MODULE 01 lives through faster, frequent, and affordable
INTRODUCTION TO GLOBALIZATION
Globalization is growth on a worldwide scale.
It is the process of integration and the international
influence of economies and cultures. It is an
exchange of goods and an exchange of ideas and
even anti-terrorist protections.
Some factors of globalization are the following:
 Globalization in Economics
Understanding international economies
and international trades is crucial for
comprehending globalization, as technological
advancements and transportation improvements
reveal global outlets, reducing barriers to trade,
capital movement, and production methods.
Here are some examples:
 Multinational corporations operate in
numerous locations, providing 24/7 service to
customers, ensuring a seamless and efficient
global presence.
 Outsourcing can boost economic development
in struggling countries by creating jobs and
providing new opportunities for those who
may not have had the opportunity otherwise.
 Globalization in the Blending of Cultures
New cultures are being transmitted when
more people are traveling or exchanging goods. It
is also affected by open communication by internet,
especially intermarriages coming from dating site
meet ups.
Here are some examples:
 While world economies benefit from
globalization, the spread of new cultures is also
affected. Christian missionaries have
significantly contributed to the globalization of
the world, fostering the spread of new cultures
and promoting spirituality among people
worldwide.
 Migrants are transforming the world through
travel, escaping oppression and securing better
planes
 Globalization has significantly impacted the
food industry, with Korean cuisine becoming a
significant factor in the culinary landscape of
the Philippines and beyond.
 Globalization in Technology
It's easy to argue that technology is a
vehicle to globalization. Especially the use of
internet, faster mode of travel by air, land, and
water, latest models of communication tools and
medical equipment, and life-saving drugs. The
ability to access mountains of information online
has opened countless doors.
Here are some examples of globalization, brought
to us by the gift of technology:
 Global news networks like CNN facilitate
knowledge spread through instant, live
broadcasts and continuous updates to online
outlets. Cell phones and various
communication platforms like Facebook,
Messenger, WhatsApp, Instagram, Snapchat,
Twitter, and Hangout connect people
worldwide.
MODULE 02
GLOBALIZATION AS INTERNATIONALIZATION AND
LIBERALIZATION
What is Internationalization?
Standard /Process of globalization.
Internationalization before to be part of
globalization.
Globalization is an economic process that
aims to integrate countries' economies globally.
Internalization acts the same as Globalization,
improvising the local economy, leading to its
growth and expansion of businesses across other
countries.
 Internationalization is related to a firm's
movement overseas, artists performing overseas,
Filipinos working overseas. At the same time,
Globalization is the rapidly growing integration of
communication, finance, culture, and political
ideology. Although, Internationalization is the
process that results in Globalization as firm
movements could be the cause of Globalization.
There is a substantial difference between
Globalization and Internationalization.
Internationalization is to perform at the
international standards with our domestic labor,
natural resources to compete for the global market.
It is an effort with own nation's national labor,
capital, and resources by operating in domestic and
an international market.
Globalization is to integrate the economies
with integrity and unity globally to use other
nations' labor, capital, and resources to reach the
best results.
What are the differences between Globalization
and Internationalization?
There are some differences between the two, which
are very important to distinguish the role of the
two in supporting nations toward Globalization.
Key Differences between Globalization and
Internationalization
 Globalization is the result, while
Internationalization is one of the tools/processes to
achieve them.
1. Globalization is more with the nations and
their economies. At the same time,
Internationalization is more related to the local
individual, firm, and corporations for doing up their
businesses.
 Globalization is a process, and
Internationalization is part of the same
 Significant factors that affect Globalization are
infrastructural and logistics setup.
telecommunications, etc. In contrast,
Internationalization gets affected by cultural
tastes and preferences, local traditions, etc
 The prominent example of Globalization is the
Elimination of Visa Obligations, removing tariff
and non-tariff trade barriers, liberalizing
investment-related obligations, etc In contrast,
inter-nationalization is sourcing, producing, or
selling materials or delivering services from
one or more countries, setting up branches
and subsidiaries in other countries, etc.
 Globalization is an economic process as it aims
to integrate the economies.
Internationalization is an improvisation process
as it will expand the business across the
nations.
 Organizations like International Monetary
Fund (IMF), World Bank, World Trade
Organization (WTO), etc., observe and work to
implement Globalization. At the same time,
Institutions like the European Union (EU), Asia
Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), North
Atlantic Free Trade Agreement NAFTA, etc.,
boosts Internationalization
What is Liberalization?
Liberalization generally refers to removing
restrictions, usually, government rules and
regulations are imposed on social, economic, or
political matters. It is a process whereby a state lifts
restrictions on some private individual activities.
Liberalization occurs when something which
used to be banned is no longer prohibited or when
government regulations are relaxed. Liberalization
generally relates to activity within a certain country
as a result of modernization and development.
Some countries offer visitor visas upon entry into
the country; many countries are visa-free.
Liberalization is a process of removing
government-imposed restrictions on the
movements between nations to create an "open
and borderless" world economy.
 What are Globalization and Liberalization?
Both Globalization and Liberalization refer to
relaxing social and economic policies that result in
better integration with an economy and between
nations.
Globalization is the greater integration among
countries and economies for trade, economic,
social, and political benefits. This increased
interdependence, in the end, will also eliminate
war-related situations, which ultimately leads to
harmony among the nation. Free trade,
specialization, and global integration mean that
countries are free to trade.
Barriers to a Free Philippine Press
The government affirms that press freedom in
the country is guaranteed. According to
Presidential spokesperson Harry Roque, "The
(Philippine) media remains alert and vibrant in their
reportage of the government and the actions of
officials." This is contrary to Reporters Without
Borders' (RSF) 2021. World Press Freedom Index
which ranked the Philippines 138th out of 180
countries, indicating that the country's press
freedom is in a "difficult situation." In this lesson we
will find out why the Philippine press 'seems free
but not free.
This is the six criteria used by Reporters
Without Borders' (RSF) in the qualitative part of
their methodology:
Pluralism: the degree to which opinions are

represented in the media
Media Independence: the degree to which the

media are able to function independently of
sources of political, governmental, business
and religious power and influence
 Environment and Self-censorship: the
environment in which news and Information
providers operate
 Legislative Framework: impact of the legislative
framework governing news and information
activities
 Transparency: transparency of the institutions
and procedures that affect the production of
news and information
 Infrastructure: the quality of the infrastructure
that supports the production of news and
information
 Abuses: level of abuses and violence against
the press
MODULE 03
GLOBALIZATION AS WESTERNIZATION
Globalization is the greater integration among
countries and economies for trade, economic,
social, and political benefits.
Westernization - adoption of the practices and
culture of western Europe by societies and
countries in other parts of the world, whether
through compulsion or influence.
Westernization reached much of the world as

part of the process of colonialism and
continues to be a significant cultural
phenomenon as a result of globalization.
 Westernization began with traders, colonizers,
and missionaries from western Europe who
believed that their way of life was superior to
those of the peoples in the countries to which
they traveled.
 The occupied peoples were required or
encouraged to adopt western European
business practices, languages, alphabets, and
attire.
 They were also encouraged to assume western
European education systems, literary and
artistic standards, and to convert to Christianity
Many countries had Western types of

government and military practices imposed on
them.
EFFECTS OF WESTERNIZATION
Westernization has greatly affected our traditions,
customs, family, and our love and respect for
others.
 The strong family ties between Filipino
members are eroding.
 The respect for elders is diminishing, hence the
need for a home for the aged in the Philippines.
 Prostitution yields so many babies fathered by
western men given for adoption by many
prostitutes working in the Philippines' red-light
districts.
ADVANTAGE OF WESTERN CULTURE
Western civilization has brought good things, too,
most especially in the form of modern medicine.
Central cooling is excellent if you live in an
unsuitable climate. You can eat the abundance of
food simultaneously in the starving world due to
food cropping and food preservation. You are
traveling by air, land, and water in the fastest
possible way because of technology in building
ports, airports, and expressways.
GLOBALIZATION AS WESTERNIZATION
Westernization is a cultural transformation
whereby other societies adopt western ideas.
Usually, it is associated with capitalism, freedom of
thought and expression, and more and more with
American Cultural entertainment and lifestyles.
At the same time, Globalization, on the other
hand, refers to closer integration of people in both
cultures and more practical concerns like transport
and products.
How Did Filipinos Become So Westernized?
 The Philippines was colonized by Spain
(European Kingdom) in 1565 and the United
States of America (western country) in 1898, so
Filipinos adopted Spanish culture for 333 years.
 We learned Roman Catholic religion from
Spain and human rights violations that led to a
revolution in 1896.
 Spain sold the Philippines, Mexico, Cuba, and
Puerto Rico to the United States in 1898 for 20
Million dollars.
 The United States gave the Philippines every
system we have today, Education and Culture,
Hygiene, Sanitation and Health care,
Agriculture, Public Works and Engineering,
Government and Politics, Entertainment,
Building Codes, Military Officers' schools, and
Police system.
 The United States makes Filipinos their Little
Brown Brothers that speak English and accept
everything the USA told us to do and say until
we were granted Independence in 1946.
MODULE 04
FORMS OF GLOBALIZATION: PART 1
FORMS OF GLOBALIZATION
1. Economic Globalization
The concept of Globalization as a whole is
mainly economic. Globalization has emerged and
developed largely as an economic concept and
system. Economic Globalization is the financial
connection of a country with the global economic
system. Globalization in the economic field is free
economic adoption. This removes the regulatory
rules imposed on a country's economic affairs and
exposes the domestic economy to the world.
Features of Economic Globalization
Prominent economist Peter Drucker in his New
Realities, discusses the economic features of
Globalization. They are:
 Due to Globalization, international
organizations have spread globally to make the
entire world a mere production and product-
service market.
 The main objective of the global economy is to
maximize the market.
 Investment in the globalization process has
become a trade, not an investment in the trade.
 Due to Globalization, the power to make
decisions is transferred from the national state
to the regional alliances.
 In the globalization economy, the management
system dominates as a component of
production.
 The transaction of money mainly drives
globalization. Again, the existence of an
individual response to these financial
transactions is seen. Unproductive foreign
capital creates adverse effects on the global
market.
 In economic Globalization, there is a process
of almost spontaneous lending, finance, and
investment throughout the world. Information
beyond the borders of the national state
organizes this process.
2. Political Globalization
Political ideology is often referred to as one
of the characteristics of Globalization That is, the
expression of Globalization also occurs in political
ideology. (Law Of Different Countries)
The transformation of liberalism is called an
example of political ideology in the process of
Globalization.
The expression of political Globalization has
occurred in International organizations. All these
organizations exceed the national boundaries.
3. Financial Globalization
Financial Globalization can be linked with the
rise of a global financial system with international
and monetary exchanges. Stock markets, for
instance, are a great example of the financially
connected global world since when one stock
market has a decline, it affects other markets
negatively as well as the economy as a whole.
MODULE 05
FORMS OF GLOBALIZATION: PART 2
4. Military globalization
The process which embodies the growing
extensity and intensity of military relations among
the political units of the world system. It reflects
both the expanding network of worldwide military
ties and relations, as well as the impact of key
military technological Innovations (from
steamships to satellites), which over time, have
reconstituted the world into a single geostrategic
space. (Specializing Arm Forces)
Military globalization implies firmer integration
of armed forces around the world into the global
military system. It is characterized by extensive as
well as intensive networks of military force. The
most obvious example of military globalization is
the nuclear age and the proliferation of weapons of
mass destruction.
5. Cultural Globalization
The process of cultural globalization and is
also sometimes called McDonaldization. Cultural
globalization is how a world-class of goods, ideas,
and Information is produced in one part of the
world.
6. Environmental Globalization
Refers to internationally coordinated practices
and regulations in the form of international
treaties regarding environmental protection. The
growth of globalization and its impact on the
global environment is an essential concern to the
world.
7. Criminal globalization
Poses severe challenges to national and global
security. It includes trans-border crimes, such as
drug trafficking, money laundering, prostitution,
alien smuggling, arms trafficking, and
counterfeiting.
Crimes of globalization, or transnational crimes,
are crimes that are committed across national
borders. Since the fall of the Soviet Union and the
collapse of communism in its neighboring
countries, trade has expanded globally. With it, the
crime that so often accompanies large flows of
money.
 MODULE 06
GLOBAL ECONOMY AND MARKET INTEGRATION
Market Integration - refers to how easily two or
more markets can trade with each other. Foreign
trade helps the Integration of markets because it
reduces barriers to trade and increases fluidity
between markets.
Reasons For Market Integration:
 To remove transaction costs
 Foster competition
 Provide better signals for optimal generation
and consumption decisions.
 Improve the security of supply
Market integration occurs when prices among
different locations or related goods follow similar
patterns over a long period.
Groups of goods often move proportionally to
each other. When this relation is apparent among
different markets, it is said that the markets are
integrated. Thus, market integration is an indicator
that explains how much different markets are
related to each other.
What Is Market Integration, For Example?
1. Establish wholesaling facilities by food retailers
and set up another plant by a milk processor
2 Facebook buyout of Instagram and WhatsApp to
have a bigger market for Image sharing
Types Of Market Integration
 Horizontal Integration
 Vertical Integration: Forward, Backward and
Balanced Vertical Integration
 Conglomeration
1. Horizontal Integration. This occurs when a firm
or agency gains control of other firms or agencies
performing similar marketing functions at the same
level in the marketing sequence.
 Marketing agencies combine to form a union
to reduce their effective number and actual
competition in the market
 It is advantageous for the members who join
the group.
Effects of Horizontal Integration
 Buying out a competitor in a time-bound way
to reduce competition
 Gaining a larger share of the market and
higher profits
 Attaining economies of scale. Specializing in
the trade.
Advantages of Horizontal Integration
 Lower costs.
 Higher efficiency
 Increased differentiation
 Increased market power
 Reduced competition.
 Access to new markets.
 Economies of scale.
Economics of scope

 International trade.
2. Vertical Integration. This occurs when a firm
performs more than one activity in the sequence of
the marketing process.
 It links two or more functions in the marketing
process within a single firm or under single
ownership.
 This type of Integration makes it possible to
exercise control over the product's quality and
quantity from the beginning of the production
process until the product is ready for the
consumer
 It reduces the number of mediators in the
marketing channel
3. Forward Integration Suppose a firm assumes
another function of marketing that is closer to the
consumption function. In that case, it is a case of
forwarding integration. (flow of product,
production to consumer)
4. Backward Integration. This involves ownership or
a combination of sources of supply. (processing
firm assumes the function of assembling or
purchasing the product from the villages | supplier
to the business or manufacturing)
5. Balanced Vertical Integration The third type of
vertical Integration combines the backward and the
forward vertical Integration.
What Are The Effects Of Market Integration?
Both producers and consumers gained, but
welfare gains were inversely related to the size of
the country and positively to the level of openness
to trade. We infer that welfare gains from
international market integration were equivalent to
substantial shares of economic growth in the long
19th century.

Advantages of Vertical Integration

 It allows you to invest in highly specialized
assets.
 It gives you more control over your business.
 It allows for positive differentiation.
 It requires lower costs of the transaction.
 It offers more cost control.
 It ensures a high level of certainty when it
comes to quality.
 It provides more competitive advantages.

Effects of Vertical Integration

 More profits by taking up additional functions
 Risk reduction through improved market co-
ordination
 Improvement in bargaining power and the
prospects of influencing prices
 Lowering costs through achieving operational
efficiency

6. Conglomeration A combination of agencies or

activities not directly related to each other may be
termed a conglomeration when it operates under
unified management. (all products under one
company)

Effects of Conglomeration
 Risk reduction through diversification
 Acquisition of financial leverage
 Empire-building urge.