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Seismic Retrofitting
Seismic Retrofitting
Seismic Retrofitting
• Every structure must have two load resisting systems vertical load
resisting system for transferring the vertical load to ground (b)
horizontal load resisting system for transferring the horizontal load
to vertical load system
• It is imperative that the seismic forces should be properly collected
by the horizontal framing system and transferred into vertical lateral
resisting system
• Any discontinuity/irregularity in this load path or load transfer may
cause one of the major contributions to structural damage during
strong earthquakes
• In addition it must be ensured that each member both of horizontal
or vertical load resisting system must be strong enough and not fail
during an earthquake
• All the structural and non-structural elements must have sufficient
strength and ductility and should be well connected to the structural
system so that the load path must be complete and sufficiently
strong
Structural Damage due to Lack of Deformation
Increasing strength with shear walls: (a) adding techniques (b) infilling techniques
Adding New Shear Walls
Technical Considerations
• To find locations which may align to the full height of the building to
minimize torsion
• It is often desirable to locate walls adjacent to the beam between
columns so that only minimum slab demolition is required with
connections made to beam at the sides and /of columns
• The reinforcement has to pass through holes in slabs and around the
beams to avoid interference
• Wall thickness also varies from 15 to 25cm (6 to 10 inch) and is
normally placed externally
Adding New Shear Walls
Limitations
Column lap splices subjected to large axial force due to frame wall action
Adding Infill Walls
Technical Consideration
• Mode 1: Weak columns, strong beams and strong infill - failure occurs
in the columns followed by crushing of infill in the compressive
corners
• Mode 2: Strong columns, weak beams and strong infill - failure occurs
in the beam again followed by crushing of infill
• Mode 3: Strong columns, strong beams and weak infill - failure occurs
when corner crushing extends diagonally followed by frame joint
failure.
Limitations
• The benefit of retrofitting by infill walls is often limited by failure of
splices in existing columns, which act as boundary elements for new
infill walls
Non-Conventional Approach
Seismic Base Isolation
Advantages
• Better protection against earthquake due to the
decreasing of shears
• Superstructure will need no reinforcement
• Foundation system will not need any reinforcement to
resist the overturning moments
• Least interrupting the building activities, since the work
is carried out in the basement
• Least temporary work is required
Seismic Base Isolation
Steel Jacketing
Jacketing of Columns
Strap Jacketing
A narrow gap should be provided to prevent any possible increase in flexure capacity
Jacketing of Columns
• Jacketing of columns consists of added concrete with
longitudinal and transverse reinforcement around the existing
columns
• This type of strengthening improves the axial and shear
strength of columns while the flexural strength of column and
strength of the beam-column joints remain the same
• Jacketing of columns is not successful for improving the
ductility
• A major advantage is that it improves the lateral load capacity
of the building in a reasonably uniform and distributed way
and hence avoiding the concentration of stiffness as in the
case of shear walls
• Major strengthening of foundations may be avoided
Jacketing of Columns
Jacketing of Beams
• Jacketing of beams is recommended for several purposes as it
gives continuity to the columns and increases the strength and
stiffness of the structure
• In jacketing of a beam its flexural resistance must be carefully
computed to avoid the creation of a strong beam-weak column
system
• In the retrofitted structure, there is a strong possibility of
change of mode of failure and redistribution of forces as a
result of jacketing of column, which may consequently cause
beam hinging
• The location of the beam critical section and the participation
of the existing reinforcement should be taken into
consideration
• Jacketing of beam may be carried out under different ways the
most common are one-sided jackets or 3 and 4-sided jackets
• The beam should be jacketed through its whole length
Beam Jacketing