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Analytic Mechanics: Statics

CLO-2: Solve problems of statics and dynamics related to Civil
engineering domain using principles of engineering mechanics.
Coplanar Forces
❖ Force system resultants.
❖ Equilibrium Of Three Forces.
❖ Joint-to Joint Method, Moments Of Forces, Varignons
❖ Syllabus Theorem,
❖ Resultant And Equilibrium Of Coplanar Parallel Forces,
5~6 ❖ Couples And. Torque.

Sunday, 22 January,
2023
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• To discuss the concept of moment of a force in 2D and 3D
• To provide a method for finding the moment of a force about a specified axis.
❖ To Define The Moment Of A Couple.
❖ To Present Methods For Determining The Resultants Of Non-concurrent Force Systems
❖ To Indicate How To Reduce A Simple Distributed Loading To A Resultant Force Having A
Specified Location
1) Moment Of A Force – Scalar Formation; 6) Moment of a Couple
2) Cross Product 7) Simplification of a Force and Couple System
3) Moment Of Force – Vector Formulation
4) Principle Of Moments
8) Further Simplification of a Force and Couple
5) Moment Of A Force About A Specified System
Axis 9) Reduction of a Simple Distributed Loading

Sunday, 22 January, 2023

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Moment of a Force- Scalar

Formation

Sunday, 22 January, 2023

 MOMENT OF A FORCE (SCALAR FORMULATION), CROSS PRODUCT, 4
MOMENT OF A FORCE (VECTOR FORMULATION), & PRINCIPLE OF MOMENTS

Objectives :
Students will be able to:
a) understand and define moment, and In-Class Activities :
b) determine moments of a force in 2-D and 3-D • Check Homework
cases. • Reading Quiz
• Applications
• Moment in 2-D
• Moment in 3-D
• Concept Quiz
• Group Problem Solving
• Attention Quiz

Sunday, 22
January, 2023
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❖ Carpenters often
use a hammer in
this way to pull a
stubborn nail.
Through what
sort of action
does the force FH
at the handle pull
Beams are often used to bridge gaps in
walls. We have to know what the effect the nail?
of the force on the beam will have on the ❖ How can you
supports of the beam. What do you think
is happening at points A and B?
mathematically
model the effect
The moment of a force about a point of force FH at
provides a measure of the tendency for
point O?
rotation (sometimes called a torque).
Sunday, 22 January, 2023
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The moment of a force about a point provides a measure of the tendency for rotation (a torque).

In a 2-D case, the magnitude of

the moment is Mo = F d. As
shown, d is the perpendicular
distance from point O to the
line of action of the force. In
2-D, the direction of MO is
either clockwise (CW) or
counter-clockwise (CCW),
depending on the tendency for
rotation.

Sunday, 22 January, 2023

► Moment of a force about a point or axis – a measure of the tendency of the force to
cause a body to rotate about the point or axis
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► Torque – tendency of rotation caused by Fx or simple moment (Mo) z

Resultant Moment Magnitude

► For magnitude of MO,
MRo = moments of all the forces
MRo = ∑Fd (4.1-1) MO = Fd (Nm) (4.1)
where d = perpendicular distance
from O to its line of action of force

Direction: using “right hand rule” Sunday, 22

January, 2023
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For each case, determine the moment of the force about point O.

Line of action is extended as a dashed line to establish moment arm d.

Tendency to rotate is indicated and the orbit is shown as a colored curl.

Sunday, 22 January, 2023

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For each case, determine the moment of the force about point O.
Solution

Sunday, 22 January, 2023

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Determine the horizontal and vertical components of reaction for the

beam loaded. Neglect the weight of the beam in the calculations.
Free Body Diagrams
600N represented by x and y components
200N force acts on the beam at B

Sunday, 22 January, 2023

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Determine the horizontal and vertical components of reaction for the

beam loaded. Neglect the weight of the beam in the calculations.
Free Body Diagrams
600N represented by x and y components
200N force acts on the beam at B
Equations of Equilibrium

Sunday, 22 January, 2023

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❖ While finding the moment of a force in 2-D is straightforward when you know the perpendicular
distance d, finding the perpendicular distances can be hard—especially when you are working with
forces in three dimensions.
❖ So a more general approach to finding the moment of a force exists. This more general approach is
usually used when dealing with three dimensional forces but can be used in the two dimensional
case as well.
❖ This more general method of finding the moment of a force uses a vector operation called the cross
product of two vectors.

In general, the cross product of two vectors A The right-hand rule is a useful tool
and B results in another vector, C , i.e., C = for determining the direction of the
A × B. The magnitude and direction of the vector resulting from a cross
resulting vector can be written as product.
For example: i × j = k
C = A × B = A B sin θ uC Note that a vector crossed into
As shown, uC is the unit vector perpendicular itself is zero, e.g., i × i = 0
to both A and B vectors (or to the plane
containing the A and B vectors).
Sunday, 22 January, 2023

In general, the cross product of two vectors A
and B results in another vector, C , i.e., C =
A × B. The magnitude and direction of the
resulting vector can be written as
C = A × B = A B sin θ uC
As shown, uC is the unit vector perpendicular
to both A and B vectors (or to the plane
containing the A and B vectors).
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The right-hand rule is a useful tool
for determining the direction of the
vector resulting from a cross
product.
For example: i × j = k
Note that a vector crossed into
itself is zero, e.g., i × i = 0
Sunday, 22 January, 2023
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Also, the cross product can Magnitude and Direction
be written as a determinant.

Each component can be

determined using 2 × 2
determinants. Sunday, 22 January, 2023
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Magnitude and Direction

Sunday, 22 January, 2023

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1. Commutative Law is Not Valid
AXB≠BXA
Rather,
AXB=-BXA
Cross Product A X B Yields A Vector Opposite In
Direction To C
B X A = -C

2. Multiplication By A Scalar
A( A X B ) = (AA) X B = A X (AB) = ( A X B )A

3. Distributive Law
AX(B+D)=(AXB)+(AXD)
Proper Order of the Cross Product must be Maintained Since They Are Not
Commutative Sunday, 22 January, 2023
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Cartesian Vector Formulation

Sunday, 22 January, 2023

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Cartesian Vector Formulation
Each component can be determined using 2 × 2 determinants.

Sunday, 22 January, 2023


So, using the cross product, a moment can be
expressed as
Moments in 3-D can be calculated using scalar (2-D)
approach, but it can be difficult and time consuming.
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Thus, it is often easier to use a mathematical approach
called the vector cross product.
Using the vector cross product, MO = r × F.
Here r is the position vector from point O to
any point on the line of action of F.

By expanding the above equation using 2 × 2 determinants (see

Section 4.2), we get (sample units are N - m or lb - ft)
MO = (ry FZ - rZ Fy) i − (rx Fz - rz Fx ) j + (rx Fy - ry Fx ) k

The physical meaning of the above equation becomes evident by considering the force
components separately and using a 2-D formulation.
Basic information: Magnitude and direction Magnitude
For magnitude of cross product,
Moment of force F about point O can be expressed using MO = rF sinθ
cross product, MO = r X F (4.6) Treat r as a sliding vector. Since d = r Sunday, 22
sinθ, January, 2023
Basic information: Magnitude and direction Magnitude
For magnitude of cross product,
Moment of force F about point O can be expressed MO = rF sinθ
using cross product, MO = r X F (4.6) Treat r as a sliding vector. Since d = r sinθ,
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MO = rF sinθ = F (rsinθ) = Fd
Direction
Direction and sense of MO are determined by right-hand rule
*Note:
- “curl” of the fingers indicates the sense of rotation
- Maintain proper order of r and F since cross product
is not commutative

Principle of Transmissibility
For force F applied at any point A, moment created about O is
MO = rA x F
F has the properties of a sliding vector, thus

MO = r1 X F = r2 X F = r3 X F

Sunday, 22
January, 2023
Cartesian vector formulation For force expressed in Cartesian form,

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(4-7)

With the determinant expended,(4-8)

MO = (ryFz – rzFy)i – (rxFz - rzFx)j +
(rxFy – yFx)k

Sunday, 22
January, 2023
Resultant Moment of a system of forces
Resultant moment of forces about point O can be determined by vector addition 22
MRo = ∑(r x F)

Given: A 100 N force is applied to

the frame.
Find: The moment of the force at
point O.
Plan:
Example 1

1) Resolve the 100 N force along x and y-axes.

2) Determine MO using a scalar analysis for the two force
components and then add those two moments together.

Sunday, 22 January, 2023

 Given: A 100 N force is applied to Example 1
the frame.
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Find: The moment of the force at
point O.
Plan: 1) Resolve the 100 N force along x and y-axes.
2) Determine MO using a scalar analysis for the two force
components and then add those two moments together.

Example 2

Solution
Given: F1={100 i - 120 j + 75 k}kN
+ ↑ Fy = – 100 (3/5) N
F2={-200 i +250 j + 100 k}kN
+ → Fx = 100 (4/5) N
Find: Resultant moment by the
+ MO = {– 100 (3/5)N (5 m) – (100)(4/5)N (2 m)} N·m forces about point O.
Sunday, 22
= – 460 N·m or 460 N·m CW Plan: January, 2023
 Given: F1={100 i - 120 j + 75 k}kN Example 2
F2={-200 i +250 j + 100 k}kN
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Find: Resultant moment by the
forces about point O. Then find the moment by using the vector
Plan: cross product.
1) Find F = F1 + F2 and rOA.
2) Determine MO = rOA × F.
Solution:
First, find the resultant force vector F
F = F1 + F2
= { (100 - 200) i + (-120 + 250) j + (75 + 100) k} kN
= {-100 i + 130 j + 175 k} kN
Find the position vector rOA
rOA = {4 i + 5 j + 3 k} m
j k
MO i4 5 = [{5(175) – 3(130)} i – {4(175) –
= 3 130 3(-100)} j + {4(130) – 5(-100)} k]kN m
-100 Sunday, 22
175 = {485 i – 1000 j + 1020 k} kN m January, 2023
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Sunday, 22 January,
2023
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Example 4.4
Two Forces Act On The Rod. Determine The
Resultant Moment They Create About The Flange
At O. Express The Result As A Cartesian Vector.

Sunday, 22 January,
2023
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Two Forces Act On The Rod. Determine The Position vectors are directed from point O to each force as
Resultant Moment They Create About The Flange shown. These vectors are
At O. Express The Result As A Cartesian Vector.

The resultant moment about O is

Sunday, 22 January, 2023

 “Moment of a force about a point is equal to the sum of the moments of
Varignon’s theorem the forces’ components about the point” 28
Since F = F1 + F2, Example 4.5 Determine the moment of the force about point O.
MO = r X F The moment arm d can be found
= r X (F1 + F2) from trigonometry,
= r X F1 + r X F2

Thus,

Since the force tends to rotate or orbit

clockwise about point O, the moment is
directed into the page.

Sunday, 22 January, 2023

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Determine the moment produced by the force F which tends to rotate the rod about the AB axis.

4.5 Moment of a Force about a Specified Axis

Unit vector defines the direction of the AB axis of the rod, where

For simplicity, choose rD The force is Sunday, 22 January, 2023

 READING QUIZ
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F = 12 N
1. What is the moment of the 12 N force about point A
(MA)?
A) 3 N·m B) 36 N·m C) 12 N·m
D) (12/3) N·m E) 7 N·m d=3m
• A

2. The moment of force F about point O is defined

as MO = ___________ .
A) r x F B) F x r
C) r • F D) r * F

Sunday, 22
January, 2023
 Comparison Table Between Dot Product and Cross Product
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Parameter Of Comparison Dot Product Cross Product

A dot product is the product of the magnitude A cross product is the product of the
General Definition of the vectors and the cos of the angle magnitude of the vectors and the sine of the
between them. angle that they subtend on each other.

The dot product of two vectors A and B is The cross product of two vectors A and B is
Mathematical Relation
represented as : Α.Β = ΑΒ cos θ represented as : Α × Β = ΑΒ sin θ

The resultant of the dot product of the vectors The resultant of the cross product of the
Resultant
is a scalar quantity. vectors is a vector quantity.

The dot product is zero when the vectors are The cross product is maximum when the
Orthogonality of Vectors
orthogonal ( θ = 90°). vectors are orthogonal ( θ = 90°).

The dot product of two vectors follows the The cross product of two vectors does not
Commutativity
commutative law : A. B = B. A follow the commutative law : A × B ≠ B × A

Sunday, 22
January, 2023
 Dot Product

► Cartesian Vector Formulation

- Dot product of Cartesian unit vectors
i·i = (1)(1)cos0° = 1
i·j = (1)(1)cos90° = 0
- Similarly
i·i = 1 j·j = 1 k·k = 1
i·j = 0 i·k = 0 j·k = 0
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Thank you very much

for patience hearing

Sunday, 22 January, 2023