning and
judgement, and generally of preparing oneself or others intellectually for mature life.
• Education is the social institution that formally socializes members of the society. It also refers to the
process through which skills, knowledge, and values are transmitted from the teachers to the learners.
• 3 government agencies that handle education in the Philippines: DepEd, CHED, TESDA.

FORMAL EDUCATION
• Formal Education refers to the systematic and deliberate process of hierarchically structured and
sequential learning corresponding to the general concept of elementary and secondary level of schooling.
At the end of each level, the learners must obtain certification in order to enter or advance to the next level.

Formal education shall correspond to the following levels in basic education:

NON FORMAL EDUCATION

- Non-formal education refers to any organized systematic educational activity carried
outside of the framework of the formal system to provide selected types of learning to a
segment of the population.

NON FORMAL VS. INFORMAL

- Non-formal Education: Refers to learning through a programmed but it is not usually
evaluated and does not lead to certification.
- Informal Education: Refers to learning resulting from daily work- related, family or
leisure activities

ALTERNATIVE LEARNING SYSTEM

- ALS is a program designed to provide education to out-of-school youth and adults who
have not completed formal schooling. It aims to address the needs of individuals who are
are unable to attend or complete formal education due to various reasons such as poverty,
work, or personal circumstances.
TECHNICAL and VOCATIONAL EDUCATION and TRAINING (TVET)
- TVET focuses on providing technical and vocational skills training to develop the
workforce's technical competency and employability.

Important Goals Of Education

- Productive Citizens
- Self- Actualization
- Primary Education as a Human Right

LESSON 6: Religion and Belief Systems

Part 1: Animism
WHAT IS ANIMISM?
• Animism comes from the Latin word "anima", meaning life, or soul.
• The belief in a supernatural power that organizes and animates the material universe.
• The belief that natural objects, natural phenomena, and the universe itself possess souls.

Who developed Animism?

EDWARD BURNETT TYLOR
- The idea of animism was developed by anthropologist Sir Edward Tylor through his 1871
book Primitive Culture, in which he defined it as "the general doctrine of souls and other
spiritual beings in general." EDWARD BURNETT TYLOR According to Tylor, animism is a
form of religion in which the spirits and souls of humans and other beings are considered
necessary for life.
IMPORTANCE OF ANIMISM
- Understanding animistic beliefs helps uncover cultural values, relationships with the
environment, and the significance attributed to various elements.

Part 2: Polytheism

Polytheism
- Is belief in, or worship of, multiple gods or divinities. Learn • The word comes from the Greek
words poly+theoi, literally mean "many gods".
By the broadest definition in most dictionaries, God refers to the Supreme Being that is above everything
else. By very definition, this requires that it be only one being. The reasoning is that if this being was just
another one of many gods, He would not necessarily be the highest or supreme. A polytheist might reply
that there is one highest God with multiple lesser gods

Part 3: Monotheism

Monotheism
- Is a belief system that asserts the existence of only one deity or god.
Example of Monotheistic Religion
- Judaism
- Christianity
- Islam
JUDAISM
- In Judaism, adherents believe in the oneness of God, known as Yahweh. The sacred
scriptures of Judaism are found in the Tanakh, which includes the Torah, the Nevi'im,
and the Ketuvim. Judaism serves as the foundation for two other major monotheistic
religions: Christianity and Islam.
Christianity
- Christians believe in one God, and their sacred text include the Bible, consisting of Old
Testament and New Testament. They worship the Holy Trinity-God the Father, God the
Son (Jesus Christ), and God the Holy Spirit
Islam
- Muslims believe in the oneness of Allah and follow the teachings of the Quran, which
they believe to be the final revelation from God, Islam emphasizes the absolute unity of
God, rejecting any concept or partners or associates with Allah.

Part 4: Institutionalized Religions

Institutionalized Religions
- An institutionalized or organized religion is called a church. Unlike religious traditions,
organized religions have beliefs and rituals which are formally established and
 systematically arranged. Religions become institutionalized when they have the
following elements, also referred to as the five Cs of organized religion:

CULT
- Cult is the set of rituals and sacred places, items, and objects, religious practices that
believers do and adhere to. It usually refers to some supernatural, superhuman, or
transcendental power or promise that attracts followers. The beginning of religion usually
starts with the cult.

CREED
- Creed. As the cult expands and develops, the members are questioned and challenged
from the outside. They also need to assure the next generations that their message will be
transmitted in its original form. Thus members of an organized religion are compelled to
come up with a written set of beliefs that would unite all members. This is their
profession of their faith.

CODE

- Code. As the organization of the community of believers progress through time, it cannot
be prevented that some organizational issues and processes need to be systematized. They
need to come up with a set of standard processes, organizational procedures and laws that
would govern the whole membership. Questions pertaining to the organizational structure
of the church, what constitutes the church hierarchy, what constitutes the laity and other
things need be answered in legal form. This is the code of the church.

COMMUNITY BELIEVERS

- "Community of Believers. All individuals who adhere to the set of beliefs of a certain
religion are members of that religion's community of believers.

COMMUNITY SERVICES

- Community Services are the things that the church does for its members and for the
outside world. These include such activities as having regular services for the believers,
putting up schools and hospitals, and doing humanitarian services, among other things

Part 5: Separation of Church and State

SEPARATION BETWEEN CHURCH AND STATE
• The principle of the separation of church and state also means that religious institutions
should not be involved in the affairs of the government. This means that religious leaders
 should not hold public office and that the government should not be influenced by
religious beliefs when making decisions.
• Protects the rights of minority religious groups to practice. Allows individuals to
practice religion or not, including the right to atheism, agnosticism, and to change their
religion whenever desired. Prevents people from fearing punishment for actively
engaging in their beliefs

Philippine Constitution
• The Philippines, as a state party to the International Covenant on Civil and Political
Rights (ICCPR), respects and promotes the freedom of religion.

• Constitution further upholds, under Article 2 Section 6 thereof the principle of the
separation of church and state, to wit: "The separation of Church and State shall be inviolable."

Arresto mayor
• The duration of the penalty of arresto mayor shall be from one month and one day to six
months

LESSON 7: Health

Part 1: CULTURE-SPECIFIC SYNDROMES AND ILLNESSES

- In medicine and medical anthropology, a culture- bound syndrome, culture-specific
syndrome, or folk illness is a combination of psychiatric (brain) and somatic (body)
symptoms that are considered to be a recognizable disease only within a specific society
or culture.

BUGHAT OR BINAT
• Bughat (Ilonggo term) or Binat (Tagalog version) is the term used to refer to the ailments
(headache, chills, body pains, malaise, dizziness, muscle weakness, and in some it is
blindness) a mother experiences after giving birth or after having suffered abortion or
miscarriage if she did not follow certain rituals after childbirth.
Usog
• is a Filipino superstition that attributes an illness to the greeting of a stranger. Usog is
related to "bales". Just like in bales, usog victims suffer like abdominal distress, or abdominal
distension, sometimes with severe nausea.

Part 2: SYSTEM OF DIAGNOSIS, PREVENTION AND HEALING

TRADITIONAL MEDICINE COMPLEMENTARY/ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE (CAM).

 - THE TERMS COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE OR ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE
ARE OFTEN USED INTERCHANGEABLY WITH TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN
SOME COUNTRIES. THEY REFER TO A BROAD SET OF HEALTHCARE
PRACTICES THAT ARE NOT PART OF THE COUNTRIES OWN TRADITION
AND NOT INTEGRATED INTO THE DOMINANT HEALTH CARE SYSTEM

HERBAL MEDICINES
- Herbal medicines include herbs, herbal materials, herbal preparations and finished herbal
products that contain as active ingredients parts of plants, or other plant materials, or
combinations of plant materials.

ADDITIONAL USE OF HERBAL MEDICINES

- The additional use of herbal medicines refers to the use of natural compounds derived
from plants, such as leaves, bark, roots, seeds, or flowers, for medicinal purposes. These
herbal medicines or supplements are used to promote health and treat various chronic
conditions. They are often used when Conventional medicine is ineffective or as
complementary therapy
THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY
- Therapeutic activity refers to the successful prevention, diagnosis and treatment of
physical and mental illness: improvement of symptoms of illnesses; as well as beneficial
alteration of regulation of the physical and mental status of the body.

ACTIVE INGREDIENT
- An active ingredient is a Component within a substance, such as a medication or a natural
product, that is responsible for its therapeutic effects. It is the specific chemical or
compound that produces the desired physiological or pharmacological effect in the body