Chapter 3 : Integral Calculus

© VTC 2016
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Learning outcome
 explain the nature of an integral and use the integral function in engineering
applications

Learning contents
 concept and basic techniques of integral calculus;
 standard Indefinite integrals
 concept of definite integral
 properties of definite integral
 integration by substitution, partial fraction and by part.
 applications of integration

Reference books
 Croft, A., & Davison, R. (2008). Mathematics for Engineers - A Modern
Interactive Approach, Pearson Education.

© VTC 2016 2
 INTEGRATION

Introduction
The process of integration reverses the process of
differentiation.
dy
2
Suppose y  x then  2x .
dx

Thus the integral of 2 x is x 2 and the integral of 2t

2
t
is .

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 We use  to replace the words ‘the integral of ’.
 2xdx  x and  2tdt  t .
2 2
Hence,

However, there are lots of functions we can differentiate

to give 2 x .

2 2 2
e.g. x  5 , x 8 , x  0.4

All these functions have the same derivative 2x .

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 To allow for the possible presence of a constant,
whenever the process of integration is performed, a
constant ‘C’ is added to the result.


2
i.e. 2 xdx  x  C

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 A table of integrals

Function f (x) Indefinite integral  f ( x)dx

constant, k kx  C
2
x x C
2
n 1
n x C n  1
x n 1

x 1 ln x  C

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 Function f (x) Indefinite integral  f ( x)dx

sin kx  cos kx  C
k

cos kx sin kx  C
k

tan kx 1
ln sec kx  C
k
kx
kx e C
e k

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 Some rules of integration

kf ( x)dx  k f ( x)dx

 [ f ( x )  g ( x)]dx   f ( x) dx   g ( x) dx

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 e.g.1 Evaluate  ( x  2 x  3)dx
3 2

Solution:

  x dx   2 x dx   3dx
3 2

4  2 1
x 2x
   3x  C
4  2 1
4
x 2
   3x  C
4 x
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 e.g.2 Evaluate
Solution:
 sin( 2x)dx
 cos 2 x
 C
2

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 3t


e.g.3 Evaluate e dt
2

Solution:
3 3t
t
e 2e2 2
 C  C
3 3
2

2)du
e.g.4 Evaluate 
5u
(3e 
u
Solution:
5u
3e
  2 ln u  C
5
© VTC 2016
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 DEFINITE INTEGRALS

Introduction
b
The quantity is called the definite integral of
 a f ( x)dx
from a to b where a and b are known as the lower and

upper limits of the integral f (x) .

When we evaluate a definite integral, the result will

usually be a number.

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 If f (x) is continuous on the interval a  x  b and if F (x)
is any indefinite integral of f (x) , then
b

 f ( x)dx  F ( x)
b
a
 F (b)  F (a)
a
e.g. 1 Evaluate 1
.
 (x  3 x  2)dx
3 2
Solution: 0
1
 x 3x
4
3

   2 x
4 3 0
  0 3(0) 
4 3
1 3
    2(1)     2( 0) 
4 3  4 3 
5

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  /2
e.g. 2 Evaluate  sin(2x)dx .
Solution: 0

  2 
 cos   cos 2(0) 
 cos 2 x  2
2
       
2  0  2   2 
 
1 1
 ( )  (  )
2 2
1 1
 
2 2
1

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 1

 e dx
e.g. 3 Evaluate x .
Solution: 0
1
e 
x
e e 1 0

   
 1 0 1 1
1
 1
e
e 1

e
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Properties of definite integrals
If f (x) and g (x) are continuous on the interval of integration
a xb : a
1.  f (x)dx  0
a
b a

2.  f (x)dx   f (x)dx
a b
b b

3.  cf ( x)dx  c f (x)dx
a a
for any constant c
b b b
4.  [f ( x)  g (x)]dx   f (x)dx   g (x)dx
a a a
c b b

5.  f (x)dx   f (x)dx   f ( x)dx

a c a
where a  c  b
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 Integrals with infinite limits of integration


 e dt .
t
e.g.4 Evaluate e 
t
e  e 0
0
   
 10 1 1
1
  1
e
 0 1
1

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Tutorial and Exercise for students
 We will demonstrate the following questions:

 Tutorial 7:
 Question 1 (a) to (c)
 Question 2 (a) to (c)
 Question 3 (a) to (c)

 The remaining questions in the tutorial should be done by

students

18
 INTEGRATION BY PARTS

Introduction

The technique known as integration by parts is used to

1

x e
3 2 x
integrate a product of two functions, e.g. dx
0
You can think of this as a product rule for integrals.

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 The integration by parts formula states:

For indefinite integrals: dv du

 udv  uv   vdu  u ( dx )dx  uv   v( dx )dx
b b
For definite integrals: b b
dv b
du
 udv  [uv]a   vdu a dx
u( )dx  [uv]b
a  a dx)dx
v(
a a
To apply the formula to a particular example, we must
- let one function in the product be equal to u and be able to
differentiate this function to find
du ,
dx
- let the other function in the product be equal to dv and be able
to integrate this function to find v.

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e.g.1 Find  x sin xdx
.
dv du
Solution:  u ( dx )dx  uv   v( dx )dx
Let u  x Step 1
du d
 x  x sin xdx
dx dx
  x cos x    cos xdx
du  dx Step 2
dv   x cos x   cos xdx
 sin x
dx
  x cos x  sin x  C
dv  sin xdx Step 3
v   sin xdx   cos x Step 4

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 2

 xe dx.
x
e.g.2 Find dv du
0
 u ( dx )dx  uv   v( dx )dx
Solution:
Let u  x Step 1 2

 xe dx
x
du d
 x 0
dx dx 2
du  dx Step 2 x 2
 xe   e dx x
0
dv
 e x 0
dx x 2
 ( 2e  0e )  e
2 0
dv  e x dx Step 3 0
Step 4
v  e
x
dx  e x
 2e  ( e  e )
2 2 0

© VTC 2016
 e 1
2

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 2

 x e dx
e.g.3 Find 2 x .
dv du
Solution: 0
 u ( dx )dx  uv   v( dx )dx
2
Step 1
 x 2
Let u
 x e dx
2 x

du d 0
 x2 2
dx dx x 2
x e 2
  e 2 xdx
x
du  2 xdx Step 2 0
0
dv 2
 e x
 ( 4e  0e )  2  xe dx
2 0 x
dx
Step 3 0
dv  e dx x

 4e  2( e  1)
2 2

v  e dx  e
x x

 4e 2  2e 2  2
© VTC 2016 Step 4  2e 2  2 23
e.g.4 Find
Solution:
 ln xdx.

x ln x   x d ln x Backward
d
Checking :

1 x (ln x  1 )
 x ln x   x ( ) dx
x
dx
d d
 x ln x  x
dx dx
 x ln x   1 dx  (ln x )
dx
 x
d
ln x  1
 x ln x  x  C dx dx
x
 x (ln x  1 )  C  ln x  1
x
 ln x

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 INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION

Introduction
The use of substitution in integration is to simplify an integral
or make it more amenable to integration. We often let a new
variable, say u , equal a more complicated part of the function
we are trying to integrate. The choice of which substitution to
make often relies on experience.

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  (3x  5. ) dx
6
e.g.1 Find
Step 1
Solution:
du let u  3 x  5
u 3
6
Step 3
du d
7  (3 x  5)
1u dx dx
 C
3 7 du
7 3
u dx
 C
21 du
dx  Step 2
(3x  5) 7 3
Step 4  C
21
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 x
2
e.g.2 Find the integral 1  x .dx
Solution: Step 1
du
Step 3  u let u  1  x 2
2
1 du d
1 u 2
1
 (1  x ) 2

 C dx dx
2 1 1
du
2  2 x
3 dx
u 2
 C  du Step 2
3 xdx 
3 2
Step 4  (1  x )2 2
 C
© VTC 2016 3 27
Substitution and definite integrals
When dealing with definite integrals, it is important to note
that the limits of the integration.
e.g.3 Find 3
. Step 1
 t sin(t )dt
2

Solution: 2 let u  t 2
Step 3
du d 2
 t
dt dt
du
 2t
Step 4 dt
du Step 2
tdt 
2

© VTC 2016 28
 2
e.g.4 Find  33x  1 dx .
x x2

Solution:

z  x3  x  2 Step 1 3x 2  1 1
dz d 3  x 3  x  2 dx   z dz Step 3
 ( x  x  2)
dx dx  ln z  C
dz
 3x 2  1  ln( x 3  x  2)  C
dx
Step 2 Step 4
dz  (3x 2  1)dx
29
© VTC 2016
 3
e.g.5 Find the integral .x2 dx

0
x 1
Solution:

u  x 1 Step 1

du d
 ( x  1)
dx dx
du
1
dx
du  dx Step 2

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 Step 3

du

Step 4

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 INTEGRATION USING PARTIAL FRACTIONS

Introduction
It is helpful to break down a complicated fraction into the sum
of simpler fractions. For example,
4x  7  1  3 .
x  3x  2 x  2 x  1
2

We say that the partial fractions of 4x  7

2
x  3x  2
1 3
Are x  2 and x 1 .

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 Proper and improper fractions

Consider the following ratio of two polynomials,

3 2 2
x  x  3x  7 3x  2 x  5 x
(a) 2
x 1 (b) 2
x  7x  2 (c) x 4  1
If the highest power occurring in the denominator is greater
than the highest power occurring in the numerator, then the
fraction is said to be proper, otherwise, it is said to be improper.
Therefore,

(a) improper (b) improper (c) proper

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Proper fractions with linear factors
A linear factor ax+b produces a partial fraction of the form
A .
ax  b
e.g.1 Express 7 x  10 as its partial fractions.
2
2 x  5x  3
Solution:
7 x  10 A B 1 3
 
(2 x  3)( x  1) 2 x  3 x  1 
A( x  1)  B(2 x  3) 2x  3 x 1

(2 x  3)( x  1)

7 x  10  A( x  1)  B(2 x  3)
 A  3B  10 A  1
 Ax  A  2 Bx  3B  
 A  2B  7 B  3
 A  3B  ( A  2 B ) x
© VTC 2016 34
Proper fractions with quadratic factors

A linear factor of the form ax 2  bx  c produces a partial fraction of the

Ax  B
form 2 .
ax  bx  c
e.g.2 Express 2 3x  1 as its partial fractions.
( x  x  10)( x  1)
Solution:
3x  1 Ax  B C
Let  
( x 2  x  10)( x  1) x 2  x  10 x  1
3x  1  ( Ax  B )( x  1)  C ( x 2  x  10)

-1
Equating coeff. of x , 0  A  C A 
2

3
7
Equating coeff. of x, 3  A B  C B =
3
1 3x 1  x 7 1
When x 1, 4 12CC =  2  2 
3 (x  x 10)(x 1) 3(x  x 10) 3(x 1)
© VTC 2016 35
 Improper fractions
An additional term is included taking the form of a polynomial
of degree n - d where n is the degree of the numerator and d is
the degree of the denominator. For example
x3  A  B
x2 x2
,

2 and
2 x  7 x  7  A  Bx  C
x2 x2
3 2
x  2 x  5x  1  A  Bx2  Cx  D
x3 x3
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 2
e.g.3 Express 2 x  x  2 as partial fractions.
x 1
2 x 2
 x2 A
Solution:Let   ( Bx  C )
x 1 x 1

2 x 2  x  2  A  ( Bx  C )( x  1)
2 x 2  x  2  A  ( Bx  C )( x  1)
when x  1, 1  A  A = 1
Equating coeff. of x 2 , 2  B  B = 2
Equating coeff. of x,  1  B  C  C = 3
2 x2  x  2 1
   2x  3
x 1 x 1
© VTC 2016
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 23  x
e.g.4 Express ( x  5)(x  4) as the sum of its partial
23  x
fractions. Hence, find  (x  5)(x  4) dx .
Solution:
23  x A B
 
( x  5)( x  4) x  5 x  4
23  x  A( x  4)  B( x  5)
23  x  Ax  4 A  Bx  5 B
23  x  4 A  5 B  ( A  B ) x

23  4 A  5B 23 x 2 3

 1  A  B  (x 5)(x  4) dx   x 5  x  4 dx
A  2

 B  3  2 ln x  5  3 ln x  4  C
© VTC 2016 38
Tutorial and Exercise for students
 We will demonstrate the following questions:

 Tutorial 8:
 Question 1 (a) to (c)
 Question 2 (d) to (f) and (m) to (n)
 Question 3 (a) to (c)

 The remaining questions in the tutorial should be done by

students

39
THE AREA BOUNDED BY A CURVE

Introduction
Integration is a process of summation. The definite
b
x b

integral a f ( x)dx is defined as lim  f ( x) x

 x 0
xa
.
For example, the area under the graph between x  a and x  b
can be calculated by dividing the area into an infinite number of
rectangles, followed by finding the area of each rectangle, and
then adding all these individual areas up.

© VTC 2016
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 The following figure shows the area approximated by n
rectangles. The following URL is recommended for your
reference.

© VTC 2016
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 The area bounded by a curve lying above the x axis
e.g.1 Find the area bounded by the curve y  sin x
and the x axis between x  0 and x   .
Solution:


 sin xdx
0

  cos x 0


  cos   ( cos 0)
 (1)  1
2
© VTC 2016
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 The area bounded by a curve lying below the x axis
e.g.2 Find the area bounded by the curve y  sin x
and the x axis between x   and x  2 .
Solution:
2
The evaluation of the area yields a
 sin xdx negative value. There is no such thing
as a negative area. The negative sign
is an indication that the area lies
  cos x 
2
below x-axis

  cos 2  ( cos  )
 1  (1)
 2 -ve value ?
© VTC 2016
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The area bounded by a curve and the x axis
e.g.3 Find the area bounded by the curve y  cos x
and the x axis between x  0 and x  2 .
Solution: 2 

 cos xdx  sin x 

2
0  sin 2  sin 0  0
2 0 WRONG !!!
 cos
0
xdx

 3
2 2 2
  cos
0
xdx   cos xdx 
3
 cos xdx
2 2

 3  3
 (sin  sin 0 )  (sin  sin )  (sin 2   sin )
2 2 2 2
 1   2  [  (  1)]
 1 2 1  4
44
© VTC 2016
 The area bounded by two functions
2
e.g.4 Find the area bounded by y  x and y  x .
Solution: y
 y  x 2 y = x2

 y  x y = x1/2
2
x2  x 1
x4  x  0
0 x
x ( x  1)  0
3
1 2
x  0 or x  1

© VTC 2016
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 1 1

 x  x 2 dx 
0
x2  x dx
0
1 1
 1   x3 3

 x
1 2x 2
x3 
2
   
     3 3 
1 3  0
 1 
 2 0
1 2
1  
 2 32 x3  3 3
  x  
3 3 0 1

2 1 3
 
3 3 1

1 3

3
© VTC 2016
46
e.g.5 Find the total area enclosed by the curve
3 2
y  x  5x  4 x and the x axis between x = 0 and x
= 4.
4
Solution: 4
 x 5x 4x 
4 3 2

0 x  5 x  4 xdx   4  3  2   ......
3 2

y  x3  5x 2  4 x WRONG !!!

when y  0 x  5x  4 x  0
3 2

x3  5x 2  4 x  0
x ( x  5 x  4)  0
2

x( x  1)( x  4)  0
© VTC 2016
x  0 or x  1 or x  4
47
 4

x  5 x  4 xdx
3 2

0
1 4
 x 5x 4 x 
4
 x 5x 4x 
3 2 4 3 2
       
4 3 2 0  4 3 2 1
 0.583   10.67  0.583
 0.583   11.25
 11.833
© VTC 2016
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 Centroid Of An Area

The centroid of an area is the point about which the area could be balanced if it
was supported from that point.

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 e.g. Locate the centroid of the following shaded area.

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 Solution:
To find the area, we first choose the small, horizontal element of area dA as shown in the
following figure. Approximating this area as a thin rectangle, the area is simply the product
of the base times the height.

© VTC 2016
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 The area is

The first moment of that little strip of area about the x-axis is just
dMx = y dA

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 The y-coordinate of the centroid is then

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 Moment of Inertia

In the study of strength of materials, the property of moment of

inertia is an indication of the stiffness of a particular shape. That is,
a shape having a higher moment of inertia would deflect less when
subject to bending moments than one having a lower moment of
inertia.

Moment of inertia of simple shapes

I   y 2 dA

Where y = distance from an element of area to the reference axis

A = Area of an element

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Example
Determine the moment of inertia, I, of the following area with respect to its centroidal axis.

I   y 2 dA

dA  b * dy

h/2
I  (b * dy)
2
y
h / 2

bh 3
I
12

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Example
A simply support beam carries a triangular load as shown in
the following figure. The shear force, V, along the beam is
governed by the following equation
V  0.15 x 2  3 x  10
where x is the distance from the left support A.
3 kN/m

A B

10 m

If M   Vdx , find the expression for the bending moment along the
beam. Given that the boundary condition for the beam is M = 0 at x =
0. 56
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Solution

M   Vdx
  (0.15 x 2  3 x  10)dx
x3 x2
 0.15  3  10 x  C
3 2

Given the boundary condition, M = 0 at x = 0.

C=0
Therefore, M  0.05 x 3  1.5 x 2  10 x

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 Solution
This question can be interpreted as the area between two curves.

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Average power in electrical circuits

 For a DC circuit, we can compute the

power P delivered to a resistor by
R

V2 V
P
R
 Here, we assume that we have
constant voltage
 What about voltage is time-varying
(like AC)? How can we measure the v
power?

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 For AC circuit, voltage across a resistor can be written as

V ( t )  V sin( 2ft )
where f is frequency (50Hz in HK), V is the amplitude in volt.

v
V R 0.5 T 2
T T

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 Voltage source takes a period T = 1/f to complete a voltage cycle.
 In HK, voltage source take T = 1/50 sec to complete a cycle.
 To compute the average power delivered to a resistor from an AC source,
we have to consider the Root Mean Square (rms) value of an AC source
first. Rms value is defined as:

Vrms 
0
V 2 ( t )dt
T

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 Average power P delivered to the resistor is related to the rms value of
the voltage across the resistor as:
2
 T 
Vrms  0
2
1  V ( t )dt 
2
P   
R R  T 
 
 Calculate rms value first:

T T
  V 2 sin 2 ( 2ft )dt
2
V ( t )dt
Vrms  0
 0
T T

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Recall that 1
sin ( x )  (1  cos(2 x ))
2

2 T
T 1
  ( 1  cos( 4 ft ))dt Vrms 

0
V 2 sin 2 ( 2ft )dt

V
0 2 T 2
T 1 T 1
 
0 2
dt   cos( 4 ft )dt
0 2 So the average power P of
T resistor in the AC circuit is:
t  1 1
 sin( 4 ft )0 Vrms 
T 2
    2
1  V  1 V2
 2  0 2 4 P     
T 1 R R  2 2 R
   sin( 4 fT )  sin( 0 )
2 8 Power in AC circuit
T is not simply related

2 to the square of the
amplitude but with
½ constant associate
© VTC 2015
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Tutorial and Exercise for students
 We will demonstrate the following questions:

 Tutorial 9:
 Question 2
 Question 3
 Question 5
 Question 7
 Question 8
 Question 9

 The remaining questions in the tutorial should be done by

students 66
Integral Calculus

Application

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 VOLUMES OF REVOLUTION
 We will study the concept of integration as the limit of a
sum can be used to find volumes of solid formed when
curves are rotated around the x or y axes.

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 VOLUMES OF REVOLUTION

Volumes generated by rotating curves about the x axis

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Imagine rotating the line y=2x in Fig. 1 a full revolution around

the x axis. The three dimensional shape in Fig. 2 is known as a
volume of revolution.

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VOLUMES OF REVOLUTION
In order to find the volume of revolution we
assume that it is composed of lots of thin circular
discs. A typical disc has radius y and thickness x

In general, if the graph of y(x),a  x  b is rotated

about the x axis the volume of the solid formed is
b
2
V    y dx
a
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 Example 1
2
A graph of the function y  x for x between 0 and 4
is rotated around the x axis. Find the volume of
revolution.

Solution:

71
 VOLUMES OF REVOLUTION
Volumes generated by rotating curves about the y axis

A different solid of revolution by rotating a curve around

the y axis instead of around the x axis.
72
VOLUMES OF REVOLUTION
In order to find the volume of revolution we
assume that it is composed of lots of thin circular
discs. A typical disc has radius x and thickness  y

In general, if the graph of y(x), c  y  d is rotated

about the x axis the volume of the solid formed is

73
 Example 2
Find the volume generated when the graph of y  4x
2

between x=0 and x=1 is rotated around the y axis.

Solution:

74
75
76
77
78
Rotating a curve about y-axis

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Tutorial and Exercise for students
 We will demonstrate the following questions:

 Tutorial 10:
 Question 1
 Question 2

 The remaining questions in the tutorial should be done by

students

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