Cell Cycle and Mitosis
Cell Division
- when cell undergoes reproduction, or cell
division, the two “daughter” cells that result
are genetically identical to each other and to
the original “parent” cell.
(The term “daughter cells” does not imply
gender)
- The ability to reproduce in kind is a basic
characteristic of all living things
-In kind means that the offspring of any
organisms closely resembles their parents.
- such information flow is absolutely
necessary for reproduction.
The parent cell duplicates its chromosomes-> during cell
division, one set of chromosomes is distributed to each
other daughter cell-> daughter cells receive identical
sets of chromosomes form the lone, original parent cell
- all multicellular organisms use cell division
for growth and the maintenance of cells and
tissues.
- For single-celled organisms, they use cell
division as their method of reproduction.
-In addition to the production of gametes, cell
division plays other important roles in
multicellular organisms.
- Cell division enables sexually reproducing
organisms to develop from a single cell—the
fertilized egg, or zygote into an adult
organism.
- After an organism is fully grown, cell division
continues to function in renewal and repair,
replacing cells that die from normal wear and
tear or from accidents. Within your body,
millions of cells must divide every second to
replace damaged or lost cells.
Types of Reproduction
1. Asexual Reproduction
- the creation of genetically identical offspring
by a single parent, without the participation
of sperm and egg.
-An individual that reproduces asexually gives
rise to a clone, a group of genetically identical
individuals
- Ex. Many single celled organisms such as
prokaryotes, or the eukaryotic yeast cells.
2. Sexual Reproduction
-Requires the fusion of gametes, egg, and
sperm.
- a gamete has only half as many
chromosomes as the parent cell that gave rise
to it, and these chromosomes contain unique
combinations of genes
- each offspring inherits a unique combination
of genes from its two parents, and this one-
and-only set of genes programs a unique
combination of traits
Types of Cell Division
1. Mitosis
The type of cell division responsible for the
growth and maintenance of multicellular
organisms and for asexual reproduction
2. Meiosis
- The production of egg and sperm cells
Genetic Structure in Eukaryotes
- Each eukaryotic chromosome consists of one
long DNA molecule—bearing hundreds or
thousands of genes
- The chromosome contains genes and a
number of protein molecules, which are
attached to the DNA. The proteins help
maintain the chromosome's structure and
control the activity of its genes.

- Chromatin is the entire complex- consisting
of roughly equal amounts of DNA.
Chromosome> Chromatin
- Genes are the units of information that
specify an organism’s inherited traits.
- Some cells divide once a day, others less
often; and highly specialized cells, such as
mature muscle and nerve cells, do not divide
at all.
Cell Cycle
- An ordered series of events involving cell
growth and cell division that produces two
new daughter cells
Two major phases:
1. Interphase — cell grows, and DNA is
replicated
2. Mitotic phase — the replicated DNA and
cytoplasmic contents are separated, and the
cell divides
1. Interphase
-Most of the cell cycle is spent in interphase.
During this time, the cell's metabolic activity is
very high as it performs its normal functions
- During interphase, the cell undergoes
normal growth processes while also preparing
for cell division.
Three stages of Interphase:
G1 Phase, S phase, G2 Phase
G1 Phase (first gap)
- The cell is actively accumulating the building
blocks of chromosomal DNA and the
associated proteins as well as accumulating
sufficient energy reserves.
S phase (synthesis of DNA)
- DNA replication can proceed through the
mechanism that result in the formation of
identical pairs of DNA molecules — sister
chromatids
-The centrosome is duplicated
-The two centrosomes will give rise to the
mitotic spindles.
G2 Phase (second gap)
- The cell replenishes its energy stores and
synthesizes proteins necessary for
chromosome manipulation
- The cell completes preparations for cell
division.
G0 Phase
- Cells in G0 Phase are not actively preparing
to divide
-The cell is in an inactive stage that occurs
when cells exit the cell cycle
-Some cells enter G0 temporarily, some
permanently remain in Go (e.g., heart muscle
cells and neurons, cells that do not divide at
all)
2. Mitotic phase
- a multistep process during which the
duplicated chromosomes are aligned,
separated, and move into two new, identical
daughter cells.
Karyokinesis — nuclear division; first portion
of the mitotic phase
Cytokinesis - second portion of the mitotic
phase; physical separation of the cytoplasmic
components into the two daughter cells
Mitosis: Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase,
Anaphase, & Telophase
Prophase ("First Phase")
• Chromosomes condense and becomes
visible Spindle fibers emerge from the
centrosomes
• Nuclear envelope breaks down
• Nucleolus disappears
Chromosome condensation is the dramatic
reorganization of the long thin chromatin
strands into compact short chromosomes
Prometaphase ("First Change Phase")
• Chromosomes continue to condense
• Kinetochores appear at the centromeres
and the mitotic spindle microtubules attach to
kinetochores
• Centrosomes move toward opposite poles
Telophase
• Chromosomes arrive at opposite poles
and begin to decondense
• Nuclear envelope material surrounds
each set of chromosomes
• The mitotic spindle breaks down

Cytokinesis
The cell already sep
• Animal cells: A cleavage furrow
separates the daughter cells
• Plant cells: A cell plate separates
the daughter cells

Metaphase ("Change Phase")

• Mitotic spindle is fully developed;
centrosomes are at opposite poles of the cell
• Chromosomes are lined up at the
metaphase plate
• Each sister chromatid is attached to a
spindle fiber originating from opposite
poles
Review

Interphase
- G1 Phase (First Gap)
- S Phase (Synthesis of DNA)
- G2 Phase (Second Gap)

Anaphase Mitotic Phase: Karyokinesis

• Cohesion proteins binding the sister - Prophase
chromatids together break down - Prometaphase
• Sister chromatids (now called - Metaphase
chromosomes) are pulled toward - Anaphase
opposite poles - Telophase
• Non-kinetochore spindle fibers
lengthen, elongating the cell Mitotic Phase: Cytokinesis