CO2 Handbook IIAR

Welcome to the revised and expanded Carbon
Dioxide Handbook for Industrial Refrigeration .

This handbook is a guide to the application of
C0 2 in closed loop industrial refrigeration systems
and reflects the technological advances that
have occurred since the publication of the initial
handbook in 2010.
lt is expected that the user of this handbook is skilled in the
art of industrial refrigeration systems, particularly ammonia
systems. Therefore, this handbook will focus on those items that
are unique to C0 2 and require a different design approach or
add itional consideration.
This book is a tutorial and reference book, nota required standard
practice, book of specifications o r comprehensive encyclopedia of
all possible designs. The reader should not assume that the text
or examples presented in this volume cover all contingencies;
this book is nota substitute for good engineering judgment.
The figures in this book are schematic drawings, which for the
sake of clarity omit details such as pipe supports, relief and
service valves, and other required elements of a piping design.
Never use the schematics as primary design drawings for a real
C0 2 piping system. Note that all pipe dimensions are nominal
carbon steel pipe sizes unless otherwise indicated.
The reader should be certain to have all system designs checked
by a qualified engineer.
Feedback from the users of this handbook is invited and
encouraged. Comments may be sent to: C02Handbook @iiar.org
Section A: Data Section C: Equipment
1 C0 2 Overview 7 Evaporators
2 Thermodynamic Properties 8 Compressors
3 Thermophysical Properties 8.1 Compressors
8.1.1 Lubricants
4 Safety
8.2 Pumps
4.1 Safety Data Sheet
8.3 Gas Transfer Systems
Section B: Design 9 Condensers
5 System Types 10 Gas Coolers

5.1 Sub-Critica!, Compression 11 Vessel Design
5.2 Sub-Critica!, Volatile Brine 12 Service and Control Valves
5.3 Trans-Critical 13 Safety Relief Valves
5.4 Application
14 Controls
6 System Design
6.1 Pipe Strength
Section O: Post lnstallation
6.2 Pipe Sizing
15 Pressure and Leak Testing
6.3 Defrost
6.4 Oil Management 16 Evacuation
6.5 Water Management 17 Charging
6.6 Safety Relief Systems 18 Start-up, Commissioning
6.7 Charge Connections and Optimization
19 Maintenance
20 Glossary
ar.
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11 ~
1 THE CAR BON DI OXIDE INDUSTRIAL 1
REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK
© 2014 lnternational lnstitute of Ammonia Refrigeration
1001 North Fairfax Street I Alexandria , Virginia 223 14 1 www.llAR .org 1 703-312-4200
CHAPTER ONE
co2 OvsrviBW
INTRODUCTION C0 2 has been used in refrigera tion cycles
A number of substances occur in nature which since Alexander Twinning received a British
can be used effectivel y as refrigera nts in vapor patent for a C0 1 system in 1850. By the
compression refrigeration systems. These 1930's, ammonia, and subsequently halocarbon
naturally-occurring subsrances include both refrigerants overtook C0 2 in popularity.
ammonia (NH 3 ) and carbon dioxide (CO), Now that halocarbon refrigerants have been
and have been termed "Natural Refrigerants." phased out by environmental regulations - and
Because they occur in nature, these substances increased workplace safety regulations have made
are, by definition, environmentall y neutral the use of ammonia more burdensome - C0 2 has
when used in refrigeration systems. Unlike come inro wide use in industri al and commercia l
the chlorinated CFC and H CFC halocarbon refrigeration systems. The unique properties
refrigerants, Natural Refrigerants have zero of C0 7 make its application as a refrigerant
Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) and zero or some~hat different than NH 3 in regards to
exrremely low Global Warming Potential (GWP) . material selection, component and system
In addition to che environmental benefits designs, commissioning and operation, safety, etc.
Recent operating history for public cold
storage warehouses, supermarket displa y cases
Global Warming and retail dispensing coolers ha s shown that the
Will Potential of Refrigerants energy use of modern C0 2 systems can be equa l
to or better than conventional halocarbon or
REFRIGERANT GWP a mmonia systems.
R717 (ammonia) o GENERAL
R-744 (carbon dioxide) The terrn C0 2 , as used throughout this text,
R134a (HFC) 1300 refers to the pure, dry compound, containing
less than 10 parts per million (or ppm) of
R404a (HFC) 3260
moisture. lt ma y be used for purposes of
refrigeration in so lid , liquid or vapor phases
and ha s the refrigerant number R-744.
favoring the use of NH 3 and C0 2 there are The mo st basic form of C0 2 refrigeration
significant economic benefits. Both fluids are is an open cycle where liquid C0 2 is sprayed
abundant in our environment a nd produced in onto the product to be refrigera ted and it
large quantity for commercial use in a number will form dr y ice and sub lime at -109 ºF (-78
of industries, such as; NH 3 in agriculture and ºC) with the co?vapor dissipating to the
chemical indu stries, C0 2 in beverage industries. immediate atmosphere. Another form of an
The bulk costs to a contractor in 2013 were open cyc le is rhe generation of dry ice "s now,"
$0.80 $/lb for NH3' 0.60 $/lb for C0 2, 7.50 $/ by decompress in g C0 2 liquid, which is then
lb for R-507 and $14.00 $/lb for R-22. The latter compressed into briquettes or larger blocks for
is noted to demonstrate the effects of production cooling as a lower tempera ture version of ice
curtailment and/or F-gas taxes in sorne European cubes or blocks. These open cycle processes are
countries on any refrigerants that are not naturally not covered in this handbook .
occuring. Refrigeration systems are charged by C0 2 ma y also be employed as a refrigerant in
volume rather than mass, making the cost of a a number of different closed cycle system types,
refrigerant charge still higher yet for synrhetic including both subcritical and transcritical. For
refrigerants which are almost 1.5 times as dense. any type of C0 2 system, both the critica) point
THE CARBON OIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK iiar.111

and the triple point must be considered . respiratory regulation and is naturall y present
The classic refrigeration cycle we are all in our atmosphere. ·
familiar with is subcritical, i.e., the entire range Over the past two hundred years the COJ
of temperatures and pressures applied in the content of the atmosphere has increased from
cycle - between liquid boiling in the evaporator, 280 PPM in 1800, to 295 PPM in 1900 to 368
undergoing compression and condensing back PPM in 2000. The April 2013 globa l mean C0 2
to liquid in the condenser - are above the triple content is 396.72 PPM per NOAA. As a point of
point and below the critica! point. reference, COJ levels in the atmosphere have been
A transcritical system still boils liquid over 1,000 PPM 150,000 million years ago .
Sorne of the largest producers of C0 2 are power
refrigerant in the evaporator above the triple
plants. C0 2 is theorized to be one of the leading
point. However, the vapor is compressed above
causes of global warming today, which raises
the critica! point and instead of a condenser, the
concerns about the use of COJ as a refrigerant.
compressed discharge gas is cooled at a point However, when COJ is used as a refrigerant,
above and to the left of the classic PH diagram the gas already exists within a natural gas waste
dome and on ly reverts back to a liquid as the stream, primaril y in the production of NHJ"
pressure is dropped below th e dome. lt is then captured, refined and utilized for
A single-stage subcritical C0 2 system is charging into a closed refrigeration cycle.
simple, but it also has limitations because of C0 2 gas is 1.5 times heavier than air at
its operational temperature range and high atmospheric press ure and thu s, if relea sed to
condensing pressure. The following world map tbe a ir, it will fall.
shows where the local ambient conditions favor Figure 1.3 shows the pressure/temperature
a subcritical or transcritical system. relationship for C0 2 , R404a, R134a and NH 3 •
Highlights of CO/ s properties compared to
co2PROPERTIES
the other refrigerants include:
COJ is a slightly toxic, odor less, colorless gas
with a slightly pungent, acid ta ste. lt is a small • higher operating pressure ata given
but vita lly important constituent of air for tempera tu re
iiifJ Potential Global Distribution : C0 2-System Alternatives :
Legend:
Centigrades of
Temperature
• ·60 · ·50
- ·50 - -40
- ·40 - -30
- .30 - -20
·20 - -15
·15 - -10
·10 - -5
-5 - o
o- 5
5 - 10
-
10 - 15
15 - 20
20 - 25
Efficiency Limits of 25 - 30
Transcritical CO
miiar. THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION llANDBOOK

UVIEI Pressure-Temperature Relationsh ip of Various Refrigerants
bar (psia]
-·
l
689.0 10,000.0 C02- ~ - .R717
lif( líA .....-:::: -.;".; .........
- 34a-
~
68.9 1,000.0 1- -
....... k::;;1111 ~
~
~,,,.,,.....-
6.89 100.0 - ~t..-::: ~
~.,,.,,.,._ ~ V
~
¡:;;..--
~ ¡;.....- -1
1>ositil e I ressu re
0.7 10.0 - ~
-
V ¡¿
/ . . .z- - ...! ~-~ ps1a ~- -l - uum-- - 'ac
,_ - -
/ ...
0.07 1.0
-/ "
0.007
0.0007
0.1
0.01
' I Tr
•• l;I
·:'':r;ª po\n
i
un_
r
[ºF] -180 -120 -60 o 60 120 180 240 300
[ºC](-118) (-84) (-51) (-18) (15) (49) (82) (115) (149)
UVitl Combined IP/SI Diagram Critica! Point

87.8 ºF (30.9 ºC)
Enthalpy (kJ/kg) 1070 psia (74 barl
558.2 651.3
13)(38
R-744
?,.lfire<"<:elllite
ll•OOBT\J/111 t.sDOOBT~Jt, · '~!
1Dtaa1;ratealQl,,0•1·, ~
StE.nma,py¡h)•naS Ef'ltropY·1
.,
1000. v.iun .-,1n,.s<1>,11Uftlao..17aM
a.esealllv:'l«:!romhS 0.ia 6;%'9
.,.o,.01a12aue101P .. ·•enc,
800. sx;;
600. ·x-,
-¡¡¡- ~
·¡¡;
&
400. 2J11 olIIl"'
, .s \'2.6.·º ' a.
~ ~
::,
Q)
"'"'~ :5
a. ,.r;f:)1..,ó·º" "'"'~
200. 1x. a.
,o .sO l..' 'l,.'::i't
o. .,o,•·"'
100.
80.
I?,
60. i"' 1~ "/
i· ~ i
-62 .
11 •90i -67.J
40 80 120
Enthalpy (BT U/lb)
Triple Point Line
~.8 ºF (-56.6 ºC)
75.1 psia (52 bar)
THE CARBON DIOXIOE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK iiar.1111

Vapor Pressure and
Wifi Temperature Drop Comparison
NH 4" Pipe 4 " Pipe (DN 100)

Evap. tons /\psi/ /',.F/ Velocity, Evap. kW 1',.kPa/ L\K/ 30 m k /s Velocity,
Temp., º F 100 ft 100 ft lb/Min ft/s 9
Temp., ºC 30 m m/ s
30 198 0.5 0.4 72.7 66.4 -1.1 696 3.4 0.22 0.55 20.2
15 168 0.5 0.5 62.2 76.9 -9.4 591 3.4 0.28 0.47 23.4
o 141 0.5 0.7 52 .8 90.4 -17.8 496 3.4 0.38 0.40 27.6
-15 117 0.5 0.9 44.1 107.8 -26.1 41 1 3.4 0.51 0.33 32.9
-30 95 0.5 1.3 36.1 129.3 -34.4 334 3.4 0.70 0.27 39.4
-45 76 0.5 1.9 29.2 157.8 267 3.4 1.01 0.22 48.1
CO 4" Pipe At Equivalent Pressure Drop co 2 4 " Pipe (D N 100) At Equivalent Pressure Drop
Evap. t ons /',.psi/ /',.F/ Velocity, :Evap. - kW i'lkPa/ i'lK/ 3 0 m k /s Velocity,
Temp., º F 100 ft 100 ft lb/ Min ft/ s 9
·Te!TIP·, º C 30 m m/ s
30 173 0.5 0.1 343.4 12.2 -1.1 608 3.4 0.04 2.60 3.7
15 154 0.5 0.1 301.2 13.9 -9 .4 542 3.4 0.04 2.28 4.2
o 136 0.5 0.1 264.1 15.9 -17.8 478 3.4 0.05 2.00 4.8
-15 118 0.5 0.1 229.8 18.2 -26.1 415 3.4 0.07 1.74 5.5
-30 102 0.5 0.1 198.8 20.9 -34.4 359 3.4 0.08 1.50 6.4
-45 87 0.5 0.2 171.4 24.3 -42.8 306 3.4 0.10 1.30 7.4
co24 " Pipe ( DN 100) At

C0 24" Pipe At Equiva lent Temperature Drop Equiva lent Temperature Drop
Eva p . tons i'lpsi/ t<. F/ Velocity, Evap. kW i'lkPa/ LlK/ 30 m kg/s Velocity,
Temp., º F 100 ft 100 ft lb/ Min ft/ s Temp., º C 30 m m/ s
30 420 2.9 0.4 833.6 29 .6 -1.1 1477 19.7 0.22 6.30 9.0
15 390 3.2 0.5 762 .8 35.2 -9.4 1372 21.7 0.28 5.77 10.7
o 365 3.6 0.7 708 .9 42.7 -17.8 1284 24.4 0.38 5.36 13.0
-15 336 3.9 0.9 651.5 51.5 -26.1 1182 26.5 0.51 4.93 15.7
-30 306 4.3 1.3 595.2 62.5 -34.4 1076 29 .2 0.70 4.50 19.1
-45 280 5.0 1.9 548.3 77.7 -42 .8 985 33.9 1.01 4.15 23. 7
tons fo r al/ 3 tables at 30 º F liquid supp/y temperature kW for a/13 tables at -1. 1 ºC liquid suppl y temperature
• narrower range of operating ternperatures as a solid only. The yellow area reflects liquid
only. The light-pink area is vapor only. The
• triple point ata rnuch higher pressure
sa lrnon-colored area above the red line is the
• critica ) point ata very low ternperature supercritical area where C0 2 exists as a dense
fluid (neither liquid nor vapor) .
While the triple and critica ) points do
The liquid transition zones are shown in
not normally irnpact the use of cornmon
graduated yellow and the solid transition zones
refrigerants, it is not the case with C0 2, as are shown in graduated blue .
shown in the PH diagrarn wbich is figure 1.4. Below the horizontal triple point line, solid C0 2
The left-hand side of the chart, shaded in sublimes directly into a vapor as it absorbs heat.
bright blue, highlights the area where C0 2 exists Above rhe triple point line, the lowest specific
miiar. THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOI(

Wilil Swept Volume Comparison
NH 3 4" Pipe NH 3 4" Pipe (DN 100)

Evap. tons lb/ Mln Veloclty, ft3/ cfm/Ton NH/CO, Evap. kW kg/s Velocity, m' /hr m ' /hr/ NH/CO,
Temp., ºF ft/s mln Ratio Temp., ºC m/s kW Ratio
30 198 72 .7 66.4 350.4 1.8 5.2 -1.1 696 0.55 20.2 595.0 0.9 5.2
15 168 62.2 76.9 408.0 2.4 5.6 -9.4 591 0.47 23.4 692 .8 1.2 5.6
o 141 52.8 90.4 481 .0 3.4 6.1 -17.8 496 0.40 27.6 816.8 1.6 6.1
-15 117 44.1 107.8 572 .0 4.9 6.6 -26.1 411 0.33 32.9 971.2 2.4 6.6
-30 95 36.1 129.3 685.2 7.2 7.4 -34.4 334 0.27 39 .4 1163.4 3.5 7.4
-45 76 29.2 157.8 836.6 11 .0 8.2 -42.8 267 0.22 48 .1 1420.5 5.3 8.2
co 2 4" Pipe At Equivalent Pressure Drop co2 4 " Pipe At Equivalent Pressure Drop
Evap. tons lb/ Mln Velocity, ft3/ fcfm/Ton Evap. kW kg/ s Velocity, m' / hr m ' / hr/
Temp., ºF ft/s m in Temp., ºC m/ s kW
30 173 343.4 12.2 58.4 0.3 -1.1 608 2.60 3.7 99.1 0.2
15 154 301 .2 13.9 66.6 0.4 -9.4 542 2.28 4.2 113.0 0.2
o 136 264.1 15 .9 76.1 0.6 -17.8 478 2.00 4.8 129.2 0.3
-15 118 229.8 18.2 87.1 0.7 -26.1 415 1.74 5.5 147.9 0.4
-30 102 198.8 20 .9 100.0 1.0 -34.4 359 1.50 6.4 169.8 0.5
-45 87 171.4 24.3 116.4 1.3 -42 .8 306 1.30 7.4 197.6 0.6
co 2 4 " Pipe At Equivalent Temperature Drop co 2 4 " Pipe At Equ ivalent Temperature Drop
Evap. tons lb/ Mln Velocity, ft3/ cfm/Ton Evap. kW kg/ s Veloclty, m '/hr m' / hr/
Temp., ºF ft/ s m ln Temp., ºC m/ s kW
30 420 833.6 29.6 141.7 0.3 -1.1 1477 6.30 9.0 240.6 0.2
15 390 762 .8 35 .2 168.6 0.4 -9.4 1372 5.77 10 .7 286.2 0.2
o 365 708.9 42.7 204.2 0.6 -17.8 1284 5.36 13.0 346.7 0.3
-15 336 651.5 51.5 246.9 0.7 -26. 1 1182 4 .93 15.7 419 .3 0.4
-30 306 595.2 62.5 299.4 1.0 -34.4 1076 4 .50 19.1 508.4 0.5
-45 280 548.3 77.7 372.3 1.3 -42.8 985 4.15 23.7 632.2 0.6
tons for ali 3 tables at 30 ºF liquid supp l y temperature kW for ali 3 tables at -1. 1 •e liquid supply temperature
energy form of C0 2, a solid, will melt into a sub- of this refrigerant to suction temperatures in
cooled liquid as it absorbs heat. When the liquid the range of -25 ºF (-3 1. 7 ºC) to -65 ºF (-53 .9
C0 2 absorbs enough heat it will no longer be ºC). However, since the year 2000, C0 2 has
subcooled and will evaporare into a vapor. been used in industrial applications up to and
Like ammonia and most halocarbon above 32 ºF (O ºC). For these higher temperature
refrigerants, if C0 2 is released to atmospheric applications C0 2 is typically being used as a
pressure, it will absorb heat atan extremely volatile secondary refrigerant. Higher pressure
low temperature, (-109 ºF /- 78 ºC). This compressors are recently available that will
creares the poss ibility of frost burns and, in the allow the compression of C0 2 at these higher
singular case of C0 2, solid formation which temperature levels. One of the most important
can block pipes and embrittle metal. advantages of C0 2 is that it remains in a positive
Detailed thermodynamic and thermophysica l pressure throughout its operational temperature
properties of C0 2 are included in chapters 2 and 3. range . Even at -65 ºF (-53.9 ºC) C0 2 has
The high condensing pressures exhibited by associated pressures of 69.5 psig (479.2 kPa/4.8
co2have historically limited the applicability barg) while NH 3 is in a deep vacuum. This is
THE CARBON OIOXIOE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANOBOOK iiar. 1111

highlighted by the ho rizontal "positi ve pressure/ a nd the reduced hea lth a nd safety risk of not
vac u um " line in Figure 1.3. having H 3 in production areas .
Because of th e physical properties of C0 2, CO , changes directly from a liquid to a solid
piping temperature losses at equal capacity below its triple point at -69.8 ºF (-5 6.6 ºC) at
are lower than a mmonia , especially at lower 60 .44 psig (4.1 7 Barg) (417 mPa) . In the event
temperatures. Refer to fi gure 1.5 that compares of a liquid leak, sorne C0 2 dry ice may slow the
a 4 " (DN 100) single phase (dry) suction line lea k by blocking the po int of lea kage. However,
for ammonia to th e same for C0 2 at equivalent if there is a need to release liquid C0 2 special
specific pressure drop and specific temperature consideration mu st be ta ken in order to prevent
drop. This is especiall y significant on la rge olid C0 1 from blocking necessary relief o utlets
systems, w here there may be 1,000 equiva lent and to properly support the outlet piping.
feet or more of pipe, fittings and valves fr om the FLAMMABILITY
evaporator to the machine room. C0 1 w ill not burn or support combustion. Air
While this higher pressure is beneficial o n with a CO , content of more th an 10 % will
the low tempera ture side of the refrigera ti o n exting uish -a n open fl a me.
system, it quick ly presents a cha llenge for
higher temperatures; especially condensing SAFETY - EFFECT ON HUMANS
press ure a nd hot gas defrost press ures . While COz d oes not ca use the irritati on of skin,
these pressures are much higher tha n the eyes, a nd respiratory system exhibited by NH 3
refrigeratio n indu stry is acc ustomed to, th ey H owever, in high concentrations; it can affect
are easily within the capa bility of mecha nical respiratory fun ction, lea din g to asphyxia tion
systems a lrea dy in use in other indu stries . and even death. See C hapter 4 for more
C0 1 is considerably denser th an NH3' This inforrnation on the safety of COz.
particular characteristic of C0 1 offers a number
of potenti al benefits. For exa mple, a booster COMPATIBILITY WITH MATERIALS
compressor req uired to meet a specific capacity Dry C0 1 is 11 0 11 -corros ive to metals, rubbers
(tons of Refrigeratio n or kW) with NH 3 at and pl astics but th e presence of even sma ll trace
-45 ºF (-42 .8 ºC) will typically have a swept quantities of wa ter in C0 2 forms carbo nic acid
volume requirement eight times greater than a a nd m a kes it corrosive to steel, especia lly in the
compressor providing the same refrigeration presence of air.
effect with C0 2• Refer to Figure 1.6, which is
REFERENCES
an extension of the capacity listed in Figure 1.5.
1. Charles R. Tay!or, "Carbon Dioxide-Based Refrigerant Systems,"
Thi s volume difference is reflected in other pa rts AHSRAE Journal, pp 22-27 (2002).
of the refrigeration sy tem, such as the sizing
2. Refrigeration, T. /. (2003). Safety Code far Refrigeration Systems Utilizing
requirements for wet return and suction pipelines. Carbon Dioxide. Carshalton, Surrey, United Kingdom: The lnstitute of
This ca n be inferred fro m Figure 1.5. Refrigeration.
While in theory, vessel and heat exchanger 3. ASHRAE Handbook: Refrigeration, 2003.
sizes ca n a lso be made sma ll er far C0 7
4. Gas Encyclopedia, Air Liquide, Editor Elsevier, 7976.
systems when compared to those used in ÑH 3
5. Schaum's outline of Theory and Problems of Thermodynamics. Second Edition,
systems, this generall y does not manifest itself
McGraw-Hi/1, !ne.
in practice. Vessel sizing tends to be do minated
6. http//encyclopedia.airliquide.com/Encyclopedia_order.asp
by liqu id ho ld-up a nd storage requirements
a nd th e predominant characteristic on a ir 7. NDAA, Mauna Loa, Hawaii atmospheric CD, data.
cooler hea t excha nger sizing is th e air-s ide 8. R. A. Berner, A revised Model of Atmospheric C01 over
heat transfer coefficient. However, depending Phanerozoic Time, American Journal of Science, Feb. 2001.
on the particular proj ect requ irements, there
is potential for significant capital cost savings
using C0 2 in place of NHJ" In addition, there
are oth er potentially significa nt adva ntages,
such as ease of conversion for retrofit proj ects
miiar. THE CARBON DI OXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK

CHAPTER TWO
Thsrmodynamic Propsrtiss
2.0 Source References far Figures
IP Figures 2.1, 2.2, 2.3 & 2.4 - Generated by Prof. The equatio ns of sta te used by REFPROP
Dona ld L. Fenton, PhD. , P.E. of Kansas State ori ginare from : R. Span & W. Wagner (1996),
Univ. using REFPROP, Version 7 (NIST 2010 "A new Equation of State for Carbon Dioxide
Data base 23 ). Covering the Fluid R egion from the Triple-
The eq uations of state used by REFPROP Point to 1100 K at Pressures up to 800mPa,
originare from: R. Span & W. Wagner (1996 ), J. Phys . Chem. Ref. d ata, 25(6): 1509-1596.
"A new Equ ation of Sta te for Carbo n Dioxide Authors report that press ures up to 30 mPa a nd
Covering th e Fluid Region from th e Triple- tempera tures up to 523 K resu lt in uncertainty
Point to 1100 K at Pressures up to 800 mPa, ra nges from 0.03% to 0.05% in density.
J. Ph ys . C hem . Ref. d ata, 25 (6) : 1509-1596. Enthalpy reference: 200.00 kJ/kg
Authors report th a t pressures up to 30 mPa a nd of saturated liquid at O ºC.
tempera tures up to 523 K result in uncertainty
Entropy reference: 1.0000 kJ/kg-K)
ran ges from 0.03 % to 0.05% in density.
of saturated liquid at O ºC.
Enthalpy reference: O Btu/lb
of sa turated liquid at -40 ºF.
SI Figure 2.10 - Generated in Blac k and w hite
Entropy reference: O Btu/lb-R) from NIST REFPROP, Version 9.1 by Dr. Mark
of sa tura ted liquid a t -40 ºF. O. McLinden of the Thermophysica l Properti es
Division - NIST, Boulder CO
IP Figure 2.5 - Generated in Black a nd w hite
Co lor enh anceme nt by IIAR
from IST REFPROP, Version 9.1 by Dr. Mark
O. McLinden of the Thermophysical Properties Solid area data below th e triple point
Division - NIST, Boulder CO approximated from previou sly published PH
Color enha ncement by IIAR diagra ms attributed to: Pla nk a nd Kupria noff,
Zeit. f.d.gesammte Kalte-Indu strie 1929
Solid area data below the triple point
approximated from previous ly published PH Enth alpy reference: 200 .00 kJ/kg
diagra ms attributed to: Plank and Kuprianoff, of saturated liquid at O ºC.
Zeit. f.d.gesammte Kalte-Industrie 1929 Entropy reference: 1.0000 kJ/kg-K )
Entha lpy reference: O Btu/lb of sa tura ted liquid at O ºC.
of sa turated liquid at -40 ºF.
Entropy reference: O Btu/lb-R) Note: Combined PH Diagrams for Cycle Figures
of saturated liquid at -40 ºF The figures used througho ut the Handbook are
based upon IP units on the lower a nd left axes
Generated by Prof.
SI Figures 2.6, 2.7, 2.8 & 2.9 - with IP enthalpy and entrop y references at -40 º F.
Do na Id L. Fenton, PhD., P.E. of Kansas State The upper a nd right axes an d (va lues) are direct
Univ. using REFPROP, Version 7 (NlST 2010 IP to SI co nversions a nd are sca le shifted from
Dat abase 23 ). the SI va lu es in Figures 2.5 th ro ugh 2.10
THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK ¡¡ar.a

Saturated Properties of Carbon
P.l!!lifi~.,... Dioxide (R-744)- IP Units
Tcmpcrature Pressure Pressure Enthalpy (Btu/lb) Entropy (Btu/lb·R) Liq. Density Vapor Sp. Vol.
( " F) (psia) (psig) Llquid Vapor Llquid Vapor (lbm/ft' ) (ft'/lbm)
-69.80 1 75.13 60.44 -14.138 136.60 -0.034487 0.35214 73.568 1.1639

-68 78.45 63.76 -13.294 136.76 -0.032350 0.35076 73.344 1.1168
-67 80.35 65.65 -12.825 136.84 -0.031166 0.34999 73.219 1.0917
-66 82.27 67.58 -12.356 136.93 -0.029985 0.34923 73.093 1.0672
-65 84.23 69.54 -11 .886 137.01 -0 .028805 0.34847 72.968 1.0434
-64 86.23 71.53 -11.416 137.10 -0.027628 0.34771 72.841 1.0202
-63 88.26 73.57 -10.945 137.18 -0.026454 0.34696 72 .715 0.99768
-62 90.33 75.63 -10.474 137.26 -0.025282 0.34622 72.588 0.97574
-61 92.43 77.74 -10.003 137.34 -0.024112 0.34547 72.461 0.95438
-60 94.57 79.88 -9.5315 137.42 -0.022944 0.34473 72.333 0.93360
-59 96.75 82 .06 -9 .0595 137.49 -0.021778 0.34399 72 .205 0.91336
-58 98.97 84.27 -8.5870 137.57 -0.020614 0.34326 72 .077 0.89365
-57 101 .22 86.52 -8.1141 137.64 -0.019453 0.34253 71 .948 0.87445
-56 103.51 88.81 -7.6408 137.72 -0.018294 0.34180 71 .819 0.85575
-55 105.84 91.14 -7.1670 137.79 -0 .017136 0.34107 71.690 0.83754
-54 108.21 93.51 -6.6928 137.86 -0 .015981 0.34035 71.560 0.81979
-53 110.61 95.91 -6 .2181 137.93 -0.014828 0.33963 71 .429 0.80250
-52 113.06 98.36 -5.7430 138.00 -0.013676 0.33892 71.299 0.78565
-51 115.55 100.85 -5 .2673 138.06 -0.012527 0.33820 71.167 0.76922
-50 118.08 103.38 -4.7912 138.13 -0.011379 0.33749 71.036 0.75320
-49 120.65 105.95 -4.3145 138.19 -0.010234 0.33678 70.904 0.73759
-48 123.26 108.56 -3.8374 138.26 -0.009090 0.33608 70.772 0.72237
-47 125.91 111.21 -3 .3597 138.32 -0 .007948 0.33537 70.639 0.70752
-46 128.61 113.91 -2.8814 138.38 -0.006807 0.33467 70.505 0.69304
-45 131 .34 116.64 -2.4026 138.44 -0.005669 0.33397 70.372 0.67891
-44 134.13 119.43 -1.9233 138.49 -0.004532 0.33328 70.238 0.66513
-43 136.95 122.25 -1.4434 138.55 -0.003396 0.33259 70.103 0.65168
-42 139.82 125.12 -0.9628 138.60 -0 .002263 0.33189 69.968 0.63856
-41 142.73 128.03 -0.4817 138.66 -0 .001131 0.33120 69.832 0.62575
-40 145.69 130.99 0.0000 138.71 0.000000 0.33052 69.696 0.61325
-39 148.69 133.99 0.4824 138.76 0.001129 0.32983 69.560 0.60104
-38 151.74 137.04 0.9654 138.81 0.002257 0.32915 69.423 0.58913
-37 154.84 140.14 1.4490 138.85 0.003383 0.32847 69.285 0.57749
-36 157.98 143.28 1.9333 138.90 0.004507 0.32779 69.147 0.56613
-35 161.17 146.47 2.4183 138.94 0.005630 0.32711 69.008 0.55503
-34 164.40 149.70 2.9040 138.98 0.006752 0.32643 68.869 0.54419
-33 167.68 152.98 3.3903 139.02 0.007873 0.32576 68.730 0.53360
-32 171 .02 156.32 3.8774 139.06 0.008992 0.32509 68.589 0.52326
-31 174.40 159.70 4.3653 139.10 0.010110 0.32442 68.449 0.51315
-30 177.83 163.13 4.8538 139.13 0.011227 0.32375 68.307 0.50327
(1) Triple Point
miiar. TME CAR BON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION liANDBOOK

li!i]II Saturated Properties of Carbon
.15 ·· Dioxide (R-744)- IP Units
Temperature Pressure Pressure Enthalpy (Btu/lb) Entropy (Btu/lb·R) Llq. Density Vapor Sp. Vol.
( ºF) (psia) (psig) Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor (lbm/ft' ) (ft'/lbm)
-29 181 .30 166.60 5.3432 139.17 0.012342 0.32308 68.165 0.49361
-28 184.83 170.13 5.8333 139.20 0.013457 0.32241 68.023 0.48417
-27 188.41 173.71 6.3242 139.23 0.014570 0.321 74 67.880 0.47495
-26 192.04 177.34 6.8159 139.26 0.015683 0.32108 67.736 0.46592
-25 195.72 181.02 7.3085 139.28 0.016794 0.32042 67.592 0.457 10
-24 199.46 184.76 7.8018 139.31 0.017904 0.31975 67.447 0.44848
-23 203.24 188.54 8 .2961 139.33 0.019013 0.31909 67.302 0.44004
-22 207.08 192.38 8.7912 139.35 0.020122 0.31843 67.156 0.43179
-21 210 .97 196.27 9.2872 139.37 0.021229 0.31 777 67.0 09 0.4237 1
-20 214.91 200.21 9.7841 139.39 0.022336 0.31711 66.862 0.41582
-19 218 .91 204.21 10.282 139.40 0.023441 0.31646 66.7 14 0.40809
-18 222.97 208 .27 10.781 139.42 0.024546 0.31580 66.565 0.40053
-1 7 227.07 212 .37 11 .28 139.43 0.02565 1 0.31514 66.415 0. 393 12
-16 231 .24 216.54 11.781 139.44 0.026754 0.31448 66.265 0.38588
-15 235.45 220 .75 12.283 139.45 0.02 7857 0 .31383 66.114 0.37879
-14 239.73 225 .03 12.786 139.45 0.028960 0.31317 65.963 0.37185
-13 244.06 229.36 13.289 139.45 0.030062 0.31252 65.8 11 0.36505
-12 248.45 233.75 13.794 139.45 0.031163 0.31186 65.658 0.35840
-11 252.90 238 .20 14.300 139.45 0.032264 0.3 1121 65. 504 0.35188
-10 257.40 242 .70 14.807 139.45 0.033364 0.31055 65.349 0.34550
-9 261.96 247.26 15.315 139.44 0.034464 0.30990 65.194 0.33925
-8 266.58 251 .88 15.824 139.44 0.035564 0.30924 65.038 0.33312
-7 271.27 256 .57 16.335 139.43 0.036663 0.30859 64.881 0.32712
-6 276.01 261.31 16.846 139.41 0.037762 0.30793 64.723 0.32124
-5 280.81 266.11 17.359 139.40 0.03886 1 0.30728 64.564 0.31548
-4 285.67 270.97 17.873 139.38 0.039960 0.30662 64.404 0.30984
-3 290.59 275 .89 18.389 139.36 0.041058 0.30597 64.244 0.30431
-2 295.58 280.88 18.905 139.34 0.042157 0.30531 64.083 0.29888
-1 300 .63 285 .93 19.423 139.32 0.043255 0.30465 63 .920 0.29357
o 305.74 291 .04 19.942 139.29 0.044354 0.30399 63.757 0.28835
1 31 0.91 296 .21 20.463 139.26 0.045453 0.30333 63 .593 0.28324
2 3 16.15 301 .45 20.985 139.23 0.046551 0.30267 63.428 0. 27823
3 321 .45 306.75 21.509 139.20 0.047650 0.30201 63.262 0.27332
4 326.82 312 .12 22.033 139.16 0.048750 0.30135 63.094 0.26850
5 332.25 317.55 22.560 139.12 0.049849 0.30069 62 .926 0.26377
6 337.75 323.05 23.088 139.08 0.050949 0.30003 62.757 0.25914
7 343.31 328 .61 23.61 7 139.03 0.052050 0.29936 62 .587 0.25459
8 348.94 334.24 24.148 138.98 0.053151 0.29869 62.415 0.25012
9 354.64 339 .94 24.681 138.93 0.054252 0.29803 62 .243 0. 24574
10 360.41 345.71 25.215 138.88 0.055354 0.29736 62.069 0.24144
THE CARBON OIOXIOE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK Har.m

IJI Saturated Properties of Carbon
·"' ·· Dioxide (R-744)- IP Units
Tempcrature Pressure Pressure Enthalpy (Btu/lb) Entropy (Btu/lb-R) Liq. Oenslty Vapor Sp. Vol.
( " F) (psia) (pslg) Liquld Vapor Liquld Vapor (lbm/ft ' ) (ft' /lbm)
11 366.24 351.54 25.751 138.82 0.056457 0.29668 61.894 0.23722

12 372.14 357.44 26.289 138.76 0.057560 0.29601 61.718 0.23308
13 378.12 363.42 26.828 138.69 0.058665 0.29533 61.541 0.22902
14 384.16 369.46 27.369 138.63 0.059770 0.29466 61.362 0.22503
15 390.27 375.57 27.912 138.56 0.060876 0.29398 61 .182 0.22111
16 396.45 381 .75 28.457 138.48 0.061984 0.29329 61.001 0.21726
17 402.71 388.01 29.004 138.41 0.063092 0.29261 60.819 0.21348
18 409.03 394.33 29.552 138.33 0.064201 0.29192 60.635 0.20977
19 415.43 400.73 30.103 138.24 0.065312 0.29123 60.450 0.20612
20 421 .91 407.21 30.656 138.16 0.066425 0.29054 60.263 0.20254
21 428.45 413.75 31 .211 138.07 0.067538 0.28984 60.075 0.19902
22 435.07 420.37 31 .768 137.97 0.068654 0.28915 59.885 0.19556
23 441 .77 427.07 32.327 137.87 0.069770 0.28844 59 .694 0.19216
24 448.54 433.84 32.889 137.77 0.070889 0.28774 59.501 0.18882
25 455.38 440 .68 33.453 137.67 0.072010 0.28703 59.307 0.18554
26 462 .31 447.61 34.019 137.56 0.073132 0.28632 59.111 0.18231
27 469 .30 454.60 34.588 137.44 0.074257 0.28560 58.913 0.17914
28 476.38 461.68 35.159 137.32 0.075383 0.28488 58.714 0.17602
29 483.54 468 .84 35.733 137.20 0.076512 0.28415 58.513 0.17295
30 490.77 476.07 36.309 137.07 0.077644 0.28342 58.310 0.16993
31 498.08 483.38 36.888 136.94 0.078778 0.28269 58.105 0.16696
32 505.48 490.78 37.470 136.80 0.079915 0.28195 57.898 0.16404
33 512.95 498.25 38.055 136.66 0.081054 0.28120 57.689 0.16117
34 520.51 505.81 38.643 136.51 0.082197 0.28045 57.478 0.15834
35 528.14 513.44 39.234 136.36 0.083343 0.27969 57.265 0.15556
36 535.86 521 .16 39.828 136.21 0.084492 0.27893 57.049 0.15282
37 543 .67 528 .97 40.425 136.04 0.085645 0.27816 56.832 0.15013
38 551 .55 536.85 41 .025 135.88 0.086801 0.27739 56.612 0.14747
39 559.52 544.82 41 .630 135.70 0.087961 0.27661 56.389 0.14486
40 567.58 552.88 42.237 135.52 0.089125 0.27582 56.165 0.14229
41 575.72 561 .02 42.848 135.34 0.090293 0.27502 55.937 0.13975
42 583.95 569.25 43.464 135.14 0.091466 0.27422 55.707 0.13725
43 592.27 577.57 44.083 134.95 0.092644 0.27341 55.474 0.13479
44 600.67 585.97 44.706 134.74 0.093826 0.27259 55.239 0.13237
45 609.16 594.46 45 .333 134.53 0.095014 0.27176 55.000 0.12998
46 617.75 603.05 45 .965 134.31 0.096207 0.27092 54.758 0.12762
47 626.42 611 .72 46.601 134.08 0.097406 0.27007 54.513 0.12530
48 635.18 620.48 47.242 133.85 0.098612 0.26921 54.265 0.12301
49 644.04 629.34 47.888 133.61 0.099823 0.26834 54.013 0.12075
50 652.99 638.29 48.539 133.36 0.10104 0.26746 53.758 0.11852
miiar. THE CAR BON DI OXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK

IJB Saturated Properties of Carbon
·"' ·· Dioxide (R-744)- IP Units
Temperature Pressure Pressure Enthalpy (Btu/lb) Entropy (Btu/lb·R) Liq. Density Vapor Sp. Vol.
( ºF) (psia) (psig) Llquid Vapor Liquid Vapor (lbm/ft' ) (ft'/lbm)
51 662.03 647.33 49 .196 133.10 0.10227 0.26657 53 .499 0.11632

52 671.16 656.46 49.858 132.83 0.10350 0.26566 53.236 0.11415
53 680.39 665.69 50.526 132.55 0.10474 0.26474 52 .969 0.11200
54 689.72 675.02 51.200 132.27 0.10599 0.26381 52.697 0.10988
55 699.15 684.45 51 .881 131 .97 O. 10725 0.26286 52 .421 o.10779
56 708.67 693.97 52.568 131 .66 0.10852 0.26190 52.140 0.10572
57 718.29 703.59 53.262 131 .34 0.10980 0.26092 51 .854 o.10368
58 728.01 713.31 53.964 131.01 0.11109 0.25992 51.563 0.10166
59 737.83 723.13 54.674 130.67 0.11239 0.25891 51 .266 0.099661
60 747.75 733.05 55.392 130.31 0.11370 0.25787 50.964 0.097683
61 757.78 743.08 56.119 129.94 0.11503 0.25682 50.655 0.095726
62 767.91 753.21 56.855 129.56 0.11637 0.25574 50.339 0.093787
63 778.14 763.44 57.601 129. 16 o.11773 0.25464 50 .017 0.091866
64 788.48 773.78 58.358 128.74 0.11910 0.25351 49.687 0.089961
65 798.93 784.23 59.126 128.31 O.12049 0.25236 49.349 0.088072
66 809.48 794.78 59.906 127.86 0.12190 0.25117 49.002 0.086197
67 820.15 805.45 60.699 127.39 0.12333 0.24996 48 .647 0.084335
68 830.93 816.23 61.505 126.90 0.12478 0.24871 48.281 0.082484
69 841 .82 827.12 62.327 126.38 0.12626 0.24742 47.905 0.080642
70 852.82 838.12 63. 165 125.84 o. 12776 0.24609 47.517 0.078809
71 863.95 849.25 64.020 125.27 0.12929 0.24472 47.116 0.076981
72 875.18 860.48 64.895 124.67 0.13086 0.24329 46.701 0.075157
73 886.54 871 .84 65 .790 124.04 0.13245 0.24182 46 .271 0.073335
74 898.02 883.32 66.710 123.38 0.13409 0.24028 45 .824 0.071511
75 909.62 894.92 67.656 122.67 o.13578 0.23867 45 .357 0.069682
76 921.35 906.65 68.632 121 .92 0.13751 0.23699 44.869 0.067844
77 933 .21 918.51 69.643 121.12 o. 13930 0.23521 44.355 0.065992
78 945.20 930.50 70.694 120.25 0.14117 0.23334 43 .812 0.064121
79 957.32 942 .62 71.791 119 .32 o.14311 0.23135 43 .236 0.062223
80 969.57 954.87 72.945 118.31 o.14515 0.22921 42.618 0.060289
81 981 .97 967.27 74.167 117.20 0.14731 0.22690 41 .950 0.058305
82 994.51 979.81 75.475 115.96 0.14963 0.22437 41.221 0.056253
83 1007.20 992.50 76.893 114.57 0.15214 0.22156 40.411 0.054105
84 1020.10 1005.40 78.464 112.95 0.15492 0.21835 39.491 0.051816
85 1033.10 1018.40 80.262 111 .01 0.158 11 0.21455 38.406 0.049309
86 1046.30 1031.60 82.450 108.51 0.16200 0.20976 37.039 0.046417
87 1059.60 1044.90 85.527 104.78 0.16751 0.20272 35.034 0.042636
87.76 2 1070.00 1055.30 94.364 94.364 0.18355 0.18355 29.190 0.034300
(2) Critica! Point
THE CARBON OIOXIOE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANOBOOK iiar.m

Superheated Vapor Properties of
mtlJ Carbon Dioxide (R-744)- IP Units
Saturatlon t = ·60 '' F, p = 94.573 psia (79.877 psig) Saturation t = ·SO º F, p = 118.08 psia (103.38 psig)
Temp. Enthalpy Entropy Sp. Vol. Temp. Enthalpy Entropy Sp. Vol.
ºF Btu/lb Btu/lb·R ftl/lb ºF Btu/lb Btu/lb·R ft'/lb
-60 137.42 0.34473 0.93360 -50 138.13 0.33749 0 .75319
-40 141.86 0 .35557 0.99734 -40 140.46 0.34311 0 .78002
-20 146.19 0 .36566 1.0587 -20 145.00 0 .35367 0 .83 170
o 1 0.46 0.37515 1.1183 o 149.42 0.36351 0.88141
20 154.70 0 .38419 1. 1766 20 153.78 0.37279 0.92969
40 158.93' 0 .39283 1.2339 40 158. 11 0.38163 0 .97690
60 163.17 0.40115 1.2904 60 162.43 0.39011 1.0233
80 167.43 0.40919 1.3463 80 166.75 0.398 27 1.0690
100 171.71 0.41697 1.4016 100 171 .09 0.40616 1.1142
120 176.01 0.4245 1.4566 120 175.44 0.41 1 1.1589
140 180.35 0 .43188 1.511 2 140 179.82 0.421 23 1.2033
160 184.72 0 .43905 1.5655 160 184.23 0.42847 1.2473
180 189.12 0 .44605 1.6195 180 188. 67 0.43551 1.2911
200 193.56 0.45288 1.6733 200 193.14 0.44240 1.3346
=
Saturatlon t ·40 º F, p =145.69 psla (130.99 psig) Saturation t = ·30 º F, p =177.83 psia (163.13 psig)
ºF Btu/lb Btu/lb·R ft'/lb ºF Btu/lb Btu/lb·R ft 3/lb
-40 138.71 0 .33052 0 .61325 -30 139.13 0.32374 0.50326
-20 143.52 0.34 172 0.65796 -20 141.69 0.32963 0.52278
o 148.15 0 .35202 0.70037 o 146.60 0.34055 0 .55986
20 152.66 0 .36163 0.74116 20 151 .32 0.35060 0 .59505
40 1-57.12 0 .37073 0.78076 40 l66.93 0 .36001 0.62889
60 161 .54 0 .37940 0.81947 60 160.47 0.36893 0 .66 174
80 165.94 0.38772 0.85747 80 164.98 0.37744 0.69383
100 170.35 0 .39573 0.89490 100 169.47 0.38 562 0.72531
120 174.76 0.40349 0.93186 120 173.96 0.39350 0.75630
140 179.19 0.41100 0.96844 140 178.46 0 .4011 2 0.78688
160 183.65 0 .41831 1.0047 160 182.97 0.40852 0 .81713
180 188.13 0 .42542 1. 0407 180 187.49 0.4157 1 0.84710
200 192.63 0.43236 1.0764 200 192 .04 0.42271 0 .87682
miiar. THE CAR BON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK

• • Superheated Vapor Properties of
11$+ Carbon Dioxide (R -744) - IP Units
5aturation t = ·20 º F, p = 214.91 psia (200.21 psig) 5aturation t = ·10 ºF, p = 257.40 psla (242.70 psig)
Temp. Enthalpy Entropy 5p. Vol. Temp. Enthalpy Entropy Sp. Vol.
ºF Btu/lb Btu/lb·R ft'/lb ºF Btu/lb Btu/lb·R ft 3/lb
-20 139.39 0.31711 0.41583 -10 139.45 0.31055 0.34550

o 144.~ 0.32892 0.44923 o 142 32 0.31687 0.36065
20 149.69 0.33956 0.48029 20 147.71 0.32834 0.38883
40 154.50 0 .34939 0.50978 40 152. O 0 .33874 0.41509
60 159.21 0.35862 0.53815 60 157.71 0.34837 0.44004
80 163.85 0 .36738 0.56568 80 162.51 0.35743 0.46404
100 168.44 0.37574 0.59256 100 167.24 0. 36604 0.48732
120 173.02 0.38378 0.61890 120 171.92 0.37427 0.51003
140 177.59 0.39154 0.6 4482 140 176.59 0.38218 0.53229
160 182.17 0.39 0 .67039 160 181 .24 0.38981 0.55417
180 186.75 0.40632 0.69566 180 185.89 0.39721 0.57574
200 191 .35 0.41340 0.72068 200 190.56 0.40438 0.59705
5aturation t = O º F, p = 305.74 psla (291 .04 psig) Saturation t =10 ºF, p = 360.41 psla (345.71 pslg)
Temp. Enthalpy Entropy 5p. Vol. Temp. Enthalpy Entropy 5p. Vol.
ºF Btu/lb Btu/lb·R ft'/lb ºF Btu/lb Btu/lb·R ft'/lb
o 139.29 0.30399 0.28835 10 138.88 0.29735 0.24144

20 145.27 0.31673 0.31488 20 142.20 0.30436 0 .25399
40 150.7..,. 0.32790 0.33886 40 148 23 0.31668 0 .27662
60
80 ,
155.92
.93
0.33807
0:34753
0.36124
0.38253
60
80
153.79
15906
0.32759
0.33755
0.29718
0.31641
100 165.82 0.35643 0 .40300 100 164.17 0.34683 0.33471
120 170.64 0.36490 0.42285 120 169.15 0.36559 0.35231
140 175.42 0.3730 0 0.4422 1 140 174.07 0.36393 0.36936
160 180.17 0.38079 0.46117 160 178.93 .37 91 0.38599
180 184.91 0.38831 0.47980 180 183 .77 0.37959 0.40226
200 189.64 0.39560 0.49815 200 188.59 0.38700 0.41825
THE CARBON OIOXIOE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK iiar. m

1 • Superheated Vapor Properties of
ffilffi+ Carbon Dioxide {R-744)- IP Units
Saturation t = 20 ºF, p = 421.91 psia (407.21 psig) Saturation t = 30 ºF, p = 490.77 psia (476.07 psig)
ºF Btu/lb Btu/lb-R ft'/lb ºF Btu/lb Btu/lb-R ft' /lb
20 138 .16 0.29054 0.20254 30 137.07 0.28342 0.16993

40 145. 2 0 .30476 0.22497 40 141. 11 0 .29158 0.18112
60 151 .21 0.31672 0.24442 60 148.05 0.30521 0.20031
80 156.85 0 .32738 0 .26217 80 ·54.21 0.31684 0.21714
100 162.22 0.337 15 0.2788 1 100 159.94 0.32727 0.23257
120 167.42 0 .34628 0.29464 120 165.41 0.33687 0.24705
140 172 .51 0.35490 0 .30987 140 170.70 0.34585 0.26083
160 177.51 0.36311 0.32463 160 175.88 0.35435 0.27409
180 182 .46 0.37098 0.33901 180 180.97 0.36244 0 .28694
200 187.38 0.37855 0.35307 200 186.02 0.37020 0.29945
Saturation t = 40 º F, p =567.58 psia (552.88 psig) Saturation t =SO ºF, p =652.99 psia (638.29 psig)
ºF Btu/lb Btu/lb-R ft'/lb ºF Btu/lb Btu/lb-R ft' /lb
40 135.52 0.27582 o.14229 50 133.36 0 .26746 0.11852
60 144.05 0.29257 0.16269 60 138.69 0.27782 0.12952
80 151 00 0.30569 0.17924 80 147.00 0.29353 0.14677
100 157.23 0.3 1703 0.19389 100 153.97 0.30621 0.16113
120 163.05 0.32725 0.20736 120 160.27 0.31728 0.17394
140 168 .61 0.33669 0 .22003 140 166.18 0.32731 0.18576
160 174.00 0:34553 0.23210 160 171 .84 0.33659 0.19689
180 179.27 0.35390 0.24370 180 177.32 0.34530 0.20751
200 184.46 0.36188 0.25495 200 182 .68 0.35355 0.21772
miiar. THE CAR BON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANOBOOK

• • Superheated Vapor Properties of
ffiffi¿ Carbon Dioxide (R-744) - IP Units
Sat uration t =60 º F, p =747.75 psia (733.39 psig) 5aturation t =70 ºF, p =852.82 psia (838.12 psig)
ºF Btu/ lb Btu/lb·R ft'/lb ºF Btu/lb Btu/lb·R ft' /lb
60 130.31 0.25787 0.097684 70 125.84 0.24609 0.078810

80 141.81 0.27961 0.11821 80 1 .35 0.26202 0 .091680
100 149.97 0. 29448 0.13295 100 144.90 0.28 123 0.108 19
120 156.97 0.3067-7 0.14546 120 152.96 0.29640 0.12087
140 163 .34 0.31758 0.15671 140 159.99 0.30732 0.1318 1
160 169.34 0.32742 0 .16713 160 166.44 0.31791 0 .14172
180 175.09 0.33656 0.17695 180 172 .53 0.32757 0.15092
200 180.67 0.34514 0.18632 200 178.36 0.33656 0.15962
5aturation t =80 ºF, p =969.57 psia (954.87 psig)

Temp. Enthalpy Entropy 5p. Vol.
ºF Btu/ lb Btu/ lb·R ft3/ lb
80 11 8.31 0.22921 0.060291

100 138.00 0 .26518 0.085577
120 147.97 0 .28270 0.099221
140 155 .96 0. 29626 0 .11019
160 163.03 0.30785 0 .11979
180 169.55 0.31 8 22 0 .12854
200 175.72 0.32772 0 .13669
THE CARBON DIDXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK Har.m

Carbon Dioxide (R-744) Liquidand
NNII Vapor Properties - IP Units
Pressure 100 psia (85.304 psig) Pressure 150 psia (135.304 psig)
Temp. Volume Enthalpy Entropy Temp. Vol u me Enthalpy Entropy
ºF ft' /lb Btu/lb Btu/lb-R ºF ft' /lb Btu/lb Btu/lb-R
-60 0.013824 -9.5276 -0.022969 -60 0.013814 -9.4913 -0.023198
-57.539 0.013886 -8.3688 -0.020078 -55 0.013940 -7.1379 -0.017346
LIOUIDTO VAPO RTRAN SITION -50 0.014070 -4 .7724 -0.011537
-57.539 0.88473 137.60 0.34292 -45 0.014206 -2.3932 -0.005764
-55 0.89261 138.18 0.34435 -40 0.014347 0.0018 -0.000023
-50 0 .90798 139.31 0.34713 -38.569 0.014388 0.69027 0.0016147
-45 0.9231 7 140 .43 0.34984 LIQUIDTO VAPORTRANSITION
-40 0 .938 19 141.54 0.35251 -38.569 0.59588 138.78 0.32954
-35 0.95306 142 .65 0.35512 -35 0.60389 139.66 0.33 163
-30 0 .96779 143.74 0.35769 -30 0.61494 140.88 0.33449
-25 0 .98238 144.83 0.36021 -25 0.62582 142.09 0.33728
-20 0 .99686 145.92 0 .36269 -20 0.63654 143.28 0 .34001
-15 1.0112 147.00 0.36514 -15 0.64711 144. 46 0.34268
-10 1.0255 148.08 0 .36755 -10 0 .65755 145.63 0.34529
-5 1.0397 149.15 0.36992 -5 0.66787 146.79 0.34786
o 1.0537 150.22 0.37227 o 0.67807 147.95 0.35038
5 1.0677 151.29 0.37458 5 0.68818 149.09 0.35285
10 1.0817 152.36 0 .37686 10 0 .69819 150.23 0.35529
15 1.0955 153.42 0.37912 15 151.36 0.35769
20 1.1093 154.49 0.38135 20 152.49 0.36005
25 1.1230 155.55 0.38356 25 153.61 0.36238
30 1.1367 156.62 0.38574 30 154.73 0.36468
35 157.68 0.38790 35 0.74706 155.85 0.36695
40 158.74 0 .39004 40 0.75664 156.96 0.36919
45 159.81 0 .39216 45 0.76616 158.07 0 .37140
50 160.87 0.39426 50 0 .77563 159.18 0.37359
55 1.2042 161.94 0.39634 55 0.78504 160 .29 0. 37575
60 1.2176 163.00 0.39840 60 0.79441 1.39 0.37789
65 1.2309 164.07 0.40044 65 0.80373 162.50 0.38001
70 1.2442 165.13 0.40246 70 0.81302 163 61 0.38210
75 1.2575 166.20 0.40447 75 0.82226 164.71 0 .38418
80 1.2707 167.2 7 0.40646 80 0.83146 165.81 0.38623
85 1.2839 168.34 0.40844 85 0.84063 166.92 0.38827
90 1.2971 169.41 0.41040 90 0.84977 168.02 0.39029
95 1.3102 170.49 0 .41234 95 0.85887 169.13 0.39229
100 1.3233 171.56 0.41427 100 0 .86795 170.23 0.39427
105 1.3364 172.64 0 .41619 105 0.87699 171 .34 0.39624
110 1.3494 173.72 0.41809 110 0.88601 172.44 0 .39819
115 1.3624 174.80 0.41997 115 0 .89499 173.55 0.40012
120 1.3754 175.88 0.42185 120 0.90396 174.66 0 .40204
125 1.3884 176.96 0.4237 1 125 0.91290 175.76 0.40394
130 1.4014 178.05 0.42556 130 0.92182 176.87 0.40583
135 1.4143 179.14 0.42740 135 0.93071 177.98 0.40771
140 1.4272 180.23 0.42922 140 0.93958 179.10 0.40957
145 1.4401 181.32 0.43103 145 0.94844 180.21 0.41142
150 1.4530 182.41 0.43284 150 0.95727 181.32 0.41325
155 1.4659 183.51 0.43462 155 0.96609 182.44 0.41508
160 1.4787 184.61 0.43640 160 0.97488 183.56 0.41689
165 1.4916 185 .71 0.43817 165 0.98366 184.68 0.41868
170 1.5044 186.81 0.43993 170 0.99243 185.80 0.42047
175 1.5172 187.91 0.44168 175 1.0012 186.92 0.42225
180 1.5300 189.02 0.44341 180 1.0099 188.04 0.42401
185 1.5427 190.13 0.44514 185 1.0186 189.17 0.42576
190 1.5555 191.24 0.44685 190 1.0273 190.29 0.42750
195 1.5682 192.35 0.44856 195 1.0360 191.42 0.42923
200 1.5810 193.47 0.45026 200 1.0447 192.55 0.43096
mHar. THE CAR BON OIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK

1 • Carbon Dioxide (R-7 44) Liquid
ffiffi'ffl¿ and Vapor Properties - IP Units
- - - - -- - - -
Temp. Vol u me Enthalpy Entropy Temp. Volume Enthalpy Entropy
ºF ft 3/ lb Btu/lb Btu/lb·R ºF ft 3/lb Btu/lb Btu/lb·R
-60 0.013805 -9.4545 -0.023426 -60 0.013796 -9.4174 -0.023653
-55 0.013930 -7.1045 -0.017582 -55 0.013920 -7.0706 -0.017817
-50 0.014060 -4.7427 -0.011782 -50 0.014049 -4.7124 -0.012026
-45 0.014194 -2.3675 -0.006019 -45 0.014182 -2.3412 -0.0062725
-40 0.014334 0.0230 -0.000289 -40 0.014322 0.0449 -0.00055267
-35 0.014480 2.4310 0.005415 -35 0.014467 2.4480 0.005140
-30 0.01 4633 4.8587 0.011098 -30 0.0146 18 4.8702 0.010810
-25 0.014793 7.3089 0.016768 -25 0.014777 7.3143 0.016465
-23.856 0.014831 7.8732 0.018064 -20 0.014944 9.7831 0.022113
LIQUIDTO VAPORTRANSITION - 15 0.015120 12.280 0.027760
-23 .856 0.44725 139.31 0.31966 -11.65 0.015243 13.971 0.031548
-20 0.45426 140.34 0.32201 LIOUIDTO VAPORTRAN SITI ON
-15 0.46317 141.66 0.32499 -11.65 0.356 10 139.45 0.31163
-10 0 .47191 142.95 0.32788 -10 0.35871 139.93 0.31270
-5 0.48048 144.22 0.33069 -5 0.36646 141 .36 0.31585
o 0 .48890 145.48 0.33343 o 0.37400 142.75 0.31890
5 0.49719 146.71 0.33611 5 0.38137 144.11 0.32185
10 0.50536 147.94 0.33873 10 0.38857 145.45 0.32471
15 0 .51343 149.15 0.34130 15 146.77 0.32750
20 0.52139 150.36 0.34382 20 148.06 0.33021
25 0.52927 151.55 0.34630 25 149.34 0.33287
30 0.53706 152.73 0.34873 30 150.61 0 .33546
35 0.54477 153.91 0.35113 35 0.42276 151.86 0.33801
40 0..65242 155.08 0.35348 40 0-42930 153.10 0 .34050
45 0.56999 156 .25 0.35581 45 0.43577 154.33 0. 34295
50 0.56751 157.41 0.35810 50 0.442 16 155.55 0 .34536
55 0.57497 158.57 0.36035 55 0.44849 156 .77 0.34773
60 0 .58237 159.72 0 .36258 60 0.45475 157.97 0.35006
65 0 .58973 160.87 0 .36479 65 0.46096 159.17 0.35236
70 0.59704 , s2.o~ 0.36696 70 0.46711 1"60.37 0.35463
75 0 .60430 163 .16 0 .36911 75 0.47322 161.56 0.35686
80 0.61152 164.31 0.37124 80 0.47927 162.74 0.35907
85 0.61871 165.45 0.37334 85 0.48529 163.92 0.36125
90 0.62585 166.59 0.37543 90 0.49126 165.10 .36340
95 0.63296 167.72 0 .37749 95 0.49719 166.28 0.36553
100 0.64004 168.86 0 .37953 100 0.50309 167.45 0.36163
105 0.64708 170.00 0.38155 105 0.50895 168 .62 0.36971
110 0 .65409 171.13 0.38355 110 0.51477 169.79 0.37177
115 0.66108 172.27 0 .38553 115 0.52057 170.95 0.37381
120 0.66804 173.40 0.38750 120 0.52634 172.12 0.37583
125 0.67497 174.54 0 .38945 125 0.53208 173.28 0.37783
130 0.68188 175.67 0.39138 130 0.53779 174.44 0.37980
135 0.68876 176.81 0 .39330 135 0.54348 175.60 0.38177
140 0 .69562 177.94 0.39520 140 0.54914 176.76 0.38371
145 0.70246 179.08 0 .39709 145 0.55478 177.92 0.38564
150 0 .70928 180.21 0 .39896 150 0.56040 179.08 0.38755
155 0.7 1608 181.35 0.40082 155 0.56600 180.24 0.38944
160 0 .72286 182.49 0.40266 160 0.57157 181 .40 0.39132
165 0.72962 183 .63 0.40449 165 0. 57713 182.56 0.39319
170 0 .73637 184.77 0.40631 170 0.58267 183.72 0.39503
175 0.74310 185.91 0.4081 1 175 0.58819 184.88 0.39687
180 0.74981 187.05 0 .40990 180 0.59370 186.04 0 .39869
185 0 .75650 188.19 0 .41168 185 0.59918 187.21 0.40050
190 0.76319 189.34 0 .41345 190 0.60466 188.37 0.40230
195 0.76985 190.48 0.41521 195 0.6 1012 189.53 0.40408
200 0.77651 191.63 0.41695 200 0.61556 190.70 0.40585
THE CARBON OIOXIOE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK ¡¡ar.m

IJI Vapor
Carbon Dioxide (R-744) Liquidand
• ffi1 Propert1es - IP Un1ts
·•
Temp. Volume Enthalpy Entropy Temp. Volume Enthalpy Entropy
ºF ft ' /lb Btu/lb Btu/lb·R ºF ft'/lb Btu/lb Btu/lb·R
-60 0.013786 -9.3798 -0.023878 -60 0.01 3777 -9.34 19 -0.024103
-55 0.013910 -7.0363 -0.018051 -55 0.013900 -7.0016 -0.018283
-50 0.014038 -4.6817 -0.012268 -50 0.014027 -4.6504 -0.012509
-45 0.014171 -2.3143 -0.0065242 -45 0.014 160 -2.2869 -0.006774
-40 0.014309 0.0675 -0.00081477 -40 0.014297 0.0907 -0.001075
-35 0.014453 2.4657 0.004866 -35 0.014440 2.4842 0.004595
-30 0.014604 4.8826 0.010524 -30 0.014589 4.8959 0.010240
-25 0.014761 7.3207 0.016165 -25 0.014745 7.3281 0.015868
-20 0.014926 9.7827 0.021797 -20 0.014909 9.7835 0.021485
-15 0.015100 12.272 0.027427 - 15 0.015082 12.265 0.027098
- 10 0.015284 14.793 0.033064 - 10 0.015264 14.777 0.032715
-5 0.015480 17.349 0.038717 -5 0.015456 17.324 0.038347
- 1. 1237 0.015640 19.359 0.043119 o 0.015662 19.910 0.044004
LIOUIDTO VAPORTRANSITION 5 0.015881 22.542 0.049699
-1.1237 0 .29422 139.32 0.30473 8. 1863 0.016030 24.247 0.053356
o 0.29582 139.67 0 .30550 LIOUIDTO VAPORTRANSITION
5 0 .30279 141.2 1 0.30883 8.1863 0.24930 138.97 0.29857
10 0 .30954 142.70 0.31202 10 0.25169 139.59 0.29988
15 0 .31609 144.15 0 .31509 15 141.23 0.30336
20 0.32.247 145.57 0.31806 2 142.81 0.30668
25 0.3 2870 146.96 0.32095 25 0. 27018 144.35 0.30986
30 0.33!180 148.32 0.32375 30 0. 27594 145.84 0.31293
35 0.34078 149.67 0.32647 35 0.28156 147.30 0.31589
40 0.34665 150.99 0.32914 40 0. 28703 148.73 0.31876
45 0.35244 152.30 0.33174 45 0.29239 150.13 0.32155
50 0.35813 153.59 0 .33429 50 0.29765 151.50 0.32427
55 0 .36375 154.87 0.33679 55 0.30280 152.86 0.32692
60 0.36929 156.14 0.33924 60 0 .30787 154.20 0.32951
65 0.3747 0.34165 65 0.31287 155.53 0.33205
70 0.38018 0.34401 70 0.31779 156.8 0.33453
75 0 .38554 75 0.32264 158.14 0.33697
80 0 .39085 80 0.32743 159.42 0.33937
85 0.39610 162.34 85 0.33217 160.70 0 .34173
90 0.40131 163.56 90 0.33686 161 .97 0.34405
95 0 .40648 164.78 95 0.34149 163.23 0.34633
100 0 .41160 165.99 0 .35751 100 0.34608 164.49 0 .34858
105 0.41669 167.20 0.35966 105 0.35063 165.73 0.35080
110 0.42174 168.40 0.36178 110 0.35514 166.97 0.35299
115 0.42676 169 .60 0 .36387 115 0.35961 168.21 0.35515
120 0.43174 170.80 0.36595 120 0.36405 169.44 0.35728
125 0.43670 171.99 0.36800 125 0.36846 170.67 0.35939
130 0.44162 173.18 0.37003 130 0.37283 171.89 0.36147
135 0.44652 174.37 0.37203 135 0.377 17 173.11 0.36353
140 0.45139 175.56 0.37402 140 0.38149 174.33 0.36557
145 0.45624 176.75 0.37599 145 0.38578 175.54 0.36758
150 0 .46107 177.93 0.37794 150 0.39004 176.75 0.36958
155 0.46587 179.11 0.37988 155 0.39428 177.96 0 .37155
160 0 .47065 180.30 0 .38180 160 0 .39850 179.17 0.37351
165 0.47541 181 .48 0.38370 165 0.40270 180.38 0.37545
170 0.48015 182.66 0.38558 170 0.40687 181 .58 0.37737
175 0.48487 183.84 0.38745 175 0.41103 182 .78 0.37927
180 0.48958 185.02 0.38930 180 0.415 16 183.99 0.38116
185 0 .49426 186.20 0.39114 185 0.41928 185.19 0.38303
190 0.49893 187.39 0.39297 190 0.42338 186.39 0.38489
195 0.50359 188. 57 0.39478 195 0.42747 187.59 0.38673
200 0 .50823 189.75 0.39657 200 0.43154 188.79 0.38855
miiar. THE CAR BON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATIDN HANDBODK

Mii Carbon Dioxid_e (R-744) Liquidand
· ·· Vapor Propert1es - IP Un1ts
ºF ft' /lb Btu/lb Btu/lb·R ºF ft'/lb Btu/lb Btu/lb·R
-60 0.013768 -9.3036 -0.024326 -60 0.013759 -9.2650 -0.024548
-55 0.013890 -6.9664 -0.018514 -55 0.013881 -6.9308 -0.018744
-50 0.014017 -4.6187 -0.012748 -50 0.014006 -4.5865 -0.012986
-45 0.014148 -2.2589 -0.007023 -45 0.014137 -2.2304 -0.007270
-40 0.014285 o.
1145 -0.001334 -40 0.014273 0. 1389 -0.001591
-35 0.014427 2.5034 0.004325 -35 0.014414 2.5233 0.004058
-30 0.014575 4.9099 0.009959 -30 0.014561 4.9248 0.009679
-25 0.014730 7.3364 0.015573 -25 0.014714 7.3456 0.015281
-20 0.014892 9.7854 0.021175 -20 0.014875 9.7883 0.020869
- 15 0.015063 12.260 0.026772 -15 0.015045 12.256 0.026449
- 10 0.015243 14.764 0.032371 -10 0.015223 14.751 0.032030
-5 0.015434 17.301 0.037981 -5 0.0154 11 17.279 0.037620
o 0.015636 19.876 0.043614 o 0.015611 19.843 0.043229
5 0.015853 22. 495 0.049281 5 0.015825 22.450 0.048869
10 0.016085 25. 165 0.054997 10 0.016054 25. 106 0.054553
15 0.016337 27.896 0.060781 15 0.016301 27. 819 0.060300
16.568 0.0 16421 28.767 0.062613 20 0.016570 30.601 0.066130
LIQUIDTO VAPORTRANSITION 24.215 0.016818 33.010 0.071129
16.568 0.21510 138.44 0.29291 LIOUIDTO VAPORTRANSITION
20 0.21935 139.69 0.29551 24.215 0.18811 137.75 0.28759
25 0 .22528 141.43 0.29913 25 0.18907 138.06 0.28824
30 0 .23095 143.10 0 .30255 30 O 19491 139.99 0.29220
35 0.23641 144.71 0.30582 35 0.20043 141.82 0.2959 1
40 0 .241 146.27 0.30896 40 0.20669 143.56 0.29941
45 0.24681 147.79 0.31198 45 0.21074 145 .23 0.30274
50 0.26180 149.27 0 .31491 50 0.21661 146.85 0.30593
55 0.25667 150.72 0.31775 55 0.22032 148.43 0.30900
60 0.261 43 152 .15 0.32051 60 0.224 1 149.96 0.31197
65 0 .26610 153.56 0 .32320 65 0.22938 151.46 0.31484
70 0 .27069 164.94 0.32582 70 0.23374 1 2.93 0.3 1763
75 0.27519 0.32839 75 0.23801 0.32035
80 0 .27963 0.33090 80 0.24220 0.32299
85 0.28400 158.99 0 .33336 85 0.24632 157.20 0.32558
90 0 .28832 160 31 0 .33578 90 0.25037 158.58 0 .32811
95 0 .29257 161 .62 0.33816 95 0.25435 159.95 0.33059
100 0 .29678 162.93 0:~ 049 100 0.25828 161 .31 o. 0,2
105 0.30094 164.22 0 .34279 105 0.26215 162 .65 0.33541
110 0.30506 165.50 0 .34505 110 0.26598 163.98 o. 776
115 0.30914 166.78 0 .34728 11 5 0. 26976 165.30 0.34006
120 0 .31317 168.05 0.34948 120 0.27349 166.61 0 .34233
125 0 .31717 169.31 0 .35165 125 0.27719 167.91 0.34457
130 0.32114 170.57 0.35380 130 0.28085 169.21 0 .34678
135 0.32508 171.82 0 .35591 135 0.28448 170.50 0.34895
140 0 .32898 173.07 0 .35800 140 0.28807 171.78 0.35110
145 0.33286 174.31 0 .36007 145 0.29164 173.05 0.35322
150 0 .33671 175.55 0.36211 150 0.29517 174.32 0 .35531
155 0.34053 176.79 0.36413 155 0.29868 175.59 0.35738
160 0 .34434 178.02 0.36613 160 0.30216 176.85 0.35942
165 0.34811 179.25 0.36811 165 0.30561 178 .11 0.36144
170 0.35187 180.48 0 .37006 170 0.30905 179.36 0.36344
175 0.35560 181.71 0 .37200 175 0.31246 180.61 0.36542
180 0 .35932 182.93 0.37393 180 0.31585 181.86 0 .36738
185 0.36301 184.15 0.37583 185 0.31922 183.11 0.36932
190 0.36669 185.38 0.37772 190 0.32257 184.35 0.37124
195 0.37035 186.60 0.37959 195 0.32591 185.59 0.37314
200 0.37400 187.81 0 .38144 200 0.32922 186.83 0 .37502
THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATIDN HANDBOOK Har.m

IJ!I Carbon Dioxide (R-744) Liquidand
· 1 ·· Vapor Propert1es - IP Un1ts
Temp. Vol ume Enthalpy Entropy Temp. Vol ume Enthalpy Entropy
ºF ft'/lb Btu/lb Btu/lb·R ºF ft'/lb Btu/lb Btu/lb·R
-60 0.013750 -9.2260 -0.024769 -60 0.013741 -9. 1866 -0.024989
-55 0.013871 -6.8948 -0.018972 -55 0.013861 -6.8584 -0.019200
-50 0.013996 -4.5538 -0.013223 -50 0.013986 -4.5207 -0.013458
-45 0.014126 -2.2014 -0.007516 -45 0.014115 -2. 1719 -0.007760
-40 0.014261 0. 1639 -0.001846 -40 0.014249 0.18946 -0.002099
-35 0.014401 2.5438 0.003792 -35 0.014388 2.5651 0.003528
-30 0.014547 4.9404 0.009402 -30 0.014533 4.9568 0.009127
-25 0.014699 7.3558 0.014991 -25 0.014684 7.3668 0.014704
-20 0.014859 9.7923 0.020565 -20 0.014843 9.7973 0.020263
-15 0.015026 12.253 0.026129 - 15 0.015009 12.251 0.025813
- 10 0.015203 14.741 0.031693 - 10 0.015183 14.731 0.031359
-5 0.015389 17.259 0.037263 -5 0.015368 17.241 0.036910
o 0.015587 19.813 0.042849 o 0.015563 19.785 0.042474
5 0.015797 22.408 0.048463 5 0.015770 22.368 0.048063
10 0.016023 25.049 0.054117 10 0.015993 24.996 0.053688
15 0.016266 27.745 0.059827 15 0.016231 27.676 0.059363
20 0.016530 30.506 0.065613 20 0.016490 30.477 0.065108
25 0.016819 33.346 0.071502 25 0.016773 33.232 0.070947
30 0.017139 36.281 0.077528 30 0.017085 36.137 0.076909
31.26 0.017226 37.039 0.079074 35 0.017434 39. 154 0.083040
LIQUIDTO VAPORTRANSITION 37.804 0.017651 40.908 0.086574
31.26 0.16620 136.90 0.28249 LIQUIDTO VAPORTRANSITION
35 0.17055 138.50 0 .28574 37.804 0.14799 135.91 0.27754
40 0.17601 140.51 0.28978 40 0.15056 136.95 0.27963
45 0.18116 142.40 0.29354 45 0.15605 139.17 0 .28406
50 0.18605 144.20 0.29709 50 0.16115 141.23 0.28812
55 0.19074 145.93 0 .30046 55 0.16594 143.17 0.29191
60 0.19525 147.60 0.30369 60 0.11050 145.02 0.29548
65 0.19962 149.22 0.30679 65 0.17486 146.79 0.29887
70 .20'386 150.79 0.30978 70 0 .17 148.50 0.30210
75 0.20798 152.33 0.31267 75 0.18311 150.15 0.30521
80 0.21201 153.84 0.31548 80 0.181~ 151.76 0 .30821
85 0.21595 155.32 0.31821 85 0.19087 153.33 0.31111
90 0.21981 166.77 0.32087 90 0.19460 154.87 0.31392
95 0.22359 158.21 0.32346 95 0.19825 156.38 0.31666
100 0 .22732 159.62 0.32600 100 0.20182 157.8 0.31932
105 0.23098 161.02 0.32849 105 0.20533 159.33 0.32192
110 0 .23458 162..40 0.33093 110 0.20877 160.Tl 0.32446
115 0.23814 163.77 0.33332 115 0.21216 162.19 0.32695
120 0.24165 165.13 0.33567 120 0.21549 163.60 0.32939
125 0.24511 166.48 0.33799 125 0.21877 164.99 0.33178
130 0.24854 167.81 0.34026 130 0.22202 166.37 0.33413
135 0.25192 169.14 0.34250 135 0.22521 167.74 0.33644
140 0.25528 170.46 0.34471 140 0.22838 169.10 0.33872
145 0 .25859 171.77 0.34688 145 0 .23150 170.45 0.34095
150 0.26188 173.07 0.34903 150 0.23459 171.78 0.34316
155 0.26514 174.37 0.35115 155 0.23765 173.11 0.34533
160 0.26837 175.66 0.35324 160 0.24068 174.44 0 .34747
165 0.27157 176.94 0.35530 165 0.24368 175.75 0 .34959
170 0.27475 178.22 0.35735 170 0.24666 177.06 0 .35168
175 0.27791 179.50 0.35937 175 0.24961 178.37 0 .35374
180 0.28105 180.77 0.36136 180 0.25254 179.67 0.35578
185 0.28416 182.04 0.36334 185 0.25545 180.96 0.35779
190 0 .28725 183.31 0.36530 190 0.25833 182.25 0.35979
195 0 .29033 184.57 0.36723 195 0.26120 183.53 0.36176
200 0.29338 185.83 0.36915 200 0.26404 184.82 0.36371
tmiiar. THE CAR BON OIOXIOE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK

jjll Carbon Dioxid_e (R-744) Liquidand
· 15 ·· Vapor Propert1es - IP Units
-- - - --- - - - ----- - - -
-60 0.013732 -9.1468 -0.025208 -60 0.013723 -9. 1067 -0.025425
-55 0.013852 -6.8216 -0.019426 -55 0.013842 -6.7845 -0.019651
-50 0.013976 -4.4871 -0.013692 -50 0.013966 -4.453 1 -0.013925
-45 0.014104 -2.1419 -0.008002 -45 0.014093 -2. 1113 -0.008243
-40 0.014237 0.21561 -0.002351 -40 0.014225 0.2423 -0.002601
-35 0.014375 2.5870 0.003266 -35 0.014363 2.6095 0.003006
-30 0.014519 4.9740 0.008854 -30 0.014506 4.9918 0.008583
-25 0.014669 7.3787 0.014418 -25 0.014655 7.3914 0.014135
-20 0.014826 9.8034 0.019965 -20 0.014810 9.8103 0.019668
-15 0.014991 12.251 0.025499 -15 0.014973 12.251 0.025188
-10 0.015164 14.723 0.031029 -10 0.015145 14.716 0.030702
-5 0.015346 17.225 0.036561 -5 0.015325 17.210 0.036216
o 0.015539 19.759 0.042104 o 0.015516 19.735 0.041738
5 0.015744 22.331 0.047668 5 0.015718 22.295 0.047279
10 0.015963 24.945 0.053265 10 0.015934 24.897 0.052849
15 0.016198 27.610 0.058908 15 0.016165 27.547 0.058460
20 0.016452 30.332 0.064614 20 0.016414 30.252 0.064129
25 0.016728 33. 125 0.070405 25 0.016685 33.023 0.069875
30 0.017032 36.001 0.076308 30 0.016982 35.872 0.075724
35 0.017371 38.981 0.082363 35 0.017311 38.818 0.081709
40 0.017755 42.094 0.088625 40 0.017681 41.885 0.087879
43.92 0.018097 44.656 0.093732 45 0.018106 45.112 0.094305
LIOUIDTO VAPORTRANSITION 49.667 0.018572 48.322 0. 10064
43.92 0.13256 134.76 0 .27265 LIOUIDTO VAPORTRANSITION
45 0.13385 135.33 0.27379 49.667 0.11926 133.44 0.26775
50 0.13944 137.81 0 .27868 50 0.11967 133.64 0.26815
55 0.14454 140.06 0.28308 55 0.12544 136.43 0.27359
60 0.14928 142.16 0.28713 60 0.13058 138.90 0.27837
65 0.15374 144.13 0.29090 65 o.13~29 141.16 0.28270
70 0.1"6798 146.01 0.29446 70 o. 3969 143.27 0.28670
75 0 .16204 147.81 0.29784 75 0.14384 145.26 0.29043
80 0.18 5 149.54 0 .30108 80 0.14178 147.15 0.29396
85 0.16972 151.22 0.30418 85 148.97 0.29732
90 0.17338 152.86 0.30717 90 150.73 0.30053
95 0.17695 154.46 0 .31007 95 0.15872 152 .43 0.30361
100 0.18042 156.02 0.31287 100 0.16214 154.09 0.30659
105 0.18381 157.56 0 .31560 105 0.16546 155.71 0.30947
110 0.18713 159.07 0.31826 110 0.16870 57.29 0.31226
115 0.19039 160.55 0.32086 115 0.17186 158.85 0.31498
120 0.19359 162. 2, .32340 120 0.17496 1 3-7 0.31762
125 0.19674 163.46 0.32588 125 0.17800 161.88 0.32021
130 0.19983 164.89 0.32831 130 0.18099 163.36 0.32273
135 0.20289 166.30 0 .33070 135 0.18392 164.82 0.32520
140 0.20590 167.70 0.33304 140 0.18681 166.27 0.32763
145 0.20887 169.09 0 .33535 145 0.18966 167.70 0 .33000
150 0 .21180 170.47 0.33761 150 0.19246 169.12 0.332 4
155 0.21470 171 .83 0.33985 155 0.19523 170.52 0.33463
160 0 .21757 173.19 0 .34204 160 0.19797 171.92 0.33689
165 0 .22041 174.54 0.34421 165 0.20067 173.30 0.33911
170 0.22322 175.88 0 .34635 170 0.20335 174.67 0.34130
175 0.22600 177.21 0 .34846 175 0.20599 176.04 0.34346
180 0.22876 178.54 0.35054 180 0.20861 177.39 0.34559
185 0.23150 179.86 0.35260 185 0.21121 178.74 0.34769
190 0.23421 181 .17 0 .35463 190 0.21378 180.08 0.34976
195 0 .23690 182.48 0.35664 195 0.21633 181.42 0.35181
200 0.23957 183.79 0 .35862 200 0.21886 182.75 0.35383
THE CARBON DIOXIOE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBDDI{ iiar. m

9II Carbon Dioxide (R-744) Liquidand
· ·· Vapor Propert1es - IP Un1ts
ºF ft3 /lb Btu/lb Btu/lb·R ºF ft3/lb Btu/lb Btu/lb·R
-60 0.013714 -9.0663 -0.02564 -60 0.013706 -9.0255 -0.02586
-55 0.013833 -6.7469 -0.01988 -55 0.013824 -6.7089 -0.02010
-50 0.013956 -4.4187 -0.01416 -50 0.013946 -4.3838 -0.01439
-45 0.014082 -2. 0803 -0.00848 -45 0.014072 -2.0488 -0.00872
-40 0.014214 0.2696 -0.00285 -40 0.014202 0.2974 -0.00310
-35 0.014350 2.6326 0.00275 -35 0.014338 2.6564 0.00249
-30 0.014492 5.0104 0.00831 -30 0.014479 5.0297 0.00805
-25 0.014640 7.4049 0.01385 -25 0.014626 7.4193 0.01358
-20 0.014795 9.8183 0.01938 -20 0.014779 9.8271 0.01908
- 15 0.014956 12.253 0.02488 -15 0.014939 12.255 0.02458
- 10 0.015126 14.711 0.03038 -10 0.015107 14.707 0.03006
-5 0.015305 17.196 0.03587 -5 0.015284 17.184 0.03554
o 0.015493 19. 712 0.04138 o 0.015471 19.691 0.04102
5 0.015693 22.262 0.04690 5 0.015668 22.231 0.04652
10 0.015906 24.852 0.05244 10 0.015878 24.809 0.05204
15 0.016133 27.487 0.05802 15 0.016102 27.431 0.05759
20 0.016378 30.176 0.06365 20 0.016343 30.103 0.06319
25 0.016643 32.926 0.06936 25 0.016603 32.834 0.06885
30 0.016933 35.750 0.07515 30 0.016886 35.635 0.07460
35 0.017253 38.664 0.08108 35 0.017198 38.5 19 0.08046
40 0.017611 41.690 0.08716 40 0.017544 41.507 0.08647
45 0.018018 44.861 0.09348 45 0.017936 44.627 0.09268
50 0.018495 48.226 o. 10011 50 0.018390 47.919 0.09917
55 55 0.018932 51.455 0. 10608
60 0.019613 55.366 0. 11364
60.225 0.019648 55.555 o. 11400
LIQUIDTO VAPORTRANSITION
0 .11350 60.225 0.097241 130.23 0.25764
65 0.11872 137.75 0.27397 65 0.10325 133.65 0.26418
70 0.12343 140.20 0.27860 70 .10858 136.64 0.26986
75 0.12778 142.44 0.28282 75 0.11330 139.27 0.27481
80 0. 1'3 85 144.55 0.28674 80 0 .11760 141.67 0.27927
85 0.1.3570 146.54 0.29042 85 0.121 60 143.89 0.28337
90 0.13937 148.45 0.29390 90 0.1253 145.98 0.28719
95 0.14289 150.28 0.29721 95 0.12894 147.97 0.29079
100 0.14629 152.04 0.30039 100 0.13 6' 149.87 0.29420
105 0.14957 153.76 0.30344 105 0.13564 151.71 0.29746
110 0.15276 155.43 0.30639 110 0.13881 153)18 0.30059
11 5 0.15587 157.07 0.30924 115 O. 14188 155.21 0.30361
120 0.15890 1 .67 0.31201 120 0.14487 166. 0.30652
125 O. 16186 160 .24 0 .31471 125 O. 14777 158.53 0.30934
130 0.16476 161.,78 0.31734 130 0.15061 160.14 0.31208
135 O. 16760 163.30 0.31990 135 O. 15339 161.72 0.31475
140 0.17039 164.80 0.32241 140 0.15611 163.27 0::317 6
145 0.17314 166.27 0.32487 145 O. 15877 164.81 0.31990
150 0.17584 167.74 0.32728 150 0.16139 166.32 0.,32239
155 O. 17851 169. 18 0.32964 155 0.16397 167.81 0.32482
160 0 .18114 170.62 0.33196 160 O. 16651 169.28 0.32721
165 O. 18373 172.03 0.33424 165 O. 16901 170.74 0.32956
170 0.18629 173.44 0.33648 170 0.17148 172.19 0.33186
175 O. 18882 174.84 0.33869 175 0.17391 173.62 0.33413
180 0.19132 176.23 0.34087 180 0.17631 175.04 0.33636
185 O.19380 177.60 0.34302 185 0.17869 176.45 0.33855
190 0 .19625 178.97 0.34513 190 0.18104 177.85 0.34071
195 0.19868 180.34 0.34722 195 0.18337 179.24 0.34284
200 0.20108 181.69 0.34928 200 0.18567 180.62 0.34495
miiar. THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK

j ] I Carbon Dioxid_e (R-744) Liquidand
· 11 ·· Vapor Propert1es - IP Un1ts
- - -- -- - - - -- - - - -- - - -- - - -
-60 0.013697 -8.9844 -0.02607 -60 0.013688 -8.9430 -0.026286
-55 0.013814 -6.6706 -0.02032 -55 0.013805 -6.6319 -0.020539
-50 0.013936 -4.3485 -0.01462 -50 0.013926 -4.3128 -0.014843
-45 0.014061 -2.0168 -0.00896 -45 0.014051 -1.9844 -0.009194
-40 0.014191 0.32576 -0.00334 -40 0.014 180 0.3546 -0.003587
-35 0.014326 2.6807 0.00224 -35 0.014314 2.7057 0.001982
-30 0.014466 5.0497 0.00778 -30 0.014453 5.0704 0.007518
-25 0.014612 7.4344 0.01330 -25 0.014598 7.4503 0.013025
-20 0.014764 9.8369 0.01880 -20 0.014748 9.8475 0.018508
- 15 0.014923 12.259 0.02427 -15 0.014906 12.264 0.023973
- 10 0 .015089 14. 704 0.02974 - 10 0.015071 14.702 0.029425
-5 0 .015264 17.174 0.03520 -5 0.015244 17.165 0.034871
o 0.015449 19.672 0.04067 o 0.01 5427 19.655 0.040318
5 0.015644 22.202 0.04614 5 0.015620 22. 175 0.045772
10 0.01585 1 24.769 0.05164 10 0.0 15824 24.73 1 0.051 243
15 0.016012 27.378 0.05716 15 0.0 16042 27.327 0.056741
20 0. 0 16308 30.034 0.06273 20 0.016275 29.969 0.062277
25 0.016563 32.747 0.06835 25 0.016525 32.664 0.067867
30 0.016841 35.525 0.07406 30 0.016797 35.42 1 0.073526
35 0.017144 38.382 0.07986 35 0.017093 .252 0.079278
40 0.01 7481 4 1.335 0.08580 40 0.01 7420 0.085152
45 0.017859 0.09192 45 0.017786 0.091187
50 0.018292 47.637 0.09829 50 0.01 8201 47.375 0.097441
55 0.018803 51.0 78 0.10500 55 0.018685 50.735 . 0400
60 0.019430 54.832 0. 11226 60 0.019268 54.361 0.11101
65 0.020258 59. 109 o. 2045 65 0.020010 58.403 0. 1187
65. 102 0.020278 59.205 0.12064 69.744 0.02 1001 62.949 0.12738
LIQUIDTO VAPORTRANSITION LIQUIDTO VAPORTRANSITION
65.102 0.087880 128.27 0.25224 69 .744 0.079277 125.98 0.24643
70 0. 094429 132.29 0.25988 70 0.079720 126.28 0.24700
75 0.099860 135.58 0.26605 75 0.086828 13 1.00 0.25587
80 0.10459 138.41 0.27132 80 0 .092357 134.59 0.26255
85 0.10886 140.95 0.27601 85 0.097087 137.62 0.26814
90 0 .11279 143.29 0.28029 90 0.10131 140.31 0.27306
95 0.11648 145.48 0.28425 95 0 .10518 142 .76 0.27750
100 0.11996 147.55 0.28797 100 0.10879 145.04 0.28160
105 0.12328 149.52 0.29148 105 0.11 218 147.19 0.28542
110 0.12646 151.42 0.29482 110 0.11540 149.24 0.28902
11 5 0.1 2952 153.25 0.29802 115 0.11 849 151 .19 0.29244
120 0 .13249 155.03 0.30110 120 0.12145 153.08 0.29571
125 0.13536 156.75 0.30406 125 0.12431 154.90 0.29884
130 0 .13816 158.44 0.30694 130 0.12709 156.67 0.30186
135 0.14088 160.09 0.30972 135 0.12978 158.40 0.30477
140 0.14354 161. 71 0.31243 140 0.13240 160.08 0.30759
145 0.14615 163.29 0.31507 145 0.13496 161 .74 0.3 1034
150 0.14870 164.86 0.31764 150 0.13746 163.36 0.31301
155 0.15121 166.40 0.32016 155 0.13991 164.95 0.31561
160 0.15368 167.92 0.32262 160 0.14232 166.52 0.31815
165 0. 15610 169.42 0.32 503 165 0.14468 168.07 0.32064
170 0.15849 170.90 0.32740 170 0.14700 169.59 0.32308
175 0.16084 172.37 0.32973 175 0.14929 171.10 0.32546
180 0.16316 173.83 0.33201 180 0.15154 172.60 0.32781
185 0.16545 175.27 0.33426 185 0.15376 174.07 0.33011
190 0.16772 176.70 0.33647 190 0.15595 175.54 0.33237
195 0.16996 178.12 0.33864 195 0.15811 176.99 0.33459
200 0 .17217 179.53 0.34079 200 0.16025 178.43 0.33678
THE CARBON OIOXIOE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANOBOOK iiar. m

ilJII Carbon Dioxid_e (R-744) Liquidand
.1 ·· Vapor Propert1es - IP Un1ts
' Temp. Volume Enthalpy Entropy Temp. Vol u me Enthalpy Entropy
ºF ft'/lb Btu/lb Btu/lb·R ºF ft' /lb Btu/lb Btu/lb·R
-60 0.01368 -8.9012 -0.026498 -60 0.013671 -8.8592 -0.026710
-55 0.01380 -6.5929 -0.020758 -55 0.013787 -6.5535 -0.020977
-50 0.01392 -4.2767 -0.015070 -50 0.013907 -4.2402 -0.015295
-45 0.01404 - 1.9515 -0.009428 -45 0.014030 -1.9182 -0.009661
-40 0.01417 0.3840 -0.003830 -40 0.014158 0.4139 -0.004071
-35 0.01430 2.7312 0.001730 -35 0.014290 2.7573 0.001480
-30 0.01444 5.0917 0.007256 -30 0.01442 7 5. 1136 0.006996
-25 0.01458 7.4670 0.012752 -25 0.014570 7.4843 0.012482
-20 0.01473 9.8590 0.018224 -20 0.014718 9.8713 0.017942
-15 0.01489 12.270 0.023676 -15 0.014873 12.276 0.023381
- 10 0.01505 14.701 0.029114 -10 14.702 0.028805
-5 0.01523 17.157 0.034544 -5 17.150 0.034220
o 0.01541 19.639 0.039973 o 19.624 0.039631
5 0.01660 22. 150 0.045407 5 22. 127 0.045046
10 0.0 1580 24.696 0.050856 10 0.01 5772 24.662 0.050473
15 0.016,01 27.279 0.056328 15 0.01 984 27.234 0.055920
20 0.01624 29.907 0.061834 20 0.0162 10 29.848 0.061399
25 0 !01649 32.585 0.067389 25 0.016452 32.510 0.066920
30 0.01615 35.322 0.073007 30 0.01 6713 35.229 0.072499
35 0.01704 38. 129 0.078710 35 0.016996 38.013 0.078156
40 0.01736 4 1.019 0.084523 40 0.017306 40. 8 74 0.083912
45 0.01772 .011 0.090481 45 0.017650 43.831 0.089799
50 0.01812 47. 132 0.096633 50 0.018035 46.904 0.095859
55 0.01858 50.419 0. 10305 55 0.018475 50. 128 0.10215
60 0.01912 53.938 0. 10985 60 0.018990 53.555 0.10878
65 0.01980 57.799 0.11725 65 0.019616 57.270 0. 11689
70 0.02071 62.240 0. 12567 70 0.020422 61.440 0. 12380
74.171 0.02186 66.870 0. 13438 75 0.021589 66.467 0. 1~25
LIOUID TO VAPOR TRANSITION 78.398 0.022942 71. 124 0, 14193
74.171 0.071198 123.260.24001 LIOUIDTOVAPORTRANSITION
75 0.072837 124.47 0.24227 78.398 0.063370 119.89 0.23256
80 0.080310 129.81 0 .25223 80 0.067063 122.86 0.23807
85 0.085903 133.70 0.25939 85 0.074767 128.79 0.24901
90 0.090611 136.92 0.26528 90 0.080365 132.94 0 .25660
95 0.094780 139.75 0.27040 95 0.085023 136.33 0.26274
100 0.098578 142.31 0.27500 100 0.089120 139.28 0.26804
105 0.10210 144.68 0 .27922 105 0.092834 141.95 0.27278
110 0.10541 146.90 0.28314 110 0.096268 144.40 0.27710
115 0.10854 149.01 0.28682 115 0.099485 146.69 0.28110
120 0.11153 151.02 0.29031 120 0.10253 148.85 0.28485
125 0.11440 152.96 0.29363 125 0.10543 150.92 0.28840
130 0.11716 154.83 0.29681 130 0.10820 152.90 0.29178
135 0.11984 156.64 0.29987 135 0.11088 154.81 0.29500
140 0.12244 158.40 0.30283 140 0.11346 156.66 0.29810
145 0.12496 160.13 0.30569 145 0.11597 158.46 0.30109
150 0.12743 161.81 0.30846 150 0.11841 160.22 0.30398
155 0.12984 163.46 0.31116 155 0.12078 161.93 0.30679
160 0.13219 165.09 0.31379 160 0.12310 163.61 0 .30951
165 0.13450 166.68 0.31636 165 0.12537 165.26 0.31216
170 0.13677 168.26 0.31887 170 0.12759 166.89 0.31475
175 0.13900 169.81 0 .32132 175 0.12977 168.48 0.31728
180 0.14119 171.34 0.32373 180 0.13191 170.06 0.31975
185 0.14335 172.85 0.32608 185 0.13402 171.61 0.32217
190 0.14547 174.35 0.32840 190 0.13609 173.15 0.32454
195 0.14757 175.84 0.33068 195 0.13813 174.67 0.32687
200 0.14964 177.31 0.33291 200 0.14014 176.17 0 .32916
miiar. THE CARBON DIOXIOE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK

iJII Carbon Dioxid_e (R-744) Liquidand
· fli -· Vapor Propert1es - IP Units
Pressure 1000 psia (985.304 psig)
Temp. Volume Enthalpy Entropy

ºF ft' / lb Btu/lb Btu/lb·R
-60 0.013663 -8.8168 -0.026920
-55 0.013778 -6.5137 -0.021194
-50 0.013897 -4.2033 -0.015519
-45 0.014020 - 1.8844 -0.009893
-40 0.014147 0.4443 -0.004311
-35 0.0142 78 2.7840 0.001231
-30 0.014415 5. 1362 0.006738
-25 0.014556 75024 0.012213
-20 0.014704 9.8844 0.017662
-15 0.014858 12.284 0.023089
-10 0.015018 14.703 0.028499
-5 0.015187 17 145 0.033899
o 6. 15364 19.611 0.039293
5 0.015550 22. 105 0.044690
10 o.o 5747 24.631 0.050095
15 0.015956 27191 0.055519
20 .01 178 29.792 0.060970
25 0.016416 32.439 0.066459
30 0.016612 35. 140 0.072002
35 0.016950 37902 0.077614
40 0.017252 40. T3-? 0.083317
45 0.017586 43.660 0.089138
50 0.017958 46.69 1 0.095114
55 0.018380 49.858 0. 10130
60 0.018869 53. ~ 0. 10777
65 0.019452 56.799 0. 11465
70 0.020182 60.763 0.'122 7
75 0.021170 65.350 0.13079
80 0.022793 71.354 . 4 196
82.434 0.024461 76.074 0. 15069
LIQUIDTO VAPORTRANSITION
82.434 0.055335 115.38 0.22319
85 0.062397 121.62 0.23468
90 0.070104 127.97 0.24628
95 0.075632 132.33 0.25419
100 0.080204 135.87 0.26054
105 0.084209 138.93 0.26598
110 0.087830 141.67 0.27082
115 0.09117 1 144.20 0.27523
120 0.094294 146.55 0.27931
125 0.097245 148.77 0.28312
130 0.10005 150.88 0 .28672
135 0.10274 152 .90 0.29013
140 0.10533 154.85 0.29340
145 0.10782 156.74 0.29653
150 0.11024 158.57 0.29955
155 0 .11260 160.36 0.30247
160 0.11489 162.10 0.30530
165 0.11712 163.81 0.30804
170 0.11931 165.49 0.31071
175 0.12145 167.13 0.31332
180 0.12355 168.75 0.31586
185 0.12561 170.35 0.31834
190 0.12763 171.92 0.32078
195 0.12963 173.48 0.32316
200 0 .13159 175.02 0.32550

Carbon Dioxide (R-7 44) Supercritical
@fil Vapor Properties - IP Units
ºF ftl/lb Btu/lb Btu/lb·R ºF ft'/lb Btu/lb Btu/lb·R
-60 0.013646 -8.731 -0.02734 -60 0.013622 -8 .600 -0.02796
-55 0.013760 -6.433 -0.02163 -55 0.013734 -6.310 -0 .02226
-50 0.013878 -4 .128 -0.01596 -50 0.013850 -4.013 -0.01662
-45 0.014000 -1.816 -0.01035 -45 0.013970 -1.709 -0 .01103
-40 0 .014125 0.506 -0.00479 -40 0.014093 0.603 -0.00549
-35 0.014255 2.839 0.00074 -35 0.014221 2.925 0.00001
-30 0.014390 5.183 0 .00623 -30 0.014353 5.258 0.00547
-25 0.014529 7.541 0.01168 -25 0.014490 7.603 0 .01090
-20 0.014675 9.913 0 .01711 -20 0.014632 9.962 0.01629
-15 0.014826 12. 302 0.0225 1 -15 0.014780 12.336 0.02 166
-10 0.014984 14.710 0.02790 -10 0.014935 14.727 0.02701
-5 0.015150 17.138 0.03327 -5 0.015096 17.136 0.03234
o 0.015323 19.590 0.03863 o 0.015264 19.567 0.03766
5 0.015505 22.067 0.04399 5 0.015441 22.021 0.04297
10 0.015698 24.574 0.04935 10 0.015627 24.502 0 .04828
0.015901 27.113 0.05473 15 0.015823 27.012 0.05359
0.016117 29.689 0.06013 20 0.016031 29.554 0.05892
0.016348 32 .308 0.06556 25 0.01625 1 32 .134 0 .06427
0.016595 34.974 0.07104 30 0.01 6486 34.755 0.06965
0.016861 37.696 0 .07657 35 0 .016738 37.424 0.07507
O 017l 50 40.483 0.08217 40 0.017 10 40.148 0.08055
45 0.017467 43.347 0.08787 45 0.017304 42 .936 0.08610
50 o. 1781 46.303 0.09370 50 0.01 7625 45.798 0.09175
55 0.01 8207 49 .372 0.09969 55 0 .017980 48.749 0.09751
60 0.01 8662 52.585 0.10591 60 0.018376 61.809 0.10342
65 0.019170 55.988 0.11242 65 0.018824 55 .006 0.10955
70 0.019791 59.654 0.11938 70 0 .019341 58,378 0.11594
75 0.020571 0. 12700 75 0.019954 6 1.987 0.12272
80 0 .021632 0.13575 80 0.020706 5.926 0.13005
85 0.023358 0.14704 85 0.02 1682 70.361 0.13824
90 0.035423 0.18834 90 0.023075 75 .670 0.14794
95 0.056046 0.23077 95 0.025525 82 .975 0.16116
100 0.063036 0.24243 100 0.032431 96.991 0 .18630
105 0.068196 0.25058 105 0.044024 113.38 0.21 547
110 0.072487 135.35 0 .25713 110 0.051290 121 .84 0.23 40
115 0.076249 138.56 0.26273 115 0.056555 127.51 0 .24031
120 0.079649 141.43 0.26771 120 0 .060834 131 .93 0.24796
125 0.082783 144.06 0.27223 125 0.064524 135 .64 0.25434
130 0.085711 146.51 0.27640 130 0.067817 138.90 0.25989
135 0.088473 148.82 0.28029 135 0.070824 141.84 0.26486
140 0.091100 151.01 0.28396 140 0.073612 144.55 0.26939
145 0.0936 13 153. 10 0.28744 145 0.076228 147.07 0.27358
150 0.096029 155.12 0.29076 150 0.078703 149.45 0.27750
155 0.098360 157.06 0.29394 155 0.081060 151 .71 0.281 19
160 0.10062 158.95 0.29700 160 0.083318 153.88 0.28470
165 0.1028 1 160.79 0.29995 165 0.085490 155.96 0.28805
170 0.10494 162.59 0.30282 170 0.087588 157.97 0.29125
175 0.10702 164.34 0.30559 175 0.089620 159.92 0.29434
180 0.10906 166.06 0.30829 180 0.091594 161 .82 0.29732
185 0.11105 167.75 0.31092 185 0.093515 163.67 0.30020
190 0.11300 169.41 0.31349 190 0.095390 165.48 0.30299
195 0.11 491 171.05 0.31599 195 0.097221 167.25 0.3057 1
200 0.11679 172.66 0.31845 200 0.099013 168.99 0.30836
miiar. THE CARBON OIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATIDN HANDBDDK

MJe Carbon Dioxide (R-744) Su_percritical
· Rlr · · · Vapor Propert1es - IP Un1ts
-60 0.013598 -8.467 -0.02857 -60 0.013574 -8.331 -0.02918
-55 0.013709 -6.184 -0.02289 -55 0.013684 -6.055 -0.02352
-50 0.013823 -3.895 -0.01727 -50 0.013796 -3.773 -0.01791
-45 0.013941 -1.599 -0 .01170 -45 0.013912 -1 .486 -0.01236
-40 0.014062 0.704 -0.00618 -40 0.014032 0.809 -0.00686
-35 0.014188 3.016 -0.00070 -35 0.014155 3.111 -0 .00141
-30 0.014317 5.338 0.00473 -30 0.014283 5.423 0.00400
-25 0.014452 7.671 0.01013 -25 0.014415 7.745 0.00938
-20 0.014591 10.017 0.01550 -20 0.014551 10.078 0.01472
-15 0.014736 12.377 0.02083 -15 0.014693 12.425 0.02002
-10 0.014887 14.752 0.02614 -10 0.014841 14.785 0.02530
-5 0.015044 17.144 0.03144 -5 0.014994 17.161 0.03056
o 0.015208 19.556 0.03671 o 0.015154 19.555 0.03579
5 0 .015380 21 .989 0.04197 5 0.015321 21.968 0.04101
10 0.015560 24.445 0.04723 10 0.015496 24.402 0.04622
15 0.015749 26.928 0.05249 15 0.015679 26.860 0.05143
20 0.015949 29.440 0.05776 20 0.015872 29 .344 0.05663
25 0.016161 31 .985 0.06303 25 0 .01 6075 31.858 0.06185
3Q 0.01 6385 34.566 0.06833 30: 0.01 6 91 34.404 0.06707
35 0.016625 37.189 0.07366 35 36.986 0.07232
40 0.018881 39.859 0.07903 40 39 .609 0.07760
45 0.017157 42.583 0.08445 45 0.01 7023 42 .278 0.08291
50 0.017469 45.368 0.08995 50 O. 17303 '44.999 0.08828
55 0.017782 48.226 0.09553 55 0.017606 47.780 0.09370
60 0.01 8 140 51.169 0.10122 60 0.017935 50.630 0.09922
65 0.018539 54.216 0.10705 65 0.018297 53.561 0.10483
70 0.018989 57.390 0.11307 70 0.018698 56 . 1 0.11058
75 0.019503 60.726 0.11934 75 0.019147 59 .739 0.11649
80 0.020105 64.272 0.12594 80 0.019657 &3 .034 0.12263
85 0.020829 68 .094 0.13299 85 0.020246 66. 5 11 0.12904
90 0.021733 72.305 o. 4069 90 0.020942 70.221 0.13582"'"
95 0.022929 77.1 08 0.14938 95 0.021784 74.236 0.14309
100 0.024661 82.913 .O.l 5980 100 0.022842 78.676 o.15106
105 0.027504 90.504 0.17330 105 0.024236 83 .722 0.16003
110 0.032488 100.72 0.1 131 110 0.026164 89.613 0.170 2
11 5 0.038846 111.06 0. 20939 115 0.028905 96.563 0.18256
120 0.044451 118.90 0.22297 120 0.032584 104.31 0.19598
125 0.049051 124.80 0.23310 125 0.036757 111 .82 0.20888
130 0.052949 129.54 0.24117 130 0.040814 118.33 0.21997
135 0.056361 133.54 0.24794 135 0.044492 123.78 0.22918
140 0.059424 137.06 0.25383 140 0.047794 128.41 0.23694
145 0 .062226 140.22 0. 25907 145 0.050782 132 .45 0 .24364
150 0 .064825 143.11 0.26384 150 0.053518 136.04 0.24955
155 0 .067262 145.80 0.26823 155 0.056050 139.29 0.25487
160 0.069566 148.33 0.27233 160 0.058418 142.28 0.25972
165 0.071760 150.72 0.27618 165 0.060648 145.07 0.26420
170 0.073858 153.01 0.27982 170 0.062764 147.69 0.26838
175 0.075875 155.20 0.28329 175 0.064782 150.18 0.27231
180 0 .077821 157.31 0.28661 180 0.066717 152.55 0.27603
185 0.079703 159.36 0.28979 185 0.068577 154.82 0.27957
190 0.081530 161.34 0.29286 190 0.070374 157.01 0.28295
195 0.083307 163.27 0.29582 195 0.0721 13 159.13 0.28620
200 0.085039 165.16 0.29869 200 0.073801 161.180 0.28932
THE CARBON OIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK iiar. m

MJB Carbon Dioxide (R-744) Su_percritical
· '5 ·· Vapor Propert1es - IP Un1ts
ºF ft '/lb Btu/lb Btu/lb·R ºF ft' /lb Btu/lb Btu/lb·R
-60 0.013551 -8.193 -0.02977 -60 0.013528 -8 .052 -0.03036
-55 0.013659 -5.923 -0.02413 -55 0 .013635 -5 .789 -0.02473
-50 0.013770 -3.649 -0.01854 -50 0.013744 -3.521 -0.01916
-45 0.013884 -1.369 -0.01 301 -45 0 .01 3857 -1.249 -0 .01 365
-40 0.014002 0.917 -0.00753 -40 0.013973 1.029 -0.00819
-35 0.014124 3.211 -0.00 210 -35 0.014093 3.314 -0 .00278
-30 0.014249 5.512 0.00329 -30 0.014216 5.606 0.00259
-25 0.014379 7.824 0.00864 -25 0.014344 7.907 0.00791
-20 0.014513 10.145 0.01395 -20 0.014475 10.218 0.01320
-15 0.014652 12. 479 0.01923 -15 0.014611 12.539 0.01845
-10 0.014796 14.826 0.02447 -10 0.014753 14.873 0.02367
-5 0.014946 17.186 0.02970 -5 0.014899 17.219 0.02886
o 0.015102 19.563 0.03490 o 0.015051 19.581 0.03402
5 0.015264 21.958 0.04008 5 0.015210 21.958 0 .03917
10 0.015434 24.372 0.04524 10 0.015375 24.353 0 .04429
15 0.015612 26.807 0.05040 0.015548 26.767 0.04941
20 0 .015799 29.266 0.05555 0 .015729 29.203 0.05451
25 0. 015995 31.751 0.06071 0.015918 31.662 0.0596 1
0.016202 34.265 0.06587 0.01 17 34.147 0.06471
35 0.016420 36.811 0.07104 0.016327 36.660 0.06982
40 o.o 6662 39.392 0.07623 0.016549 39.205 0.07493
45 0.016899 42.014 0.08 145 45 0.016785 41.78 4 0.08007
50 0 .017 63 44.679 0.08671 50 o.o 7035 44.402 0 .08523
55 0.017447 47.396 0.09201 55 0.017303 47.063 0.09043
60 0.017753 50.169 0.09738 60 0.017589 49 .772 0.09567
65 0.018086 53.009 0.10281 65 0.017898 52 .53 6 0.10096
70 0.018449 5.9 6 0.10835 70 0.018232 55. 0 .10632
75 0.01885 1 58.935 0.11400 75 0.018597 58.263 0.11177
80 0.019298 62.653 0.11980 80 0.018998 61.248 0.11733
85 0.019802 65.302 0.1 2580 85 0.019442 64.332 0. 12302
90 0.020377 68.709 0. 13203 90 0.019938 67.532 0. 12887
95 0.021044 72 .311 0.13855 95 0.020498 70 .869 0.13491
100 0.021833 76.154 0 .14544 100 0.021139 74.366 0 .14118
105 0.022788 80 .310 0.15284 105 0.021880 78.057 0.14775
110 0.023974 84.866 o. 6087 110 0 .022752 81.983 0.15487
115 0.025478 89.908 0.16968 11 5 0.023792 86 .185 0.16201
120 0.027402 95.490 0.17935 120 0.025044 90.696 0.16983
125 0.029822 101 .55 0.18977 125 0.026554 95 .527 0.178 13
130 0.032669 107.79 0.20039 130 0.028356 100.65 0.18685
135 0.035736 113.79 0.21051 135 0.030441 105.94 0.19578
140 0.038793 119.25 0 .21966 140 0.032740 111.21 0 .20460
145 0.041 705 124.11 0.22773 145 0.035148 116.26 0.21299
150 0.044433 128.43 0.23485 150 0.037564 120.97 0 .22075
155 0.046979 132.3 1 0.24119 155 0.039919 125.30 0.22783
160 0.049362 135.83 0 .24690 160 0.042182 129.28 0.23427
165 0.051604 139.07 0 .2 52 11 165 0.044343 132 .94 0.24015
170 0.053722 142.08 0.25690 170 0.046402 136.32 0.24556
175 0.055734 144.90 0.261 36 175 0.048367 139.48 0 .25055
180 0.057654 147.56 0.26554 180 0 .050245 142.45 0.25521
185 0.059493 150.09 0.26948 185 0.052045 145.25 0 .25957
190 0.061262 152.51 0.27322 190 0.053774 147.91 0.26368
195 0.062969 154 .83 0.27678 195 0.055440 150.45 0.26757
200 0.064619 157.07 0.28019 200 0.057049 152.88 0 .27128
E!Diiar. THE CAR BON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK

jj)I Carbon Dioxid_e (R-744) Su_percritical
·"' · ·· Vapor Propert1es - IP Un1ts
-60 0.013505 -7.909 -0.03094 -60 0.013483 -7.764 -0.03152
-55 0.013611 -5.652 -0.02533 -55 0.013588 -5.513 -0.02592
-50 0 .013719 -3.391 -0.01978 -50 0.013695 -3.259 -0.02038
-45 0.013830 -1.126 -0.01428 -45 0.013804 -1.001 -0.01491
-40 0 .013945 1.144 -0.00884 -40 0.013917 1.262 -0.00948
-35 0.014063 3.421 -0.00345 -35 0.014033 3.531 -0.00411
-30 0.014184 5.704 0.00190 -30 0.014153 5.806 0.00122
-25 0.014309 7.995 0.00720 -25 0.014276 8.088 0.00650
-20 0.014439 10.295 0.01246 -20 0.014403 10.378 0.01174
-15 0.014572 12.606 0.01769 -15 0.014534 12.677 0.01694
-10 0.014711 14.927 0.02288 -10 0.014670 14.986 0.02210
-5 0.014854 17.260 0.02804 -5 0.014810 17.307 0.02723
o 0.015003 19.606 0.03317 o 0.014956 19.639 0.03234
5 0.015157 21 .967 0.03828 5 0.015107 21.985 0.03741
10 0.015318 24.344 0.04337 10 0.015264 24.346 0.04247
15 0.015486 26.739 0.04844 15 0.015427 26.723 0.04750
20 0.015662 29.153 0.05350 20 0.015598 29.117 0.05252
25 0.015845 31.589 0.05855 25 0.015776 31 .530 0.05752
30 0 .01 6038 34.047 0.06359 30 0.016962 33 .964 0.06252
35 0.01 6240 36 .531 0.06864 35 0.016157 36.421 0.06751
40 0 .01 6453 39.042 0.07369 40 0.016362 38.903 0.07250
45 0.01 6678 41.584 0.07876 45 0.016578 41 .411 0.07750
50 0.016916 44.160 0.08383 50 0.016806 43.950 0 .08250
55 0.017170 46 .773 0.08894 55 0.017047 46.521 0.08752
60 0.017440 49.428 0.09407 60 0.017303 ~ .127 0.09256
65 0.017729 52.128 0.099 24 65 0.017575 0.09763
70 0.018040 54.880 0.10446 70 0.017866 0.10273
75 0.018375 57.692 0.10974 75 0.018 178 0. 10788
80 0.018740 60.572 0.11511 80 0.018514 0.11308
85 0.019139 63.530 0.12056 85 0.018878 62 .854 0.11835
90 0.019578 66.5 8 0. 12613 90 0.019274 65.783 0.12370
95 0 .020066 69.727 0 .13183 95 0.019708 68 .791 0 .1 291 5
100 0.020611 72 .992 0. 13769 100 0.020186 71.888 0 .13471
105 0.02 1225 76.391 0 .14374 105 0.020715 75 .083 0.14039
110 0.021924 79.945 o. 15001 110 0.021304 78 .390 0.14622
115 0.022728 83.678 0.15653 115 0.021965 81.820 0.15222
120 0.023659 87.609 0.16334 120 0.022712 85.389 0.15840
125 0.024741 91 .750 0.17045 125 0.023557 89 .104 0.16478
130 0.025997 96.097 0.17786 130 0.024515 92 .967 0.17136
135 0.027444 100.63 0.18551 135 0.025599 96 .971 0.17812
140 0.029081 105.29 0.19331 140 0.026816 101 .10 0.18504
145 0.030882 109.96 0 .20108 145 0.028168 105.31 0.19203
150 0.032797 114.55 0.20863 150 0.029640 109.55 0.19901
155 0.034772 118.96 0.21583 155 0.03 1209 113.74 0 .20586
160 0.036755 123.13 0.22259 160 0.032843 117.84 0.21249
165 0.038710 127.04 0.22888 165 0.034512 121.78 0.21883
170 0.040617 130.70 0.23471 170 0.036188 125.54 0.22483
175 0.042464 134.13 0.24014 175 0.037849 129 .12 0.23049
180 0.044248 137.36 0.24521 180 0.039484 132.52 0.23583
185 0.04597 1 140.41 0.24995 185 0.041082 135.75 0.24085
190 0.047633 143.30 0.25442 190 0.042641 138.81 0.24559
195 0.049238 146.04 0.25863 195 0.044157 141.74 0.25008
200 0.050791 148.67 0.26263 200 0.045632 144.54 0.25433
THE CARBON DIOXIOE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANOBOOK Har. m

-1 20 -80 - 40 o 40 80 120 160 200 240 280
2000. ------------------------------------..----.........................._.........,__.,,..........,..__..............................................---.........__.........-.-.............-.-....----------------...... 2000.
R-744
(carbon dloxide)
relerence slate:
h = O.O BT U/lb. s = 0.00 BTU/(lb-º F)
lor saturated liq uid at - 40 "F
1000. 1000 .
.l
800. ., 800.
1
·•
1
600. f- 600.
1
1 r
1
b .,¡
-
Cll
(/)
400. •· ...
1
400.
-
o.
~
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1
1
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(/)
(!)
1
o': 200.
1
200.
i
:?
-~ 1
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100. 100.
80. 80 .
....
.,
<'> '
o"', , "/
CD <Xll O)
'i/1 o 'ifl o11 . c¡:f/ o

60. x, 60 .
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1 "
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r t -sol
i
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l J ..ogJ ·1
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' ' 1 I' 1 Yd" ltl O6 1 1(1 1 I' 1 t IY t 1 1/J 1 1 t 1 1 I 4o.

40. -vv 1 280
- 120 - 80 - 40 o 40 80 120 160 200 240
1
a..;
N~ compuled using NIST REFPROP, v9 .1 Enthalpy (BTU/lb) based on lormulation of: R. Span & W . Wagne r
J. Phys. Chem. Re'. Data 25:1509- 1596 ( 1996)
Salid data approximated from Plank and Kuprianotf e·-
1
iiili=i
-120 -80 -40 o 40 80 120 160 200 240 280
2000. 2000.
R-744
(carbon dioxide)
reference state:
h = O.O BTU/lb, s = 0 .00 BTU/(lb· ºF)
for saturated liquid at -40 ºF
1070
1000. 1000.
800. 800.
600. 600 .
400. SOLO 400 .
Q)
L.
::J
rJ)
rJ)
Q)
L.
a.. 200. 200 .
1 () .'oº
100. 100.
80 . 80 .
¡l
..,. l.() CD ":I co o:, 11
60 . ,,
ci ci ci º11 ' ci ci
60.
)(
"
)(
"
X X "
X
11
X
>
-80
-90
40 . 40.
-120 -80 -40 o 40 80 120 160 200 240 280
NlST computed using NIST REFPROP . v9. 1 Enthalpy (BTU/lb) based on formulation of: R. Span & W. Wagner
J Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 25 :1509-1596 (1996)
Sol id data approximated from Plan k and Kup ria nof1
Saturation Properties of Carbon
@tjj Dioxide (R-744) - SI Units
Tempera tu re Pressure Pressure Enthalpy ( kJ/ kg) Entropy (kJ/kg-K) Liq. Density VaporSp. Vol.
( º C) (bara) (barg) Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor (kg/ m' ) (m'/ kg)
-56 .558' 5 .1796 4 .1664 80 .036 430.42 0.52132 2. 1390 11 78.5 0.07267
-56 5.3065 4 .2933 81.129 430 .62 0.5263 1 2. 1358 1176.5 0.07101
-55 5 .5397 4 .5265 83 .09 1 430 .99 0 .53524 2.13 00 1172 .9 0.06815
-54 5.7805 4 .7673 85.056 431.34 0.54413 2. 1243 1169.2 0.06543
-53 6.0291 5 .0159 87.023 431.69 0.55299 2.1 186 1165 .6 0.06284
-52 6.2857 5.2725 88.994 432 .03 0.56182 2. 1130 1161 .9 0.06038
-51 6.5504 5 .5372 90.967 432 .36 0.57062 2. 1074 11 58 .3 0.05803
-50 6 .8234 5 .8 102 92.943 432.68 0 .57939 2.1018 1154.6 0.05579
-49 7.1 049 6 .09 17 94.922 432 .99 0.58813 2.0963 11 50 .8 0.05365
-48 7.3949 6.3817 96.905 433.29 0.59684 2.0909 1147.1 0.05162
-47 7.6937 6.6805 98 .891 433 .58 0.60553 2.0855 11 43.4 0.04967
-46 8.0015 6.9883 100.88 433 .86 0.6 1418 2.0801 1139.6 0.04782
-45 8 .3 184 7.3052 102.87 434. 13 0.62282 2.0747 1135 .8 0.04605
-44 8 .6445 7.6313 104.87 434.39 0.63143 2.0694 1132.0 0.04435
-43 8 .9800 7.9668 106 .87 434.64 0.64001 2.0642 1128 . 1 0.04273
-42 9 .3252 8.3120 108.88 434.88 0.64858 2.0589 1124.2 0.04118
-4 1 9.6801 8.6669 11 0.89 435 .11 0.657 12 2.0537 11 20.3 0.03970
-40 10.045 9 .0318 112.90 435.32 0.66564 2.0485 1116.4 0.03828
-39 10.420 9.4068 11 4 .92 435 .53 0.674 13 2.0434 1112.5 0.03693
-38 10.805 9 .7918 116.95 435 .72 0.68261 2.0382 1108.5 0.03562
-37 11 .201 10.188 11 8 .98 435 .90 0.69 107 2.033 1 1104 .5 0.03438
-36 11 .607 10.594 12 1.01 436.07 0.69951 2.0281 1100.5 0.03318
-35 12.024 11 .011 123 .05 436.23 0.70794 2.0230 1096.4 0.03204
-34 12.452 11.439 125.10 436.37 0 .71634 2.0180 1092.4 0.03094
-33 12.891 11.878 127.15 436.51 0.72474 2 .0129 1088 .3 0.02988
-32 13.342 12.329 129.20 436.62 0.73311 2.0079 1084. 1 0.02887
-3 1 13.804 12. 791 131.27 436.73 0. 74 148 2.0029 1079 .9 0.02789
-30 14.278 13.265 133.34 436.82 0.74982 1.9980 1075.7 0.02696
-29 14.763 13. 750 135.41 436.90 0.75816 1.9930 1071.5 0.02606
-28 15.261 14.248 137.50 436.96 0. 76649 1.9880 1067.2 0.02519
-27 15 .770 14.757 139.59 437. 01 0.7748 1 1.983 1 1062 .9 0.02436
-26 16.293 15.280 141 .69 437.04 0.78311 1.9781 1058.6 0.02356
-25 16.827 15.8 14 143 .79 437.06 0.79 141 1.9732 1054.2 0.02279
-24 17.375 16.362 145.91 437.06 0.79971 1.9683 1049.8 0.02205
-23 17.935 16.922 148.03 437.04 0.80799 1.9633 1045 .3 0.02 133
-22 18.509 17.496 150.16 437.01 0.8 1627 1.9584 1040.8 0.02065
-2 1 19.096 18 .083 152.30 436 .96 0.82455 1. 9535 1036.3 0.01998
-20 19.696 18.683 154.45 436.89 0.83283 1. 9485 1031.7 0.01934
-19 20 .3 10 19.297 156.61 436 .8 1 0.841 10 1. 9436 102 7. 0 0.01873
-18 20.938 19.925 158 .77 436 .70 0.84937 1.9386 1022.3 0.01813
-17 21.58 1 20 .568 160 .95 436.58 0.85765 1.9337 1017.6 0.017 56
-16 22 .237 21 .224 163.14 436.44 0.86593 1.9287 101 2.8 0.01700
-15 22.908 2 1.895 165.34 436 .27 0.87421 1.9237 1008 .0 0.01647
(1) Triple Point
THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK iiar. m

Saturation Properties of Carbon
11$1 Dioxide (R-744)- SI Units
Temperature Pressure Pressure Enthalpy (kJ/ kg) Entropy (kJ/ kg· K) Liq. Density Vapor Sp. Vol.
( ºC) (bara) (barg) Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor (kg/m' ) (m'/kg)
-14 23 .593 22 .580 167.55 436.09 0.88249 1.9187 1003.1 0.01595
-13 24.294 23. 281 169.78 435 .89 0.89078 1.91 37 998. 14 0 .01545
-12 25 .01 0 23.997 172.01 435 .66 0 .89908 1.9086 993 .13 0 .01497
-11 25 .740 24 .727 174.26 435 .41 0.90739 1.9036 988 .06 0.01450
-10 26.487 25 .474 176.52 435 .14 0.9 1571 1.8985 982.93 0 .01405
-9 27. 249 26 .236 178.80 434.84 0.92405 1.8934 977. 73 0.0136 1
-8 28.027 27.014 181.09 434.51 0.93240 1.8882 972 .46 0.01319
-7 28 .82 1 27.808 183 .39 434.17 0.94076 1.8830 967.12 0.01278
-6 29.632 28.619 185.71 433 .79 0 .94915 1.8778 961 .70 0.01238
-5 30.459 29.446 188. 05 433.38 0.95756 1.872 5 956 .21 0.01200
-4 31 .303 30 .290 190.40 432 .95 0.96599 1.8672 950.63 0.01162
-3 3 2.164 3 1.151 192. 77 432.48 0 .97444 1.8618 944.97 0.011 26
-2 33 .042 32 .029 195.16 431.99 0.98293 1.8563 939 .22 0.01091
-1 33 .938 32 .925 197.57 431.46 0.99 145 1.8509 933 .38 0.01 0 57
o 34.851 33.838 200.00 430 .89 1.0000 1.8453 927.43 0.01024
1 35.783 34 .770 202 .45 430 .29 1.0 086 1.8397 92 1.38 0.0099202
2 36.733 35.720 204.93 429 .65 1.0172 1.8340 915 .23 0.0096085
3 37.701 36.688 207.43 428 .97 1.0259 1.8282 908.95 0. 00930 56
4 38.688 37.675 209.95 428.25 1.0346 1.8223 902.56 0.0090110
5 39.695 38 .682 2 12.50 427. 48 1.0434 1.8163 896.03 0.0087244
6 40 .720 39 .707 2 15 .08 426.67 1.0523 1.8102 889 .36 0.0084454
7 4 1.765 40 .7 52 2 17.69 425.8 1 1. 06 12 1.8041 882 .55 0.0081737
8 42 .831 4 1.818 220 .34 424.89 1.0702 1.7977 875.58 0.0079089
9 43 .9 16 42 .903 223.01 423.92 1.07 92 1.79 13 868.44 0.0 076508
10 45.022 44.009 225.73 422 .88 1.0884 1.7847 861.12 0.0073988
11 46.149 45 .136 228.49 421. 79 1.0976 1. 7779 853 .60 0.0071528
12 47.297 46.284 231.29 420 .62 1.1070 1.7710 845 .87 0.0069 125
13 48.466 47.453 234 .13 4 19.37 1. 11 65 1.7638 837.91 0.0066774
14 49.658 48.645 237.03 418.05 1.1261 1.7565 829.70 0.0064472
15 50.8 71 49 .858 239 .99 4 16.64 1.1 359 1.7489 82 1.21 0.00622 16
16 52 .108 51.095 243 .01 415 .12 1.1458 1. 7411 812 .41 0.0060003
17 53 .368 52 .355 246 .10 4 13.50 1.1559 1.7329 803.27 0.0 057828
18 54.651 53 .638 249.26 411.76 1.1663 1.7244 793.76 0.0055688
19 55 .958 54 .945 252. 52 409 .89 1.1769 1.7155 783.81 0.0053578
20 57.291 56.278 255.87 407.87 1.1877 1.7062 773.39 0.0051493
21 58 .648 57.635 259 .33 405 .67 1. 1989 1.6964 762.40 0 .004942 7
22 60 .031 59 .018 262.93 403 .26 1.2105 1.6860 750.77 0.0047375
23 61.440 60 .427 266.68 400 .63 1.2225 1.6749 738 .36 0.0045326
24 62 .877 61.864 270 .61 397.70 1.2352 1.6629 725 .02 0.0043272
25 64.342 63 .329 274.78 394.43 1.2485 1.6498 7 10.50 0.004 11 98
26 65.837 64.824 279 .26 390 .71 1.2627 1.6353 694.46 0.0039083
27 67.361 66 .348 284.14 386 .39 1.2783 1. 6 189 676 .36 0.0036898
28 68 .918 67.905 289.62 381 .20 1.2958 1.5999 655 .28 0.0034589
29 70 .509 69 .496 296 .07 374 .6 1 1.3 163 1. 5763 629 .36 0.0032048
30 72 .1 37 71 .124 304.55 365.13 1.3435 1.5433 593.31 0.0028977
30.978 2 73.773 72.760 330 .2 2 333 .93 1.4270 1.4392 476.26 0.002 171 2
(2) Critica! Point
Emiiar. THE CAR BON DI OXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANOBOOK

m,u Carbon Dioxide (R-744)- SI Units
Saturatlon t =·SO º C, p =6 .8234 bara (S.8102 barg) Saturation t =·40 º C, p =10.045 bara (9.0318 barg)
Temp. Enthalpy Entropy Sp. Vol. Temp. Enthalpy Entropy Sp. Vol .
ºC kJ/kg kJ/kg·K m'/kg ºC kJ/kg kJ/kg·K m ' /kg
-50 432 .68 2.1 018 0.055789

-40 442.05 2.1429 0.059243 -40 435 .32 2.0485 0.038284
-30 451.20 2.1813 0.062572 -30 445 .42 2.0909 0 .040803
-20 460 .20 2.2176 0.065808 -20 455.14 2.1301 0.043202
-10 469.13 2.2522 0.068974 -10 464.63 2.1669 0.045514
o 2.2854 0.072085 o 2.2018 0.047760
10 2.3174 0.075152 10 2.2351 0.049956
20 0.078183 20 492 .48 2.2671 0.052111
30 0.08 11 85 30 2.2980 0.054234
40 513 .76 2.4075 0.084161 40 510.92 0.056330
50 2.4359 0.087117 50 0.058404
60 531.89 0.090055 60 529.43 2.3853 0.060458
70 541.04 70 538.74 0.062496
80 550.26 2.5171 0.095886 80 548 .11 0.064519
90 559.54 2.54 o'°098784 90 557.52 ...- 0.066531
100 568 .89 2.5684 0.101670 100 566 .99 2.4917 0.068531
Saturatlon t =·30 ºC, p =14.278 bara (13.265 barg) Saturation t =· 20 º C, p =19.696 bara (18.683 barg)
Temp. Enthalpy Entropy Sp.Vol. Temp. Enthalpy Entropy Sp. Vol.
ºC kJ/kg kJ/kg·K m ' /kg ºC kJ/kg kJ/kg·K m ' /kg
-30 436.82 1.9980 0 .026955

-20 447.84 2.0424 0.028889 -20 1.9485 0.019343
-10 2.0828 0.030701 -10 1.9960 0.020904
o 2.1204 0 .032428 o 460.47 2.0383 0.022334
10 0 .034092 10 2.0770 0.023677
20 487.90 2.1895 0.035709 20 2.1133 0.024958
30 497.51 2.2 1 0 .037288 30 0.026194
40 507.07 2.2527 0.038836 40 501 .95 0.027393
50 516.60 50 511.90
60 526.13 0.041863 60 521.79 2.2416 0 .029711
70 535 .67 0.043348 70 531 .64 2. 701 0.030839
80 545 .23 2.3674 0.044817 80 541.48 2.2990 0.031949
90 554.83 2.3942 0.046274 90 551.31 2.3264 0.033046
100 564.45 2.4204 0.047720 100 561 . 16 2.3532 0.034131
THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANOBOOK iiar.m

MIIB Carbon Dioxide (R-744)- SI Units
Saturatlon t =-10 º C, p =26 .487 bara (25 .474 b arg) Saturation t =O º C, p =34 .851 bara ( 33.838 barg)
ºC kJ/ kg kJ/ kg-K m' / kg ºC kJ/ kg kJ/ kg-K m' / kg
-10 435.14 1.8985 0.014048
o 449 .08 1. 9505 0 .015374 o 430.89 1.8453 0.01024 1
10 1.9954 0.016549 10 447.38 1.9046 0.01 1432
20 473.21 2 .0359 0.017633 20 1.9532 0 .012439
30 2 .0732 0 .018655 30 1. 9960 0.013344
40 495 .15 2.1083 0 .019630 40 486 .11 2.0349 0.014 184
50 505.72 0 .020571 50 497.61 0.014978
60 516 .12 60 508 .77 2.1051 0.015737
70 526.42 70 519 .70 0.016468
80 536.64 2 .2330 0 .023246 80 530.45 0.017 178
90 546.80 2 .26 14 0.024103 90 541.08 2.1979 0.017870
100 556.95 2.2889 0.024945 100 55 1. 62 2.2266 0 .018547
Saturation t =10 º C, p =45 .022 ba ra (44.009 barg) Saturat ion t =20 ºC, p =57.291 bara (56.278 barg)
ºC kJ/ kg kJ/ kg-K m ' / kg ºC kJ/ kg kJ/ kg-K m' /kg
10 422.88 1.7847 0.007399
20 1.8566 0.008549 20 1.7062 0 .005 149
30 0.009445 30 1.8045 0.006388
40 4 73.82 0 .010225 40 456.21 1.8665 0.0072 18
50 486.86 0.010935 50 0.007908
60 499 .19 0 .011597 60 486.46 0.00852 1
70 511 .04 0.012224 70 499 .78 0.009085
80 522 .56 2.1032 0.012824 80 512.44 0 .009613
90 533 .83 2 .1 341 0.013403 90 524.64 0.010115
100 544.92 2 .1648 0.013964 100 536 .51 2.1024 0.010596
Saturation t = 30 ºC, p = 72.137 bara (71.124 barg)

Temp. Enthalpy Entropy Sp. Vol.
ºC kJ/kg kJ/kg-K m'/kg
30 1.5433 0.0028977
40 427.02 1.7453 0.0047334
50 1.8193 0.0055238
60 468 .81 1.8750 0.006 1453
70 484.70 0 .0066835
80 499 .20 1.9637 0 .007 1703
90 512 .82 2 .001 0.0076215
100 525 .80 2 .0370 0 .0080466
miiar. THE CAR BON DIDXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANOBOOK

Carbon Dioxide (R-7 44) Liquid and
wtfJ:j Vapor Properties - SI Units
Pressure 10 bara (8.997 barg) Pressure 10 bara (8.997 barg)
ºC m ' /kg kJ/kg kJ/kg-K ºC m ' /kg kJ/kg kJ/kg· K
-56 -
-= 0.00084929 81.261
~ 0.52508 20 0 .052360 492 .53 2.2681
-54 0.00085459 85. 168 0.54300 22 0.052789 494.37 2.2744
-52 0.00086001 89.087 0.56079 24 0.053216 496 .21 2.2806
-50 0.00086557 93.018 0.57849 26 0.053642 498 .06 2.2868
-48 0.00087127 96.962 0.59608 28 0.054067 499 .90 2.2929 '- ~
-46 0.00087713 100.920 0.61359 30 0.054491 501.74 2.2990
-44 0.00088315 104.900 0.63101 32 0.054914 503 .58 2.3050
-42 0.00088935 108.890 0.64836 34 0.055336 505 .42 2.3111
-40. 122 0.00089533 112.660 0.66460 36 0.055757 507.27 2.3170 .r -
LIOUIDTO VAPORTRANSITION 38 0.056177 509 .11 2.3230
-40.122 0.038453 435 .30 2.0491 40 0.056!i96 510 .96 2.3289 ..-J
t
-40 435.42 2.0497 42 512 .80 2.3348
-38 437.47 ... 2 .0585 44 514.65 2.3406 ~
-36 439 .51 2.0671 46 516.50 2.3464

-34 -~
441.52 ._~ 2 .0755 48 518 .34 2.3522 ...... '":,
-32 17 443 .52 2.0838 50 0586 ;¡ 520 .19 2.3579
-30 0.041012 445 .50 2.0920 52 0.059091 2.3636
-28 2.1001 54 0.059505 2.3693
-26 ..... 2.1080 56 0 .059917 525.75 2.3750
-24 2.1158 58 2.3806
-22 L• 2 .1236 60 2.3862
-20 2 .1312 62 2.3918
-18 0.043888 2.1387 64 0.061560 533.18 2.3973 ~, .
-16 0.044355 2.1461 66 0.061969
-14 0 .044819 2.1535 68 0.062378
-12 0.045280 2.1607 70 0.062786
-10 0.045738 2 .1679 72 0 .063194 540.64 2.4192 -~
-8 0.046 193 2.1750 74 0.063601 542 .51 2.4246
-6 0.046646 468.45 2.1821 76 0.064007 544.39 2.4299
-4 0.047097 470 .32 2.1890 78 0.064413 546 .26 2.4353
-2 0.047546 472 .18 -.. 2.1959 80 0.064818 548 .14 ~ 2.4406 ~L
o 0.047992 474 .04 2 .2028 82 0.065223 550 .01 2.4459

2 .. 0.048437 475.90 2.2096 84 0 .065628 551 .89 2.4512 I_
4 0.048879 477.76 2.2163 86 0.066032 553 .78 2.4565

6 0.049320 479 .61 2 .2229 88 0.066435 555.66 2.4617
8 0.049759 481 .46 2.2295 90 0.066838 557.55 2.4669
10 0.050196 483 .31 2 .2361 92 0.067241 559.44 2.4721
12 0.050632 485 .15 2 .2426 94 0.067643 561.33 2.4772
14 0.051066 ...l 487.00 2 .2490 96 0.068045 563.22 2.4824
16 0.051499 488 .84 2 .2554 98 0.068446 565.12 2.4875
18 0.051930 490.69 2.2618 100 0.068847 567.01 2.4926
THE CARBON OIOXIOE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANOBOOK ¡¡ar. m

il!B Carbon Dioxid_e (R-744) Liquidand
· · ·· Vapor Propert1es - SI Un1ts
ºC m'/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg-K ºC m'/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg-K
-56 0.00084853 81.402 0.52378 20 0.033832 487.10 2.1 782
489 .04
k' -52
-54 0.00085379
0.00085917
85.303
89.214
0.54166
0.55943
22
24
0.034138
0.034443 490.98 ., 2.1848
2.19 13 ~
492 .92 2.1978
1
-50
-48
-46
0.00086469
0.00087035
0.00087616
93.137
97.073
101.020
0.57709
0.59465
0.61211
26
28
30
0.034746
0.035049
0.035349
494.85
496.78
"I 2.2043
2.2 107
...
..... -44 0.00088212 104.990 0.62949 32 0.035649 498.71 2.2170 ~ .
-42 0.00088826 108.970 0.64680 34 0.035948 500.63 2.2233
-40 0.00089458 112.970 0.66404 36 0.036245 502 .56 2.2295 -
-38 0.00090109 11 7. 000 0.681 22 38 0.036541 504.48 2.2357
.
,·
-36 0.00090781 121.040 0.69835 40 0.036836 506 .40 2.2419 -,e--,-
-34
-32
-30
0.00091475
0.00092193
0.00092938
125. 110
129.210
133.340
0.7 1544
0.73250
0.74955
42
44
46
0.037130
0.037424
0.037716
508.32
510 .24
512 .16
-. 2.2480
2.2541
2 .2601
~.
____,_,_.
-28.52 1 0.00093506 136.410 0.76215 48 0.038007 514.07 ~ 2.2661 t~

LIOUIDTO VAPORTRANSITION 50 0 .038297 515.99 2.2720
-28.52 1 436.93 1.9906 52 0.038587 517.90 :,.: 2.2779
-28 437.53 1.9931 54 0.038876 519.82 2.2838
-26 439.82 2.0024 1 ' 56 ~ 521 .73 2.2896 • t•
-24 442 .08 2.01 15 58 523. 65 2.2954
-22 . 444.30 2.0204 ... 60 525.56 2.3012 ,!!J-
-20 2.0291 62 ~27.48 2.3069
!. -18 -- 2.0376 11 64 529.39 2.3 126 ... ;
-16 2.0460 66 0.040593 2.3183
-14 2.0542 68 0 .040876 2.3239 ::-..•
-12 2.0623 70 0.041 160 2.3295
-10 2.0703 , r 72 0.041442 2.3351 ~ ,..-
::. -,='
-8 2.0781 74 0.041724 2. 3406

-6 0.029676
'\,
2.0858 76 0.042005 ~-
-4 0.030010 78 0.042286
r-¡ -2 0.030341 r, 2.1010 80 0.042566 iT~ .,¡
o 0.030670 2.1084 82 0.042846

·-
~ 2 JI 0.030995 2.1157 .j ! 84 0.043125 -
548 .58 2.3679
.., ..
4 0.0313 19 471.36 2.1229 86 0.043404 550.51 2.3733
6 ~ 0.031640 473.35 2. 1301 .. 88 0.043682 552 .43 [-. 2.3786 .-:::::.
8 0.031958 475.33 2.1372 90 0.043960 554.36 2.3840
1 10 0.032275 477.31 ... 2.1442 92 0.044237 556.29 2.3893 ..
12 0.032590 479 .27 2.1511 94 0.044514 558.22 2.3945
! 14 0.032903 481.24
. 2.1580 96 0.044790 560 .15 2.3998 _,,..,
16
18
0.0332 14
0.033524 l
483.19
485.15
2.1648
2.1715
98
100
0.045066
0.045342
562 .08
564.02
2.4050
2.4102 ..
Emiiar. THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK

MI Carbon Dioxid_e (R-744) Liquidand
· • ·· Vapor Propert1es - SI Un1ts
Temp. Vol u me Enthalpy Entropy Temp. Vol u me Enthalpy Entropy
ºC m ' /kg kJ/kg kJ/kg·K ºC m '/kg kJ/ kg kJ/kg·K
.,... -56 0.00084778 81.545 0.52248 20 0.024526 481.32 2.1095 ·""·
-54 0.00085300 85.439 0.54034 22 0.024774 483.39 2.1165
-52 0.00085835 89.344 0.55807 24 0.025020 485.44 2.1234
-50
-48 ;
() 00086382 93.259
97.187
0.57570
0.59322
26
28
0.025264 487.49
489 .53 ....
2.1303
2.1371 r- .
101. 130 0.61065 30 491.57 2.1438
105.080 0.62799 32 493.59 _J 2.1505 ..r
109.060 0.64525 34 495 .62 2.1571
0.00089345 113.050 0.66244 36 0.026464 497.63 2.1636
-38 0.00089989 117.060 0.67958 38 0.026700 499 .64 2.1701
-36 0.00090654 121.090 0.69665 40 0.026934 501.65
_; 2.1766
..;
-34 0.00091 125. 150 0.71369 42 0.027168 2.1829
.
-32
-30
0.00092050
0.00092784 - 129.230 ~ 0.73069
0.74767
44
46
0.027400
0.027631
505.65 2.1893
2.1955
l
-28 0.00093546 13 7.490 0.76464 48 0.027862 2.2017 ~ ...• 1111
-26 0.00094338 0.78161 50 0.028091

.~
-24
-22
-20
- 19.503
0.00095161
0.00096020
0.00096918
0.00097148 155.520
LIOUIDTO VAPORTRAN SITION
. 0.83269
0.83694
52
54
56
58
60
0.028319
0.028547
0.028773
0.028999
0.029224
515.60
517.58
519 .56
521.54
2.2322
2.2381
-19.503
-18
-16
0.019033
0.019277
0.019594
l ..
436.85
438.78
441 .31
.. 1.9461
1.9537
1.9635
62
64
66
0.029448
0.029671
0.029894
523.52
525.49
527.47
2.2440
2.2499
2.2558
·._ .
-14 0.019905 443.78 1.9731 68 0.030116 529.44 2.2616
-12 0.020209 446.20 1.9824 70 0.030337 531.41 2.2673
-10 0.020507 -.
448.58 1.9915 72 0.030558 533 .38 2.2730
-8 0.020799 450 .92 2.0004 74 0.030778 535 .35 2.2787
-6 1 - 0.021087 453.23 2.0090 76 0.030997 537.32 2.2844 ,_ -
-4 0.021371 455.51 2.0176 78 0.031216 539 .30 2.2900
-2 0.021650 1- 457.77 2.0259 80 0.031434 541 .26 2.2956
o 0.021926 460 .00 2.0341 82 0.03 1651 543 .23 2.3012
2 0.022198 462.20 2.0421 84 0.031868 545 .20 2.3067 . . "! . .
4 0.022467 464.39 2.0500 86 0.03 2085 547.17 2.3122
6 ,!, 0.022733 466.56 2.0578 88 0.032301 549 .14 2.3177
8 0.022997 468.71 2.0655 90 0.032516 551.11 2.3231
10
12
.- 0.023257
0.023516
470.84
472.96
2.0731
2.0805
92
94
0.032731
0.032946
553 .09
555 .06
• 2.3285
2.3339
J .•
14 0.023771 475.07 2.0879 96 0.033160 557.03 2.3393 t_ - ••
..
16 0.024025 477.16 2.0952 98 0.033373 559.00 2.3446
18 0.024277 479.25 2.1024 100 0.033586 560 .97 2.3499 .....
THE CARBON OIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK Har.m

IJB Carbon Dioxid_e (R-744) Liquidand
· fllr • · · Vapor Propert1es - SI Un1ts
ºC m ' /kg kJ/kg kJ/kg-K ºC m' /kg kJ/kg kJ/kg-K
~
-56 0.00084704 81.689 0.52120 20 0 .018904 475 .14 2.0517 .1.'
-54 0.00085223 85.577 0.53902 22 0.019 119 477.36 2.0592
-52 0.00085753 89.475 0.55672 24 0.019332 479 .55 2.0666 ~~.x
I t
-50
-48
-46
0.00086297
0.00086853
0.00087425
93.383
97.303
101.240
. 0.57432
0.59180
0.60919
26
28
30
0.019543
0.019753
0.019960
481.73
483 .90
486 .06
2.0739
2.0812
2.0883
-.J
-44 0.00088011 105. 180 0.62650 32 0.020166 488 .20 2.0954 ,,

-42 109. 150 0.64372 34 490 .34 2.1023
i.i -40 113. 130 0.66086 36 492 .46 2.1092
-~
-38
-36
-34
117.130
121. 150
125. 190
0.67795
0.69497
0.71195
38
40
42 0.021 71
494.57
496.68
2.1160
2.1228
2.1295
-... ,.•
'!. -32 0.00091909 0.72890 44 0.021368 2.1361

-30 0.74581 46 0.021 564 2.1426
-28 0.76271 48 0.021759 2.1491 '-
-26 0.77961 50 0.021953 2.1555
-24 0.79651 52 :; 0.022145 2.1619 ~
-22 0.00095822 0.81344 54 0.022337 2.1682

\. -20
- 18
0.00096704
0.00097627
56
58
0.022527
0.022 717
~
-~
I{' T
- 16 0.00098595 60 0.022905
- 14 0.00099615 62 0.023093 519.43
- 12.013 0.0010068 171.980 0.89897 64 0.023280 521.47 ~-
LIOUIDTO VAPORTRANSITION 66 0.023466 523 .5 1 2.2051
-12 .013 0.014973 435 .66 1.9087 68 0.023651 525 .55 2.2111 -;::-.
-12 0.01497 5 435.68 1. 9088 70 0.023836 527.58 2.2 170
-10 0.015264 438.55 1.9197 , r. 72 0.024 020 529 .61 2.2229 "" :.
-8 0.015544 441.32 1.9302 74 0.024203 531.64 2.2288
r:: -6 0.015816 444.02 1.9404 'j 76 0.024386 533 .66 2.2346
-
-4 0. 01608 1 446.66 1.9502 78 0.024567 535 .69 2.2404
-2 0.016339 449 .23 1.9597 80 JI 0.024749 537.71 2.2461
o 0.016592 451 .76 1. 9690 82 0.024929 539.7 3 2.2 518
2 0.016840 • 454.24 1:- 1.9781 1 ~ 84 0.025109 541.75 2.2575
4 0.017083 456.68 1.9869 86 0.025289 543.77 2.263 1
<
6 A 0.017322 459.08 1.9955 1
88 0.025468 545.79 2.2687
8 0.017558 461 .45 2.0040 90 0.025646 547.80 2 .2743
~ ••
"
10 0 .017789 463.79 2.0123 l 92 0.025824 549.82 2.2799
12 0.018018 466.11 2.0204 94 0.026001 55 1.83 2.2854
14 0.018243 468.40 2.0284 96 0.026178 553 .85 2.2908
16 0.018466 4 70.67 2.0363 98 0.026354 555.86 2.2963
18 0.018686 472.91 2.0441 t":. 100 0.026530 557.88 2.3017 ['.-e'

Carbon Di oxide (R-7 44) Liquid and
DI• Vapor Properties - SI Units
Temp. Vol ume Enthalpy Entropy Temp. Vol ume Enthalpy Entropy
ºC m' /kg kJ/kg kJ/kg-K ºC m'/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg-K
--56 0.00084631 81.835 0.51992 20 :.( 0.015116 468 .46 2.0001
.
.
-54
-52
0.00085146
0.00085672
85.717
89.608
0.53771
0.55539
22
24
0.015313
0.015507
470.86
473 .23
2.0082
2.0162
-50 0.00086212 93.508 0.57295 26 0.015698 475 .58 2.0241
-48 0.00086764 97.421 0.59040 28 0.015887 477.90 2.0318
-46 0.00087331 101.350 0.60775 30 0.016074 480.20 2.0395
-44 0.00087912 105. 280 0.62502 32 0.016259 482.48 -. 2.0470 ~
-42 0.00088510 109.240 0.64220 34 0.016442 484.75 2.0544

-40 0.00089123 113.210 0.65930 36 0.016623 ~
487.00 2.0617 -.
-38 117.200 0.67634 38 O 6803 489 .24 2.0689
-36 121.210 0.69331 40 . 0.016980 491 .46 2.0760 1 _'¡
-34 125.240 0.71024 42 493 .67 2.0830
-32 0.00091770 129.290 0.72712 44 495.86 2.0900
-30 .00 9?Jf87 133.370 0.74398 46 2.0968
-28 0.00093228 137. 480 0.76081 48 2 .1036 . ~
-26 0.77763 50 2.1104

-24 0.79446 52 .t 2. 1170 ••
-22 0.81130 54 2.1236
~
-20 0.00096495 0.82818 56 2.1301 ;w"t.
-18 0.00097401 0.84510 58 0.0185 18 2.1366

- 16 !a. 0.00098350 0.86209 60 0.018683
-14 0.00099347 62 0.018847
.¡- -12 0.0010040 64 0.019011 l
-10 0.0010151 66 0.019173 519.43

-8 ... 0.0010269 180.970 0.93119 68 0.019335 521 .54
-6 0.0010395 185.680 0.94891 70 0.019495 523 .64
·.,;_.
-5.5521 0.0010425 186.750 0.95291 72 0.019655 525.73
LIOUIDTO VAPORTRANSITION 74 0.0198 14 527.82 2.1863
-5 .5521 0.012207 433.61 1.8754 76 0.019973 529 .91 2.1923
-4 0.012418 436.12 1.8847 78 0.020130 531.99 2.1982
-2 0.012679 .a. 439 .22 1.8962 80 0.020287 534.07 i 2.2041 ~
o 0.012931 442 .22 1.9072 82 0.020444 536.14 2.2100
2 -.. 0.01 3 174 445 .12 1.9178 84 0.020599 538 .22 1 2.2158
L
4
6 ...
0.013410
0.013639 . 447.93
450 .67 ..
1.9280
1.9379
86
88
0.020754
0.020909
540 .29
542 .36
2.22 16
2.2273 .-:: l
8
10
0.013863
0.014082
453 .35
455.98 .. 1.9474
1.9567
90
92
0.021063
0.021216
544.42
546.49
2.2330
2.2387
12
14
0.014297
0.014507
458 .56
.._ 461.09 . 1.9658
1.9747
94
96
0.021369
0.021521
548 .55
550 .61
2 .2443
2.2499 ......
"
16
18
°"
0.014713
0.014916 ":.
463.58
466.04
1.9833
1.9918
98
100
0.021673
0.021824
552 .67
554 .73
2.2555
2.2610
- .
THE CARBON DIOXIOE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK iiar. m

li]fl Carbon Dioxide (R-744) Liquidand
· 15 • ·· Vapor Propert1es - SI Units
ºC m'/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg-K ºC m'/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg-K
-54 0.0008507 85.858 0.53642 22 0.01 2555 463 .78 1.9608 ~
-52 0.0008559 89.742 0.55406 24 0.012739 466.38 1.9695
-50 0.0008613 93.636 0.57159 26 0.012919 468.93 1.9781
_...
-48 0.0008668 97.541 0.58901 28 0.013097 471.44 1.9865
-46 0.0008724 101.460 0.60633 30 0 .013272 473.93 1.9947
-
-44
-42
-40
0.0008782
0.0008841
0.0008902
105.390
109.330
113.290
0.62355
0.64069
0.65775
32
34
36
,. 0.013444
0.013614
0.013781
4 76.38
478 .81
481.21
2.0027
2.0107
2.0185
-~ -
....::-í
-38 117.270 0.67474 38 Y. 0.013947 483.59 2.0261 :-(""'

-36 121.270 0.69167 40 o. 14110 485 .95 2.0337
-34 125.290 0.70854 42 488 .28 2.0411
. .;,,_
-32 129.330 0.72537 44 490 .60 2.0485

-30 133.400 0.74217 46 492.91 2.0557 ~
-
-28 137.490 0.75894 48 0.014741 495.19 2.0628
-26
-24
141.610 -: 0.77569
0.79244
50
52
0.01 4902
0.015056
497.46 . 2.0699
2.0769
n;
,E
-22 0.80920 54 1 0.015208 2 .0838 ~

-20 0.82598 56 0.015360
- 18
- 16 0.0009811
0.84280
0.85968
58
60
0.015510
0.015659
-·
r - 14 0.0009909 0.87664 62 0.015807 ~ J'
,r: -
- 12 0.0010011 64 0 .015954
µ; - 10 0.0010120 66 0.016100 ~·~
-8 0.0010235 68 0.016244 o
-6 0.0010357 70 0.016388 ~:..!
-4 0.0010488 190. 100 0.96345 72 0.016532 521.74 2.1426
-2 0.0010628 194.980 0.98149 74 0.016674 523.90 2.1488 "ii1
o 0.0010781 199.980 0.99988 76 0.016815 526 .05 2.1550
0. 16082 0.0010794 200.390 1.0014 78 0.016956 528 .19 .,, 2 .1611 ...,1
LIQUIDTO VAPORTRANSITION 80 0.017096 530 .33 2.1672
0.16082 0.010189 430.80 1.8444 82 0.017235 532 .47 2.1732 ~ - ... J
,l.
2
4
0.010429
0.010678
434.15
437.59
1.8566
1.8691 1 1
84
86
' 0.017374
0.017512
534.60
536 .73
2.1792
2.1852 ~
6 0.010915 440.88 1.8809 88 0.017649 538.85 2.1911
8 0.011142 444.04 1.8922 ~ i 90 0.017786 540.97 2.1969 ..::
10 0.011361 447.09 1.9030 92 0.017922 543 .09 2.2027
, ~
12 0.011574 450.05 ~ 1.9134 94 - 0.018058 545 .20 2.2085 :; '.I
14 0.011780 452.92 1.9234 96 0.018192 547.31 2.2142
r 16 0.011980 455.72 ... 1.9332 98 0.018327 549.42 ,:-. 2.2199 ~J
18 0.0121 76 458.46 1.9426 100 0.018461 551.52 2.2256

20 0.012367 461.15 1.9518 ~;
mliiar. THE CARBON OIOXIOE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANOBOOK

IJII Carbon Dioxid_e (R-744) Liquidand
· Rli • · · Vapor Propert1es - SI Un1ts
., ºC
-54 -~-
m ' /kg
0.00085
kJ/kg
86.007
kJ/kg-K
0.53513
ºC
22
m ' /kg
0.010443
kJ/kg
455.95
kJ/kg·K
1.9148
-52 0.00086 89.878 0.55274 24 0.010624 458 .84 1.9246
-50 0.00086 93.765 0.57024 26 0.010800 461.67 1.9341
-48 0.00087 97.662 0.58762 28 0.010972 464.43 1.9433
1
-46 0.00087 101.570 0.60491 30 0.011141 467.15 1.9523 'L
-44 0.00088 105.490 0.62210 32 0.011306 469.81 1.9610

-42 0.00088 109.430 0.63920 34 0.011468 472 .44 1 1.9696
- ·' ;
-40 0.00089 113.380 0.65622 36 0.01 1628 475 .03 1.9780
-38 .._ 117.350 0.67316 38 477.58 J. 1.9862 -- 1
-36
-34
-32
121.330
125.340
129.370
0.69004
0.70687
0.72364
40
42
44
480 .10
482 .59
485.05
1.9943
2.0022
2.0100
-.
1, -30 133.420 0.74038 46 487.49 2.0177
-28 137.500 0.75708 48 489.91 2.0252
-26 141.610 0.77377 50 0.012681 ¡ 492 .31 2.0327 -~ .
-24 145.750 0.79045 52 2.0400
-22 0.80713 54 2.0472 1:' .-
-20
-18
-16
.. 0.00098
0.82382
0.84055
0.85732
56
58
60 0.013382
2.0544
2.0614
2.0684
.T
1
-14 0.00099 0.87416 62 0.013519

- 12 0.00100 0. 89108 64 0.013654
- 10 0.00101 0.90811 66 0.013788
-8 0.00102 0.92527 68 0.013921 513 .13
-6
-4
0.00103
0.00104 189.730
0.94259
0.96012
70
72
0.014053
0.014 184
515.39
517. 63
. 2.1085
.' .. -2 ~ !... 0.00106 t, 194.540 0.97790 74 0.014314 519 .86 2.1150
o 0.00107 199.460 0.99599 76 0.014443 522 .08 2.1 213
1'
2 0.00109 204.520 1.0145 78 0.014572 524.30 2.1277 !! ~
4 0.00111 209.760 1.0334 80 0.014699 526.51 2.1339
5.2997 0.00112 213.270 1.0461 82 0.014826 528 .71 J 2.1402
5 .2997 0.0086400 427.25 1.8145 86 0.015077 533 .09 2.1524 ... :.,
6 0.0087334 428.74 1.8199 88 0.015202 535 .27 2.1585
8 0.0089868 432 .78 ! 1.8343 90 0.015326 537.45 2.1645 '•r
10 0.009224 1 436 .55 1.8477 92 0.015449 539 .62 2 .1705

12 0.0094486 440.12 ·r· 1.8602 94 0.015572 541.78 j 2 .1764 .. ,
14 0.0096627 443 .52 1.8721 96 0.015694 543 .95 2.1822
16 0.0098680 446.79 1.8834 98 0.015816 546.10 2.1881
18 0.010066 449.94 1.8943 100 0.015937 548 .26 2.1939
20 0.010257 -... 452.99 .. 1.9047 ,._U,
THE CARBON OIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK iiar. m

IUB Carbon Dioxide (R-744) Liquidand
· f5 · ·· Vapor Propert,es - SI Un,ts
ºC m ' /kg kJ/kg kJ/kg·K ºC m'/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg·K
-54 0.00084919 86. 145 0.53385 22 0.0087480 447.08 1.8685 1'
-52 0.00085435 90.0 16 0.55143 24 0.0089329 450 .39 1.8797
,r: -50 0.00085963 93.896 0.56890 26 0.0091113 453.60 1.8905 ~
-48 0.00 086503 97.786 0.58625 28 0.0092840 456. 70 1.9008

-46
-44
0.00087056
0.00087623
101.69
105.60
.L, 0.60350
0.62065
30
32
-. 0.0094517
0.0096 150
459 .72
462 .66
""" 1.9 108
1.9205
,;
-42 0.00088205 109.53 •1 0.63772 34 0.0097743 465.54 1.9299

-40 0.00088802 113.47 0.65470 36 0.0099299 468.36 1.939 1
... -38 0.00089416 117.43 0.67160 38 0.010082 471.13 1.9480 ,. _,:
-36 12 1.40 0.68843 40 473.85 1. 9567
... -34 125.40 lr1 0.70521 42 T 476.53 1.9652 '-...::.,..
-32 129.41 0.72 193 44 479.17 1.9736
-30 133.45 0.73861 46 481 .77 ,,. 1.9817 .:-,, '
-28 137.52 0.75526 48 484.34 1.9898
-26 0.00093512 141.61 J_ 0.77188 50 0.010942 486.88 1.9977 =l
-24 145.73 0.78848 52 O.Or1 07'7 489 .39 2.0054
-22 ii 0.80509 54 0.011211 --¡.--=;¡
-20 0.0009589 0.82170 56 0.01 1344
-18 0.00096757 0.83834 58 0.011474 ~,-i.:
- 16 0.00097654 0.85501 60 0.011 604
- 14 0.00098592 0.87174 62 0.011732 -
- 12 0.00099575 0.88853 64 0.011 858
- 10 0.0010061 66 0.011984
-8 0.00 10170 68 0.012108
-6 j{J 0.0010285 li 70 0.012231 511.06 2.0703 .1_::';1
!!:
-4 0.00 10408 0.95691 72 0.012353 513.39 2, 0 71
-2 0.0010539 194. 13 0.97445 74 0.012474 515.70 2.0837 .p~
o 0.00 10679 198.98
,.
" 0.99227 76 0.012594 518 .00 2.0903
Q 2 0.0010831 l 203.95 1.0104 78 0.012713 520.29 2.0969
4 0. 0 010996 209.08 1.0290 80 0.01283 1 522.58 2.1034
-:-
6 1. 0.0011179 214.38 ;o,: 1.0480 82 11
0.012949 524.85 2.1098 ..,.. rl
8 0.001 1382 219.91 1.0678 84 0.013065 527.11 2.1161
9.9804 0.0011611 225.68 1.0882 86 l 0.013181 529 .36 2.1224 • ::-J.'.
LIOUIDTO VAPORTRANSITION 88 0.01 3296 53 1. 61 2.1287
9.9804
10
0.0074037
0.0074065
422 .90
422 .95
1.7848
1.7850
90
92
-·... 0.013410
0.013524
533.85
536.08
2.1348
2.1410
·=""'
.~
12 0.0076729 427.78 -.::: 1.8020 94 0.013637 538 .30 2.1470 •
14 0.0079 159 432 .15 1.8173 96 0.013749 540.52 2.1531
1 .,.... ea
16 0.0081417 436.21 1.8313 98 0.013861 542 .73 2.1590
- j
18
20
0. 0083540
0.0085555
440 .02
443.63 ..;:J:
1.8445
1.8568
100 0.013972 544.93 2.1650
...

IJ:I Carbon Dioxid_e (R-744) Liquidand
· fli · ·· Vapor Propert1es - SI Un1ts
Temp. Volume Enthalpy Entropy ·emp. Volume Enthalpy Entropy
ºC m ' /kg kJ/kg kJ/kg·K ºC m' /kg kJ/kg kJ/kg·K
-54 0.00084845 86.291 0.53258 22 0.0073226 436.64 1.8196
-52 0.00085357 90.156 0.55013 24 0.0075220 440 .63 1.8331
-50 0.00085881 94.029 0.56757 26 0.0077108 444.40 1.8457
-48 0.00086417 97.912 0.58489 28 0.0078908 448 .00 1.8577
-46
-44
0.00086966
0.00087529
101.81
105. 71
0.60211
0.61922
30
32
0.0080633
0.0082296
451.44
454.77
" 1.8691
1.8800
-42 0.00088106 109.63 0.63625
_. 34 !: 0.0083903 457.98 1.8905
-40 0.00088698 113.56 0.65319 36 0.0085462 461 .11 1.9007
-38 117.51 0.67005 38 0.0086978 464.15 1.9105 - ,
-36
-34 ..
121.47
125.46
0.68684
0.70357
40
42
467.13
470.03 jF
1.9200
1.9293 .
-32 129.46 0.72024 44 472.89 1.9383
-30 133.49 0.73687 46 475.69 1.9471
-28 137.54 0.75345 48 o. 094047 478.44 1.9557
-26 141.61 0.77001 50 0.0095378 481.15 ·~ 1.9641 ~
-24 0.78655 52 0.0096688 1.9724

-22 0.80308 54 0.0097976 486.46 'Í 1.9805 .•
-
-20 0.81961 56 1.9884
- 18 0.83616 58 0.010050 491.65 1.9962
- 16 0.00097434 0.85274 60 0.010173 2.0039
.. 1 - 14 0.00098355 0.86936 62 0.010295 496.72
- 12 0.00099318 0.88604 64 0.010415
1-: - 10 :- 0.0010033 66 0.010534
-8 0.0010139 0.91966 68 0.010652 504.15
-6 0.0010251 0.93665 70 0.010768 506.59
. 2.0476
-4
-2
o
0.0010370
0.0010497
0.0010632
,1
189.07
193.75
198.53
.. 0.95379
0.97113
0.98869
72
74
76
0.010884
0.010998
0.011111
509 .01
511.41
513 .80
... 2.0545
2.0614
. ·,
2 0.0010778 203.43 1.00650 1, 78 0.011223 516 .18 2.0682
4 0.0010936 208.45 1.02470 80 0.011334 518 .54 2.0749
6 .. 0.0011108 213.64 1.04340 82 0.011444 520 .89 2.0815 .....
8 0.0011299 219.02 1.06260 84 0.011553 523.22 2.0881
10 0.0011512 "-! 224.63 1.08250 86 0.011661 525 .55 ..::: 2.0945
12 0.0011756 230.56 1. 10340 88 0 .011769 527.86 2.1010
14 0.0012042 236.92 1. 12560 90 0.011876 530 .16 2.1073
14.284 0.0012087 237.87 1. 12890 92 0.011982 532.46 2.1136
LIOUIDTO VAPORTRANSITION 94 0.012087 534.74 2.1199 _......
14.284 0.0063827 417.66 1.7544 96 0.012192 537.02 2.1261

16 0.0066269 422.64 1.7716 98 0.012296 539.29 2.1322 'l.;
18
20
0.0068801
0.0071099
427.76
432 .38 .. 1.7893
1.8051
100 0.012399 541.55 2.1383
THE CARBON DIOXIOE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATIDN HANDBOOK iiar.m

IJI Carbon Dioxide (R-744) Liquidand
· 15 · ·· Vapor Propert1es - SI Un1ts
ºC m ' /kg kJ/kg kJ/kg·K ºC m ' /kg kJ/kg kJ/kg·K
-54 0.00084771 86.438 0.53131 22 0.0060490 423.49 1.7637
-52 0.00085280 90.297 0.54884 24 0.0062841 428.75 1.7815
t'l -50 0.00085801 94. 164 0.56625 26 0.0064978 433.50 1.7974 ~
-48 0.00086333 98.040 0.58354 28 0.0066957 437.88 1.8120
-46 0.00086878 101.930 0.60072 30 0.0068812 441 .98 1.8256 ~·:1
-44 0.00087436 105.820 0.61781 32 0.0070569 445 .86 1.8383
t -42 0.00088008 109.730
• 0.63480 34 0.0072244 449 .55 1.8504
~·
-40 0.00088595 113.660 0.65170 36 0.0073849 453 .09 1.8619
:-
!!..I -38 11 7. 600 0.66852 38 456.50 1.8729
·36 121.550 0.68526 40 459.80 1.8835
_¡
-34 125.520 0.70194 42 463 .01 1.8937
-32 129.510 0.71857 44 466.13 1.9035
-30 133.530 0.73514 46 469.17 1.9131 .if~
-28 137.560 0.75167 48 472 .15 1.9224
r.~t.: -26 141.620 0.76817 50 475 .07 1.9315 "i• ..:-.
-24 0.78464 52 0.0085050 1.9403
i. -22 0.80110 54 0.0086308 480.75 1.9489 .J;
-20 0.81756 56 1.9574
- 18 0.83402 58 1.9657 !•
- 16 0.00097220 0.85051 60 1.9738
~- - 14 0.00098124 0.86703 62 0 .0091126 491.61 1.9817 ~.
- 12 0.00099068 64 0.0092285
-10 0.0010006 66 0.0093428 ~~
-8 0.0010110 ' .91697 68 0.0094556
-6 0.0010219 0.93380 70 0 .0095669 ~!
-4 0.0010335 188.770 0.95077 72 0.0096770 504.49 2.0196
-2 0.0010457 193.400 0.96791 74 0 .0097858 506.99 2.0268
o 0.0010588 198. 120 0.98525 76 0.0098934 509.47 2.0340
1..:: 2 0.0010728 202.950 1.00280 78 0 .0099999 511 .94 2.0410
.......,
4 0.0010879 207.890 1.02070 80 0.010105 514 .39 2.0480
6 ::;, 0.0011043 212.970 ..;¡ 1.03900 82 0.010210 516.82 2.0548
8 0.0011223 218.210 1.05770 84 0.010313 519.23 2.0616
10 0.0011422 223.660 1.07700 86 0 .010416 521.63 2.0683 Y,.fi
12 0.0011646 229.370 1.09710 88 0.010517 524.02 2.0749
14 0.0011903 235.410 1. 11820 90 0 .010618 526.40 2.0815 ...... '
16 0.0012207 241.900 1. 14080 92 0.010718 528. 76 2.0880

18 0.0012582 249.090 1. 16550 94 0.010818 531.11 2.0944 :,,;¡
18.269 0.0012640 250. 130 1. 16910 96 0.0109 16 533.45 2.1008
LIOUIDTO VAPORTRANSITION 98 0.011014 535.78 2.1071 :-:
18.269 0.0055118 4 11.28 1.7221 100 0.011111 538.11 2.1133
=¡
20 ·~ 0.0057827 417.48 1.7433 -;::71

Mnl Carbon Dioxide (R-744) Liquidand
· · ·· Vapor Propert1es - SI Un1ts
Temp. Vol u me Ent halpy Entropy Temp. Volume Enthalpy Entropy
ºC m ' /kg kJ/kg kJ/kg-K ºC m ' /kg kJ/kg kJ/kg-K
-54
-52
-50
-48
0.00084699
0.00085204
0.0008572 1
0.00086250
86.587
90.440
94.300
98. 169
0.53006
0.54756
0.56494
0.58220
22
24
26
28
0.0047466
0.0051006
0.0053796
0.0056 190
403 .44
412.54
419 .54
425.46
1.6866
1.71 73
1.7408
1.7606
., -...,
-46
-44
0.00086790
0.00087344
102.05
105.94
0.59935
0.61640
30
32
0.0058330
0.0060288
430.71
435. 48
·... 1.7779
1. 7936
~ ,1
-42 0.00087912 109.84 0.63335 34 0.0062109 439.9 1.8081

-40 0.00088494 113.75 0.65022 36 0.0063822 444.05 1.82 15
-38 0.00089091 117.68 0.66700 38 0.0065446 447.98 -~ 1.8342 .__
-36 12 1.63 0.68370 40 451.72 1.8462
-34 125.59 0.70034 42 455 .32 1.8576 ...
-· 1_
-32 129.57 o.71691 44 458 .79 1.8686

-30 133.57 0.73343 46 462 .14 1.8792 ;r;
-28 137. 59 0.74991 48 .0 07 265 465.4 1.8893
-26 ~ 141.64 0.76635 50 0.0073960 468 .57 1.8992 4
-24 145.71 0.78276 52 0.0075235 1.9087
...... -22 0.79915 54 0.0076479 474.7 . 1.9180
~'
-20
" 0.81553 56 1.9271
- 18 0.83192 58 0.0078888 .... 1.9359 ~,
-16 0.0009 7011 0.84832 60 0.008 0057 1.9445
- 14 0.00097899 0.86474 62 0.0081205 486.26 1.9530
- 12 0.00098825 0.881 2 1 64 0.0082333
- 10 0.00099794 0.89774 66 0.0083443 "1' ·.
-8 0.001008 1 0.91433 68 0.0084536
-6 • 1
0.0010188 t·L 0.93103 70 0.0085613
... ..~
-4 0.0010300 188.50 0.94784 72 0.0086675 499 .8 1.9928
,-,
-2 0.0010420 193.08 0.96480 74 0.0087723 502 .42 2.0003 .:
o 0.0010546 197.74 0.98193 76 0.0088757 505.01 2.0078
2 0.0010681 202.50 0.99928 78 0.0089780 507.57 2.0151 :;
4
6 ...
0.0010826
0.0010983
20 7. 36
212.35
1.01690
1.03480
80
82
0.0090791
0.0091790
510.11
512 .64
.~
2.0223
2.0294 r!"
8
10
0.00111 53
0.0011341
2 17.48
222.79 1.
1.05310
1.07190
84
86
0.0092779
0.0093758
515. 14
517.63 1'
2.0365
2.0434 .·~...
12 0.0011549 228.3 1 1.09 140 88 0.0094728 520 .09 2.0502
14 0.0011784 234. 10 1. 11160 90 0.0095689 522 .55 2.0570 .:
16 0.0012054 240.25 1. 13300 92 0.0096640 524.98 2.0637
18
20
0.0012376
0.0012777
246.90
254.28
1. 15590
1. 18 110
94
96
0.0097584
0.0 098520
527.4
529 .81
2.0703
2.0769
"' ~
21.978 0.0013315 262.85 1.2 1020 98 0.0099448 532 .21 2.0833 l
21 .978 0.0047420 403 .32 1.6862 J'
THE CARBON OIOXIOE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANOBOOK

iiar. m
ilJI Carbon Dioxide (R-744) Liquidand
· · ·· Vapor Propert,es - SI Un1ts
25.442 0.001 42 12 276.720 1.25470
-54 0.0008463 86.737 0.5288 1 LIOUIDTO VAPORTRANSITION
l. -52 0.0008513 90.584 0.54629 25.442 0.0040269 392.84 1.6436
-50 0.0008564 94.438 0.56363 26 0.0041740 397.21 1.6582
-48 0.0008617 98.301 0.58087 28 0.0045575 408.21 ..... 1.6948 r{:j
-46
-44
0.0008670
0.0008725
102. 170
106.050
0.59799
0.61500
30
32
0.0048440
0.0050843
416.16
422 .70
. 1.72 11
1.7427
-42 0.0008782 109.950 0.63192 34 0.005296 1 428.40 1.76 13
-40 0.0008839 • 113.850 0.64875 36 0.0054883 433 .53 ... 1.7779 .:~-.
-38 117.770 0.66549 38 438 .24 1.7931
r.; -36 121.710 0.68215 40 442 .63 1.8072 d..
ti
-34
-32
-30
-28
0.0 0 9 52
0.0009220
125.660
129.630
133.620
137.630
0.69875
0.71527
0.73 175
0.74817
42
44
46
48
. 0628 8
0.00641 93
446. 77
450 .71
454. 47
458 .09
1.8204
1.8328
1.8446
1.8559
·-~·
;r-r.
-26 14 1.660 0.76455 50 1.8668
-
-24 0.78090 52 0.0066807 1.8772 t
-22 0.79723 54 0.006805 1.88 73
-20
- 18 0.0 0 09597
0.81354
0.82985
56
58
0.0069269
0.0070454
1.8971
1. 9065
•
.
14
~ -16 0.0009681 0.84616 60 0.0071611 477.65 ~.j

- 14 0.0009768 0.86250 62 0.0072743
-12 0.0009859 64 0.0073852 r"';.
- 10 0.0009954 e .89528 66 0.00 74940
-8 0.0010053 0.91176 68 0.0076009 f;!
-6 0.0010158 183.780 0.92832 70 0.0077 060 492 .17 1.9587
rí -4 0.0010267 188.250 0.94498 72 0.0078093 494.94 ..... 1.9668 ?'""A
-2 0.0010383 192.780 0.96177 74 0.0079111 497. 68 1. 9747
o it 0.0010506 197.390 0.97871 76 0.0080115 500.39 1.9825 íi ,.
2 0.0 010637 202.090 0.99584 78 0.008 1105 503 .07 1.9901
·~ 4
6
0.0010776
0.0010927
206.880
211.780
1.01320
1.03080
80
82
0.0082081
0.0083046
505 .72
508 .34
1.9976
2.00 50
;~
8 0.0011089 216.820 1.04880 84 0.0083999 510.94 2.0123 '\ ':
10 0.0 01 1266 222.000 1.06720 86 0. 008494 1 513.51 2.01 95
:,.
12 ü 0.0011461 227.370 ~ " 1.08610 88 ~ 0.0085873 516.07 2.0266 .:-_i
14 0.0011678 232.970 1. 10560 90 0. 0086795 518 .60 2.0336
~ 16 0.0011924 238.850 1. 12600 92 .. 0.0087707 521 .12 2.0405 ..,~.1
18 0.00 12209 245. 100 1. 14760 94 0. 00886 11 523. 62 2.0474
20 0.0012550 251.880 1. 17080 96 0 .0089507 526.10 2.0541
... 22
24
0.0 0 12976
0.0013562
259.450
268.390
1. 19650
1.22670
98
100
0.0090394
0.0091274
528.57
531.02
2.0608
2.0674
...,
Eiiar. THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL AEFRIGERATION HANOBOOI(

liJ:il Carbon Dioxide (R-744) Uquídand
· 1 · ·· Vapor Propert1es - SI Un1ts
-54 0.00084555 86.889 0.52757 28 0.0014882 286.51 1.2849 ~~
-52 0.00085054 90.730 0.54502 28.683 0.0015666 293.88 1.3093
-50 0.00085564 94.578 0.56234 LIQUIDTO VAPORTRANSITION
-48 0.00086085 98.434 0.57954 28.683 0.0032891 376 .91 1.5844
-46 0.00086618 102.30 0.59664 30 0.0037515 392.71 :· 1.6367 ·-
-44 0.00087163 106. 17 0.61362 32 0.0041381 404.98 1.6770
-42 0.00087722 110.06 0.63050 34 0.0044217 413 .63 ;. 1.7053 ~=
-40 0.00088294 113.96 0.64729 36 0.0046572 420 .64 1.7280
-38 0.00088881 117.87 0.66400 38 0 .0048635 426.70 1.7476
-36 121. 79 0.68062 40 050499 432 .1 2 1.7649
125.74 0.69717 42 437.07 .;. 1.7807
129.69 0.71365 44 441.67 1.7952
-30 133.67 0.73008 46 0.0055329 445 .99 L 1.8088 ~JI
I'
-28 137.67 0.74645 48 0.00 56-'764 450 .08 1.8216
-26 141.69 .! 0.76277 50 0 .0058135 453.99 1.8337
-24 145.73 0.77906 52 1.8453
:. .;,
-22 149.80 0.79533 54 1.8564 r
-20 0.81157 56 1.8670

- 18 0.82781 58 0.0063137 ..... 1.8773 ; 1
- 16 0.00096608 0.84404 60 0.0064295 1.8872

-14 0.00097466 166.37 0.86029 62 0.0065423 ~
- 12 0.00098359 0. 87657 64 0.0066523

... -10
-8
0.00099290
0.0010026
0.89288
0.90924
66
68
0.0067600
0.0068654
-6 ~ 0.0010128 0.92568 70 0.0069687 .!;.
-4 0.0010236 188.01 0.94220 72 0.0070701 489 .90 1.9414

-2 - 0.0010348 •_. 192.50 .! 0.95883 74 0.0071698 492 .78 1.9497 --~
o 0.0010468 197.07 0.97560 76 0.0072678 495.62 1. 9579
2 0.0010594 1
- 201.71 .... 0.99252 78 0.0073643 498.42 1.9659 +i
4 0.0010729 206.44 1.0097 80 0.0074593 501 .18 1.9737
6 .._ 0.0010873 211.26 1.0270 82 0.0075530 503.92 :' 1.9814
8 0.0011029 216.21 1.0447 84 0.0076455 506.62 1. 9890
10 0.0011197 221.29 1.0627 86 0.0077367 509 .29 1.9965 ,._ . 1
12 0.0011381 226.53 1.0811 88 0.0078268 511.94 2.0038

14 0.0011583 231.96 1. 1001 90 0.0079159 514.57 2.0111 --...
16 0.0011810 237.62 1. 1197 92 0.0080040 517.17 2.0182
18 0.001 2068 243.59 1.1403 94 0.0080911 519 .75 2.0253
20 0.0012367 249.95 1. 1621 96 0.0081 773 522.31 2.0322
22 0.0012726 256.86 1. 1856 98 0.0082626 524 .86 ~ 2.0391 L..
~
24 0.0013177 264.59 1.2116 100 0.0083472 527.38 2.0459
26 .._ 0.0013799 273.74 1.2424
_,.
~- '
THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBODI< iiar. m

Supercritical Properties of Carbon
m111 Dioxide (R-744)- SI Units
-54
ºC m' /kg
0.00084484
kJ/ kg
87.042
kJ/kg-K
0.52634 ... _ ºC
24
m'/kg
0.0012904
kJ/kg
261 .80
kJ/kg-K
1.2001
-52 0.00084980 90. 877 0.54376 26 0.0013378 269.66 1.2264
-50 0.00085487 94.719 0.56106 ,~ 28 0.0014030 .- 278.97 1.2574
-48 0.00086004 98.568 0.57823 30 0.0 015126 291.65 1. 2994
-46 0.00086533 102.43 0.59529
.. 32 0.0027328 362 .21 1.5310
-44 0.00087074 106.29 0.61225 34 0.0034687 390.82 1.6246
-42 0.00087628 110.17 0.62910 !¡ 36 0.0038256 403 .20 1.6648 .·.
-40 114.06 0.64585 38 . 040944 412.1 3 1.6935
-38 117.96 0.66252 (~ 40 0.0043191 419.41 1.7169
-36 121.88 0.67910 42 425. 70 1.7369
-34 0.69561
.. 44 431 .31 1.7 546
~
-32 0.71205 46 436.44 1.7707
-30 ... 0.72842 48 0.0050120 441.19 1.7856
-28
-26
-24
0.00092619
0.00093328
0.74475
0.76102
0.777 25
"li
50
52
54
1.7994
1.8125
1.8248
.
.;
-22
-20
0.00094060
0.00094817
0.79346
~· ·...t 56
58 0.0056708
1.8365
1.8478
-18 0.00095601 ... 60 0.0057878 465.04
~'
-16 0.00096413 162.12 62 0.00 59012
-14 0.00097257 166.30 -~ ;; 64 0.0060114 471 .90 1.8790
-12 0.00098134 170.51 0.8743 1 66 0.0061187 475.20 1.8888
-10 0.00099049 174.76 0.89052 ... 68 0.0062235 ~ 478.42 1.8983 ::
-8 0.0010000 179.05 0.90678 70 0.0063258 481 .57 1.907 5
-6 0.0010100 .... 183.39 0.92309 I~ 72 0.0064260 484.66 1.9165 ,,
-4 0.0010205 187.79 0.93948 74 0.0065242 487.70 1.9252
-2 0.0010315 192.24 0.95597 " 76 0.0066206 490.68 1.9338 ....
o 0.001 043 1 196.76 0.97257 78 0.0 067152 493 .62 1.9422
2 0.0010554 201.35 0.98931 ..! 4' 80 0.0068083 496.51 1.9504
4 0.0010684 206.02 1.0062 82 0.0068999 499.37 1.9585
6 0.0010823 210.78 m; 1.0233 \ 84 0.0069901 502 .18 1.9664
8 0.0010972 215.65 1.0407 86 0.0070790 504.97 1.9741
-,
10 0.0011133 220.64 1.0584 ~ )i: 88 0.0071666 _, 507.72 1. 9818
12 0.0011307 225 .76 1.0764 90 0.0072532 51 0. 44 1.9893
14 0.0011498 231.05 1.0949 l 92 0.0073386 513.13 1.9967 11
16 0.001 1709 236.54 1. 1139 94 0.0074230 515.80 2.0040
18 0.0011945 242 .27 1.1337 ~ 96 0.0075064 518.45 2.0112 ...
20 0.0012214 248.32 1.1544 98 0.0075890 521 .07 2.0182
22 0.0012527 254.78 1.1764 ~- 100 0.0076706 523.67 2.0252 ~·
tmiiar. THE CARBON OIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK

j 15] I Supercritical Properties of Carbon
• · • Di oxide (R-7 44) - SI Units
-54 0.00084414 87.196 0.52512 ::J ' 24 0.0012689 259.58 1.1905

-52 0.00084907 91.025 0.54252 26 0.0013082 266.70 1.2143
-50 0.00085410 r 94.861 0.55978 28 0.0013577 274.66 1.2409
-48 0.00085924 98.705 0.57693 30 0.0014251 284.04 1.2719
-46 0.00086449 102.56 0.59396 32 0.0015335 ~ 296.42 1.3126
-44 0.00086987 106.42 0.6 1088 34 0.0018299 320.69 1.3918
-42 0.00087536 110.29 0.62770 1- 36 372.23 1.5591
-40 O 00-088099 114.1 7 0.64442 38 391 .27 1.6206
-38 0.00088676 118 .06 0.66105 40 402 .90 1.6578
-36 121.97 0.67760 41 1.73 1.6859
-34 0.00089875 125.89 0.69406 1 J· 44 0.0 040534 419 .05 1.7091
-32 129.83 0.7 1046 46 0 .004 387 425.43 1.7291
-30 0.00091140 0.72679 ! ~
48 431 .14 1.7470
-28 0.00091800 0.74306 50 436.37 1.7632
-26 0.00092479 0.75929 52 0.0047076 1.7782
-24 0.000931 79 0.77 546 54 1.7921
-22 0.00093902 ... 0.79161 56 0.0049748 1.8053
-20 0.00094649 0.8077 2 58 0.0050992 1.81 77
-18 0.00095422 157.96 0.82382 60 0.0052186 458.13 1.8296
-16 0.00 096223 162.08 62 0.0053336 461 .9
-14 0.00097053 166.23 .1 64 0.0054449 465 .57 1.8518
-1 2 0. 00097916 170.42 66 0.0055 527 469 .12
... 1.8623
-10 0.00098814 174.64 68 0.0056575 472 .57 1.8724
-8 0.00 099750 178.91 0.90436 70 0.0 057 596 475.93 1.88 22
-6 0.0010073 183.22 0.92057 72 0.0058592 479.21 1.8918
-4 0.0010175 187.59 0. 93683 74 0.0059566 482.42 1.901 0
-2 0.0010283 192 .00 0.95318 76 0.0060519 485 .57 1.9101
o 0.0010396 196.48 0.96963 78 0.0061452 488.66 1.9189
2 0.0010515 201.02 0.98620 80 0.0062368 491.69 1.9275
4 0.0 010641 205.64 1.0029 82 0.0063268 494.68 1. 9360
6 0.001077 5 .... 210.34 1.0198 1 ,, 84 0.0064153 497.62 1.9442 .-
8 0.0010919 215.13 1.0369 86 0.0 065023 50 0.52 1. 9523
10 0.0011073 220.04 1.0543 ~¡ ~ ... 88 0.0065880 503.38 1.9603
12 0.001 1239 22 5.06 1.0720 90 0.0066724 506.21 1.9681
14 0.0011419 230.23 1.0900 92 0.0067557 509.01 1.9757 J1
16 0.001161 7 235.57 1.1086 94 0.0068379 51 1.77 1.9833
18 0.0011836 _,¡.' 241 .11 1.1277 96 0.0069190 514.50 1.9907
20 0.0012081 246.91 1.1475 98 0.0069992 51 7.21 1.9980
22 0.0012362 ... 253.04 1. 1684 ! 100 0.0070784 519.90 2.0053

IJI Supercritical Properties of Carbon
·"' ·· Di oxide (R-7 44) - SI Units
ºC m ' /kg kJ/ kg kJ/kg-K ºC m ' /kg kJ/kg kJ/kg-K
-54 0.00084276 87.508 0.52270 24 0.0012360 256.15 1.1747
-52 0.00084763 91.327 0.54004 26 0.0012662 262.40 1.1 957
-50 0.00085259 95.151 0.55726 ~~ 28 0.0013014 269.08 1.2179
-48 0.00085766 98.982 0.57435 30 0.0013435 276.32 1.2419
-46 0.00086284 102.82 0.59132 J l! 32 0.0013960 284.37 1.2683 ...
-44 0.00086814 106.67 0.60819 34 0.0014653 293 .67 1.2987
-42 0.00087355 110.52 0.62494 '1
36 0.0015662 305.14 1.3359 ..
-40 O 0008?-909 114.39 0.64160 38 . 01 7363 320. 78 1.3864
-38 118.27 0.65816 .:.t 40 0.0020597 343.78 1.4600 -,
-36 122.16 0.67463 42 367.46 1.5354
-34 0.69102 44 384.17 1.5883 (
-32 0.70733 46 396.26 1.6263

-30 0.72357
• 48 0.00331 47 405.81 1.6561 --
-28 0.73975 50 1.6810
-26 0.75588 ~ 52 1.7024
-24
-22
0.00092890
0.00093596
0.77 195
0.78798
:, 54
56 0.0039845
1.721 5
1.7387 .,
-20 0.00094324 58 0.0041203 1.7546
-18 0.00095076 •: 60 0.0042482 442.78 1.7693 :,J
-16 0.00 095854 162.01 62 0.0043696
-14 0.00096659 166.12 ¡¡¡ ' 64 0.0044855 451 .78 1.7962
-1 2 0.0 0097494 170.27 0.86776 0.0045966 455.97 1.8086
-10 0.00098362 174.45 0.88371 ~
• 1~
. 66
68 0.0047035 459.98 1.8204 "
-8
-6
0.00 099264
0.0010020
178.66
182.92
0.89967
0.91567 ~
r
70
72
0.0048068
0.0049068
463.86
467.61
1.8317
1.8426
,~1:
-4 0.0010119 187.22 0.93 17 1 74 0.0050039 47 1. 24 1.8531
-2 0.0010221 191.57 0.94781
"::I i=-
1 76 0.0050984 474.78 1.8633 r-¡
o 0.0010329 195.97 0.96398 78 0.005 1905 478 .22 1.8731
2 0.0010442 200.43 0.98024 1 ,¡ 80 0.0052804 481.59 1.8827 "'.!
:.,
4 0.0010561 204.95 0.9966 1 82 0.0053684 484.88 1.8920

6 0.0010687 209.54 1.0131 ,.1· 84 0.0054545 488.11 1.9010 j
8 0.001 08 21 214.21 1.0298 86 0.0055390 49 1.28 1.9099
10 0.0010963 218.97 1.0467 li v. 88 0.0056218 ) 494.40 1.9185 1,
12 0.0011115 223.83 1.0637 90 0.0057032 497.46 1.9270

¡
14 0.0011278 228.80 1.0811 ~ 92 0.0057833 500.48 1.9353 '
16 0.0011455 233.90 1.0988 94 0.0058620 503.45 1.9434
18 0.0011648 239.15 1.1 169 - ;~
96 0.0059396 506.39 1.9514
20
22
0.0011860
0.0012095
244.58
250.23
,. 1.1355
1.1547
-
...
...,
98
100
0.006016 1
0.0060915
509 .28
512 .15
1.9592
1.9669 ~
mliiar. THE CARBON OIOXIOE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANOBOOK

llil Supercritical Properties of Carbon
·"' ·· Di oxide (R-7 44) - SI Units
ºC m' / kg kJ/kg kJ/kg·K ºC m ' /kg kJ/kg kJ/kg·K
-54 0.00084140 87.825 .. 0.52030 24 0.0012109 253.54 1.1618
-52 0.0008462 1 91.633 0.53760 26 0.0 01 2359 259 .28 1.1810
-;.
-50 0.00085111 95.447 0.55477 28 0.0012641 265.28 1.2011 ~
-48 0.00085611 99.266 0.57180 30 0.0012962 271.62 1.2220

-46 0.00086122 103.09 0.58872 '- 32 0.0013334 278.36 1.2442
-44 0.00086644 106.93 0.60553 34 0.0013774 285 .63 1.2679
-42 0.00087178 -. 110.77 0.62222 . ., - 36 0.0014313 293.62 1.2938
-40 114.62 0.63881 302 .62 1.3229
-38 118.48 0.65531 313.04 1.3563
-36 122.36 0.67171 325 .44 1.3957
-34 126.24 0.68802 44 340.23 1.4425
-32 130.14 0.70426 46 356.28 1.4929
-30 134.05 0.72042 1'. 48 0.0023718 371 .31 1.5399
-28 137,98 0.73651 50 o.o 260 84.07 1.5795
-26 0.00091941 141.93 0.75254 52 1.6124
-24 0.00092610 0.7685 1 54 1.6401
-22 0.00093299 0. 78444 ... 56 0.0031572 1.6642 ..
-20 0.00094010 0.8003 2 58 0.0033088 1.6854
-18 0.00094743 157.91 0.81 61 7 l.. 60 0.0034489 1.7045
-16 0.00 095499 62 0. 0035796
-14 0.00096282 ~ 1 ~. . 64 0.0037026 436.25
-12
-1 0
0.00 097092
0.00097932 174.28 0 .87936
.
• "L
66
68
0.0038190
0.0039299
.
.
441.32
446.10 1.7671
-8 0.00 098803 178.45 0.89515 70 0.0040360 450.65 1.7804
-6 0.00099709 182.66 0.91096 I i'. 72 0.0041379 455.00 1.7930
-4 0.0010 065 186.91 0.92679 74 0.004236 1 459.17 1.8051
-2 0.0010164 191.20 0.94267 76 0.0043311 463.19 1.8166
o 0.0010266 195.53 0.95859 78 0.004423 1 467.08 1.8277
2 0.0010374 .,;. 199.91 0.97459 ." 80 0.0045126 470.85 1.8384
4 0.0010487 204.35 0.99066 82 0.0045996 474.51 1.8488
6 0.0010606 208.85 1.0068 "[. 84 0.0046845 478.08 1.8588
8 0.0010731 213.42 1.0231 86 0.0047673 48 1.57 1.8685
10 0.0010864 218.06 1.0396 L 88 0.0048484 484.97 1.8780
12 0.0011005 222.78 1.0562 90 0.0049278 488.31 1.8872
14 0.0011156 227.59 1.0730 1 1.. 92 0.0050056 491 .59 1.8962
16 0.0 0113 17 232.50 1.0900 94 0.00508 19 494.80 1.9050
18 0.0011490 237.53 1.1074 96 0.0051569 497.96 1.9136
20 0.001 1678 242.70 1. 1251 98 0.0052307 501.07 1.9220
22 0.0011883 248.03 1.1432 "':- 100 0.0053032 504. 14 1.9302
THE CARBON OIOXIOE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK iiar.m

MW Supercritical Properties of Carbon
· ·· Di oxide (R-7 44)- SI Units
ºC m' / kg kJ/ kg kJ/kg-K ºC m' /kg kJ/ kg kJ/ kg·K
-54 0.00084006 88.148 0.51794 1' 24 0.0011905 251.45 1.1507
-52 0.00084481 91 .945 0.53519 26 0.00121 22 256.84 1.1688
-50 0.00084966 95.748 0.55230 28 0.0012360 262.42 1.1874
-48 0.00085459 99.556 0.56929 30 0.0012625 268 .21 1.2066
-46 0.00085964 103.37 0.58616 t- 32 0.0012921 274.27 1.2265 '--"
-44 0.00086478 107.19 0.60291 34 0.0013256 280.63 1.2473
-42 0.00087004 111.02 0.61955 36 0.0013642 287.37 1.2691 ,..'
-40 0.00087542 114.86 0.63608 294.57 1.2924
-38 0.00088091 118.70 0.65251 'I 302 .38 1.3173 .
-36 0.00088 122.56 0.66884 310.92 1.3446
-34 126.43 0.68508 ,J ... 320.36 1.3744
-32
-30
-28
130.31 0.70124
0.71732
0.73333
.~ 48
50
330 .83
342.30
54.37
1.4073
1.4431
1.4806
..¡,
-26 0.74927 1i . 52 0.0021558 366. 33 1.5175

-24 0.00092339 0.76516 54 0.002326 1.5519
-22 0.00093013 0.78098 _Tl ')
56 0.0024921 1.5829
"
-20 0.00093707 0.79676 58 0.0026485 1.6104
-18 0.00094422 0.81249 H 60 0.0027949 404.93 .,.(
-16 0.00095159 62 0.0029318
-14 0.00095920 'i. y. 64 0.0030602 418.99 1.6768
-12 0.00 096707 170.05 66 0.00318 12 425.17
-10 0.00097521 174.15 0.87515 t'" 68 0.0032957 430.92 1.7120
-8
-6
0.00098364
0.00099239
178.28
182.44
0.89079
0.90642
... r.-
"ti
70
72
0.0034045
0.0035085
436.31
441.40
1.7278
1.7426
,.
-4 0.0010015 186.64 0.92207 74 0.0036081 446.23 1.7 565
-2
o
0.0010109
0. 0010208
190.87
195.15
0.93774
0.95345
~· 76
78
0.0037038
0. 0037962
450.83
455. 25
1.7697
1.7823
.!¡
2 0.0010311 199.47 0.96920 ¡, 80 0.0038855 459 .49 1.7944

4 0.001 0418 203.83 0.98502 82 0.0039721 463.59 1.8060
6 0.0010531 208.25 1.0009 .- ~ 84 0.0040562 467.55 1.817 1 r
8 0.0010650 21 2.73 1.0169 86 0.0041380 471.40 1.8278
10 0.0010775 217.26 1.0330 ~ 88 0.0042178 475.15 1.8382 =-:¡
12 0.0010907 22 1.87 1.0492 90 0.0 042957 478.80 1.8483
14 0.0011046 226.55 ;'f 1.0655 ~ r~ 92 0.0043718 482.36 1.8581 l),,'
16 0.00111 95 23 1.31 1.0820 94 0.0044463 485.85 1.8676
18 0.0011353 236.17 1.0988 96 0.0045193 489 .26 1.8769
20
22
0.0011523
0.0011706
241. 14
246.23
1.1158
1.1331 ,. ~
r,
98
100
0.0045909
0.0046612
492 .61
495 .90
1.8860
1.8948 !...I
tmiiar. THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOI(

IJ:lll Supercritical Properties of Carbon
·"' ·· Di oxide (R-7 44)- SI Units
ºC m'/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg-K ºC m' /kg kJ/kg kJ/kg-K
-54
-52
0.00083875
0.00 084344
88.474
92 .262
0.51560
0. 53280
.. 24
26
0.0011733
0.0 011926
249 .73
254.86
1.1410
1.1582
-50 0.00084823 96 .055 ~ 0.54987 ~ ~ 28 0.0012135 260.13 1.1757
-48 0.00 0853 10 99 .852 0.56681 30 0.0 01 2362 265. 57 1. 1937
-46 0.00085808 103.65 .
~ 0.58363 '1
1 -
,· 32 0.0012612 :.. 271 .18 1.2122 j
-44 0.00086316 107.46 0.60033 34 0.0012887 277. 00 1.2312
-42 0.00086834 111 .28 0.61691 ~ 36 0.0013194 283.05 1.2508 ..
-40 0.-00087364 115.10 0.63338 38 289 .39 1.271 3
-38 0.00087905 118.94 0.64975 .- 296 .06 1.2926
-36 122.78 0.66602 303 .12 1.3151
-34 126.63 0.68219 ' 44 0.0014908 310 .64 1.3389 ,
-32 130.49 0.69828 46 318.68 1.3641
:,of
-30 134.37 0.71429 48 0.0 016249 J 327.26 1.3910
-28 0.7 3022 50 0.0 01 102 1.4194
-26 0.00091434 0.74608 .. 52 0.0018095 1.4491 ·~
-24 0.0 0092076 0.76187 54 0.001921 9 1.4795
-22 0.00092736 0.77760 ~ 56 0.0020444 1.5097
-
JI
l
-20 0.00 093414 0.79328 58 0.0021725 1.5389
-18 0.00094112 0.80891 60 0.0023019 384.62 1.5663
-16 0.00 09483 1 62 0.002429 1
~
-14 0.00095573 :e 165.95 64 0.0025522 400.94
-1 2 0.00 096338 169 .99
-· 'F
66 0.0026703 408.1 9
-1 0 0.00097128 174.05 0.87107 ·~:. 68 0.0027833 4 14.92 1.6562
-8 0.00097946 178.14 0.88 656 70 0.0 02891 5 421 .19
...
1.6746
-6 0.00098793 182.26 0.90204 72 0.0029949 427.08 1.6917
-4 0.0 0 099670 186.41 0.9 1752 74 0.0030942 432 .62 1.7077
-2 0.0010058 190.60 lJ 0.93301
. ~ 76 0.0031895 437.87 1.7228
o 0.0 010153 194.82 0.94852 78 0.0032813 442.87 1.7370
2 0.0010252 ..... 199.08 0.96406 1 - 80 0.0033700 447.64 1.7506
4 0.0010354 203. 38 0.97964 82 0.00345 57 452 .22 1. 7635
6 0.0010462 ~ 207.73 0.99526 ~ - 84 0.0035388 456.62 1.7759
8 0.0010575 212 .13 1.0110 86 0.0 036194 460. 88 1.7878
10 0.0010693 "'! 216.57 1.0267 1 .... 88 0.0036979 464.99 1.7992
12 0.0 0108 17 221 .08 1.0426 90 0.0 037743 468 .98 1.81 02
14
16
0.0010947
0.001 1086
225 .65
230 .29
1.0586
1.0747
- .' 92
94
0.0038489
0.0 03921 7
472 .86
476.65
1.8209
1.8312
18
20
0.0011232
0.0011388
::... 235 .01
239.82
1.0909
1.1074
.... 96
98
0.0039929
0.0 040626
480 .33
483 .94
1.8412
1.85 10
..
22 0.0011555 244.72 1.1240 100 0.0041310 487.47 1.8604

IJB Supercritical Properties of Carbon
·"' ·· Di oxide (R-7 44)- SI Units
ºC m' /kg kJ/kg kJ/kg-K ºC m ' / kg kJ/kg kJ/kg-K
-52 0.00084210 92 .584 0.53045 26 0.0011759 253.21 1.1487

-50 0.00084682 96.367 0.54747 11! ".": 28 0.0011946 258.25 1.1655 r
-48 0.00085164 100.15 0.56437 30 0.0012147 263.41 1. 1826
-46 0.00085655 103.94 0.58113 l ~ 32 0.0012365 268.72 1.2000 :;
.
-44
-42
0.00086156
0.00086668
107.74
111 .55
0.59778
0.61431
34
36
0.0012601
0.0012860
274.17
279.78
1.2178
1.2360
,.
-40 0 .00087190 115 .36 0.63072 38 0.0013144 285.59 1.2548
-38 0.00087723 IY 119 .18 0.64703 T """"= 40 291.61 1.2741 .J
-36 123.00 0.66324 42 297.88 1.2940
-34 0 .00088826 126.84 0.67935 ~ 44 304.43 1.3147 •
-32 0.00 08~396 130.69 0.69537 46 311 .28 1.3363
-30 0.71131 ~ 48 318.46 1.3587
-28 0.727 16 50 326.00 1.3821
-26 0.74294 ~ 1 52 0.0016370 333.87 1.4064
..
-L
-24 o 0.75865 54 0.00171 04 1.4315
-22 0.77429 56 0.0017924 1.4573
-20 0.00093131 0.78988 58 0.0018823 1.4833
-18 0 .00093813 157.99 0.80541 ~ 60 0.001 9788 1.5091 •t.!
-16 0 .00 094515 Q. 82089 62 0.0020798 .5343
-14 0 .00095238 165.94 0.83633 J ~'E 64 0.0021830 384.22 ~I
-12 0 .00095983 169.95 66 0.0022865 391.97

-10 0.00096752 173.98 J t. 68 0.0023889 399.30 1.6029
-8 0 .00 097546 178.03 70 0.0024891 406.21
-6 0 .00098366 182.12 0.89780 r. ,4 72 0.0025867 412 .74 .'
• 1
-4 0 .00099216 186.23 0.91312 74 0.0 026814 418 .91

-2
o
0.0010010
0.0010101
190.37
194.54
0.92845
0.94378
~ ~- 76
78
0.0027731
0.0028620
424.75
430. 30
1.6767
1.6925
..,¡
~
2 0.0010196 198.74 0.95912 !-") 80 0.0029481 435 .59 1.7075 ""'•
4
6
0.0010294
0.0010397
202.99
207.27
0.97449
0.98989 ... 82
84
0.0030 3 15
0.0031125
440 .64
445.49
1.7218
1.7354 :'\
8 0.0010505 211 .60 1.0053 86 0.0031911 450.15 1.7484
;1
10 0.0010617 215.97 Íi 1.0208 ~ 88 0.0032676 454.65 1.7609
12 0.0010734 220.40 1.0364 90 0.003342 1 459.00 1.7729
14 0.0010857 224.87 1.0521 ~: 92 0.0034147 463.21 1.7845 - !
16 0.0010987 229.41 1.0678 94 0.0034856 467.30 1.7957
1
18 0.0011124 jJ 234.01 1.0836 -~ 96 0.0035549 471.27 1.8065 ::;¡
20 0.001 1268 238.68 1.0996 98 0.0036227 475.15 1.8 169
22 0.0011422 243.43 1.1158 1 ·~ 100 0.0036890 478.93 1.8271 1'
Emiiar. TllE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATIDN HANDBOOK

j ] I Supercritical Properties of Carbon
• Wr ·• Di oxide (R-7 44)- SI Units
ºC m'/kg kJ/ kg kJ/kg-K ºC m ' /kg kJ/kg kJ/kg· K
-52 0.00084077 92 .911 0.528 12 26 0.00116 13 251 .80 1.1401

-50 0.00084545 96 .684 0.54510 L 28 0.0011 783 256.66 1. 1563
-48 0.0 0085020 100.46 0.56195 30 0.0011965 261.62 1.1727
-46 0.00085506 104.24 0.57867 32 0.0012159 266.69 1.1893
-44 0.0008600 0 108.03 0.59526 34 0.0012368 27 1.87 1.2063
-42 0.00086505
-. 111.82 0.61174 36 0.0012593 277.17 1.2235
-40 0.00087019 115.62 0.62810 38 0.0012836 282 .62 1.2410
-38 0.00087545 119.42 0.64435 40 0.0013102 288.21 1.2590
-36 123.24 0.66050 42 .0013391 293 .98 1.2773
-34 L. 127.06 0.67655 ,-L_ 44 0.0 013709 299.93 1.2961
-32 130.89 0.692 51 46 306.08 1.3155
-30 134.73 0.70838 ~
48 312.46 1.3354
-28 138.59 0.72416 50 319.07 1.3559
-26 0.73986 1 1...:,. 52 0.0015355 1.3770 :.·
-24 0.00091573 0.75549 54 0.0 01 5884 1.3987
-22 0.00092207 0.77105 ..:: 56 0.0016469 1.4209
-20 0.0 0092856 0.78655 58 0.0 017 113 1.4436
-18 0.00093524 0.80199 60 0.0017814 1.4665
-16
-14
-12
-10
0. 00 094210
0.000949 15
0.0 0095642
0.00096390 173.93
... 0. 86326
-,
62
64
66
68
0.0018566
0.0019362
0.0020191
0.0021041 385.53 \'"
-8 0.00097162 177.95 o.' 49 70 0.0021900 392 .61

-6 0.00097959 182.00 0.89369 .: . 72 0.0022760 399.41 1.5964
-4 0.00 098782 186.07 0.90887 74 0.00236 12 405.92 1.6152
-2 0.00099634 190.17 0.92404 .- 76 0.0024452 412.15 1.6331
o 0.0 010052 194.30 0.93921 78 0. 0 025277 4 18 .10 1.6501
2 ._ 0.0010143 198.46 0.95438 80 0.0026084 423.79 1.6663
4 0.00102 38 202.65 0.9 6956 82 0.00 26873 429 .25 1.681 7
6 0.0010337 206.88 0.98476 84 0.0027643 434.48 1.6964
8 0.0 010439 211 .14 0.99998 86 0.0 028394 439 .51 1.71 04
10 0.0010546 ..-- 215.45 1.01 52 88 0.0029128 444.36 1.7239
12 0. 0 010658 219 .79 1.0305 90 0.0029844 449.04 1.7368
14 0.0010775 224.19 1.0459 -
_¡ . 92 0.0030543 453 .56 1.7492
16 0.001 0897 228.64 1.0613 94 0.003 1226 45 7.95 1.7612
18
20
0.001 1025
0.0 011161
-· 233.14
237.70
-· 1.0769
1.0925
': p, 96
98
0.0031895
0.0 032549
462 .21
466 .35
1.7728
1.7840
I•
22 0.0011303 242.32 1.1082 1- . 100 0.0033190 470.38 1.7948
THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK iiar.m

IJI Supercritical Properties of Carbon
•fllll ·• Di oxide (R-744)- SI Units
PPressure 150 bara (148.987 barg) Pressure 150 bara (148.987 barg)
-52 0.00083947 93.242 0.52582 26 0.0011484 250.59 1.1322

-50 0.00084409 !l 97.005 0.54276 .
J J::t 2 28 0.0011641 I 255.31 1.1479 ::.
-48 0.00084879 10 0.77 0.55956 30 0.0011807 260. 10 1.1637
T <
-46 0.00085359 104.54 ·1 0.57624 1 -', 32 0.0011983 264.98 1.1798 !
-44 0.00085847 108.32 0.59278 34 0.00121 70 269.95 1.1960
-42 0 .00086345 112 .10 0.60921 36 0.0012371 275.02 1.2125
-40 0 .00086853 115.88 0.62552 38 0.0012586 280 .19 1.2292
-38 0.00087371 119.68 0.64172 ·J r- 40 0.0012817 285.48 1.2461
-36 0.00 081900 123.48 0.65781 290.89 1.2633
-34 0.00 088440 127.29 0.67380 296.44 1.2809
-32 131 .10 0.68969 302.14 1.2988
-30 134.93 0.70550 307.99 1.3170 ;.
-28 138.77 0.72121 50 3 14.00 1.3357
-26 142.61 0.73684 <l 52 0.0014669 1.3548
-24 0.75240 54 0.001 082 26. 54 1.3743
-22 0 .00091953 0.76788 J,.;: 56 0.0015532 333.06 1.3941
-20 0.0 0092 590 0.78329 58 0.0016022 1.4143
-18 0.00093243 0.79864 60 0.0016554 1.4348
-16 0 .00 093914 62 0.0017127 1.4555
-14 0.00094604 -. ".&. 64 0.0017739 -- 360.43 '\Í
-12
-10
0 .000953 13
0 .00096042
169.94
173.91 .....
66
68
0.0018387
0.0019066
367. 4
374.35 1.5174 ~
..
-8 0. 0 0096794 177.90 70 0.0019768 381.20
-6 0 .00097569 181 .91 0.88970 . '1 72 0.0020487 387.90 1.5568 ~I
-4 0.0 0098368 185.95 0.90475 74 0.0 0212 16 394.43 1. 5757
-2 0.00099193 190.01 0.91978
,. 76 0.0021950 400.76 1.5939 _¡
,,
o 0.0010005 194.10 0.93480 78 0.0022683 406.88 1.6114
2 0 .0010093 198.21 0.94981 ~ ..... 80 0.0023411 412.79 1.6281 -~
4 0.0010184 202.35 0. 96481 82 0.0 024131 4 18 .49 1.6442
0.0010279 206.53 0.97983
- 84 423 .99
6 1 i• 0.0024842 1.6597
8 0.0010378 210.74 0.99485 86 0.0025541 429.29 1.6745
10 0.0010480 214.98 1.0099 88 0.0026228 434.41 1.6887 ....
12 0. 0010587 219.27 1.0250 90 0.0026903 439.36 1.7024
14 0 .0010698 223.59 1.0401
~
1.
- 92 0.0027565 444.15 1.7155
16 0.0010814 227.96 1.0552 94 0.0028214 448 .80 1.7282
18 0 .0010935 232.38 1.0705 96 0.0028851 453 .31 1.7405 ...,
20 0.0011062 236.84 1.0857 98 0.0029476 457. 69 1.7523
22 0.0011196 241 .36 r 1.1011 ~~ 100 0.0030089 461.95 1.7638 .
miiar. THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION liANDBOOK

11..:
-200 -150 - 1ºº - 50 º 50 1ºº 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 e
20
· 1 11 I' f ,, 1 1
'I V.1 \ \ \ 1
\
1
\ \ 'K \ \ \\f V' \ \ X l 2º·
1
==
R-744
(carbon dioxide)
~-~·~\~¡\
reference state:
I
h : 200.0 k.Jll<g, s: 1.00 k.J/(kg·K)
, ''/!I<!, 'lj:' t' ! /, t ·1/ \:'/\' ~ /~ )'\ '., 0
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r:, ? c:i ' <;:j ' <ti ' 9 ' 1 0 .8
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1 1
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0.4 1 f l;';-'é-~'*"~
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,, .
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1 _J o¡J
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0.2 ·- 0.2
1
-200 -150 - 100 - 50 O 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700
based on formula1ion of· A Span & W Wa ner
NlST compuled using NIST REFPROP , v9.1 Enthalpy (kJ/kg) J. Phys. Chem Re/ºª 'ª 25"1509- 1596 (18:)
Solid dala approximalod lrom Plank and Kuprianofl
Wilt••=i
-200 -150 -100 -50 o 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700
20. . 1 V
20 .
R-744 I/ o
1
I I
/f /~¡/~
J 1
(carban diaxide)
relerence state :
h = 200.0 kJ/kg , s = 1.00 kJ/(kg·K)
li
far saturated liquid at O ºC
// {i'
r
1O. ,1 1O.
8. 1
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r:v (') '<:t" l!) co ,...__
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e:¡ o11 o11 c:i ,,
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)( )(
11
)( )( )( )( µJ
0.2 0.2
-200 -150 -100 -50 o 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700
NlST" camputed using NIST REFPROP. v9 .1 Enthalpy (kJ/kg) based an farmulatian al : R. Span & W. Wagner
J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 25 :1509-1596 (1996)
Salid data approximated from Plank and Kuprianott
CHAPTER THREE
Thermophysical Properties
3.0 Source References far Figures
Figures 3.1 and 3.2 were compiled by Bruce the di lute gas near room temperature to 5 % at
I. Nelson, P.E. of Colmac Coi l Manufacturing the highest pressures.
Co. using NIST REFPROP Version 9.0, whic h
sourced data as referenced below: Thermal Conductivity
Limits : -69.826 ºF to 3140 .3 ºF, 116030.0 psia,
Carbon Dioxide CR-744) - co 2 102.31 lbm/ft3
CAS#: 124-38-9 Vesovic, V., Wakeham, W.A., Olchowy, G.A.,
Molar mass: 44.01 lbm/lbmol Sengers, J.V., Watson, J.T.R., and Millat, J., The 11
Triple point temperature: -69 .804 ºF transport properties of carbon di oxide, J. Phys.
11
Normal sublim ation point Chem. Ref. Data, 19:763-808, 1990.

temperature: -109.24 ºF Note: Vesovic et al. use a crossover equation of
Critical point temperature: 87.761 ºF state to compute derivatives in the critical region;
Critical point pressure: 1070.0 psia
the defa ult
Critica! point density: 29.191 lbm/ft 3 II II
EOS is u sed here. Also, their simplified critica!
Gas phase dipole at NBP: O.O debye
enhancement for thermal conductivity is used.
Acentric factor: 0.22394
The uncertainty in thermal conductivity is less
Equation of State than 5 % .
Equation type: Helmholtz energy
Surface Tension
Limits: -69 .804 ºF to 3140.3 ºF, 116030.0 psia,
Limits: -69 .826 ºF to 87.764 ºF
102.31 lbm/ft3 11
11
Span, R. and Wagner, W., A New Equation of Rathjen, W. and Straub, J., Temperature
State for Carbon Dioxide Covering the Fluid dependence of surface tension, coexistence curve,
Region from the and vapor pressure of C0 2 , CCIF3, CBrF3, and
11
Triple-Point Temperature to 1100 K at Pressures SF6, Chapter 18 in Heat Transfer in Boiling,

up to 800 MPa, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data,
11 New York, Academic
25(6) :1509-1596, 1996. Press, pp. 425-451, 1977.
At pressures up to 30 MPa and temperatures up
Melting Line
to 523 K, the estimated uncertainty ranges from
0.03 % to 0.05 % in density, 0.03 % (in the vapor) Limits: -69.804 ºF to 1520.3 ºF
11
to 1% in the speed of sound (0.5 % in the liquid) Span, R. and Wagner, W., A New Equation of
and 0.15 % (in the vapor) to 1.5 % (in the liquid) State for Carbon Dioxide Covering the Fluid
in heat capacity. Special interest has been focused Region from the
on the description of the critical region and the Triple-Point Temperature to 1100 K at Pressures
11
extrapolation behavior of the formulation (to the up to 800 MPa, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data,
limits of chemical stability) . 25(6):1509-1596, 1996.
Viscosity Sublimation Line

Limits: -69.804 ºF to 3140.3 ºF, 116030.0 psia, Limits: -69.804 ºF to -69.804 ºF
11
102.31 lbmlft3 Span, R. and Wagner, W., A New Equation of
Fenghour, A., Wakeham, W.A., Vesovic, V., The 11
State for Carbon Dioxide Covering the Fluid
11
Viscosity of Car bon Di oxide, J. Phys. Chem. Region from the
Ref. Data, Triple-Point Temperature to 1100 K at Pressures
11
27:31-44, 1998. up to 800 MPa, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data,
The uncertainty in viscosity ranges from 0.3 % in 25(6):1509-1596, 1996.
THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOI( iiar.m

Thermophysical Properties of Carbon
Wil• Dioxide (R-744) at Saturation - IP Units
Temperature Pressure (psi) Speclflc Heat (Btu/lbm- ºR) Thermal Conductivity (Btu/h-ft- ºR) Vlscosity (lbJft-h) Surface Tension
( ··F> Absolute Gauge Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor (lb1/ft)
-60 94.57 79 .88 0.4703 0.2257 0.1003 0.006637 0 .5653 0.02721 0.001083
-58 98.97 84.27 0 .4711 0.2275 0.0995 0 .0 06694 0 .5547 0.02735 0.001064
-56 103.51 88.81 0.4720 0.2294 0.0986 0 .006752 0 .5443 0.02750 0.001046
-54 108.21 93 .51 0.4729 0.2314 0.0978 0 .006811 0 .5341 0.02765 0.001027
-52 113.06 98 .36 0.4739 0.2335 0 .0970 0 .006870 0.5242 0.02780 0.001009
-50 118.08 103.38 0.4749 0.2355 0.0962 0 .006931 0.5144 0.02795 0.000990
-48 123.26 108.56 0 .4760 0.2377 0 .0954 0 .006993 0 .5049 0.02810 0.000972
-46 128 .61 11 3.91 0.4771 0.2399 0.0945 0 .007056 0 .4956 0.0282 5 0 .000953
-44 134.13 119.43 0 .4783 0 .2422 0.0937 0 .007119 0.4864 0.02840 0.000935
-42 139.8 2 125 .12 0.4795 0. 2445 0.0929 0 .007184 0 .477 5 0.02856 0.000917
-40 145.69 130.99 0.4808 0 .2470 0.0921 0 .007251 0.4687 0.02871 0.000899
-38 151.74 137.04 0.4822 0.2495 0.0913 0 .007318 0 .4601 0.02887 0.00088 1
-36 157.98 143.28 0.4836 0.2520 0.0905 0 .007387 0 .4517 0.02902 0.000863
-34 164.40 149.70 0.485 1 0.2547 0.0897 0 .007457 0.4435 0 .029 18 0.000845
-32 171.02 156.32 0.4866 0.2574 0.0889 0 .007528 0 .4354 0.02934 0.000828
-30 177.83 163.13 0.4882 0.2603 0 .0881 0 .007601 0 .4275 0.02950 0.0008 10
-28 184.83 170.13 0.4899 0.2632 0.0873 0 .007676 0.4197 0.02966 0.000792
-26 192.04 177.34 0.49 17 0.266 2 0.0865 0 .007752 0 .4121 0.0298 2 0 .00077 5
-24 199.46 184.76 0.4935 0.2694 0.0857 0.007830 0.4046 0.02999 0.000758
-22 207.08 192 .38 0. 4955 0.2726 0.0849 0.007910 0.3973 0.0301 5 0.000740
-20 214.91 200.21 0.4975 0.2760 0.0841 0 .007991 0.3901 0.03032 0.000723
-18 222.97 208.27 0.4996 0.2795 0.0833 0 .00807 5 0.3830 0.03049 0.000706
-16 231.24 216.54 0.5018 0.2831 0.0825 0 .008161 0 .3761 0.03066 0.000689
-14 239.73 225.03 0.5042 0.2869 0.08 18 0 .008248 0 .3693 0.03083 0.000672
-12 248.45 233.75 0.5066 0.2908 0.0810 0 .008339 0.3626 0.03101 0.000655
-10 257.40 242 .70 0.5091 0.2949 0.0802 0 .008432 0. 3560 0.03118 0.000638
-8 266.58 251.88 0.5118 0.299 1 0.0794 0.008527 0.3496 0.03136 0.000622
-6 276.01 26 1.31 0.51 46 0.3035 0.0786 0 .008625 0 .3433 0.03154 0.000605
-4 285.67 270.97 0.5175 0.3082 0.0778 0 .008726 0 .3371 0.03173 0.000589
-2 295.58 280 .88 0.5206 0.3130 0.0771 0 .008831 0 .3309 0.03191 0.000572
o 305.74 291 .04 0.5238 0 .3180 0.0763 0 .008938 0.3249 0.03210 0 .000556
2 316.15 301 .45 0.5272 0.3233 0.0755 0 .009050 0 .3190 0.03230 0.000540
4 326.82 312.12 0.5307 0.3288 0.0747 0 .009165 0 .3132 0.03249 0 .000524
6 337.7 5 323.05 0.5345 0.3346 0.0740 0 .009284 0 .307 5 0.03269 0.000508
8 348.94 334.24 0.5384 0.3406 0.0732 0.009407 0 .3019 0 .03290 0.000492
miiar. THE CARBON OIOXIOE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANOBOOK

•
lilffl¿ Dioxide (R -744) at Saturation - IP Units
Temperature Pressure (psi) Speciflc Heat (Btu/lbm • º R) Thermal Conductivity (Btu/h·ft· ºR) Viscoslty (lbmlft·h) Surface Tension
( ºF) Absolute Gauge Liquld Vapor Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor (lb1/ft)
10 360.41 345 .71 0.543 0 .347 0.07240 0 .009535 0.2963 0.03311 0.0004762
12 372.14 357.44 0.547 0.354 0.07163 0.009668 0.2909 0.03332 0.0004606
14 384.16 369.46 0 .551 0.361 0.07085 0.009806 0 .2855 0.03354 0.0004451
16 396.45 381 .75 0.556 0.368 0.07008 0.009950 . 0.2802 0.03376 0.0004297
18 409 .03 394 .33 0.561 0.376 0.06930 0.010100 0.2750 0.03399 0.0004144
20 421.91 407.21 0.567 0.384 0.06852 0 .010257 0.2699 0.03422 0.0003993
22 435.07 420.37 0.573 0.393 0.06774 0.010421 0.2648 0.03446 0.0003842
24 448.54 433.84 0.579 0.402 0.06697 0.010593 0.2598 0 .03471 0.0003694
26 462 .31 447.61 0 .585 0.412 0.06619 0.010774 0.2549 0.03496 0.0003546
28 476.38 461.68 0.592 0.422 0.06541 0.010963 0.2500 0.03522 0.0003400
30 490.77 476 .07 0.600 0.434 0.06463 0.011163 0.2452 0.03549 0.0003255
32 505.48 490.78 0.608 0.446 0.06385 0.011373 0.2404 0.03577 0.0003111
34 520.51 505 .81 0.616 0.459 0.06306 0 .011596 0.2358 0.03606 0.0002969
36 535.86 521 .16 0.625 0.472 0.06228 0.011832 0.2311 0.03636 0.0002828
38 551.55 536.85 0.635 0.487 0.06149 0 .012083 0.2265 0.03667 0.0002689
40 567.58 552 .88 0 .646 0.504 0.06070 0.012349 0.2220 0.03699 0.0002552
42 583.95 569 .25 0.658 0 .521 0.05991 0.012634 0.2174 0.03733 0.0002416
44 600 .67 585 .97 0.670 0.541 0.05912 0.012938 0.2130 0.03768 0.0002281
46 617.75 603 .05 0.684 0.562 0.05833 0.013264 0.2085 0.03805 0.0002149
48 635.18 620.48 0.700 0.585 0.05753 0.013616 0.2041 0 .03844 0.0002018
50 652.99 638 .29 0.716 0.611 0.05673 0.013995 0.1997 0.03885 0.0001889
52 671.16 656.46 0 .735 0.640 0.05593 0.014406 0.1953 0.03928 0.0001762
54 689 .72 675.02 0.756 0.673 0.05513 0.014854 0.1910 0.03973 0.0001637
56 708 .67 693.97 0.780 0 .709 0.05432 0.015342 0.1866 0.04022 0.0001514
58 728 .01 713 .31 0.806 0.751 0 .05352 0.015878 0.1823 0.04074 0.0001393
60 747.75 733.05 0.837 0.798 0.05271 0.016470 0.1779 0.04129 0.0001274
62 767.91 753 .21 0.872 0.854 0.05191 0.017126 0.1735 0.04189 0.0001158
64 788.48 773.78 0.913 0.919 0 .05111 0.017860 0.1690 0.04253 0.0001044
66 809.48 794.78 0.961 0.996 0.05032 0.018686 0.1646 0.04323 0.0000933
68 830.93 816.23 1.019 1.090 0.04954 0.019625 0.1600 0.04400 0.0000825
70 852.82 838.12 1.090 1.205 0.04879 0.020704 0.1554 0.04484 0.0000719
72 875.18 860.48 1.178 1.351 0.04808 0.021961 0.1506 0.04579 0.0000617
74 898.02 883 .32 1.292 1.541 0.04744 0.023449 0.1458 0.04686 0.00005 19
76 921.35 906.65 1.446 1.797 0.04691 0.025253 0.1407 0.04808 0.0000424
78 945 .20 930 .50 1.666 2.163 0.04657 0.027508 0.1353 0.04950 0.0000334
80 969.57 954.87 2.005 2.726 0.04655 0.030459 0.1295 0.05122 0.0000249
THE CARBON OIOXIOE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANOBOOK ¡¡ar.m

@lfj Dioxide (R-744) at Saturation - SI Units
Temperature Pressure (bar) Speclflc Heat (kJ/kg·K) Thermal Conductivity (W/m·K) Viscosity (cPoise) Surface Tension
( º C) Absolute Gauge Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor (dyn/cm)
-50 6.8234 5.810 1.971 0.952 0. 17206 0 .01158 0 .22930 0.01131 15.5320
-49 7.1049 6.092 1.975 0.959 0.17076 0 .01167 0 .22543 0.01136 15.2870
-48 7.3949 6.382 1.978 0.967 0.16948 0.01176 0 .22163 0.01142 15.0430
-47 7.6937 6.680 1.982 0.974 0 .16819 0 .01185 0 .21791 0.01147 14.8000
-46 8 .0015 6.988 1.985 0.982 0.16691 0 .01195 0.21426 0.01153 14.5570
-45 8.3184 7.305 1.989 0.990 0.16563 0 .01204 0 .21068 0.01159 14.3160 ~
-44 8 .6445 7.631 1.993 0.998 0.16436 0 .01214 0 .20716 0.01164 14.0750
i! -43 8 .9800 7.967 1.998 1.007 0.16309 0 .01224 0 .20372 0.01170 13.8350
-42 9.3252 8 .3 12 2.002 1.015 0.16182 0 .01234 0.20033 0.01175 13.5960
-41 9.6801 8.667 2.007 1.024 0.16056 0 .01244 0.19701 0.01181 13.3580 ..('
-40 10.045 9.032 2.012 1.033 0.15930 0 .01254 0.19375 0.01187 13. 1210
-39 10.420 9.407 2.017 1.043 0.15804 0 .01265 0 .19056 0.01193 12.8850 ;;;; ...
-38 10.805 9.792 2.022 1.052 0.15679 0 .01275 0 .18741 0.01 199 12 .6500
-37 11 .201 10.188 2.028 1.062 0.15554 0 .01286 0.18433 0.01204 12.4150 ;,_
-36 11.607 10.594 2.033 1.073 0.15429 0 .01297 0.18130 0.01210 12.1820
-35 12.024 11.011 2.039 1.083 0.15304 0 .01308 0.17833 0.01216 11.9500 5\-
-34 12.452 11.439 2.046 1.094 0.15180 0 .01320 0 .1 7541 0.01222 11.7180
r. -33 12.891 11.878 2.052 1.105 0.15056 0 .01332 0 .17253 0.01228 11.4880 ~Le
-32 13.342 12 .329 2.059 1.117 0.14932 0.01343 0.16971 0.01234 11 .2590
-3 1 13.804 12.791 2.066 1.128 0.14809 0 .01356 0.16694 0.01240 11 .0300 ...... ,!
-30 14.278 13.265 2. 073 1.141 0 .14686 0 .01368 0 .1 6422 0.01246 10.8030
-29 14.763 13.750 2.081 1.153 0.14563 0.01381 0 .16154 0.01253 10.5770 00
-28 15.261 14.248 2.089 1.166 0.14440 0.01394 0 .15890 0.01259 10.3520
-27 15.770 14.757 2.097 1.180 0.14317 0 .01407 0 .15631 0.01265 10.1280
,,
•1
-26 16.293 15.280 2.106 1.194 0.14195 0 .01421 0 .15377 0.01272 9.9046
-25 16.827 15.814 2.115 1.208 0.14073 0 .01434 0 .15126 0.01278 9.6826
...
-24 17.375 16.362 2.124 1.223 0.13951 0 .01449 0.14880 0.01285 9.4618
-23 17.935 16.922 2.134 1.239 0.13829 0.01463 0 .14637 0.01291 9.2420
...
.,..LJI
-22 18.509 17.496 2.144 1.255 0.13707 0.01478 0 .14399 0.01298 9.0235
-21 19.096 18.083 2.154 1.272 0.13586 0 .01494 0.14164 0.01305 8 .8060 ·¡
-20 19.696 18.683 2.165 1.289 0.13464 0.01509 0.13933 0.01312 8 .5898
-19 20 .310 19.297 2.177 1.308 0.13343 0 .015 26 0.13705 0.01319 8 .3747
,,
-18 20.938 19.925 2.1 89 1.326 0.13222 0 .01542 0 .1348 1 0.01326 8 .1 608
Ir -17 21.581 20.568 2.201 1.346 0.13101 0 .01559 0 .13260 0.01333 7.9481 ~!
-16 22 .237 21.2 24 2.2 15 1.366 0.12980 0 .01577 0.13043 0.01340 7.7367
-15 22 .908 21.895 2.228 1.388 0.12859 0 .01595 0.12829 0.01347 7.5265 ~
-14 23 .593 22 .580 2.243 1.410 0.12738 0 .01614 0 .12617 0.01355 7.3176
¡•
~ -13 24.294 23 .281 2.258 1.433 0.12617 0 .01634 0.12409 0.01363 7.1101 ....4
-12 25.010 23.997 2.273 1.457 0.12496 0.01654 0.12204 0.01370 6 .9038
-11 25.740 24.727 2.290 1.483 0.12375 0.01675 0 .12002 0.01378 6.6988
miiar. THE CAR BON DI OXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBODK

• •
lfffl¿ Dioxide (R-744) at Satu ration - SI Un its
Temperature Pressure (bar) Speciflc Heat (kJ/kg-K) Thermal Conductivity (W/m-K) Vlscoslty (cPoise) Surface Tension
( ºC) Absolute Gauge Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor Liquld Vapor (dyn/cm)
-10 26.487 25 .474 2.307 1.509 0.12254 0.01696 0.11802 0.01386 6.4953
-9 27.249 26 .236 2.325 1.537 0.12134 0.01718 0.11605 0.01395 6.2931
-8 6.- 28.027 27.014 2.345 1.566 0.12013 0.01742 0.11411 0.01403 6.0923
-7 28.821 27.808 2.365 1.597 0.1 1892 0.01766 0.11219 0.01412 5.8929
-6 '"' - 29 .632 28.619 2.386 1.629 0.11771 0.01791 0.11030 0.01421 5.6951 :--
-5
-4
30.459
31.303
29.446
30.290
2.409
2.432
1.663
1.699
0.11650
0.11529
0.01817
0.01845
0.10842
0.10658
0.01430
0.01439
5.4987
5.3038 .....
-3 32 .164 31.151 2.457 1.737 0.11407 0.01873 0.10475 0.01448 5.1105
-2 ., 33 .042 32 .029 2.484 1.777 0.11286 0.01903 0.10295 0.01458 4.9188 ::!'"-
-1 33.938 32 .925 2.512 1.819 0.11164 0.01934 0.10116 0.01468 4.7287
o 34.851 33.838 2.542 1.865 0.11043 0.01967 0.09939 0.01479 4.5403
1 35 .783 34.770 2.574 1.913 0.10921 0.02002 0.09765 0.01489 4.3535
2 T 36.733 35.720 2.609 1.965 0.10799 0.02038 0.09592 0.01500 4.1685
3 37.701 36.688 2.645 2 .020 0.10676 0.02077 0.09420 0.01512 3.9853
4 38.688 37.675 2.685 2.080 0.10554 0 .02117 0.09250 0.01524 3.8039
5 39.695 38.682 2.727 2.144 0.10431 0.02160 0.09082 0 .01536 3.6243
6 ...... 40.720 39.707 2.772 2.213 0.10308 0.02206 0.08914 0.01549 3.4467
7 41.765 40 .752 2.822 2.289 0.10184 0.02254 0.08748 0.01562 3.2711
8
9
• 42 .831
43.916
41.818
42.903
2.875
2 .934
2 .370
2.460
0.10060
0.09936
0.02306
0.02361
0.08583
0.08419
0.01576
0.01591
3.0975
2.9260
10 45.022 44.009 2.998 2.558 0.09812 0.02421 0.08256 0 .01606 2.7567 ~..
11 46.149 45.136 3.068 2.666 0.09687 0.02484 0.08093 0.01622 2.5896

12 47.297 46 .284 3.145 2.786 0.09562 0.02553 0.07930 0.01639 2.4249
13 48.466 47.453 3.232 2.919 0.09437 0.02627 0.07768 0.01656 2.2626
14 49.658 48 .645 3.328 3.068 0 .09312 0.02708 0.07606 0.01675 2.1028
15 50 .871 49 .858 3.436 3.237 0.09186 0.02796 0.07443 0.01695 1.9456
,. 16 52 .108 51.095 3 .558 3.429 0.09061 0.02893 0.07280 0.01717 1.7911
17 53 .368 52 .355 3.698 3.649 0.08936 0.02999 0.07116 0.01739 1.6395
18 54.651 53.638 3.858 3.905 0.08812 0 .03116 0.06951 0.01764 1.4909 .. u
19 55.958 54.945 4.044 4.204 0.08689 0.03247 0.06784 0.01790 1.3455
:' 20 57.291 56.278 4 .264 4.560 0.08568 0.03394 0.06615 0.01819 1.2034
21 58 .648 57.635 4 .526 4.990 0.08451 0.03561 0.06443 0.01850 1.0649
22 --:: 60.031 59 .018 4 .846 5.519 0.08340 0.03752 0.06267 0.01885 0.9303
23 61.440 60.427 5.248 6.185 0.08236 0.03974 0.06087 0.01923 0.7998
t 24 ' 62 .877 61.864 5.767 7.049 0.081 47 0.04235 0.05900 0.01966 0.6738
25 64.342 63.329 6.467 8 .212 0.08079 0.04551 0.05705 0.02016 0.5528
26 ~ 65.837 64.824 7.460 9 .862 0.08045 0.04944 0.05498 0 .02073 0.4373 I•
27
28
67.361
68 .918
66.348
67.905
8.973
11.549
12 .380
16.691
0.08068
0.08189
0.05456
0.06173
0.05276
0.05030
0.02142
0 .02227
0.3282
0.2266 ..
29 70 .509 69.496 16.946 25 .739 0.08517 0.07319 0.04745 0.02341 0.1342
30 a· 72 .137 71.124 35 .338 55 .822 0.09536 0.09802 0.04377 0.02517 0.0545
THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK iiCr. lD

CHAPTER FOUR
Saf ety
C0 2 is neither more nor less safe than other • Safe Maintenance
refrigerants, it but does have sorne unique
• Typical Safety Data Sheet for Carbon Dioxide
advantages and disadvantages. Like ali
refrigerants, the key to a safe system is to BASIC SAFETY PRINCIPLES
design, install and operare the system with Basic safety guidelines common to ali
ali safety concerns recognized, evaluated and refrigeration systems include:
incorporated, including well-trained and
l. Avoid hydraulic shock
competent operators.
In sorne applications, C0 2 is used as a 2. Prevent liq uid from reaching the compressor.
consumable refrigerant where liquid C0 2 is 3. Provide relief valves for over pressure
sprayed directly onto product. The liquid protection.
immediately turns to a solid (called snow) and
refrigerares the product as it sublimares to a gas. 4. Prevent excessive vibration.
The gas then dissipates into the atmosphere. The 5. Su pport pi pe independently from the
main hazard associated with this process is the equipment to which it is attached and ensure
possibility of producing lethal concentrations of proper alignment to avoid connection stress.
CO? within a confined space. The room should
be a-dequately ventilated and have gas monitoring 6. Protect externa! surfaces from corrosion.
to determine the C0 2 and oxygen levels so that 7. Ensure sufficient ventilation in non-
personnel can be alerted of an increase of C0 2 refrigerated areas
concentration and evacuate the area if necessary.
8. Take precautions to avoid liquid refrigerant
This C0 2 handbook only applies to closed
coming into skin contact due to risk of frost
circuir system design, where the C0 2 stays
burn.
within the system and, depending on the system
design, is condensed or re-compressed and 9. Provide and administer adequate training to
condensed again after it has been expanded and assure competency of personnel
evaporated. However, regardless of whether the
system is direct spray ora closed circuir design, C0 2 has certain unique physical properties
the safety issues of elevated CO? concentrations that require additional specific safety
in the immediate area are still r~levant. considerations.
This chapter addresses C0 2 safety with eleven Solid C0 2 is commercially available in the
main areas of concern: form of dry ice or snow and can cause severe
frost burn if not handled with care and the use
• Basic Safety Principies of suitable personal protective equipment.
• Physiological Effects on Humans Liquid C0 2 has a very high coefficient of
thermal expansion. Consequently care must be
• Vapor Detection
taken to ensure that liquid C0 2 is not trapped in
• Pressure and Temperature pipelines between shut off devices. An increase
• Water in C0 2 Systems in the temperature of trapped liquid will cause
hydrostatic expansion that readily generates
• Corrosion due to Water Contamination pressures adequate to rupture the refrigerant
• Hydrates in C0 2 pressure containment components. The diagram
in figure 4.1 shows the relative liquid volume
• Chemical Reaction with Ammonia
change for three refrigerants (C0 2 , NH 3 ,
• Materials and Components Selection and R-134a). As shown, liquid C0 2 expands
THE CARBON OIOXIOE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK iiar.1111

which may contain carbon clioxide in any state,
iiill Relati ve Li quid Volume whether solid, liquid or vapor.
Reference : -40 [ºC] / [ºF] If a portion of a CO J system needs to be
co,
100 -¡ wa rmed, consideratioñ should be given to using
warm co2vap or in lieu of externa! heat.
90
- 80
I
'cf!.
(1)
g'
ro
70
60
/
/ PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECT ON HUMANS
ASHRAE Stand ard 34-201 0 lists CO J as
"5 50
/
E 40 a class A 1 re fri ger ant, w h ich is a low
:::, 30 / t ox ic it y (A) r efr igera nt w ith n o fl a m e
g 20
10
o -- ----- o
~
----= - R1~A
R717 prop aga ti o n characteristics (1). A differ ent

way of cl assifyin g refri gerants is based
-4 0
-40
-20
-4 32
20
68
40 [ºCJ
104 [º F] upon human reactio n by wa y of smell and
Temperatu re physiologica l effects o n the body. The three
classes are as fo llows.
Refrigerants with a strong, distinct odor and an
iiifl Relative Vapor Volume ac ute toxic effect:
C0 2 ~ "trapped at O °C
• Ammo nia
• Sulfu r Di oxide
34,8 bar
r- 42,5 bar
50
40 /
/ '
-- /
r.:::
r
-- C02 : t.Plt.T- 0,26 1 • Meth yl Chl orid e
I ---- Refri gerants w ith no distinct smell or taste

~ 30
(1)
tiT and no short term toxjc effects:
~ 20 • Flo uroca rbo ns
</}
(1)
O:: 10
R7H- AP16T - 0.020 1 • H ydroca rbons
o R134a: dP/dT-0,015 I
• N itrogen
-10 10 30 50
Temperature [ ºC] Refri gerants which are directly involved in
the respiratory p rocess:
much more than NH 3 and R-134a, especially • Carbon Dioxide
when the temperature approaches the critica!
C0 1 is unique in its physiological affect on
point for C0 2 • huma-ns. W hil st it displaces other component
NOTE: Although trapped vapor is normal/y not
parts of the air that we brea the due to the law
considered a safety aspect in most refrigeration systems,
of pa rti a l press ures, it is the perce ntage of C0 1
it must to be taken into consideration in C02 systems
in the air th at alters o ur respira tion process.
on account of the relatively high thermal coefficient of
The normal makeup of th e air that we brea the
expansion far C02 vapor as shown in Figure 4.2.
is comprised of approximately 78% nitroge n,
Co mpared to N H 3 and R-1 34a, C0 2 has a 2 1 % oxygen, 1 % argon, 0.04 % CO J and the
mu ch higher density at the same temperature remainder is trace amo unts of neon, -methane
and the main rea so n fo r its high LiP/LiT and heli um pius wa ter va po r.
va lu e a t a give n t e mp er a tu re . Figure 4.2 C0 1 is naturally present in the atmosphere at
indica res th e press ure of " trapped " C0 2 vap or approximately 397 pp m but levels of carbon
increases by approximately 116 psi (8 bar) for di oxide in occ upied sp aces can be much hi gher
a 54 ºF (3 0 ºC) ri se in temperature, w hereas as a res ult of respiratio n.
the press ure of N H 3 and R- 134a increases C0 2 has a th res hold limit value (TLV)
approximately 7 p si (0.5 bar ) for the same of 5,000 ppm (0.5 %) w hereas ammonia
temperature rise. has a TLV of 25 ppm. This is the highest
H eating or welding should not be permitted on concentration that a worker can safely be
any refrigeration system, piping or component exposed to for up to eight ho urs.
miiar. THE CAR BON OIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL AEFRIGEAATION HANDBDDK

It has been reported that C0 7 levels of 20,000 but physically draining)
ppm (2.0 % ) do not cause harmful effects. The 8% Short time exposure limit
NIOSH IDLH limit for C02 is 40,000 ppm (4.0%) 8-10 % Headache after 10-15 minutes.
and the equivalent for amrnonia is 300 ppm. Dizzyness, buzzing in the ears, blood
Exposure to carbon dioxide, at levels greater pressure increase, high pulse rate,
than 3 % , causes progressively increasing excitation and nausea
discomfort, which includes difficulty in 10-18 % After a few minutes, cramps similar
breathing, accelerated pulse rate, headacbe, to epileptic fits, loss of consciousness
dizziness, sweating and disorientation. and shock (sharp drop in blood
As we inhale, our lungs absorb oxygen, pressure). A quick recovery in fresh
passing it into the bloodstream to be air is possible.
carried through the arteries to cells to fuel 18-20% Symptoms similar to
the breakdown of carbohydrates, which those of a stroke.
release energy for muscle movement. The
carbohydrate breakdown process generares Fortunately, if a person exposed to a high
C0 7 which is carried by the blood in the veins leve! of C0 2 is moved into fresh air before loss
back to the lu ngs to be released as we exhale. of consciousness, they will return to normal
Simply reducing the amount of oxygen by breathing and recover. C0 1 , is nota cumulative
displacement with another gas is compensated poison, and is similar to NH 3 in that respect.
for by harder breathing. Brisk exercise ata high It has been reported that the effect of carbon
elevation is a similar analogy, where it takes dioxide becomes more pronounced when
more breaths than at sea leve! to absorb the affected individuals are engaged in heavy work.
equivalent amount of oxygen. The percentage atmospheric concentrations
The amount of C0 2 in our bloodstream is cited here are indicative of this effect, but the
controlled by the medulla oblongata gland actual effect of C0 1 varíes from person to
to control the pH leve! of the blood supply person depending on their physical condition
to 7.4 ± 0.05 for the brain. As C0 2 increases and their recent exposure. A slow rise in C0 2
in the bloodstream, our body's reaction is concentration can be better tolerated than a
to breathe harder to flush the C0 1 from the sudden rise, as the body has time to adjust.
blood stream. This is termed hyperventilation Similarly, people with poor lung function, such
which starts when the C0 2 leve! in the air as heavy smokers, are far more tolerant of
exceeds 3% (30,000 PPM as compared to the elevated co2levels.
normal 397 PPM). At this concentration, C0 1 In summary, C0 7 is not more or less safe than
starts to imparta slightly acidic taste. When other refrigerants. While it is a non-odorous
hyperventilation does not correct the C0 1 leve!, "displacement gas" like nitrogen and R-134,
narcosis, which is a dizziness, or numbness, sets it uniquely has the additional effect of altering
in at about 5% C0 1 in the air. Still higher levels the respiratory process with bodily reactions
of co2will disrupt the breatbing process, which that can be recognized with appropriate and
is hypoventilation. This is followed by a coma at adequate training.
concentrations above 10% C0 1 in the air, and VAPOR DETECTION
ultimately death at concentrations over 30%. While C0 1 seems safer than ammonia, it can
The AGA gas handbook presents the still be lethal. The advantage of ammonia is
following data for adu lts in good health: that its noxious odor provides an alarm, and a
0.04 % Concentration of C0 7 in air person will not consciously stay in a room where
2% 50 % increase in breathing rate the amrnonia concentration is harmful. C0 2 is
3% 10 minute short term exposure limit; odorless and colorless, so the concentration levels
100 % increase in breathing rate could be high without someone being aware of
5% 300 % increase in breathing rate, the danger unless there is detection equipment
headache and sweating may begin to alert them. To ensure the environment is
after about an hour. (tolerable - safe, any location that uses C0 1 must have

monitoring equipment if the charge concentration Figure 4.3 highlights the typical pressures
in the location could exceed the refrigerant encountered in C0 1 refrigeration systems .
concentration limit deemed appropriate for that The following complete Mollier diagram for
location. This could vary from the PEL of 5,000 C0 2, Figure 4.4, demonstrates a number of points.
PPM (0.5%) as a mínimum to the IDLH of 1) CO? differs from ammonia in that the base
40,000 PPM (4.0%) as a maximum. of the dome below (75.13 psia) (5.18 bara)
At atmospheric pressure, C0 2 is 1.5 times reflects the solid phase with a greater latent
heavier than air so it tends to sink, settle and heat content than liquid.
stratify close to the floor. Therefore, the best
2) The red line and the area to the right of
location for C0 1 detectors is approximately 4'
it indicates the relatively benign effect of
(l.2m) above the floor, which is just below the
dropping the pressure on saturated or
1e ve 1 where most people are breathing. When
superheated C0 1 vapor, it stays in the gaseous
detectors sense a dangerous level of C0 2 in a
state.
room, an alarm system should be energized and
the room evacuated. 3) The blue line is for a C0 2 liquid and vapor
Because C0 2 setd es to the lowest availab le mixture when reduced in pressure. The liquid
elevation, special precautions should be taken present wi ll turn into a solid that is light and
to avoid or adequately protect pits or confined fluffy dueto the pre ence of C0 2 vapor.
spaces that co uld retain a buildup of C0 7 4) The black line reflecting a low vapor quality
witho ut someone realizing it. An exampl~ of 2-phase mixture will generate a significant
this possibility is a relief valve located near a amount of solid C0 1 upon expansion.
courtyard. If the valve opens, the gas cou ld
fall and concentrare in the courtyard, causing a
WATER IN co2 SYSTEMS
Because CO l systems are always in a positive
potential risk. Another example is a CO? pump
pressure, they are less susceptible to incrusion
located in a lower level area within a machine
of most contaminants. However, water may be
room . This low level area, or pit, cou ld have
introduced during construction, commissioning
a very high concentration of CO l and no one
or maintenance and creates two serious
wo uld know it until they entered- the area to
problems: ice format ion in control valves, and
inspect or repair the pump.
corros 1011.
Experience has determined that infrared-
Figure 4.5 shows the so lubility of water in
style C0 1 detectors are the most accurate,
C0 1 systems to be much lower than in ot h er
reliable and robust . False alarms are rare with
common refrigerants.
infrared detectors.
Figure 4.6 shows the solubility of water in both
These characteristics of carbon dioxide must
liquid and vapor phases of CO? as a function of
be included in refrigeration system designs
temperature .. The solubility in the liquid phase
so that CO? levels are accurately monitored
is much higher than in the vapor phase. Below
and harmft;l concentration levels detected in
these levels, water remains dissolved in the
enclosed spaces. C0 2 detection systems must be
refrigerant and does not harm the system. Above
used in conjunction with adequate ventilation of
these levels, the H 20 molecules precipitate out of
non-refrigerated spaces to protect workers from
the solution into droplets.
harmfu l concentrations of the gas .
Due to the large difference between the
PRESSURE & TEMPERATURE IN co2 SYSTEMS rnaximum solubility in the vapor and the liquid
co2is a high pressure fluid req uiring a phase (139 / 6 .5 = 20), water wi ll tend to
containment envelope with a much higher concentrate in the liqu id phase. Consequen tly,
design pressure rating than ammonia or R-134. liquid C0 2 , point A in Figure 4. 7, from the
This requires specia l consideration for a li of the separator to the evaporators will contain
components of the system. Including but not approximately 20 times more water than the
limited to; pipe thickness schedules, vessel and C0 2 vapor (C) in the compressor suction line.
heat exchanger designs, compressor designs, The potential risk for water in C0 2 is highest in
valves and transducers. the evaporator loop (A-B), and wa ter w ill always
miiar. THE CAR BON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL AEFAIGERATION HANDBOOK

UVifl Design Pressure in C0 2 Systems
•
2030psi / 140 bar: "Practica!" pressure limit Expansion
devices
120 bar: Mínimum for gas
• cooler
control
Transcritical C0 2 systems
Semi-hermetic
•
compressors,
1305 lbs I 90 bar:
Maximum pressure for electronic
Subcritical C0 2 expansion
Subcritical C0 2 systems systems: (no control of valves, ball
stand sti/1 pressure
needed)
valves
46 bar
.. • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • •
42 bar Industrial Refrigeration
Commercial -
40 bar: Mínimum "practica! " limit
migra te to the co ldest part of the system. Figure • Ester lubricant and H 2 0 = Organic acid
4.8 is a list of co2grades available and their and alcohol
specified purity and water concentration.
• Anti-wear additives and H 2 0 = Phosphoric
CORROSION DUETO WATER CONTAMINATION: acid and alkanol
While water may be below the maximum As with carbonic acid, the addition of free
solubility limit in the liquid phase, when the water forms hydronium ions, which then makes
refrigerant is evaporated, the water does not these acids more corrosive as well.
evaporare. The solubility of water in liquid C0 2 Corrosion is nota risk if there is no "free
is approximately 20 times that of water in C0 2 water" in the system. Free water is water content
vapor. This causes the water to drop out of in excess of what can be dissolved in C0 2 •
soluti on, forming either ice, or acid, or both.
HYDRATES IN CO 2 SYSTEMS
Carbonic acid is formed when C0 2 is added
Moisture in C0 2 can be presentas:
to H 2 0 to form H 2 CÜ 3 •
When additional free water is added, then • Liquid water
H 20 and H 2C0 3 combine to form HC0 3- and
• Ice
H 3 0+, a hydronium ion, and the acid becomes
corros1ve. • Hydrates
Additionally, lubricants used in C0 2 systems
Information about water and ice is widely
can, in the presence of free water, form acids
available. However, little is known about
leading to corrosion.
hydrates, and the effect of moisture in C0 2
• Mineral lubricant and 0 2
= Organic acid is therefore the su bject of recent research
and water activities.
THE CARBON OIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANOBOOK iiar.m

H ydra tes (a lso called cl ath ra tes) a re crystalline Amrn o nium ca rba ma te is a hard, so li d w hire
solids w hich look like ice and have a cage-like crysta l th at will clog stra in ers, p ress ure taps,
strucru re of wa ter m o lecul es aro und a smaller relief va lve ports and other small passages .
" trapped " gas molecule; in th is case CO J. Beca use the C0 1 pressure is almost a lways
Th e density of hydrates is between 62.43 lb/ft 3 higher th an th e adj ace nt a mmoni a press ure in
(1,000 kg/m 3 ) and 70. 79 lb/ft 3 (1,134 kglm3) . a CO )a mmo ni a cascade system , the C O J will
T herma l conducti vity (11. ) of an hydra te = lea k ii1to and contaminare the ammonia system.
0. 289 BTU/ (hr '-· ft '-· ºF) (0. 5 W/mK ), co mpa red Chapter 6.5 offe rs methods of detecting C0 2 in
to th e th ermal condu cti vity (,\) of Ice =1.271 the a mm oni a system.
BTU/(hr'-· ft '-· ºF) (2.2 W /mK ). W hen ammonia carba mate is heated to 140 ºF
T heoretically, 5 to 6 wa ter mo lec ules for m (60 ºC) in fresh air, it w ill break down back into
a cage aro und C0 2 • H owever, experim ents ammonia and CO ?. It can also be washed out with
have shown that there are ra rh er 6 to 7 wa ter hot water. In addidon to choking small passages in
m o lec ules, creating different size crystals. an ammonia system, the presence of ammonium
Hydrates and ice tend ro adh ere to surfaces, carbamate accelerates steel corrosion. Therefore,
parricularl y to steel, but coa tings may help to any leak sho uld be corrected and the system
redu ce thi s adh erence. Parti cular care sho uld cleaned as soon as possible.
be exercised when ta kin g sa rnpl es to test the Note that a lea k fro m the C0 2 side to the
wa ter content of the refrigera nt. It is ad visa ble ammo nia side of a cascade system also has the
to warrn up the locatio n where the sa mple potentia l to over-press ure the ammonia side. A
is ta ken to at least +5 0 ºF (10 ºC) . This w ill higher pressure design or a utomatic isolation
dissolve any w ater that adheres to the surfa ces, should be considered. T his is covered in more
a ll owin g the wa ter content to be meas ured. detail in Chapter 9 - Condensers.
Th e conditions under w hich ice and hydra tes MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS SELECTION
a re fo rmed are shown in figure 4. 8. Earli er in this chapter, the high pressure
For refr igerati on systems, ice and hydra tes are characreristics of C0 2 were discussed. Combin ing
possible on th e low pressure si de, e.g. upstrea m, higher press ures w ith lower temperarures may
of the expa nsion devices, in low press ure make the grades of carbon steel commonl y
receivers, p umps and evapora tors. H ydrates used for anm1onia unsuitable for use with CO J.
are most likely to form if wa ter-contaminared Stainless steel may be a cost effective altern ati;e
carbon dioxi de liquid is significa ntly subcooled to ASTM A333 Gr 6 carbon steel.
at chill conditions s uch as with a pump or a C 0 2 is very d ry as co mp a red t o o ther
subcooler. Ir is believed that hydra tes, as well as refri gera nts. T hi s may ca use problems fo r so rne
ice, may block valves or filters and may ca use p lasti c materia ls.
furth er damage to eq uip ment. Referring to
intersections Q l and Q 2 in Figure 4.8, a ri se in Ball va lves :
press ure ora drop in tempera tu re fro m either • Petro-chemica l and cryogenic indu stry
point w ill favo r the formati on of hydrates. eq ui p ment ava ilable and typically suitable
C u rre nt kn ow le d ge ass um es that there w ill
• Floa ting ba II design is necessary
be no ice or hydrate formation, if the mo isture
content in C0 2 systems is kept below 10 ppm. • Cavity re lief is req ui red
H ow ever, furth er resea rch regarding this • Glass fib er rein fo rce ment of the sea t materi a l
subject is necessary. H ydra te formation is not is preferred
possible ar temperatures a bove 54 ºF (12 ºC) .
• Avo id grap hite re in forcement of PTFE
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
WITH AMMONIA • Specify for dry C0 2
T he res ult of combining CO 1 and ammonia in
Glo be a nd a ngle refrigeration valves:
either the liquid or gaseo us state is the formation
of ammo nium carbamate. If there is wa ter • High press ure designs for C0 1 are
present, then ammo nium carbonate is for med. wid ely ava ilable
miiar. THE CARBON DIDXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK

C0 2 Expansion Process at
r.1¡mr··c·,.., Different Starting Points Enthalpy (kJ/kg)
-279.1 -209.3 -93.0 O 93.0 186.1 279.1 372.2 465.2 558.2 651.3
2000. 1 11 l¡jl,.J..JI 111-1. 1 tttf- 11:f((I tt< Y ;:t,:JG(l_;(<J. ::¿ 11<...l.! <.[ A( 'i \ _A \ \ \ \I\> \! \ l J. H13x;B
R-744
(carbon dioxide)
IP reference state:
''\
\ v-.\\\11'
h = O.O BTU/lb, s = O.DO BTUl (lb • º F)
o{~º ·
far saturated liquid at -40ºF o· r
SI Enthalpy (h) and SI Entropy (s)
. 1070 (7.41
1000. values in this dual units diagram l 6.9/
/59
800.
are scale shilted from the SI Dala
in Chapter 2 due to IP reference
t,ó:\'\
<\., 5
)(5
600. 4 .1/
/41
cu
~ 400. S~LID
\ .'ó \.'2.°'·º'\
2.7/
/27 'cuª'
ro
co
a..
(1)
._
;:¡
(/)
(/)
-
~
(1)
._
;:¡
(1)
._ (/)
a.. ' ·ºº \.'º'()'\ (/)
(1)
1.4./ ._
200. /14 a..
.so\.'1..'ó'\
0
1
.oo\.9·º
0
100.
T. R I _P LE P ? 1N T
L .69/
/6 .9
o.o.o\.º·°''\
80. 1
X5.5
().?>o \."'·S'\
.41/
60. /4.1
e-· 40. ': " H "' ¡· JJ dL ' ii_ " vv n-u, .Q, i · 11 b-Y 'JYd' l'IJU¡l;[Jl'lllt'.11'111 '11 '111 t1·%2.7
-120 -80 -40 O 40 80 120 160 200 240 280
!1111 Enthalpy (BTU/lb)
11
Water Solubi Iity in Various
iiifi Refrigerants in Vapor Phase
R717
.--...
+-' I
..e 2000 ,/,.
O)
·a5
3:
_... /
E /
Q.
~ ,,./
:É
:.o
1000
~
, ,/
:::i
oCf) ,/""
,,,,_,,-.,. R134a
E
--
./
-- --
2
:::i
E
·x
cu o - --- ~
---- ¡..,.,-- R404A
C02
-60 -40 -20 o 20 40 60 [º F]
-51 -40 -29 -18 -7 4 16 [ºC]
Temperature
• Sma ller valves genera lly h ave higher press ure The press ure redu ced C0 1 can a lso ca use
ra tings th an larger va lves w hipp ing of charging hoses and ca use dry ice
plugs to be fa rm ed and ejected at high velocities .
• Sea l ca ps ar e reco mmended to prevent stem
Opening a system th at co uld p ossibl y contain
lea kage du e to th e higher system press ures
salid C 0 2 ca n be quite da ngerous far t he a bove
SAFE MAINTENANCE reasons. Additionall y, salid C0 2 w ill extract
C0 2 is uniqu e in rega rds to safety re lief (co ndense) wa ter va p o r fr om the air a nd draw
va lves venting to atmosphere . At atrn ospheric water into the system wh ere it wi ll ca use
press ure, C0 1 exists as a sa lid. When a relief corrosio n if no t r em oved pr ior to the system or
va lve is vented to a tmosphere, any entra ined sub-system being placed back in service .
liquid wi ll turn to a sa lid as the press ure drops Like ammoni a, C0 2 liquid when trapped in
to atmospheric. Th e o utlet piping of the relief a pipe will exp and, creatin g excessive intern a!
va lve mu st be short eno ugh to prevent clogging press m es. In addition, C0 2 vapor can also rise
with salid CO ? o r snow. Additionally, the o utlet in press ure when trapped and heated by ambient
piping rnust b~ designed far -109 ºF (-78 .3 º C) air. 87 ºF (3 1 ºC) will generate vapor pressures
The same dynamic applies to a system th at is of 1045 psig (72.0 barg, 7205mPa), which may
opened to atmosphere to eliminate the refrigerant. exceed the design working press ure of the system.
Any residual liquid in the system th at is not If liquid co2exists in a system th at has to
evaporated in the blow clown process prior to be op ened up far m a inten a nce, it is best to use
the press ure dropping below 60.4 psig (5.18 bar co2va p o r to pu sh the liq uid into a different
/ 5 18kPa) -69.9 ºF (-56.6 ºC) w ill solidify, then p art of the system .
sublime at -109 ºF (-78.3 ºC) w hen the pressure If liquid co2is to be ve nted to atm osphere,
has dropped to atmospheric. This will typically then a regulating valve set at 75 p sig (51 7
be far below the ternperature and coincidental kPa) must be fitted to the end of the blow off
pressure rating of many of the system components. lin e to prevent the farmati o n of salid C0 1 in

Will Water Solubility in C0 2
,.-... 1000 Liquid
.......
..e
O)
--
- --
·m ~
~
---E _.,,,-
_,,.,,,,,.
~
Vapour
o.. 100
o.. -
---
~
>, ~
-~
:o:::l ~
....... ~
o(/) ~
~
10
E
-
~
:::l
E
·x
ro
:°2: 1
-60 -40 -20 O 20 40 60 [º F]
-51 -40 -29 -18 -7 4 16 [ºC]
T emperature
Water Distribution in C0 2
.
~ ...
..,~, Pump Circulating Systems
Cf ~
Compressor
Dry suction
~
Heat exchange
co receiver (condenser)
Evaporator Liquid
THE CARBON OIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANOBOOK iiar. m

the system. Ca utio n - dry ice at -109 ºF (-78. 3 press ures ca n res ult, which could rupture
º C) will sp ray o ut of the regula ting val ve o utlet. co mponents. Let th e blocked area w arm up
Beware of a nything in the discharge path . slowly by the hea t in the ambient air.
Install a ga uge in the vent line to ensure that it Proper system charging procedures are covered
has not been blocked with solid co?build-up. in detail in Chapter 17 - Charging.
lt is recommended to have a second-gauge installed
on the top, where there is sure to be COl in the REFERENCES
vapor state, of any component being vented, to 1. "Refrigeration Utilities " (RefUtil.exe). This program can be downloaded free
connr m the release of ali COl in a safe manner. from: http.//www.et.web.mek.dtu.dk/Coolpack/UK/download.html
Sho uld the vent line become cl ogged with solid 2. ASHRAE Handbook: "Fundamentals. " A tlanta, GA: A merican Society of
C0 2 , do not heat the blocked area . Extreme Heating, Refrigerating and Air- Conditioning En gineers.
3. Ullrich, A.; Eggers, R. "Hydrate Formation du ring Pressure Release of Wet

CO,, View - Ce// Observations," Chemical Engineering Technology (2004),
27, No. 5
ibii:i Grades of CO z 4. Datebook from: Age /ko Koh /ensaüre Industrie Dusseldorf
Grades Purity ( %) Water Concentrat ions (ppm) 5. Pearson, Andy PowerPoint Presentation to //AR M arc h 2013
Scientific 99.95 3-5

Refrig erant 99.9 10
Cryogenic 99.9 20
Beverag e 99.9 20
Industrial 99.8 50
@111 Phase Characteristics COz- NH 3
temperature, K
200 220 240 260 280 300
2000 +-~~~ ........~~~........~ ~ ~~ ...._~ ~~_._-+-~~--~---,
LH 20 : water-rich liquid phase
Lc 02 : C0 2-rich liquid phase
1500 V: COi-rich vapour phase

H: hydrate phase
·¡¡;
CL 1: water ice
...<Ji:::, 1000 S: solid COrrich phase
C/)
11)
...
Q)
CL
500
-50 o
temperature, ºF
mHar. THE CARBON OIOXIOE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK

SAFETY DATA SHEET (SDS)
(U nited Sta tes Referen ce)
NOTE: SDS is also known as "Material Safety Data Sheet" (MSDS)
l. CHEMICAL PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION

Product Name: Carbon dioxide refrigerated liquid
Chemical Name: Carbon Dioxide
CAS # : 124-38-9 (Chemical Abstracts Service, United States)
EC Number (ElNECS): 204-696-9 (European lnventory of Existing Commercial
Substances)
Synonyms: Carbon Dioxide (cryogenic liquid) LC02 , liquefied C02
Chemica l Family: Acid anhydride
Product Grades: Scientific, Refrigerant, Cryogenic, Beverage, Industrial
Telephone: Emergencies: l-800-645-4633 *
CHEMTREC: l-800-424-9300 * (CHEMica l TRansportation
Emergency Center, United States) www.chemtrec.com
* Emergency cal! numbers 24 hours a day only for spills, leaks,
fire , exposure, or accidents involving this product (United
States) .
2. HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION
EMERGENCY OVERVLEW
WARNING! Cold liquid and gas under pressure.
Can cause rapid suffocation.
Can increase respiration and heart rate.
May cause nervous system damage.
May cause frostbite.
May cause dizziness and drowsiness.
Self-contained breathing apparatus and protective clothing rnay be required by rescue
workers.
This product is a colorless, odorless liquid that transfonns to white crystall ine
particles when discharge from its container. The gas is slightly acidic and may be felt
to have a slight, pungent odor and biting taste .
OSHA Regulatory Status: This material is considered hazardous by the OSHA Hazard
Communications Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200)
POTENTJAL HEALTH EFFECTS:

Effects of a Single (Acute) Overexposure -
Jnhalation: Carbon dioxide gas is an asphyxiant with effects due to the lack of
oxygen. lt is also physiologically active, affecting circulation and breathing. Moderate
concentrations rnay cause headache, drowsiness, dizziness, stinging of the nose and
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THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANOBOOK ¡¡ar. m

throat, excitation, rapid breathing and heart rate, excess salivation, vomiting, and
unconsciousness. Lack of oxygen can kill.
Skin Contact: No hann expected from vapor. Prolonged contact with carbon dioxide
crystals (snow) could cause frostbite. Cold gas, or liquid or solid carbon dioxide may
cause severe frostbite.
Swallowing: An unlikely mute of exposure. This is a gas at normal temperature and
pressure. Severe frostbite of the lips and mouth may result from contact with the liquid
or solid.
Eye Contact: No hann expected from vapor. Cold gas, or liquid or solid carbon
dioxide may cause severe frostbite.
Notes to Physician:
There is no specific antidote. Treatment of overexposure should be directed at the
control of symptoms and the cíinical condition of the patient.
Effects of Repeated (Chronic) Overexposure: No harm expected to healthy individual s.
Where competent medica! authority deems that such illness would be aggravated by
exposure to carbon dioxide, persons ill should be restricted from working with or handling
this product.
Other Effects of Overexposure: Damage to retina! or ganglion cells and central nervous
system may occur.
Medical Conditions Aggravated by Overexposure: The toxicology and the physical and
chemical properties of carbon dioxide suggest that overexposure is unlikely to aggravate
existing medica! conditions.
Carcinogenicity: Carbon dioxide is not li sted by NTP (National Toxicology Program,
United States), OSHA, or IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer, World
Health Organization, UN).
Potential Environmental Effects: None known. For further info1mation, see section 12,
Ecological lnformation.
3. COMPOSlTlON/lNFORMATlON ON lNGREDIENTS
See section 16 for important information about mixtures.
Component CAS Number EC Number Concentration
Carbon Dioxide 124-38-9 204-696-9 >99%
4. FIRST AID MEASURES

lnhalation: lmmediately remove to fresh air. lf not breathing, give artificial respiration.
lf breathing is difficult, qualified personnel may give oxygen. Cal! a physician.
Skin Contact: For exposure to cold liquid, vapor, or solid: immediately warm frostbite
area with waim water not to exceed 105 º F (41 ºC). In case of massive exposure, remove
contaminated clothing while showering with warm water. Calla physician.
Swallowing: An unlikely route of exposure. This product is a gas at normal temperature
and pressure.
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lm iiar. THE CARBON OIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANOBOOK

Eye Contact: For exposure to cold liquid, vapor, or sol id: immediately tlush eyes
thoroughly with warm water for at least 15 minutes . Hold the eyelids open and away from
the eyeballs to ensure that ali surfaces are tlushed thoroughly. See a physician, preferably
an ophthalmologist, immediately.
Notes To Physician:
There is no specific antidote. Treatm.ent ofoverexposure should be directed at the control
of symptoms and the clinical condition of the patient.
S. FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES

Flammable Properties: onflammable.
Suitable Extinguishing Media: Carbon dioxide cannot catch fire. Use media appropriate
for sunounding fire.
Products Of Combustion: Not applicable
Protection Of Firefighters: CAUTION! Cold liquid and gas under pressure. Evacuate
ali personnel form danger area. lmmediately spray containers with water from maximum
distance until cool, taking care not to direct spray onto vents on top of container. Do not
discharge sprays into liquid carbon dioxide, which will freeze water rapidly. When
containers have cooled, move them away from fire area if without risk. Self-contained
breathing apparah1s and protective clothing may be required by rescue workers. On-site
fíre brigades must comply with OSHA 29 CFR 1910.156.
Specific Physical And Chemical Hazards: Heat of fire can build pressure in cylinder and
cause it to rupture. No pati of container should be subjected to a temperature higher than
125 º F (52 º C). Liquid carbon dioxide containers are equipped with a pressure relief
device (exceptions may exist where authorized by DOT (Depa1iment of Transportation,
United States)).
Protective Equipment And Precautions For Firefighters: Firefighters should wear
appropriate gear for surrounding fire.
6. ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES

Steps To Be Taken If Material Is Released Or Spilled:
CAUTION! Cold liquid and gas under pressure.
Personal Precautions: Carbon Dioxide gas is an asphyxiant. Lack of oxygen can kili.
Evacuate all personnel from danger area. Use self-contained breathing apparatus and
protective clothing where needed. Liquid carbon di oxide will not "spill." Flakes of so lid
carbon dioxide will fonn at pressures below 67 psig (461.95 kPa; 4 .6 Barg) and fallas
snow . Shut off leak if possible to do so without risk. Yentilate area or move container to a
well-ventilated area. Test for sufficient oxygen, especially in confined spaces, before
allowing reentry.
Environmental Precautions: Prevent waste from contaminating the surrounding
environment. Keep personnel away. Discard any product, residue, disposable container, or
liner in an environmentally acceptable manner, in full compliance with federal, state, and
local regulations. lf necessary, call your local supplier for assistance.
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THE CARBON DIOXIOE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANOBOOK iiCJr. 1111

7. HANDLING ANO STORAGE
Precautions To Be Taken In Handling: Never allow any unprotected pa1i of the body to
touch uninsulated pipes or vessels containing refrigerated liquids. Flesh will stick to the
extremely cold metal and tears when trying to pull free. Use suitabl e hand truck to move
containers. Containers must be handled and stored in an upright position and protected
from damage. Do not drop or tip containers, or roll them on their sides. lf va lve is hard to
open, discontinue use and contact supplier. Never apply flam e or localized heat directl y to
any part of the container. For other precautions in using carbon dioxide, see Section 16.
Precautions To Be Taken In Storage: Gas can cause rapid suffocat ion due to oxygen
deficiency. Store and use with adequate ventilation. Do not store in confined space.
Carbon di oxide is heavier than air. lt tends to accumulate near the floor of an enclosed
space, displacing air and pushing it upward. This creates an oxygen-deficient atmosphere
near the
Floor. Yentilate space before entry. Yerify sufficient oxygen concentration. Close container
valve after each use; keep closed even when empty. Storage ages should be clean and dry,
free of oils and dust. These collect on condensing coi Is and impair their efficiency.
Temperatures should not exceed 125 º F (51.1 º C). Cryogenic containers are equipped with
a pressure relief device anda pressure-controlling val ve. Under normal conditions, these
containers periodically vent product to control interna! pressure. Use adequate pressure
relief devices in systems and piping to prevent press ure buildup; entrapped liquid can
generate extremely high pressures.
Recommended Publications: Request futiher recomrnended information on storage,
handling, and use from the C02 supplier.
8. EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION

Component OSHA PEL ACGIH TLV-TWA (2009)
Carbon dioxide 5,000 ppm 5,000 ppm; 30,000 ppm l 5min STEL **
* ACGIH: American Conference of Governrnental Industrial Hygienists
** STEL: Sho11 Tern1 Exposure Limit - defined by ACGIH
TLV-TWA's (Threshold Limit Va lue - Time Weighted Average) should be used as a guide
in the contro l of health haza rds and not as fin e lines between safe and dangerous
concentrations.
IDLH = 40,000 ppm
Engineering Controls -
Local Exhaust: Use a local exhaust system , if necessary, to keep the concentration of
carbon dioxide below ali applicable exposure limits in the worker's breathing zone.
Mechanical (General): Under certain conditions, general exhaust ventilation may be
acceptable to keep carbon dioxide below the ex posure limit.
Special: None
Other: None
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lll iiar. THE CARBON OIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK

Personal Protective Equipment -
Skin Protection: Wear insulated neoprene gloves and metatarsal shoes for cylinder
handling. Wear protecti ve clothing where needed. Cuffless trousers should be worn
outside shoes. Select in accordance with OSHA 29 CFR 1910.132 and 1910. 133.
Regardless of protective equipment, never touch live electrical parts .
Eye/Face Protection: Select in accordance with OSHA 29 CFR 1910.133 .
Respiratory Protection: A respiratory protection program that meets OSHA 29 CFR
1910.134, ANSI Z88.2, or MSHA (Mine Safety and Health Administration , United
States) 30 CFR 72.710 (where app licable) requirements must be fo llowed whenever
workplace conditions warrant respirator use. Use an air-supplied or air-purifying
cartridge if the action leve! is exceeded. Ensure the respirator has the appropriate
protection factor for the exposure leve l. ff cartridge type respirators are used, the
cartridge must be appropriate for the chemical exposure (e.g., an organic vapor
cartridge). For emergencies or instances with unknown exposure levels , use a self-
contained breathing apparatus.
9. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

Appearance: Colorless liquid
Odor: Odorless. Felt by sorn e to have a slight,
pungent odor and biting ta ste.
Odor Threshold: Not applicable
Physical State: Not available
pH: 3.7 (for carbonic acid)
Sublimation Point al I atm : -109.3 ºF (-78.5 º C)
Boiling Point at I atrn: Not applicable
Flash Point (test method) : Not applicable
Evaporation Rate (Butyl Acetate = 1): High
Flammability: Non-flammable
Flammable Limits in Air, % by volume: Lower: Not applicable
Upper: Not applicable
Vapor Pressure at 70 º F (2 1. 1 º C): 838 psig (5778 kPa ; 57.8 Barg)
Liquid Density (saturated) at 70 º F (2 1. 1 º C) 47.6 lb/ft 3 (762 kg/m 3)
and I atm :
Specific Gravity (H 20 = 1) at 19.4 º F (-7 º C) l.22
Specific Gravity (A ir = 1) at 70 º F (2 1.2 º C) and 1.52
1 atm:
Solubility in Water vol/vo l at 68 º F (20 º C) and 0.90
1 atm :
Partition Coefficient: n-octanol/water: ot available
Autoignition Temperation: Not available
Decomposition Temperature: Not available
Percent Volatiles by Volume: 100
Molecular Weight: 44.01
Molecular Formula: C02
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THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK Har. 1111

10. STABILITY ANO REACTIVITY
Chemical stability: Stable

Conditions To Avoid : Contact with incompatibl e materials, exposure to electrical
discharges, and/or hi gh temperahires as state below .
Incompatible Materials: Alkali metals, alkaline earth meta ls, metal acety lides,
chromium, titanium above l 022 º F (550 ºC), uranium above 1382 ºF (750 º C), magnesium
above 1427 º F (775 º C).
Hazardous Decomposition Products: Electrical discharges and high te mperatures
decompose carbon dioxide into carbon monoxide and oxygen.
Possibility Of Hazardous Reactions: May occur.
Decomposition into: toxic, flammable, and /or oxidizing mate ri als ma y occur under
above-stated conditions.
11. TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION

Acute Dose Effects: Carbon dioxide is an asphyxiant. It initially stimulates respiration and
then causes respiratory depress ion. High concentrations result in narcosis. Symptoms in
humans are as follows:
EFFECT CONCENTRATION
Breathing rate increases s lightly. 1%
Breathing rate inc reases to 50% above normal leve l. Pro longed 2%
expos ure can ca use headac he, tiredness.
Breathing increases to tw ice normal rate and beco mes labored. Weak 3%
narcotic effect. lmpaired hearing, headache, increased bl ood press ure
and pulse rate.
Breathin g increases to approx imately four tim es norm al rate, 4 -5 %
symptom s of into x ica ti on beco me evi dent, and sli ght chok ing may be
fe lt.
C haracte ri sti c sharp ord er noticeabl e. Very labored breathin g, 5 - 10%
headache, visua l impairm ent, and ring in g in the ea rs . Judgment may
be impaired, fo ll owed within minutes by loss of consc io usness .
U nconsc io usness occ urs more rapidly abo ve 10% leve !. Prolonged 10 - 100%
exposure to hi gh concentrations may eventuall y res ult in death from
asphyx iation.
Reproductive Effects: A single study has shown an increase in heari defects in rats
exposed to 6% carbon dioxide in air for 24 hours at different times during gestation. There
is no evidence that carbon dioxide is teratogeni c in humans.
12. ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION
Ecotoxicity: No adverse ecological effects expected.

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m iiar. THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK

Other Adverse Effects: Carbon dioxide does not contact any C lass l or Class ll ozone-
depleting chemicals.
13. DISPOSAL CONSIDERA TION

Waste Disposal Method: Do not attempt to di spose ofresidual or unused quantities.
Return cy linder to suppli er.
14. TRANSPORT INFORMA TION

DOT/IMO* Shipping Name: Carbon dioxide, refrigerated liquid
Hazard Class : Packing Group/Zone: Id entification N umber: Product RQ:
2.2 No t a li cabl e VN2 187 one
* LMO: lnternati onal Maritime Organization

Special Shipping lnformation: Cy linders should be transp011ed in a secure pos ition, in a
well-ventilated vehicle. Cylinders transpo11ed in an enclosed, non- ventilated compai1ment
of a vehicle can present serious safety hazards. Shipment of compressed gas cylinders that
were fill ed without the owner 's consent is a violation of federal law [49 CFR 173 .30l (b)].
Marine Pollutants: carbon di ox ide is not li sted as a marine pollutant by OOT.
15. UNITED STA TES REGULATORY IN FORMATION

T he fo llowing selected regul atory requirements may appl y to thi s product. Not all such
requirements are identified. Users of thi s product are solely responsible fo r compli ance
with ali appli cable federal, state, and local regulations.
U.S. Federal Regulations -
EPA (En vironmental Protection Agency):
CERCLA: Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compe nsati on, and Liability
Act of 1980 (40 CFR Pa11s 11 7 and 302):
Reportable Quantity (RQ): No ne
SARA: Superfund Amendment and Reauthorization Act:
Sections 302/304: Require emergency planning based on Threshold Planning
Quantity (TPQ) and release repotiing based on Reportabl e Quantities (RQ) of
Extremely Hazardous Substances (EH S) (40 CF R Part 355):
TPQ: None
EHS RQ (40 CFR 355): None
Sections 311/312: Require submi ss ion of SDSs and reporting of chemical
inventaries with identi fi cation of EPA hazard categori es. The haza rd categories
fo r thi s product are as fo llows :
lmmediate: Yes Pressure: Yes
Delayed: No Reactivity : o
Fire: o lEa'llml
~

Section 313: Requires submission of annual reports ofrelease oftoxic
chemicals that appear in 40 CFR part 3 72 .
Carbon dioxide is not subject to reporting under Section 313.
40 CFR 68: Risk Management Program For Chemical Accidental Release Prevention :
Requires development and implernentation of risk management programs at facilities
that manufacture, use, store, or otherwise handle regulated substances in quantities that
exceed specified thresholds.
Carbon dioxide is not listed as a regulated substance.
TSCA (Toxic Substances Control Act): Carbon dioxide is listed on the TSCA
inventory.
OSHA: 29 CFR 1910. 119 - Process Safety Management of Highly Hazardous
Chemicals: Requires facilities to develop a process safety management program based
on Threshold Quantities (TQ) of highly hazardous chemicals.
Carbon dioxide is not listed in Appendix A as a highly hazardous chemical.
U.S. State Regulations -
California: Carbon dioxide is not listed by California under the safe drinking water
and toxic enforcement act of 1986 (Proposition 65).
Pennsylvania: Carbon dioxide is subject to the Pennsylvania Worker and Community
right-to-know act (35 P.S. Sections 7301-7320).
16. OTHER INFORMATlON

Be sure to read and understand all labels and instructions supplied with all containers
of this product.
Other Hazardous Conditions Of Handling, Storage And Use: Cold liquid and gas
under pressure. Contact may cause frostbite. Use piping and equipment adequately
designed to withstand pressures to be encountered. Use a backflow prevention device in
any piping. A void rnaterials incompatible with cryogenic use; sorne metals such as carbon
steel may fracture easily at low temperature. Never work on a pressurized system. If there
is a leak, close the container valve. Blow the system down in a safe and environmentally
sound manner in compliance with ali federal, state , and local laws; then repair the leak.
Never place a compressed gas cylinder where it may become part of an electrical circuit.
Mixtures: When two or more chernicals are rnixed additional and unexpected hazards can
be created. Obtain and evaluate the safety information for each cornponent before creating
the mixture. Consultan industrial hygienist or other trained person when evaluating the end
product. Rernernber, chemicals have prope11ies that can cause serious injury or death.
Hazard Rating Systems:
NFPA * ratings: HMIS** ratings:
Health =3 Health =3
Flammability =O Flarnmability =O
lnstability =O Physical Hazard =3
Special = SA (CGA recornrnends this to designate Simple Asphyxiant.
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m iiar. THE CARBON DIOXIOE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANOBOOK

* NFPA: National Fire Protection Association, United States
** HMIS: Hazardous Materials Identification System, United States
Standard Valve Connections for U.S. and Canada -
Threaded: CGA-320 (Compressed Gas Association)
CGA-320 for withdrawal of refrigerated liquid
Pin-indexed yoke: Not app licab le.
Ultra-high-integrity connection: Not app licable.
Use the proper CGA c01mections. DO NOT USE ADAPTERS. Additional limited-
standard connections may apply. See CGA pamphlet V-1 listed below. Ask the carbon
di oxide supplier about the availability of additional safety literature referred to in this SOS
and on the label for the product. Further infonnation can be found in the materials li sted
below published by the Compressed Gas Association, Inc (CGA), 4221 Walney Road, 5th
Floor, Chantilly, VA 20151 -2923 , Telephone (703) 788-2700 ,
http: //www.cganet.com/Publication.asp.
A Y-1 Safe handling and storage of compressed gases
A V-7 Characteristics and safe handling of carbon dioxide
G-6 Carbon Dioxide
G-6.1 Standard for low pressure carbon dioxide systems at customer sites
G-6.2 Commodity specification for carbon dioxide
P-l Safe handling of compressed gases in containers
P-2 Characteristics and safe handling of medica! gases
SB-2 Oxygen-deficient atmospheres
Y-1 Compressed gas cy linder valve inlet and outlet connections
Handbook of compressed gases, fourth edition
Study this SDS and become aware of product hazards and safety information. To promote
safe use of this production, a user should:
(1) Notify emp loyees, agents , and contractors of the inforrnation in this SOS and of
any other known product hazards and safety information.
(2) Fumish this inforrnation to each purchaser of the product.
(3) Ask each purchaser to notify its employees and customers of the product hazards
and safety information.
The info1mation herein has been provided by qualified experts and is believed to be cuITent
as of the date of this C02 Handbook. Since the use of this information and the conditions
of use ofthe product are not within the control of IIAR it is the user's obligation to
detem1ine the conditions of safe use of the product.
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l HE CAR BON OIOXIOE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANOBOOK iiar. 1111

CH,ÁPTER
!'.!
FIVE
__ • ~
SystBm TypBs
INTRODUCTION pipes w hen the evaporating press ure drops below
C0 2 is a hi gh press ure refrigera nt with a the triple point. H owever, solid C0 2 will o bstruct
re lativel y low critica! point. Beca use of thi s, a the fl ow th ro ugh the evaporator, thu s reducing its
refri gerati o n cycl e using C0 2 may be subcritica l perfor mance. T he exa mple shown drops -22 ºF
or tra nscriti ca l. Each cycle has its unique (-3 0 ºC) li q uid to 58 p sig (4 bar/400 kPa), which
characteristics. genera tes abo ut 4 7% solid C0 2 by mass .
This chapter is comprised of tour sections: The upper limit of evaporating temperature in a
subcritical cycle is governed by either; the press ure
• Subcritical systems, with compression
ra ting of the eva porator, or the maximurn suction
• Subcriti ca l systems, volatil e br ine p ress ure ra ting of the compresso r. The latter ca n
• Transcritical systems be overcome w ith a pressure reg ulating valve in
• Steering the reader towa rd s the proper system the compressor sucti o n line, altho ugh that will
fo r their application decrease system efficiency.
Compress io n is the typical isentropic process
As noted elsewhere in this handbook, open fo und in most refrigeration cycles . As with any
systems w here the liquid C0 2 is sprayed on the refrigera ti on system, a suction trap, acc umulator
product directl y or snow " dry ice" is created or recircul ator is required to ensure th at onl y
and compressed into blocks or br iquettes are not dry gas reaches the compressor. The hea t of
covered by thi s handbook. compressio n with C0 2 is less than amrn onia,
a ll ow ing fo r moderare di scharge temperatures,
System Types: Subcritical but grea ter th an R-507 w hich prefers sorne
with C0 2 Compression degree of sucti on superheat to ensure dry
Subcritical C0 2 systems operate with the complete compress10n.
refrigerati o n cycle occurring above the triple Subcritica l systern s may ha ve one of two types
point 75. 1 p sia (5.2 bar/ 520kPa) and below the of condensing o r rejecting heat; the fir st and
critica! point 1067 psia (73 .6 bar/ 7,36 0 kPa) as simplest is heat rejection directl y to an ambient
di splayed in figure 5.1. 1. Thi s is th e classic single heat sink such as cool sea wa ter or co ld ambient
stage refrigera tion cycle commo nl y used with NH 3 air tempera tu re, the second type uses a casca de
and halocarbon refrigera nts. hea t excha nger and the heat is rejected to
The evap orating temperature(s) in a subcritical another, higher temperatu re, refrigerati o n cycle.
system ca n exist fr om a low of -69.8 ºF (-56 .6 ºC) The fir st typ e is ca lled a single stage cycl e, the
which is the triple point, below w hich, solid co2 second typ e is ca ll ed a cascade cycl e.
starts to form. It is prudent to design systems with SINGLE STAGE CONDENSING
the evaporating temperature 2-4 ºR (1-2 K) above With a cr itica ! point of 87.8 ºF, a relati vely cold
this point to all ow fo r the lag in control response heat sink is req uired to condense C0 2 and stay
and the overshooting th at in vari ably occurs. below the critica ! point. Consid er an exa mple of
Referring to the triple point line 60.4 psig (5 .18 a water cooled condense r with a 10 ºR (5 K) rise
bar/51 8 kPa) in Figure 5.1.2, it is apparent th at and a 5 ºR (2 .8 K ) approach tempera tu re plus a
any liquid dropping below critica! pressure on the 15 % safety rnargin ; it will require a maximum
left hand side of the PH do me w ill convert to a supply wa ter temperature of 60 ºF (15.6 ºC) to
mixture of solid and vapor, as opposed to a pure condense C0 2 at 75 ºF (23 .8 ºC). There are few
solid, if reduced in pressure below the triple p oint. places on ea rth th at ca n supply 60 ºF (15 .6 ºC)
This pheno menon prevents immediate clogging of maximum cooling water th ro ugho ut the year.
THE CARBON DIOXIOE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK iiar.m

In the ear ly 1900's, C0 2 system design on larger systems by using a dedicated high
pressures were sufficient to allow systems to go temperature compressor for the flash gas from
transcritica l in the summer months or in tropica l the liguid cooling. This is shown in figure 5.1.4,
waters. At which point the C0 2 charge was which shows the cycle schematic.
increased to elevare the discharge pressure into a The theory is similar to a single stage,
more efficient transcritical range . economized ammon ia cycle. The side port of the
Referring to Figure 5 .1.3, the theoretical C0 1 screw compressor or one dedicated cy linder
system efficiency, denoted as COP, can be on a rec iprocating compressor could be used for
improved significamly by reducing the condensing thi s process, subj ect to manufacturer approval
temperature. Then the leaving liguid C0 2 enthalpy and rating.
is reduced, providing a greater net refrigera tion CASCADE CONDENSING
effect with less power consumed. Note the COP Figure 5 .1.6 is for a simple casca de system with
reduction from 3.9 to 2.8 in Figure 5.1.3 dueto a a co2low temperature system and an ammonia
higher condensing temperature. high temperature system . The high temperature
Our forefathers recognized this and some system cou ld uti lize a different refrigera nt such
systems from the early 1900's used a doub le as a halocarbon ora hydroca rbon . However, the
acting compressor and fl as h coo led the basic cycle remains the sa me.
condensed C0 1 to a lower leve! and injected thi s By rejecting heat to a higher temperature
flash gas into the main compression stroke . T he refrigeration system, the temperature level of the
same system effect can be accomp lished today cascade heat exchanger can be varied to optimize
iif:1111 Subcritical co 2 Cycle Enthalpy (kJ/kg)
·279.1 ·209.3 ·93.0 o 93.0 186.1 279.1 372.2 465.2 558.2 651.3
2000.
13;_%;8
R-744
(carbondloxlde )
IP re!e1ence stato
h • O O BTUl1b, s • 0 .00 BTUl(lb • ºF)
lof sa turalad IIQuló e t · 40 ºF
St 1:nlhalpy (h) and SI Entropy (S)
vatoes w, lhls oual un1ts dlagram
1000. a,e scale shllted trom me SI Data 63(9
in O\apte( 2 due to IP relerence
800. 5Xs
600. 4x;
~
~
·¡¡; 400. 2-x, (1j
CD
.e ti!
c..
~ ~
::,
en ~
en ::,
~ ,,6,o, en
c.. en
200. '·ºº 1)(4 ~
c..
,,-i.'ó)
o.so
o.60 ,9.&)
100. ·~ 9
o.AD ,¡,.A)
80.
.., ~,._s)
·:%:s
60. f1 l
O,
·~1
40.
-1 20 -80 -40 o 40 80 120 160 200 240 280
·5f7
Enthalpy {BTU/lb)
miiar. THE CAR BON DIOXID[ INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK

the system p er fo rma nce. There are a number of system, th e larger swept volume requirements of
item s that fac tor into this decisio n such as: an amm oni a co mpressor fa vor using a sma ll er
swept volume C0 2 compressor and the extra
• Des ign working press ure of the components
expense of a cascade heat exchanger.
• A temperature leve! required for production
System Ty p es: Subcritical
• The capacity of a n existing high
tempera ture system
Systems - Volatile Brine
Another va ri a nt on a casca de system is to
• The size of the high temper a tu re compressor
elimin are the C0 2 co mpressor and use th e high
• The power limitatio ns of the C0 2 compressor temperature system to regulare the C0 2 at one
or more tempera ture levels. Thi s is ca lled a
• The surfa ce area of the cascade conden ser
" Volatil e Brine" system as shown in Figure 5 .2.1 .
The system designer has to consider each one In this system, liquid C0 2 is pumped o r gravity
of these and determine a casca de temperature circul a ted to th e evap o rator(s) and the returning
tha t is the best compro mi se for ali of the a bove C0 2 vapor is condensed and dra ined back into
co nsidera tio ns. th e rec irc ul ating system by gravity. This type o f
As evaporator temperatures d rop below -40 system is generally used at higher temperatures,
ºF (-40 ºC) in a typica l a mm oni a refrigerati on where there wo uld otherwise be a minim al
system, two-s tage co mpress ion is typically used co mpress io n rati o fo r a C0 2 co mpressor a nd the
for optimum efficiency. H owever in a cascade co2sid e is lubrica nt fre e.
liríJtfl Salid co 2 Formation Enthalpy (kJ/kg)
-279.1 -209.3 -93.0 o 93.0 186.1 279.1 372.2 465.2 558.2 651.3
2000. 133(¡8
R-744
(ca1tl0f'I d\o~ldel
IP relerence state
ha OOBTU/lb s., O00 BTU/(lb · •f)
1or sab.lfated MQ\Jld at .40•f
SI Entnatpy ¡r,¡ ar'Ct $1 Enll'opy {s)

values 11'1 tl'lls dual unlts oiagram
1000. - are scale stiifted lrom the SI Data 6;%'9
in Cl'lapler 2 duEI 10 IP relerence
5
800.
Ys's
600. 4:x;
~
rn
·¡¡; 400. 2J,f7
co
CD
E, «!
~
,.s,z•·º) a..
~
::,
~
(/)
(/)
::,
~ ,,.,.o) (/)
a.. , _r::f)
(/)
Q)
200.
,,z.S\ 1;.~< 4 a:
"' º"'
o· e"' I o.so
o."º ,9.0)
~
o
100. - ~9
O-
•º ,.,.•)
80. -~ 5
.,o ,•.e)
O,
60. ·:J{,
-80 ·62.~
1
.90 ·67.8
40. ~7
- 120 - 80 - 40 o 40 80 120 160 200 240 280
Enthalpy (BTU/lb)
THE CARBON OIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANOBOOK Har. m

Traditi onall y secondary refrigerati on circuits col has a low viscosity and is extremely
in indu stria l systems used wa ter, glycol or brine. economical to circulare w hen used as a volatile brine
Proprietary synthetic hea t tran sfer fluid s are so it is eminendy suitable as a heat transfer fluid
available and ha ve al so been used. over a wide range of temperatures. It can effectively
At temper atures above freezing, inhibited wa ter be used for low temperatures that approach the
is typica lly the secondary refrigera nt of choice. triple point. The practica! upper temperature limit is
Aqu eous p ropylene glycol is fr equ endy used governed by the pressure rating of the components
at tempera tu res below freezing in f ood indu stry
commerciall y availa ble for the C0 2 loop.
applications beca use it is no n-toxic, is class ified
as food grade, is suita ble for temperatures below HEAT TRANSFER
freezing and when properly inhibited, is not The starting p oint in any refri gerating system
corrosive. However, lower operating temperatures is the h eat gain from the space or produ ct
require higher glycol to water ratios to prevent being refri gerated. This typically occurs in th e
freezing. As the glycol to wa ter rati o increases, evapora tor.
the mixture viscosity increases exponentiall y. The performance of a tra ditio nal evaporator
Consequently the economica lly p ractica ) th at is c irc uited fo r p rop ylene glyco l is depend ent
minimum loop tempera tu re for prop ylene glyco l is upo n th e turbul ence o f the glycol fl ow thro ugh
approxi mately O ºF (-1 7 .7 ºC) . th e tubes . Thi s tu rbu lence is typica ll y der ived
iilifi Condensing Pressu re Effects on CO P

Enthalpy (kJ/kg)
-279. 1 -209 .3 -93.0 O 93.0 186.1 279.1 372.2 465.2 558.2 651 .3
2000.r:::============:::;-~-,T;l;¡l¡f;TIET;'"'i.f'~l;]~;f;'l~~r-:~~~;e::"i;';'\\;liíT\Tr~ ~ - : : -~ -.,3;%;8
R-744
IP re ll!feoce state
h • OOBTU/1b S•OOOBTUf(lb · ºF)
IOf sa1u,ated liqulcl at ·40ºF
SI En1'181py {h) and SI Entropy (s )

\lalues In !!lis dual unlts dlagram
1000. 8111 Scale sttlhad !rom !he SI Data
1n Cl'lapte< 2 dllEI to IP relerence
800.
600.
al
·¡¡; 400.
.e,
~
::::,
(/)
(/)
~
(L
200.
100. ·~ 9
80. ·~5
60. ·~ ,
40. ;;;;~..;..;;;;;.;o;;;;;;;¡;;¡¡;;;:;;;.__;;:;.;;;;¡¡;;;¡;;;al;.....;;¡;;¡;;j;;a;;;;¡~~i..::;---;;;;;;;;;;;a;;;;-i.l~l,J.~~.:¡¿1.J..\:.L.I-JLI.UlU..L.WU..~~-.J ·2Jf_7
- 120 -80 - 40 O 40 80 120 160 200 240 280
COP = ..!!._ = 2.8 Enthalpy (BTU/lb)
30 ~
Ah =84 30
COP=~=3.9
24 A h =94 24
miiar. THE CARBON OIOXIOE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK

fro m the velocity withi n the tube, with more T he hea t transfer equation Q=ue.-A e.· LMTD
velocity crea ting higher turbulence and a higher reflects that heat tra nsfer is di rectl y proportional
heat transfer coeffic ient. H owever, the glycol to the LM TD. The fo llowing table illu strates the
press ure drop increases with th e squ are of the 20% LM TD gain by switching fro m the sensible
velocity and quickly becomes impractical due to heat ga in of glycol to the latent heat ga in of C0 2 •
the pumping power required. Additionall y, glyco l T he fo llowin g exa mple for a 2-fa n evapo rato r
absorbs sen si bl e hea t and r ises in temperature demonstra tes the relative capacity, fluid fl ow
which reduces the LMTD across the hea t transfer and cost of glycol fee d, C0 2 feed and glyco l fee d
surface. W hen C0 2 is used as a volatile brine, with interna! enhancemen t. In ali three instances,
li q uid C0 2 is pu mped into the evaporator. It the roo m tempera tu re is 28 ºF (-2 .2 ºC) and the
then boi ls at its saturated temperatu re. Bo iling ammonia temperature cooling the glycol or C0 2
heat tra nsfer is significa ntl y greater than forced is held at 18 ºF (-7.7 ºC) for all th ree examples .
co nvectio n heat tra nsfer mechani sm. The Therefore, the specific energy of the br ine loop is
boiling process occurs at a relatively constant th e only variable.
temperature, w ith a slight increase due to
pressure drop. At 20 ºF (-6 .7 ºC), a 3 psi (0 .2 PUMPING POWER
bar) interna! press ure drop res ults in a minor, 0.5 T he next consideratio n is the p ump ing power.
ºR (0.27 K) rise in evapora ting temperature. T he flui d flows of the exa mpl e a bove are
iiiili CPR Cycle Enhancement

Enthalpy (kJ/kg)
R-744
(carbon dlo1ode)
lP relereoce state
h • 00 BTUl1b. s • O 00 BTUl(lb • 9F)
to, saru,ated ljqukf at -40~F
~~ ~::~~~i:i~~;t~ ~\f,~~.;.:.;. ;:'-"--'-' --~ 63í9

SI Enlhalpy (h) and SI Enuopy (Sl
values 1n thlS ooal Ufl!IS diagiam
1000. a..e scale shlftéd ñom the S1 Data
lfl Chaptef 2 oue to IP refQl'ence
800. 5;.Yss
600.
ro
·¡;; 400 .
.e,
~
::,
(/)
(/)
~
o..
200.
100. ~ ·%9
80.
·:%'.s
60. ·':;{.,
40. :......S5..'=~~=-¡;;¡;;;¡¡a-i.;;;;;a-i.a;j;..;;;;;l~~.:!...=-a-=~~\.l'JJII.U¡Ufl,~.:.U.JtJ.J..ILL.U.L.U~~~~ 2:,f7

- 120 - 80 - 40 O 40 80 120 1 1 160 : 200 240 280
Enthalpy (BTU/lb) ~ · ~
COP=-9-4 -=3.0 ~ JO
30+21(6) Ah = 94 &

System Schematic CO -NH 3 Cascade System
UVilfi far Fig . 5.1.4 UVIIII wit~ C0 2 Compression
l.21X FLOW
NH 1
o
i i CONOENSER
a:
'r o(/)
:,: ~ (/)
G -!, "' :r w
~
~ = 0 . 2 1X FLOW
z~
~
e o
(.)
FLASH VES SEL

B
INTERMEDIATE PRESSURE
!e CASCA DE
":;; CONOENSER
1X FLOW
LOW PAESSURE
co ,
EVAPORATOR
compared in the following table with 200

equivalent feet of piping.
lt should be worth noting th at the co2
pumping power is approximately 25 % of the NH ,
glycol pumping power or 11 % on a per ton

(kW) basis. In add ition, the C0 2 return flow
is not pump dependent. The effect on the
compressor power is a minor loss of 0.66 psi.
In addition to less expensive, smaller piping, the
p co,
insulation costs wi ll be less as well.
The heat absorbed by th e brine loop must be
CASCAOE IX
transferred to the ammonia system. A glycol
loop would typica lly uti lize a plate and frame
heat exchanger for this duty. For the higher
pressures of the C0 2 loop, a plate and shell
would be the typical choice.
The same LMTD comparison that applies
to the air side evaporator also app lies to the
cascade condenser. Therefore, th e extra expense
of a higher pressure rated C0 2 hea t exchan ger is
offset by a greater LMTD.
Glycol loops wi ll always require a pump(s) to recircu lator pumps at each load point. This
circulare the glycol. They are used in a variety is dependent upon the degree of control and
of manners such as a single pump for the entire sophistication the cooling load demands .
loop, a p ump for the heat exchanger and a C0 2 loops can be designed like a thermosiphon
second pump for the loads and finally individua l lubricant coo ling system using the density

littl e subcooling. Therefore, th e pump suction
C0 2-N H3 Cascad e design is critical. Refer to Cha pter 8 .2 - Pumps
for more information.
9""¡¡-.4-1¡-. System Volatile Brine
CONTROL
Temperature control in a glycol loop can be as
simple as an o n/off fl ow so lenoid , a regulating
2-way va lve or a 3-way va lve with a bypass line
CONDENSER
a: a nd possibl y a circul ating pump around the

o
<Jl
~ <Jl
eva porato r. Th e ultim are temperature control is
:z: w
z~ a fun ction of restricting the fl ow to reduce the
:E heat transfer rate and LMTD or keeping the flow
o
(.)
rate constant and blending wa rm and cold glyco l
strea ms to adjust the LM TD.
CASCAD E
CONO ENSER W ith C0 2 , a simple press ure control va lve
011 the co2o ut!et will raise and lower the col
eva porating temperature and corresponding
LM TD. The fl ow rate will remain relati ve ly
co nstant and amo unt of C0 2 evaporation will
vary. At 20 ºF (-6 .7 ºC) the 2 psi(0.14 bar )
. .
~--------- ~ ---~ press ure penalty of a self actu ating control valve
OPTIONAL C0 2 PUMP is only a 0.5 ºR (0.2 8 K) temperature penalty.
Conversely, a 12.8 psi (0 .88 bar ) change is
req uired for a 2 º R (1.1 K) temperature change,
NH , P
NH ,
so co ntrol can be very precise. Alternately,
che C0 2 feed can be co ntro lled with a pulsing
solenoid to limit the refri gerant fl ow into the
eva porator, thus limiting its perfo rmance by
co ntrolling the amo unt of wetted heat transfer
CO , P
surface or suction superhea t.
co ,
FOULING
CASCADE1 X
A vo latile brine C0 2 loop w itho ut C0 2
co mpression is lubrica nt free so a foulin g fa ctor
is not required o n the C0 2 side of the casca de
co ndenser.
H owever, w here a vo latile brine C0 2 loop is
pare of a common C0 2 system that also utilizes
lubricated C0 2 compression then lubricant
fo uling has to be con sidered o n the C0 2 side of
all the associated heat exch angers. Additionally,
if the evaporators are not defr osted with a
reverse flow of hot gas, there is no regular
process to warm and sweep any accumulated
differe nce between the supply and return fl ows lubrica nt fr om the evaporator circuits and
as che flow driver. Or, they may use a pump in che lubrica nt film on the eva porator heat
che same manner as an ammonia recirculation tra nsfer surface will graduall y build until it is
system. One note of caution, C0 1 liquid static in an equilibrium state with th e ability of the
head in the pump suction drop leg produces very circul ating col to abso rb lubricant.
THE CARBON DIDXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATIDN HANDBDDK

iiar.m
REFERENCES
1. Colmac Coi/ Company - Comparative Evaporator ratings
111111 LMTD Comparison 2. He rnan Hildago & Anatolii M ikhailo v. Oanfoss System Oesign for CD,
Secondary Coolant Based System. 1/AR 2012 Milwauk ee WI
Air
Temp On 28 28
5.3 System Types :
Temp off 25.2 23 .1 Transcritical Systems
Brin e Tra nscritica l systems, like subcritica l systems,
} 3 psi 6 P
Tem p on 18 18 evapora re C0 2 below the critica! p oint. H owever,
temp off 23.2 18.5 in transcritical systems, the compressor discharge
press ure is very high (a bo ve 1069 psia/73 .7
6 1 7.2 5.1
62 4.8 9.5
Bara) a nd abo ve the critica! p oint where che C0 2
exists with no clear distinctio n between liquid
LMTD 5.9 7.1 and vapor. Consequ entl y, the superheated fluid
lmprove m ent -> 20%
mu st be continu o usly coo led in a gas cooler,
ra ther th an des uperhea ted a nd condensed into a
SUMMARY liquid , as in a subcriti ca l cycle. T he compressed
C0 2 when used as a volatile, or bo ili ng brine is a nd cooled fluid is th en reduced in press ure
much m ore efficient than either water or glycol in below t he critica! p oint w her e a portion of the
terms of heat transfer, pumping cose and pipe size . fluid co ndenses to a li quid and is fed into che
llif!I Evaporator Feed Comparison

Common Elements
A ir OnTemperatu re .. • 28
, - ºF .. - - -! . .....,
Relative Hu midit y 85 %
A ir Flow
. ~
17791 3
ft /min ! .. ...
Face Velocity 502.1 ft/min
Rows Deep ..., ,~ ~
8 f w
. f •
. ~ ., .
Fins/ in 3
Bri n e On Temperat u re 18 ... <
ºF :.'
)
·- .·~... - .,
Tube M aterial CU Pl ain CU En hanced SS Plain

Fin Materia l A lu m inum Alu min u m A luminum
Capacity tons 5.15 5.91 11.16
A ir OffTemperature ºF 25 .2 24.9 23.1
M o ist ure Remova l lb/hr 7 10 29

Brine Off Tempe rature ºF 23 .2 23 .9 N/A
Fl ow Rate lb/ hr 13,32 7 13,327 2.464
Pressure D rop psi 5.58 4.31 N/A
Relative Co st 1.0 1.07 1.18

Re lative Cost/To n 10 0% 93 % 54%
miiar. THE CAR BON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBDOK

evapora tor. If th e gas coo ling heat sink is co ld a press ure-enthalpy diagram. The heat from the gas
eno ugh, the cycle could tra nsiti on to subcritical cooler is rejected to a heat sink warmer than the
and sorne liquid condensati o n wo uld then take critica! temperature. The critica! point is marked
place in the gas cooler. This does not cause a ny with che letters CP. The supercritical region (gas) is
opera tiona l iss ues if the gas cooler outlet press ure salmon colored and bordered w ith a red line.
regulating va lve is properl y controll ed. It sho uld The exa mpl e tra nscritical cycle p rocess shown
be noted tha t that the term "critica ]" <loes not begins w ith a sin gle stage compress ion (1,2) .
mea n a seri o us or dangero us conditi on, but Du ring thi s p rocess, ch e temper ature ri ses to a
rather, a sp ecifi.c point between refri gerant states. leve) of - 300 ºF (1 49 ºC)
Figure 5 .3.1 shows a basic tra nscritical system The hea t rejecti on process 2, 3 occurs at
p lotted in a PH diagr am . Parts of the cycl e constant press ure (ideal system ) a bove the critica ]
process occur a bove the critica) p oint and other p oint. The temperature varies as the refri gerant is
parts below the critica! press ure. cooled in the gas cooler. The p rocess as shown is
The termino logy used fo r p rocesses and indicati ve of wa rm summertime conditi ons. H eat
components in che tra nscritica l system is almost rejectio n 2, 3 may also occ ur by condensing,
the sarne except for the hea t rejection pares. In below the critica ! point, in winter co nditio ns.
che transcritica l cycle p rocess, ch e heat rejecti on The expansion process 3, 4 occ urs at constant
ta kes pl ace a t press ure a nd temperatures a bove enthalpy. Th e inlet condition is supercritical w hile
the critica! point. A condition in that region is the o utlet is a two phase liquid-vapor mixture.
often called gas coo ling a nd subsequ ently che Between point 2 a nd the red supercritica l border,
heat exch a nger used is called a gas cooler. the fluid is neither liquid nor vapor. As the
Figure 5.3 .2 depicts a simplified, single-stage, pressure decreases through the exp ansion device,
transcritical refrigeration circuir super-imposed on the fluid press ure drops below the critica! point
and crosses the dome clown into th e liquid vapor
region. The qu ality of the vapor in thi s area could
be about 0.4 depending on the inicial press ure
Bri ne Pipi ng an d and temperature conditions before the motorized
Wlfli Powe r Co mpari son expansion va lve. This large vap or qu ality will
substantially increase the compressor size w hen
Glycol Glycol, e** C0 2
compared to the vapor quantity generated solely
Pipe Suppfy NPS 2 2 3/4 from the evap orator heat load 4,1.
Pipe Return NPS 2 2 1.5 The evaporati on process 4, 1 w hich is the
Flow Rate fb/hr 13327 13327 2464 main interese of the refrigeration cycle occ urs at
Length ft 200 200 200 constant temperature. Slightly superheated or dry
Friction PO psi 2.01 2.01 3.83 va por enters the compressor to complete che cycle.
Evaporator PO psi 5.58 4.31 5 Studies have shown th at even in consideratio n
Lift* ft 20 20 20 of the higher discha rge press ures and co nsequ ent
Total PO psi 16.6 15.3 17.3 p ower consumption of transcritical compression,
these systems can operare more efficiently than
Pumping Pow er BHP 0.4 0.4 0.1
a conventional R-404a system in superm a rket
Specific
applica tions. The world climate zo ne map ,
Pumping Power BHP/Ton 0.08 0.07 0.01
Figure 5.3.3, shows a reas w here cycles using
* Assumes open tank
so lely C0 2 as a refri gera nt ca n effi cientl y opera re
** Glycol, internally enhanced tube-side
Distribution orífi ce = 5 psi in C0
in the tra nscritica l ra nge.
2
Glyco l Piping Sch . 40 There are three majo r fac tors that contribute to
C0 2Piping Sch . 80 transcritica l cycl e effi.ciency.
co2return pip ing = 0.66 psi/ 100 ' moved The fu st is the optimization of compressor
by gravity o r compressor suction
discharge pressure as shown in Figure 5.3 .4. While
more compressor energy is required to achieve
THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK iiat m

•@,.fil• Transcritical C0 2 Cycle
Enthalpy (kJ/kg)
IP ,etefence Sltlle
n • O O 8TU11b s • O 00 BTU,(lb • •F)
lor sacu,at90 llquld al . 40•f
$1 Enlhalpy (h) arw:1 Sl EntroP)' (s)
1000. v0Jues1nuvs<1ualunl1S018gram
rue scale 6hlft90 trom lhe SI Data f>¿~f:~~FSi-r:;s~~~f//t\i'~rttt..:.:.:.::..i.:. ;.::L-~ 6:%'9
In Chapter 2 áOe to !P reletence
5
800.
Ys's
600.
í?
·¡¡; 400.
s
~
;::¡
en
en
~
a.. . 8. ,.o0'\6·º'
200.
"' e"'
e l()
ººº
(CJ "': ~ 1 <fl~
º
:
fi
ºº ,,i.~)
O·º
____. EVAPORATIOI\I i
80.
• ·%9
·:%'.s
60. -~ 1
Enthalpy (BTU/lb)
higher discharge pressures, the enthalpy of the changes of approximately +/- 5 bar (75 psi) in the
cooled vapor is reduced, which increases the net gas cooler pressure. The influence of those changes
refrigeration effect resulting in a higher COP. Note is derived from the changes in the specific enthalpy.
that the specific heat of supercritical C0 2 changes in The influence of gas cooler pressure in the
the upper left area above the dome and critica! point. compressor power consumption can also be
This creares a "diminishing return" effect with observed by comparing the changes in the
regards to higher discharge pressures, resulting in specific entha lpy in the compressor. +/- 5 bar (75
an area of peak efficiency that is maintained with psi) causes changes in the power consumption of
an externall y controlled pressure regulating valve approximately +/- 10 %
on the gas cooler outlet. The external control This indicares the need to find the optima! gas
setpoint is determined by an efficiency map that cooler pressure to maximize the COP. If water
considers a variety of factors such as ambient heating is desired, the discharge pressure may
temperature, evaporator load and water heating be elevated above the optimum reguired for
requirement (if any). Unlike a subcritica l system, refrigeratio n on ly.
lower di scharge pressures do not typically result T he second factor is the use of multi-stage
in the best system efficiency. compression with inter-cooling as opposed to single
Based on the reference line 2-3 (nominal), the stage compression. This can be either two-stage
effect of raising or lowering the gas cooler pressure compression as shown in Figure 5.3.6 ora separate
on the cycle performance can be seen. The gray compressor or cylinder dedicated to the flash gas
table within the figure shows values of COP with load from the controlled pressure receiver (CPR) .
mHar. THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK

The merhod of compressing rhis flash gas will be System opera ting conditio ns are usually
determined by rhe vapor quantity, CPR pressure and determined by th e hea t sink temperature and the
the types of compressor(s) that are available and products a nd p rocess to be refri gerated.
suita ble for that duty. The high press ure system runs a bove the
The third factor is the determination of th e critica! p oint in the summer mo nths in no rthern
receiver press ure by controlling the am o unt of co untries . Therefore, thi s p orti o n of the system
gas byp ass as shown in figure 5. 3.5 and 5 .3 .6. is typically running a t a press ure of 1,2 32 to
The intermediare pressure section starts at the 1,305 p sia (85 to 90 bar ) a nd th e high stage
outlet of the high pressure motorized exp ansion co mpressor (s), gas coo ler and motorized
valve (4 ). Gas flows fro m a transcritical area into the exp ansion valves mu st be capa ble of ha ndling
expansion device. At the oudet, a mix of liquid and those press ures levels.
vapor enters the controlled pressure receiver (5). C urrentl y, as of Ja nu ary 201 4 , ASHRAE
The co ntro lled press ure receiver sep a rates th e 15 requ ires a D W P of 20 % higher than the
two phases and the va por fl ow is contro lled maximum pressure developed by the pressure-
via a motori zed or electronic va lve (6) . T hi s is imposing element. H owever, there is a proposed
kn own as gas bypass w here the va p or undergoes change in ASHRAE 15 to lower th e 20 % margin
furth er exp a nsio n. to 10 % fo r the tra nscriti ca l parts of the system.
Liquid fr om the controlled press ure receiver can PED and EN 378 indica re that the system sho uld
now be expanded via valve (7) to the medium w ithstand 1.43 X the Ps (system pressure).
temperature evaporators and valve (8) to the low The press ure for the CPR is constant rega rdless
temperature evaporators. This implies that direct of the ambient temperature. H owever, the flow
exp ansion fee d is used for this type of system. ratio between the gas bypass and the liquid line
Subsequently, the gas fro m the medium varies with the press ure and the outlet temperatu re
tempera ture evaporators (9) is mixed w ith th e in the gas cooler. T he contro lled press ure receiver
di scharge gas of the low temperature compresso rs also works as a liquid/vapor separator and sho uld
(11 ) a nd the gas bypass. A heat exchanger (3 ) is be designed as a separa ti on vessel per Chapter 11 .
used to de-superheat the mix before enterin g into An observation of the right hand side of the PH
the high stage compressor (1) suction. diagram dome in figure 5.3.7 shows that the CPR
System Schematic
iiiifJ far Fig. 5.3.1 GASCOOLER
Compressor
Oc

pressure mu st be kept as low as possible to reduce indicated with the red and blue lines.
the ri sk of liquid entering the compressor. If the gas This a lso determine the DW P of the
leaving the controlled pressure receiver is saturated, co mpon ents in the low side portia n of the
it will still expand through the gas-bypass valve refri ger ation system.
w ith partía! condensing. In other wo rds, after TRANSCRITICAL TO SUBCRITICAL
expansion the fl uid will fall below the saturated OPERATING CONDITIONS
vapor line into the wet area under the dome. Th is tra nsition wo uld occ ur typi cally in co untries
The use of an electronic va lve contro ll ing the with low winter amb ient temperatures . As the
gas bypass flow offers fl exibility and a relati vely a mbient tempera ture drops a few degrees below
easy and cost effecti ve operation th o ugh th e gas 87.8 º F (3 1.0 ºC) th e refriger ant begin s to
undergoes a n expansion w hich in turn needs to condense. H owever, it is necessary to esta blish
be recompressed . Alternatively, to increase the a control strategy to br idge the ga p between
efficiency and redu ce energy consumption, it is co nventional su bcritica l syste ms and tra nscritical
possible to install a sma ll a uxiliary compressor to co ntro l. Figure 5 .3 .8 shows a deta il of th e
ta ke in the gas separated in the contro lled press ure tra nsitio n betwee n tra nscriti ca l to subcritica l.
receiver a nd discharge it to the gas cooler. Once the system runs in subc ritica l mode,
Most systems are designed with a CPR press ure one of th e strategies i to ma inta in a degree of
between 435 to 507 psia (30 to 35 bar) as the liq uid sub-coo ling especia ll y for ystems w here D X
fraction in the gas bypass is only 1 to 2 % which evapo ra tors a re used .
does not represent a practica! problem. Figure 5 .3 .7 Chapter 14 - Contro ls w ill disc uss co ntrolling
shows the difference in the quality of the expanded the heat reclaim heat exchanger a nd gas cooler to
refri gerant at two different intermediare pressures as obtain a sta ble opera ting system.
Potential Global Distribution :

Wilifi C0 2 - System Alternatives Energy
Consumption of TWO Stage Transcritical BOOSTER C0 2 Compared to Single Stage R404A.
Legend:
Centigrades of
Ternperature
- ·60 - -50
- ·50 - -40
- ·40 - -30
- ·30 - -20
·20 - -15
·15 - -1 0
·10 - -5
-5 - O
O- 5
5 - 10
10 - 15
- 15 - 20
- 20- 25
- 25 - 30
lmiiOr. THE CARBON OIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANOBOOK

WATER HEATING
An important economical benefit of the
Discharge Pressure
transcritical cycle is the high quality heat that iilili Optimization
is available from the gas cooling segment of the
cycle. Many heat pumps have been so ld th at
use C0 2 as the working fluid for this reason .
In certain applica ti ons where heating demand
is high, system s may be set to operate in
transcritical operating conditions regardl ess of
the ambient tempera ture.
Water heating is acco mplished by adding a
reclaim heat exchanger in series with the fu ll
size gas cooler. This is because there are periods
when the ful] systern hea t of rejection rnay be
Ó¡ = m·llh,vAP
grea ter than the water hea ting requirement. W= m·ll hcoM>
Figure 5.3.9 shows a di agra m of a transcritica l C OP = llh,v., lllh, 0 ~ ,
system with gas coo ler and heat reclaim hea t COP , = 1.8, Ó, = 64 %
COP = 2.6 , Ó, = 100 %
exchangers . COP =2 .S, Ó, =106 %
Figure 5.3.10 show s the ternperature process Specifk enthalp y
line s of heating water frorn both the C0 2
•it·iif1 2-Stage Transcriti cal Cycle with CPR

Enthalpy (kJ/kg)
·279.1 -209.3 -93.0 o 93.0 279.1 372.2 465.2 558.2 651.3

2000. 13;%8
R-744
{carbOn dlox~)
IP relerenoe sta1e
h • OOBTUl1b, S • OOOBTUl(lb · F)
lot saturated IIQuid al · 40~F
SI Enlhalpy (h) and SI Entropy (s)
1000. values io lhls Cual un1ts dlagram

are scaJe shifte<J hom tne SI Data
6)-¡;'g
m Chapte1 2 due to IP rete,ence
1
5
800.
1
11 Yss
1 1
600. 4){,
1
1
ro
ro
·¡¡; 400. 1 2Jf7 ca
[Il
.3: 1
<il
,.slz•·º\ a.
~
::, 1 :::.
V)
V)
1
~
::,
~ l,1,.0\
V)
a. 1 1
, .oO
V)
1)(4 ~
~
1
200. ] '
.,, ... a.
f1
1
<b
e"' e"' < o o o 1 º 1o.Bó ,,2.s\
1 1
¡fa ,9.ó\
1
??J
p
G o.
100. -~9
o. •ºló·· \
80.
·:%:s
a¡ o:>0 ,• .B\
60.
-80 -62.2
i, i -~ ,
-90 -67.8
-80 -40 o 40 80 120 160 200 240 280

2x.1
Enthalpy (BTU/lb)

co ndensing and the CO 2 ga cooli ng process.
When th e heat rejection does not in vo lve System Schematic
condensing and there is no phase change, the
pressure and temperature become independent.
m,11, far Fig. 5.3.4
The lowest temperature difference between the
media and the refrigera nr is a t the inl et or in
th e middl e of the gas coo ler, depending o n the
conditio ns. As C0 1 is not cha nging phase, th e
tempera ture continu es to decrease as col fl ows
th ro ugh the gas cooler.
Transcritical systems have mainl y been used
in supermarkets up to this p o int in time due to
limitations in size/capacity of equipment and
components having an adequ ate des ign working
press ure. However, th e water heating benefit s
for a food processing plant with large hot water ® ®
requirements sho uld be obv io us.
Unlike the typical subcritica l ammonia system
where less than 15 % of the compressor discharge
heat can be caprured at temperatures above 80 to 85
ºF (26 to 30 ºC), the entire gas cooling process of a
C0 1 transcritical cycle can produce 140 ºF (60 ºC),
or higher, water temperature w hich is suita ble for
plant wash clown w ithout additional heating.
Figure 5.3 .11 show s an exa mple of a n ®-- -- -
!'--------
arra ngement of heat reclaim to o bta in wa ter at 1
4
13 1 ºF (55ºC) from 59 ºF (15 ºC) at an a mbient 1
4
tempera ture of 2 3 ºF (-5 ºC) . Ass urning a 9 ºF (5 1
4
K) ap proach at the heat reclaim hea t exchanger, 1
1
the temperature of the gas coo ler is kept at 39 .2
ºF (+4 ºC) .
Under those conditions, di scharge tempera ture
of th e compressors is approx imately 95 ºF (35
ºC) which would n ot be a ble to obtain wa ter a t
131 ºF (55 ºC) . As a result, the press ure of the
system is pushed upwards .
Since the heat output from the system varíes with the
By increasing the press ure to 1160psig (80
pressure, it also interesting to examine the heating
bar ), approximately 80% of th e hea t is recla imed
COP of the system in figure 5.3.14. The heating
at a cooling COP of 3.13 (to the point the gas
temperature is about 68 ºF (20 ºC) COP is calculated as the heating capacity divided
Figure 5 .3.12 depicts the transcritica l cycle by the extra energy consumed by the compressors.
where 80% of the gas coo ling hea t is recovered (Extra energy from the initial condition of
(A-B) a nd th e additional gas coo ling (B-C) "optimized pressure" at 580 psig (40 barg)
impro ves the cycle effi ciency by decreasin g the The heating COP va ries with the ambient
a mo unt of fl ash vapor (D ). temperature. At higher ambient temperatures the
Figure 5.3.13 depicts the desire for maximum, compressor work used for refrigeration is higher
100% heat reclaim (A-B ). Consequently, th e and the compressor wor k for heating is lower. At
refrigerant cycle is less efficient due to gr eater fl ash lower ambient temperatures, the pressure cannot be
vapor generation (D ). decreased which does not affect the heating COP.
mliiar: THE CAR BON OIOXIOE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANOBOOK

CPR Pressure
IFIJM Effects CPR Flash Vapor
Generated Enthalpy (kJ/kg)
Suction Vapor With 1-2%
Liquid Formation
-279.1
2000.1
-209.3 -93.0 o ~
111 j l l ilf.jl
93.0
EiF
186.1 279.1
(1:fC\iifC.0 ;!f!..IG!-1:;('(i,::::! 11'<..~ < A{
372.2
'l
465.2
\.A\\)(\ ¡( ) \ ¡ ~
4 558.2 651.3
1 13).r;S
R-744
(carbon dioxide)
IP relerence state:
h = O.O BTUnb. s = 0.00 BTU/(lb • ºF)
tor saturated 1iquid a t -40ºF
SI Enlhalpy (h) and SI Enlropy (s)

values in lhis dual units diagram 6%
1000. are scale shilled lrom the SI Data 69
in Chapter 2 due to IP relerence
800. 5){,
55
600. 4x.
41
e?
,_
e?
·¡:;:; 400. SOLID . 21427 coCll
.3: ca
-
(L
Q)
,_
:J
\ .S \..'2-°'·ª'\
1 .:s:.
(/) Q)
,_
(/)
Q)
,_ :J
(/)
(L
200. w
e
-"'
e
~
:g
\.
().
ªª \,_\6-ªl
~() \,_\'2.·<:,¡
l1
x 4
(/)
Q)
,_
(L
().60 \9.61
: • 1
100. 11--'------~--l- -~ 6.9
j
a.o.O \,_6 ·°''\
80. ·:k5.5
j
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~'.Ll~t.l l~ JLl!J. 1.J.'i'.1~~~~~
() .':>ª (,_0.~l
60. ·4){
4.1
e:.-· 40.
·w . re . ti ""'"'l) ·'-'' •V'(
1 1/ .. Y4i ..
111 1 4 I' IQ 'l !. I 11( 11 · 1(1 '1 I ·11 - ··%2 7
280
-120 -80 -40 o 40 80 120 160 200 240 ·
Enthalpy (BTU/lb)
1
Figure 5 .3. 15 shows the res ults w ith a rnbi ent
ternpera ture of 37.4 ºF (3 ºC) instea d of 23 ºF
iilfl:i Critica! Zone Transition (-5 ºC) for cornp ar ison purposes.
REFERENCES
1. Hidalga, Hernan March 20131/AR CD, Warkshap
o
"::; 2. Hind, Oavid CD, in Supermarkets
"-
5.4 System Types: Applications
When, where and how should C0 2 be applied?
C0 2 use in a refri gerati on cycl e can and
will provide rnany benefits fo r an industri al
refri geration systern. H owever, not all of thern are
economical. As noted in the previous sections of
this chapter, volatile brine and rnost subcritica l
systerns require an extra stage of heat transfer in
the refr igeration cycle. Tra nscritical cycles require
more co rnpression power, beca use of the press ure
eleva tio n to a bove the critica! pressure. T his
una voidably increases the ternperature/press ure
differential and hence, the power required by th e
cornpressors . Unless these inefficiencies are offset
elsewhere in the systern, there will always be a
iilif• Heat Reclaim Partial Schematic

Tap Water Heat Reclaim
55ºC
¡.
l

theoretica l energy penalty when compared to an
ammonia cycle. This is well documented in the
Heat Exchange 2009 IIAR technical p aper, "Energy consumption
w ith C0 2 Cascade Systems" presented in Dallas,
iiilli·I Process Comparison Texas by Mr. Joe Pillis of Frick Co.
A few of th e key graphs are show n in their
respecti ve fi gures .
Figure 5.4.1 shows the overall energy
compari son of a C0 2 cascade system with a 5 ºR
(2 . 7 K) approach temperature across th e casca de
heat exchanger and actu al compresso r ra tings
w ith their inefficiencies reflected in the ratings .
When the evap orating temperature reaches -50
ºF (-45.5 ºC), th e efficiency ga ins of the C0 2 low
stage compressOr versus an ammo nia low stage
Heat rejectlon condensln g refrigerant compressor exceeds th e losses of the cascade hea t
exchanger and th e system consumes less energy.
Figure 5.4. 2 shows that a two-stage ammoni a
system provides the highest COP in th e operating
range of -10 ºF (-23 .3 ºC) clown to -5 0 ºF (-45.5
ºC) evaporating temperature.
As stated above, C0 2 cascade systems can be
effici ent if th e overall system des ign is optimized
in other areas that contribute to energy use such
a piping and va lve loss, defr ost styles and control
strategies. Thi s is reflecti ve in the relati ve energy
Hear rejectlon • transcrltlcal CO use graph fro m a pu blic cold storage operati on
shown in Figure 5.4. 3.
Recognizing that there may be an energy
penalty incurred, what then, are the reasons to use
C0 2 and which type of system sho uld be utilized?
First and foremost, natu ra l refri gera nts such as
Transcritica I N H 3 and C0 2 sho uld be used for the long term
Heat Reclaim IN
Water
OUT
hea lth of th e enviro nment. Most major foo d
G44illl Circuit .L .L companies have offi cially adopted thi s sta nce as
of this writing in 201 3.
Gas Cooler
Once the decision to use natural refrigerants is
confirmed, the question becomes; which natural
refrigerant and what portio n of th e refri geration
circuir shall they be used in? To answer that,
many factors need to be considered. Below is a
check li st that will help determine the type of
system th at best suits the applicatio n at hand. It is
Gas Pressure
Recirculating Valve
co,
Compressor '(
t
r! Y worth noting, as with any industri al refrigeration
system, no two systems are the same and there is
not a "one size fits all " answer to any particular
i system type. An analysis must be performed for
every project fo r the best soluti on.
THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANOBOOK

iiar.m
iiiilfl Transcritical Cycle with 80°/o Heat Reclaim
Enthalpy (kJ/kg)
-279. 1 -209.3 ·93.0 o 93.0 186.1 279. 1 372.2 465.2 558.2 651.3
2000.
13Xae
R-744
¡e&rt,on(!lo0 1 ot
1P,..1e,ence51-1e
r, .ooSTUllb ••OOOBlU/1lb • "I' )
JofWII..Ol..:IIIQ...ollt <IO"t
S En:h&ll'f' (h l 1nclSI EntTOl)J •
1000. Ya•i,eAlflllllfoOJllll.lf'l<r.G41~
...._...,..~ ,,o,ni,-.510.i.
,n CN,pt.. 20....IO IP1111$"11n::11
ª:%'s
800.
5;.Yss
600. 4/.í',
e? ~
Cll
·¡¡; 2
.s
400.
X1 a:i
ol
~
a.
::, ~
"'"' ~
Q) ::,
e: "'~"'
200.
"' e'"'
e
.
o "' ""'
e
.. ..
o o
1/,'4 a.
li)
o
100. 6-%'.s
80.
X.s
60. JI
1 1 1i
1?, ¡
'
.;i
·,r¡ ; t :-so --62.2
I ~
·¡ ~.
-00 ls1. 1 1
·~ 7
-80 -40 o 40 80 120 160 200 240 280
Enthalpy (BTU/lb)
WIIIEI Transcritical Cycle with 100°/o Heat Reclaim

Enthalpy (kJ/kg)
-279.1 -209.3 -93.0 o 93.0 186.1 279.1 372.2 465.2 558.2 651 .3
2000. 13)(38
R-744
,P,.!e .. neei.t,,14
h ~OO BTlJIID l•OOOSTU'(lt, • F
lort.1tur.1111<111Quida1 .. o•F
SIEn•haJpy(" l •naSIEntltll)\l(I)
1000. va'.-ll'lll'lllOJalun<UOlilgrJIITI
Sl'IIM;alealll!!IIOlromtt,tSIO.t,,
lf1CNlpt..-2dLlelO IP,. l•1nc1
ª:%'s
800. 57s5
600. 4).-;
~
e? 2 Cll
·¡¡;
.s
4 00.
X1 a:i
ol
,~ 1»•º\ a.
~ ~
::,
~
"'"'~ ::,
a. \'Ó~)
"'"'~
.
, .t$J .
200. l 'X4 a.
r '"' oQ 1, z .S)
j
e o o"'
""' O·
o..,01• ·· '
li)
o
¡
100. 6-%'.e
O,, .o\•·''
:
80.
X.s
"?f ,,b 1•~)
60. fi i 'i!i '. ¡/ o. . :
·~ ,
r ~7
- 80 -40 40 80 120 160 200 240 280
Enthalpy (BTU/lb)
miiar. THE CAR BON OIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBDOK

CHECKLIST:
1. W hi ch refri gera nt is allowed or des ired in
COP at 23 ºF occupied spaces ?
WIIIH (-5 ºC) Ambient 2 . W ha t is (are) the evaporating temperature(s)?
Gas Cooler COP COP 3 . W ha t is th e temper ature range of the
Pres. bar (psig) Refrigeration Ratio ' Heating
co ndensing hea t sink; dry bulb, wet bulb or
40 (580 ) 8.8 0%
wa ter tempera ture?
50 (725) 5.7 0%
60 (870 ) 4.3 25% 2.6 4 . Is th ere a requirement fo r h eating water?
70 (1015) 3.6 40% 3.1 5. Wh a t level o f technicia n tra ining is expected
80 (1160 ) 3.1 80% 5.1
or ava ila ble ?
80 (1160) 3.1 100%** 5.1
6 . W ha t a re che ri sks to the surrounding area and
• Ratio= Heat used I M ax imu m heat avai lab le
•• Fu ll bypass of t he gas co o ler produ ce, both o n and off site, in the event of a
relea se?
7 . Life cycle cose. analysis, including liability
in sura nce and che refrigerant replacement cose
COP at 37 .4 º F due to lea ks.
WIIIH (+3 ºC) Ambient Further consid era ti on of the a bove checklist is
Gas Cooler COP COP as fo llows :
Pres. bar (psig) Refrigeration Ratio • Heating
50 (725) 5.7 0% Which refrigerant is allowed or desired in
60 (870) 4.3 25% 5.6 occupied spaces?
70 (1015) 3.6 40% 5 Per ASHRAE 15, non-indu stria l occupied spaces
80 (11 60 ) 3.1 80% 7.3 ca nn ot be refri ger ated directly with amm oni a.
80 (1160) 3.1 100%** 7.3
T hi s ma kes C0 2 a n option, altho ugh at a ir
• Rat io = Hea t used / M ax im u m heat avai lable
** Fu ll by pass o f th e gas coo ler
co nditi o ning temperatures, wa ter o r light glyco l
may be the p referred non- vo latile refrigera nt.
Wlil• Energy Comparison: Various Refrigerant Options

9 ºR 15 K) approach
19.4 ºF 1-7 ºC)
intermediate
NH, hig h stg.
No econ. on
casca de
or two stage
systems
NH3 E
Q. - R22 E
o - R507 E
u - C02/NH3
- 2Stg NH3
-46 -43 -40 -37 -34 -32 -29 -26 [ ºF]

-50 -45 -40 .35 -30 -25 -20 -15 [ ºC]
Evaporator Temperature

If space or pipe sizes are a consideration, then
volatile C0 2 should be considered with proper Cold Storage -
detection and ventilation installed in the occupied Nfiii• Power Benchmark
space. While NH,o is allowed in industrial 3.5
workspaces, careful consideration should be 3
given to the escape time for a densely populated 2.5
area. This is especially true in production areas
2
where there may be processing equipment forcing
1.5
WlifJ 0.5 rrílll íl nnn

CascadeTemp = 20 ºF app. temp: 6 ºF
o
11 !1 l líll
3 CO/NH 3 Cascade Locations
(-6.67 ºC) (3.33 ºC) kWh/Ft NH 3 Locations -
Energy Comparison: C0 2 /NH 3 a circuitous route to the nearest exit. For low
temperature processing equipment located in the
Cascad e to NH3 2-stage 3
production area, the high viscosity and increased
pumping cost of propylene glycol will favor
volatile co2as a refrigerant.
What is (are) the evaporating temperature(s)?
The evaporating temperature is a key
determinant of the refrigerant choice. Starting
with high evaporating temperatures for air
conditioning, 45 to 55 ºF (7.2 to 12. 7 ºC), or for
candy storage, 35 to 40 ºF (1.7 to 4.4 ºC), water
or propylene glycol are the preferred choices
for secondary brines. Food processing areas
that operare at 45 ºF or below quite often have
-55 -50 -45 -40 -35 -30 evaporating temperature at or below freezing
Evaptemp e which forces the L1Se of propylene glycol or
direct refrigerant. Evaporators that L1Se glycol at
these temperatures can be up to double in size as
Efficiency Penalty for C0 2 compared to direct refrigerant counterparts due
Cascade to 2-stage NH 3 to a diminished interna! heat transfer coefficient
10.0% anda reduced LMTD . Rooftop mounted process
air handlers pose less risk than ceiling hung
evaporators. An alternative would be ceiling
hung evaporators that operate on CO, along
with a smaller rooftop unit supplying -only the
fe ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4-,U!l'e,--l make-up air requirement. When the evaporating
GI
D. temperature falls below O ºF (-17.8 ºC), the
D.
o viscosity of 40 % propylene glycol exceeds 40
u
~
. . - - ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ e . _ ~ ~ . . . . - ~ ~ - r - ~~re-1 centipoise, significantly escalating pumping
-55 costs. Therefore, director recirculated ammonia
with proper risk evaluation, or C0 7 as a volatile
brine, are the more efficient choices- for a
refrigerant. When the evaporator temperatures
-6.0% approach -50 ºF (-45.5 ºC), a cascade system
Evaptemp e ¡....·co2 Penalty' ! with a CO, low stage andan ammonia high
stage compressor should be considered.
Biiar. THE CAR BON OIOXIOE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK

What is the temperature range of the What level of technician training is expected
condensing heat sink, dry bulb, wet or available?
bulb or water temperature? C 0 7 system s a re a sm all but growing segment
Most industr ial refrigeration systems in North of the industr ia l refri geration field. Beca use of
America use evaporati ve condensers beca use of thi s, operati o n and m a intenance tra ining for
the large block of annual operating ho urs that C 0 2 system s and trained personnel are limited
are optima! for heat rejection to the ambient wet in availa bility. Prov ision s and budgeting mu st be
bulb temperature. In Northern Europe there is a made for tra ining o f loca l personnel o r rel oca tio n
heightened concern regarding legionella growth , of exp erienced technici ans.
wa ter consumption and wastewater disp osal w hich What are the risks to the surrounding area
p laces a favorable light on air cooled condensing. and product, both on and off site, in the
Additionally, the extremely cold weather of event of a release?
Ca nada and the Scandinavian co untries make In the event of a release, where wo uld it be prudent
wintertime control of air cooled overcap acity to substitute the risk of a C0 2 release in place of
difficult. H ence, air cooled is a common option in an ammonia release? Product exposure such as
sorne areas . Wa ter cooled condensing incurs the nuts that might turn black if exposed to ammonia
extra operating penalty of the loop pumping costs. or food packaged in cardboard that would absorb
T he water may be so urced fro m a p o nd or river, ammonia vapor and render it unmarketable. If there
however there are often environrnental iss ues to is refrigerant containing processing equipment on the
be dealt with . Sea wa ter can be used, if available, production floor and a large number of employees in
provided the condenser is constructed of titanium, that area w itho ut a rapid means of evacuation, C0 2
copper-nickel, admira lty brass or other salt water sho uld be considered. Either a volatile C0 7 brine
resistant alloy. Then there is the issue of clogging system or co2compression sho uld be considered
from marine growth. The most commo n source for in either of the above instances. For areas with high
cooling water is a cooling tower(s) . For industrial exposure risk either on the facility property such as
refri gerati on systems w ith year aro und operatio n an office building or outside the property bounds
cooling towers are typicall y o nl y used w here a such as ho using or a school, the size of the ammonia
charge should be minirnized and the potential
mínima! ammo ni a charge is of the highest priority.
risk analyzed. A C0 2 volatile brine or CO /NH 3
This is due to the fact that systems with condensers
cascade system w ill significantl y reduce the ammonia
and cooling towers have lower COPs du e to an
charge and ammonia content in pipes outside of
additional step of heat transfer that is no t present
the machine room. A complete C0 7 system should
with evaporati ve or air cooled condensers.
be considered if the heat sink is cool eno ugh for
Is there a requirement for heating water? a subcritical system. A tra nscritical system can be
Food processing facilities typica ll y req uire a considered if suitable components are available and
large amo unt of 14 0 ºF (60 ºC) hot wa ter for the ambient temperature allows.
sa nitation. With ammonia or subcriti ca l C 0 2 Life cycle cost analysis, including liability
condensing, the latent heat occurs belo w 95 ºF insurance and the refrigerant replacement
(35 ºC) , w hich is no t sufficient for the required cost due to leaks.
wa ter temperature. The heat content of the Proper eva lu ati o n of any choice of refrigeratio n
superheated vap or is ge nera lly in sufficient to sysrems sho uld include the present va lue o f the
ju stify the capita l equipment cost to ca pture o ngoing costs such as energy consumprio n ,
it. R a ther th an conden sers, tra nscritica l C0 2 insura nce, ma intenance and refr igera nt
systems have gas coolers that op erate with C 0 7 replacement in a dditio n to fir st cost. Compar iso n
temperatu res of 212 ºF (100 ºC) cl ow n to 104 -ºF facto rs sho uld include system efficiency o ver th e
(40 ºC), w hich is idea l fo r crea ting ho t wa ter. expected loa d pro fil e, exp erienced technicia n
Compressor techn ology may not be availa ble costs, li a bility ins ura n ce premiums, reciproca ting
for a large transcritica l system, however a p orti a n versus screw ma inten ance costs, natural versus
of a subcritical or cascade system load could be ha locarbo n refrigerant costs ($ (€ ) per charge
para lled thro ugh a tra nscritica l system sized for volume, no t mass) and the additio na l losses due
p art or ali of the hot wa ter requirements. to a no n-od o rn s refrigerant.
THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATIDN HANDBOOK iiar.m

Cl ·I APTER SIX
System Oesign
6.0 System Design col a nd the evaporating temperature of the
T his chapter o utlines the design elements that NH 3 • In sorne ap plica ti ons, it may be feasib le
differ from a typical field erected , industria l for thi s intermediare tempera ture to also serve
refrigeration system utili zing a mmoni a as the so le a refrigera ti o n loa d , whic h then dictates the
refrigerant. Items such as pipe suppo rts, ins ulati o n intermedi a re tempera ture. Thu s, for each
and machine room layo ut th at are not influenced system, th e tempera tures a nd press ures can
by the type of refrigerant will not be covered. vary w idely. This req uires equipment selecti o n
and overa ll system ana lysis to determine the
GENERAL co2 SYSTEM DESIGN ISSUES most econo mica l, energy-efficient system for ch e
C0 2 has coinc ident pressures that are particular app li ca ti o n.
sub sta nti all y higher th a n most refr igera nts for For a conventio nal two-stage compression system,
th e sa me temperature. At -40 ºF (-40 ºC), C0 2 che theoretica l optima] intermediare press ure Pi (psia/
has a sa turated press ure of 145.69 psia (10 ba r ) Bara) is determined by eq uation 6.1 :
and at 87. 7 ºF (30.9 ºC) th e sa turated pressure
rises to 1069.9 ps ia (73 .7 bar) . Beca use th e Eq uation 6 .1 P, =-V(Pe x P)
e
press ures a re so high , C0 1 piping desig n has
to be suita ble for these hi gher pressures and where:
where releva nt for a coincidenta l pressure /
Pe = Co ndensing pressure [psia / Bara]
tempera ture co nditio n corresponding to th e
Pe = Evaporatin g press ure [psia / Bara]
triple point a t -69.8 ºF( -56.6 ºC) a t 75 .1 psia
(5 .17 Bara) . Additiona ll y, when a sectio n of a As a n exa mpl e, for a two-stage a mrn onia p lant
C0 1 refrigera ti o n system co nta inin g liquid is with a -40 ºF (-40 ºC) / 10 .5 psia (0.724 Bar/
opened to atm ospheric pressure, the liquid C0 1
72.4 kPa) evapora tin g tempera tu re a nd a 95
w ill convert to a solid (dr y ice) a nd sublime at
ºF (35 ºC) / 195 .9 p sia (13 .5 bar) condensing
-109.3 ºF (-78.5 ºC) . Thi s wi ll chill the meta l
tempera ture, the optima! intermediare press ure
to well below reasonab le design parameters.
Pi wou ld be -V (l0 .5 x 195 .9) = 4 5 .4 ps ia, w hich
Administrative contro ls and procedures are
corresponds to a 17.5 ºF [-8 ºC] sa turated
o utlined in Chap ter 21 Maintenance to properly
intermedia te temperature .
evac ua re li q uid w ith a mínimum of 70 psig (4 .8
Simil arl y, for a two-stage trans-critical p lant with
barg) back pressure.
a -40 ºF (-40 ºC)/ 145.7 psia (10.04 Bara / 1004kPa)
SYSTEM DESIGN PRESSURES evaporating remperature and a 1500 psia (103 .4
The first step in designing the system is bar/ 10.3 mPa) gas cooling pressure, the optima!
to determine the p ertinent temperature intermediare press ure P; would be -V(145 .7 x 1500)
requirements. In most appli catio ns the desired =467.5 psia, which corresponds to a 27 ºF [-2 .8 ºC]
evapora tin g tempera ture(s) are known . The saturated intermediare temperature.
condensin g temperature is determ in ed by For a casca de syste m, two different refrigera nts
meteoro logica l conditi o ns or coolin g water a re compressed. Because the pressure /
tempera ture at the p la nt loca ti o n , as well as the temperature re lati o ns hi p o f NH 3 and C0 2
approac h temperature of the condenser. differ grea tl y, Eq uatio n 6.1 ca nno t be used. A
W hat remains is to determine th e inter- complex eq uati o n th a t a ll ows for che different
stage saturated tempera ture if the system ha s co mp ress io n characteristics of NH 3 and C0 2
two stage co2co mpress ion or, in a cascade co uld be developed. H owever, th ere are many
system , th e condensing tempera ture of the other deciding factors as o utlined below.
THE CARBON OIOXIOE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK ¡¡ar.m

Figure 6.1 shows that fo r a -40 ºF (-4 0 ºC) low co2are 412 .8 psig (28 .5 bar ) and 44 0.7 psig
stage evaporating temperatu re and increasing (30 .38 bar), respecti vely. For the two-stage
intermediare temperatu res, the low stage ammo ni a system, the optima l intermediare
compressor COP for both systems decreases tempera tu re is approxim ately 20 ºF (-6.67 ºC), in
while the high stage compressor COP in creases. close corresp ondence with the theoretical optimal
As with ammoni a low stage comp resso rs, it is va lu e. Low stage evap or ating temperatures other
generally beneficial to operare the low stage than -40 ºF (-40 ºC) r ill produce slightl y differe nt
di scharge or cascade C0 2 press ure as high as res ults w ith similar trends .
practica!. In most instances, unless press ure In Fig ure 6.2, th e curve fo r the casca de system
limited, it is more economica l to increase also shows that the power consumption is
the power of the low stage compressors to relati vely sensitive to changes in intermedi are
accommodate higher press ures than to bu y larger temperature, as the system COP decreases
high stage compressors. q uickl y on ei th er si de of the optimal intermediare
Figure 6.2 shows for a -4 0 ºF (-40 ºC) low tempera tu re . W hereas, the curve for the two-
stage evap orating temperatu re system, the tota l stage a mmo nia system is much flatter aro und
COP (low plu s high stage) at vario us high stage the optim a] temperatu re and as a res ult, two-
evaporating temperatu res. T he casca de system stage ammo ni a power co nsum pti o n is much
exhibits optimal p erfor mance when the high less sensiti ve to the choice of intermedi are
stage evapo rator temperature is between 12 ºF tempera ture. As o utlined earlier, fro m an overa ll
(-11.1 ºC) and 16 ºF (-8.89 ºC), corresponding system des ign standpoint, there are drivers to
to an optima! C0 2 condensing tempera ture of p ush the intermediare press ure up .
between 21 ºF (-6.11 ºC) and 25 ºF (-3.89 ºC). A small temperature difference across the
At these tempera tures, sa tu rated pressures for cascade condenser wi ll improve the overall
Wiill COP, Low- and High-Stage Compressors

7
4
A.
8
3
o
-10 -5 o 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
High stage - Evaporation [°F]
--+- COP-LT-NH 3
---coP-HT _..,_ COP-LT-C0 2
miiar. THE CARBON OIOXIOE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION liANOBOOK

UVM!I Total COP vs High-Stage Evaporating Temperature
1.800
1.780
1.760
1.740
1.720
8 1.700
1.680
1.660
1.640
1.620
-10 o 10 20 30 40
High Stage Evaporating Temperature
-+- COP-Casc --- COP-TwoSt
coefficie11t of performance (COP) for the

system and may require slightly smaller NH 3
Optimal Condensing compressors. However, it will also require more
heat exchanger surface area. As the temperature
lfill Temperature, First Cost difference 011 the cascade heat excha11ger i11creases,
the overa ll efficiency of the refrigeration system
goes clown because either the C0 2 compressor
di scharge has to go higher, the ammo11ia
compressor suctio11 has to go lower, or bo th. The
foll owing examples are based 011 generalized data
1200000 +-~-+-'1--~~~~~~~~-----.. and each system shou ld be analyzed based upo11
150000 +-~~---....._~~~~~~~~----¡
the relevant cost for that system.
Figure 6.3 illustrates the effect of different
intermediare pressure co mbi11 ati ons on the
first cost of th e compressor a nd cascade heat
exc hanger. At !~ temperature differentia ls
(.6T ), the casca de heat exc ha11ger is larger and
o 5 10 15 20 more expe nsive while the a mmonia compressor
DT [F] is sma ller and less expe11s ive. At high .6T, the
opposite occurs. Adding the two curves together
-+- Cascade cooler --- Compressor .....- SUM
yield s the total first cost of the capital inves tment
(i. e., the part of the system affected by the cho ice

of 6 T ). The mínimum tota l capital investment T he 20 10 editi o n states :
occurs a t app roximately 11 ºF (6.11 ºC). 9.2.6 Wh en a refrigeration system utili zes
Figure 6.4 incorporates the investment cost car bo n di oxide (R 744 ) as the heat transfer fluid ,
calcu lated a bove into a fin ancial a nalysis that the mínimum design press ure for the system
also includes the to tal electrica l cost (net present compo nents shall compl y with the foll owing:
value) for runnin g the compressors . These two 9.2.6.1 In a circ uit witho ut a compressor, the
curves are added together to yield th e total design press ure shall be at least 20% higher th an
fi na ncia! in vestment. At a 6 T of abo ut 7 ºF the sa tu ra ti o n press ure corresp onding to the
(3 .89 ºC), th e total investment is a mínimum , wa rmest loca ti o n in th e circuit.
representing the optimal choice. Man y plants are 9.2 .6.2 In a casca de refr igerating system, the
designed with a 9 ºF (5 ºC) 6 T, which bala nces highsid e design press ure shall be at least 20 %
the optima] total fin ancia! investment with the higher th a n the maximum press ure developed by
mínimum first cost. th e press ure-imposing element, and the lowside
The ava ila ble press ure ra tings of compresso rs, p ress ure sha ll be at least 20 % hi gher than the
va lves and casca de heat excha ngers will be the sa turati o n press ure corresponding to th e warmest
ultimare decider of C0 2 discharge press ures. It is locati on in the circ uir.
wo rth noting that th e life expecta ncy of ro tating ASHRAE 15 section 9.2.6 specifically addresses
mechanica l parts may be dimini shed at higher cascade C0 2 systems that are sub-critica! or
working press ures . trans-critical. Section 9 .2.1 which applies to all
With the desired cascade/condensing refrigerating systems (in essence: 80 ºF (26.7 ºC)
temperature esta blished fo r the C0 2 system, the lowside which corresponds to a C0 2 pressure of 955
design working pressure (DW P) of the system psig (65 .8 Barg) and ambient condensing conditions
can be determined . For in sta ll atio ns in the United for the highside which could reach 2,030 psig (140
States, ASHRAE 15 is th e governin g sta nd ard. Barg) in a tra ns-critica l C0 2 system).
iiill Optimal Condensing Temperature , Operating Cost

300000
250000
200000
CII
150000
-+- Capital cost
=
U)
-11-Electrical cost
_._SUM
100000
500000
o
o 5 10 15 20
DT [F]

The fo ll owing steps are offered to determine C0 7 piping systems can and may use carbon
the suitab le cascade pressures: steel, ~ta inless sree l and copper with the
l. Is there an evaporator load that could feed following considerations:
into the NH 3 suction pressure? General
2 . Is there an evaporator load th at co uld feed • Although C0 2 is 11011-toxic, threaded joints
into the C0 2 cascade condensing temperature? shou ld be avoided dueto the higher pressures
and greater potential for leaks. The exceptions
3. Is there avai lable capacity in a n existing NH 3 are for tubing connections on eguipment
system? and for instrumentation connections w here
4. W hat is the maximum ava ilable DWP of rhe sc hedu le 80 Pipe and or 3,000 psi fittings 3/,i"
C0 7 components? Is this 20% greater than the (DN 20)or less in size are recommended.
cor{espondi ng pressure(s) of steps 1, 2 & 3? Carbon Steel
5 . Failing the abo ve, consider a single stage, NH 3 • Unlike ammonia, trace amounts of water in
high temperature system operating with a 20 C0 2 can and w ill corrode rhe inside of pipes.
ºF (-6. 7 ºC) saturated suction tempera tu re or A corrosion all owance on the inside and the
lower. (pos itive suction pressure, economica l outside of carbon Steel C0 2 pipes sho uld be
first cost and performance, compatible with cons idered . 1/16" (1.6 mm) total corrosion is
600 psig (40 barg) co2components) . all owed in Figure 6.1.1.
6. Select a 7 ºF (4 K) or greater temperature • C0 7 systems typically opera re at low side
difference for the cascade heat exchanger. temperatures be low -20 ºF (-28.9 ºC) therefore,
7. Is a large eno ugh C0 2 compressor(s) ava il ab le pipe contracti on stresses shou ld be accounted
that can operate from the reguired C0 2 for in the system design.
suctio n pressure to a saturated discharge • Carbon stee l has a thermal contraction of 0.84
temperature of 20 ºF (-6.7 ºC) plus the cascade in/100 ft from 70 ºF to -50 ºF (0 .70 mm/m
heat exchanger temperature difference? from 21 ºC to -46 ºC) per ASME B 31.5 .
8. Failing the above, lower the NH 3 suction • Many C0 2 systems operate below -20 ºF (-28 .9
temperature, consider a single staged ºC), therefore ASTM A53 and A106 carbon steel
economized (s uction pressure above a vacuum) will reguire additional considerations to comply
or, if necessary, a two stage NH 3 system with ASME B 31.5 Section 523 and application
and revisit the C0 2 compressor, component of the allowable stress reduction curve for
ava il ability and/or adjust the cascade heat MDMT for applications below -20 ºF (-28.9 ºC) .
exchanger temperature difference. That curve is not reflected in figure 6.1. l.
6.1 Pipe Materials and Strengths • Pipe stre ngth calcu lations for ASTM A333
MATERIALS carbon steel are included in figure 6 .1.1 for
Carbon steel is the most prevalent pipe material applica tion clown to -50 ºF (-45.6 ºC).
for industrial refrigeration systems utilizing • Note that ASME B3 l.5 Section 505 .1.1 limits
ammonia as the refrigerant al tho ugh low the use of Type ºF (furnace welded) pipe to
temperature applicati ons have been installed using water based secondary coo lants on ly with a
stainless steel pipe to avoid the low temperature system DWP not exceeding 150 psig ( 10.3
strength degradation of carbon steel and for barg/1034kPag). Th us prohibiting its use in
additional corrosion res istance. Depending upon co2systems.
current price levels, there rnay not be a significant
Stainless Steel
price premium to use stain less steel in lieu of
carbon steel due to the use of a thinner pipe wall. • ASTM A312 Type 304 & 304L stainless steel
Copper pipe cannot be used in ammonia systems pipes are su itable for applications clown to
dueto chemica l incornpatability. -425 ºF (-253 ºC) .
THE CARBON OIOXIOE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANOBOOK

Har.m
• Beca use of the higher tensi le strength and for in the system design. Sta inless steel has a
minim al corrosion issues smaller pipe wa ll thermal contraction of 1.24 in/100 ft from 70
thickness, as compared to carbon steel, may be ºF to -50 ºF (1.03 mm/m from 21 ºC to -46 ºC)
used for a material cost savings. per ASME B 31.5 .
• Interna! and externa! pipe corros ion concerns Copper
are minimized depending upon the type of • W hile copper is suita ble for use w ith carbon
in sulation used. T herefore, no corrosion dioxide, brazed or so ldered fittings require the
all owa nce is incl uded in Figure 6.1.2. use of a nn ea led pressure ratings .
• C0 2 systems typicall y operate at low side • A limited number of ma nufacturers have
temperatu res below -20 ºF (-28.9 ºC) therefore developed tubing up to 1 3/8" diameter rated
pipe contraction stresses shou ld be acco unted for 600 p sig DWP and higher. Consequ entl y
Wiilll Carbon Steel

Carbon Steel
Pipe Strength Table Maximum Interna! Desig n Pressure , Psig
ASTM A53 & A 1 06 Gr. B Seamless - Allowable Stress = 1 7, 100 psi
-20 F and above
Nom. Pipe Size 1 3/4 1 1 1 1- 114 1 1-1 /2 1 2 1 2-112 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 8 1 O 1 12 1 14 1 16 1 18 20 24 1
Schedule 40 1219 1449 1273 1191 1066 14 15 1273 11 30 1028 963 887 833 800 798 8 17 831 796 783
Schedule 80 2490 2597 2270 2126 1930 2241 2048 1842 1698 1693 1541 1227 1498 1501 1495 1491 1486 1480
ASTM AS3 & A 106 Gr. A Seamless - Allowable Stress• 13,70QJ>s·

-20 F and above
Nom . Pipe Size 1 3/4 1 1 1 1-114 1 1-1 /2 1 2 1 2-1 12 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 8 10 12 14 1 16 18 1 20 1 24 1
Schedule 40 976 1161 1020 954 854 1134 1020 905 823 772 711 667 641 639 654 666 638 627
Schedule 80 1995 2080 181 9 1703 1546 1795 1641 1476 1360 1357 1234 983 1200 1203 1198 1194 1190 1186
ASTM A53 Gr. B ERW - Allowable Stress = 14,600 psi

-20 F and above
Nom. Pipe Size 1 3/4 1 1 1 1- 114 1 1-1 /2 1 2 1 2-1 12 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 8 1 10 12 14 1 16 18 20 1 24 1
Schedule 40 1040 1237 1087 1017 910 1208 1087 965 877 823 758 711 683 681 697 710 680 668
Schedule 80 2126 2217 1938 1815 1648 1913 1749 1573 1450 1446 131 5 1048 1279 1282 1277 1273 1268 1264
ASTM AS3 Gr. A ERW - Allowable Stress= 11,700 psi

-20 F and above
Nom. Pipe Size 1 3/4 1 1 1 1-1 / 4 1 1-1 /2 1 2 1 2-1 /2 1 3 1 4 5 1 6 1 8 1 1 o 12 14 1 16 1 18 1 20 24
Schedule 40 834 991 87 1 81 5 730 968 87 1 773 703 659 607 570 547 546 559 569 545 536
Schedule 80 1704 1777 1553 1454 132 1 1533 1401 1260 1162 11 59 1054 840 1025 1027 1023 1020 1017 1013
ASTM ,\333 Txµe 6 Seamless - Allowa le Stress - 17, 100 psi

-50 F and above
Nom. Pipe Size 1 3/4 1 1 1 1-1 / 4 1 1-1/2 1 2 1 2- 1/2 1 3 4 1 5 1 6 1 8 1 1 o 12 1 14 16 18 20 24 1
Schedule 40 1219 1449 1273 1191 1066 1415 1273 1130 1028 963 887 833 800 798 817 831 796 783
Schedule 80 2490 2597 2270 2126 1930 2241 2048 1842 1698 1693 1541 1227 1498 1501 1495 1491 1486 1480
ASTM A333 Type 1 Seamless - Allowable Stress = 15,700 psi

-50 F and above
Nom. Pipe Size 1 3/4 1 1 1 1-1 /4 1 1-1 /2 1 2 1 2-1 / 2 1 3 4 1 5 6 8 1o 12 14 1 16 18 1 20 24
Schedule 40 11 19 1330 1169 1094 979 1299 1169 1038 944 884 815 765 734 733 750 763 731 719
Schedule 80 2286 2384 2084 1952 1772 2057 1880 1691 1559 1555 1414 1127 1375 1378 1373 1369 1364 1359
ASTM A333 Type 6 ERW - Allowable Stress= 14, 600

-50 F and above
Nom. Pipe Size 1 3/4 1 1 1 1-1 / 4 1 1-1 /2 1 2 1 2- 1/2 1 3 1 4 1 5 6 1 8 1 1o 12 1 14 1 16 1 18 20 1 24 1
Schedule 40 1040 1237 1087 1017 910 1208 1087 965 877 823 758 711 683 681 697 71 O 680 668
Schedule 80 2126 2217 1938 1815 1648 1913 1749 1573 1450 1446 1315 1048 1279 1282 1277 1273 1268 1264
ASTM A333 Type 1 ERW - Allowable Stress ~ 13,400 psi

-50 F and above
Nom. Pipe Size 1 3/ 4 1 1 1 1-1 / 4 1 1-1 / 2 1 2 1 2-1 /2 1 3 4 1 5 1 6 1 8 1 1o 1 12 14 16 18 1 20 24
Schedule 40 955 1135 998 93 3 836 1109 997 886 805 755 695 653 627 625 640 652 624 613
Schedule 80 1952 2035 1779 1666 1513 1756 1605 1444 1330 1327 1207 962 1174 1177 1172 1168 1164 1160
Maximum internal design pressure per ASME 831.S Section 504.1.2

P=2St/( Do-2yt) P= lnternal Psig, S = Allowable Stress per table 502 .3.1, Do & tare st andard pipe dimensions , y=0.4
No Thread allowance included for any sizes
Mili tolerance of -12.5% included
Corrosion allowance of 1/ 1 6" included

press ure ratings for a nn ea led copper pipe larger is not repea ted in thi s handboo k. H owever,
th an 1" sho uld be verified prior to so urcing sizing guidelines and ta bles as well asa n Excel
a nd insta ll ation. sprea dsheet for C0 2 fl ow in pipes are provided.
• N otwithstanding the availability of suita ble Guidelines
strength copper tubing in small sizes, it is not Unl ess ali of the econ omi c factors of pipe
reco mmended in field erected, indu strial C0 2 installati on and opera ti on such as, yea rly loa d
systems due to the need for di ssimilar metal profil e, in sta ll atio n cost, li fetime energy cost
jo ints and its lower structural strength requiring and maintenance cos t are known up fr ont,
additi onal attenti on to support and protection. it is impossible to size pipes based p urely on
Figure 6.1.1 a nd 6.1.2 show the maximum econo mics. Therefore, thi s text will offer veloc ity
calculated interna! press ures per ASME B 31.5 a nd press ure drop guidelines fo r the diffe rent
section 504.1.2 based upon hoop stress and segments of pipe in a typical refri gerati on system
corros ion allowa nce w here stated. Note that using C0 1 as the refri gera nt.
other stresses imposed upon the p iping system An Excel sp rea dsheet is avail a ble for downl oad
fro m vibra ti o n, thermal contracti o n, w in d fro m the mem bers secti on of the IIAR we bsite.
loadin g, hydra ulic shock a nd seismic fo rces T he sprea d sheet covers subcritica l systems onl y.
mu st be considered w here applicable w hen T he discharge p iping of tra nscriti ca l systems
determining th e appropria te pipe thick ness. w ill require specific ca lcul atio ns using th e
supercritica l properties of C0 2 •
6.2 Pípíng: Pipe Sízíng Beca use thi s spread sheet is ava ila ble to all
Piping: Pipe Sizing who read thi s handboo k, capacity ta bles are
Fluid fl ow in pipes is a well documented topic not includ ed. In stead , tb e rea der is encouraged
a nd explained th oroughl y as it app li es to to utili ze the sprea dsheets and produce a design
refr igera tio n systems in Chapter 1 of the IIAR that exactl y fit s the stated criteria ra ther th a n to
Amm onia Refrigeratio n Piping H a ndbook . It adju st fo r foo t-no ted ass umptio ns.
iiilfJ Stainless Steel
Nom. Pipe Size 3 ) 4 1 5 1 6 1 8 ) 1o ) 12 ) 14 ) 16 ) 18 ) 20 ) 24 1

Schedule 1OS 2929 3080 2409 2092 1660 1505 1230 951 858 7 18 608 543 499 474 41 5 368 384 367
Schedule 405 4074 3810 3137 2822 2377 2600 2258 191 4 1678 152 4 1342 12 17 1051 N/ A N/A N/A N/ A N/A
ASTM A3 l 2 TP304L Seamless - Allowable Strength = 1 6, 700 psi

-4 2 5 F and above
Nom. Pipe Size 1 3/ 4 ) 1 ) 1- 1/ 4 ) 1- 1/ 2 1 2 1 2- 1/ 2 1 3 4 5 6 ) 8 1o 12 ) • 14 16 18 20 24 1
Schedule 1OS 2445 2572 2011 1747 1386 1257 1027 79 4 716 600 508 453 417 396 346 307 321 307
Schedule 405 3401 3181 2619 2356 1985 2171 1885 1598 1401 1273 1120 1016 878 N/ A N/ A N/ A N/ A N/A
ASTM A3 l 2 TP 304 ERW - Allowable Strength • 17,0 00 psi

-4 25 F and above
Nom. Pipe Size 1 3/ 4 ) 1 1 1-1 / 4 ) 1-1 / 2 1 2 1 2- 112 ) 3 1 4 5 1 6 1 8 ) 10 12 14 16 1 18 20 24
Schedule 1OS 2489 2618 2048 1778 14 11 1279 1045 808 729 610 517 462 424 403 352 313 327 312
Schedule 405 3463 3238 2666 2399 202 1 2210 1919 1627 1426 1296 1140 1035 89 3 N/ A N/ A N/ A N/ A N/ A
ASTM A31 2 TP304L ERW - Allowable Stren_g t h • 14,200

-425 F and above
Nom. Pipe Size 1 3/4 1 1 ) 1- 1/ 4 1 1- 1/2 1 2 ) 2- 1/2 1 3 4 5 6 ) 8 1o 1 12 1 14 1 16 1 18 ) 20 1 24 )
Schedule 1OS 2079 2187 1710 1485 1178 1068 873 675 609 510 432 386 354 337 294 261 273 261
Schedule 405 2892 2705 2227 2003 1688 1846 1603 13 59 1191 1082 953 864 746 N/ A N/ A N/ A N/ A N/ A
Maximum interna! design pressure per ASME 831.5 Section 504. 1.2
P=2St/(Do-2yt) P= Interna! Psig, S = Allowable St ress per t able 502.3.1, Do & t are standard pipe dimensions, y=0.4
No Thread allowance included for any sizes
Mili tolerance of - 12.5% included
No corrosion allowance

The previou s 5ection 6.1 di scusses pipe The P-trap ru les of ammonia condenser piping
strength and wall thicknesses at length. The also apply to C0 2 condenser piping. The press ure
referenced spreadsheet is based upon carbon drop of the C0 2 condenser or cascade condenser
steel sched ule 40 pipe up to 5" (DN 125) and plus a 50 % safety factor mu st be converted to
schedu le 80 for 6" (DN 150) pipe and above . fe et (meters ) of C0 2 liquid head to determine the
There is a separare spreadsheet for sta inless steel drop leg depth . Refer to fi gure 6.2.2.
that is ba sed schedu le 105 p ipe up to 5" (DN Uquid feed to the plant, (non pumped,
125) and schedu le 405 for 6" (DN 150) pipe and saturated) - 3.3 to 4.5 ftlsec (1.0 to 1.4 mis)
above. T he t herma l properti es temperature li mits Uquid feed to plant, (pumped, subcooled) - 5.4
of the spreadsheet are -65 ºF to +60 ºF (-53.9 ºC to 7.5 ftlsec (1.6 to 2.3 mis) Note: if there are
to +15 .6 ºC) . only one or two large > 1.5 " ( DN 40 ) liquid feed
Liquid Lines so lenoids brancl1 fed from this line, the velocity
Liquid lines have minima l effect on system limit should be reduced to <4 ftlsec (1.2 mis) to
power consumption. Design concerns are vapor avoid pipe hammer and movement.
and liquid locking, flas h gas generation, pipe Branch Uquid Unes to a single device, - 3-4 ftl
hammer andlor movement and pump suction sec (0 .9127 (mis)
line ca vitation balanced against the costs and Pump Suction Unes, <1.0 ftlsec (0 .3 mis)
additional refrigerant cha rge of larger piping. Note - C0 2 generares very little subcooling
Condenser drain lines are governed by sewer from static hea d . A 4 ' column of -40 ºFlºC C0 2
flow rules to allow gravity draining from the only provides 0.64 ºF (0.35 K ) of subcooling.
condenser to the receiver or high side float va lve This leaves littl e margin for pipe suction piping
without backing liquid into the condenser. Table pressure drop.
6 .2.1 is for sewer flow p ipe ca pacities. Defrost relief lines, - 4 ftlsec (1.2 mis)
iiifl• Manning Sewer Flow C0 2 Condenser Drain Lines

30 ºf C0 2 Liquid Density, 58.3 lb/ft3 n=0.0080 for liquid C0 2 in steel pipes
Nominal 2%~1ope lb/min kg/s

Pipe Diameter Schedule Non-Vented Vented Non-Vented Vented
in (DN) 25% Full 50% Full 25% Full 50% Full
---------- ----------------------- ------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ---------- ----- ----------- --------------------------------- ----------------------------
3/4 20 Sch. 40 3.1 11 0.02 0.09
1 25 Sch.40 5.9 22 0.04 0.16
1-1/4 32 Sch . 40 12 45 0.09 0.34
1-1 /2 40 Sch . 40 19 68 0.14 0.51
2 50 Sch . 40 36 132 0.27 0.99
2-1/2 65 Sch . 40 58 21 1 0 .44 1.60
3 80 Sch . 40 103 377 0.7 8 2.85
4 100 Sch . 40 21 3 777 1.61 5.87
5 125 Sch . 40 390 1,422 2.95 10 .75
6 150 Sch. 80 555 2,024 4. 19 15.30
8 200 Sch . 80 1, 172 4,275 8.86 32.32
10 250 S ch. 80 2, 141 7,81 6 16. 18 59.08
12 300 Sch. 80 3,401 12,416 25.71 93.85
14 350 Sch. 80 4,373 15,97 1 33.06 120.72
16 400 Sch . 80 6,276 22 ,912 47.44 173.18
18 450 Sch . 80 8,624 3 1,484 65.19 237. 97
20 500 Sch . 80 11,461 41,843 86.63 316.28
24 600 Sch. 80 18,71 8 68,345 14 1.48 516.59

DRY VAPOR LINES Dry Evaporator Sucti on Lines - Des ign to less
Vapor lin es have a di rect influ ence on system th an a 2 psi (O.14 bar ) total pressure drop fr o m
p ower consurnption as their fr iction press ure the evapora tor to the suctio n vessel.
dro ps reduce the reguired compressor suction Condenser Egu alizing line - Design to 0.25
press ure and raise the reguired compressor p sig (0.02 bar) total press ure drop. Egualizin g
di scharge press ure. M inimi zing the p ress ure line flow ca n be estimated by using the total
drops of these lines by using the largest pipe system fl ow multiplied by the density of the
di a meters th a t ca n be afforded w ill reduce the va po r a nd di vided by th e densi ty of the liquid ,
power consumption over th e life of the plant. both at condensing temperature.
The onl y exception to this are th e pipes
that return a miscible lubricant film fr om the TWO-PHASE SUCTION LINES
evaporators, in which case a mínimum velocity is Unlike ammo ni a, the lig uid C0 2 content in a two
reguired regardless of press ure drop. phase suction line is considera bly greater.
Beca use of the press ure/tempera tu re Asa n exa mple:
re lati onship of C0 1 a 6 psi press ure drop in a Th e cross secti o nal area of a -40 ºF (-40 ºC)
-40 ºF (-40 ºC) sucti o n line w ill onl y ra ise th e 3: 1 recirc ul ated sucti on lin e fo r N H 3 is 99.8 1 %
evapora ting temperature to -38 ºF (-38 .8 ºC), va por a nd 0.1 9 % liquid .
as cornp ared to -24 ºF (-3 1.1 ºC) fo r a mm o nia, Whereas, th e cross sectio na l area of a -40
there is a temptatio n to undersize the line. º F (-40 ºC) 3:1 recircul ated sucti on line for
H owever, the co mpressor must still overcorne C0 1 is 95 .5 % va por a nd 4.5 % liquid. That is
the press ure loss reguiring extra power a nd lost considera bly more liquid for the vapor to drag
efficiency over th e life of the system. This also thro ugh the p ipe which adds to the press ure drop
app lies to the di scharge piping. increase re lati ve to a dry va por line.
Co mpressor Suction Lines - Des ign to less tha n Am monia two phase suction line pressure drop
a 2 psi (0.14 bar ) tota l press ure drop fr om th e is, at best, an inexact science with va ri ous methods
compressor to the suction vessel. of pressure drop ca lcul ati ons avail able. H owever,
Co mp ressor Discharge lines - Design to less the accuracy of these equations has never been
than a 2 psi (0. 14 bar ) total press ure d rop fr o m documented fo r pipes larger than 2" (DN 50) . One
the compressor to the condenser inlet. comrnonly used " rule of thumb is to size the line
111111 Recommended C0 2 Condenser Trap Depth

Condenser Equivalent Feet (No Safety margin) Condenser Equivalent Meters (No Safety margin)
Pressure Drop COz Temperature Pressure Drop COz Temperature
psi 60ºF 30ºF OºF -30 ºF -60 ºF kPa 15.5 ºC -1 ºC -17.8 ºC -34.4 ºC -51.1 ºC
0.5 1.4 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.0 3.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3
1 2.8 2.5 2.3 2.1 2.0 6.9 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.6
2 5.7 4.9 4.5 4.2 4.0 13.8 1.7 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2
3 8 .5 7.4 6.8 6.3 6.0 20.7 2.6 2.3 2.1 1.9 1.8
4 11.3 9.9 9.0 8.4 8.0 27.6 3.4 3.0 2.8 2.6 2.4
5 14.1 12.3 11 .3 10.5 10.0 34.5 4.3 3.8 3.4 3.2 3.0
6 17.0 14.8 13.6 12.6 11 .9 41.4 5.2 4.5 4.1 3.9 3.6
7 19.8 17.3 15.8 14.8 13.9 48 .3 6.0 5.3 4.8 4.5 4.2
8 22.6 19.8 18.1 16.9 15.9 55.2 6.9 6.0 5.5 5.1 4.9
9 25.4 22.2 20.3 19.0 17.9 62.0 7.8 6.8 6.2 5.8 5.5
10 28.3 24.7 22.6 21.1 19.9 68.9 8.6 7.5 6.9 6.4 6.1

for dry vapor only, then increase one pipe size to GROUP ONE
accommodate the overfed liquid " . • Electric defrost - Cons ists of electric hea ting
While this method may work, there is no elemencs embedded in, or on the face of ch e
means to determine che actual pressure drop . coil block and drain p an. A high temperature
Additionally, there is more liquid volume to allow sa fety thermosta t is recommended. It is also
for in C0 2 recirculated systems. The accompanying more energy efficient to stage che elements
spreadsheet and tables in this chapter were w ith che lower elements energizing fir st. A coi]
developed with che Beattie method, which uses temperature sensor typica ll y terminares che
a homogeneous average of che liq uid and vapor defr ost p rocess w ith a tim ed over ride. A liquid
densities in the Darcy-Weisbach equation. so leno id va lve is req uired to shut off ch e liquid
A sew er fl ow analysis of long two- phase sup ply pri or to a nd during defr ost.
suction lines sho uld be completed to ensure that
• Water defrost - Consi sts of a wa ter distribution
there is sufficient slope to keep che pipe drained
tray or spray hea der a bove the coil block that
during periods of low orno vapor load (fl ow) .
was hes the fr ost off of ch e coi) with a delu ge of
cl ea n wa rm 40 ºF to 60 ºF (4.4 ºC to 15.5 ºC)
6.3 Piping: Defrost wa ter. A reservo ir, o r high fl ow rate, of warm
Finned Coil Evaporators wa ter mu se be ava il a bl e as well as a place that
Effici ent defr ost requires th e acc umulated fros t is a bove fr eezing to di rect the dra in wa ter. Du e
to be removed fr om a finn ed coil eva porator in to the large wa ter fl ow rate, a slow opening
a timely ma nner using a heat so urce suita ble for water solenoid valve is recommended. Freezer
che evap ora tor duty and applica tion. evap o rators m ay be water defro sted if proper
The vari o us methods of defr ost can be di vided design details are used to avoid supply and
according their respective piping arra ngements dra in line fr eezing during normal op erati on.
inco three gro ups: A liq uid solenoid va lve is required to shut off
1. Defrost using externa] hea t - coil sucti on open ch e liquid suppl y prior to a nd during defr ost.
to ch e system a nd che intern a] evap or ator T hi s technology is proven as wa ter defrost is
press ure held to che preva iling system suction co mmonly used in : the apple storage indu str y
press ure. with evaporator co il s op erating on ammonia at
or slightl y below 32 ºF (O ºC) air tempera ture;
2. Defrost using heat from the air circulated
and production spiral or tunnel freezers that
over che eva pora tor - coil suctioi1 control
might require coil was hing in addition to
valve cl osed and the interna ] evaporator
defrosting at ch e end of a production shift.
press ure held to a preset valu e with a pressure
regula ting va lve relieving to che system sucti on • lnterlaced glycol (or alternate heat transfer fluid)
defrost - The co il bl ock mu se be 10-15 % larger
3. Defr ost using condensing refrigerant vapor th a n normal to acco mmodate the additi onal
- coi] sucti on control valve closed and the
tubes required for che defr ost heating circ uir.
interna! evap ora tor press ure governed by
Du ring defr ost wa rm glycol is circul ated
che incomin g hot gas vapor press ure in
thro ugh the heating tubes to transfer heat to
combination with the condensed vapor relief
che adj acent portio ns of ch e coil block. After
mech a ni sm.
defrost, che glycol is left in che circuit and
As w ith a ny refri geratio n system
chilled to che co il opera ting temperature. T hi s
cornpo nent, inlet and out iso lati o n va lves
req uires high glyco l co ncentrations or altern are
a nd a va lved connectio n fo r pump-o ut to
hea t t ra nsfer fluid s in freeze r applicati o ns.
ch e system are good practice. Due to che
solidificati on iss ues with press ure redu ction Typ ica lly che glycol is hea ted in che machine
to atrnospheric it is also good practice to roo m and a suppl y and return set of glycol
ha ve a high point val ve for p ress urization / headers are required alo ng with che branch piping
evac uatio n a nd a low p oint valve to drain and control valves . W hile, che heat for the glycol
liquid under p ress ure. may be free fr om che lubrica nt cooler or cond enser
miiar. THE CARBON DIOXIOE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANOBOOK

loa d, there is a considerable capital o utlay to
utilize it. A liquid solenoid va lve is requi red o n th e 1#111• Open Suction During Defrost
coi) liquid inlet as well as a solenoid va lve o n the
glycol inlet. The glycol outlet must be left open to
accommodate expansion and contractio n with the
ternpe rature change. LIOUID
For any of the above th ree defrost rnethods the
evaporator coi! is purnped cl own and left o pen to
the main refrigera nt circ uir during defrost. Refer
to Figure 6 .3.1. This ensures that the p ress ure th e roo m tempera ture (satu ra ted press ure)
within the coil does not rise above the system as the war rnest point in the C0 2 circuir for
sucti o n press ure. esta blishing DWP fo r the evaporator(s)
The graph shown in Figure 6.3 .2 is a n and associated va lves and controls and also
exa mple of the constant C0 1 evapora tor and p otentially the system low-side DWP.
recirc ul ato r suctio n press ure that is mainta in ed
w hen the evaporator is pumped free of C0 2 GROUP THREE
pri or to appl ying defr ost heat. In thi s case the • Hot gas defrost - As stated above, the sa turated
defrost hea t so urce was wa ter. H owever the C0 2 press ure at 45 ºF (7.2 ºC) is 595 psig
res ults wo uld be the same fo r th e other methods (4 1 Ba rg). Thi s high press ure will usually
o utlined above. In jurisdictions where ASHRAE be above the C0 2 casca de pressure and it
Standard 15 applies Paragraphs 9.2 .6.1 and therefore becomes the highest pressure p oint
9. 2. 6.2 wo uld reference the suction press ure in th e circ uit. In jur isdictions w here ASHRAE
(temperature) as the wa rmest poi nt in th e C0 1 Stand ard 15 app lies
circui r for establi shing the system low side and Paragraphs 9 .2.6 .1 and 9 .2. 6.2 reference
evapo rator(s) DWP. the evaporator defrost p ress ure (tempera ture)
GROUPTWO as the war mest point in the C0 2 circuit fo r
• Air defrost - By cl os ing the liqu id supply and establi shing the DW P for the evaporator (s)
suction control va lves and venting bac k to and associated va lves and controls and also
sucti o n thro ugh a press ure reg ulating va lve, potenti all y the system low side DW P.
the cold res idual liq uid refri gerant will Additi onally, the system C0 2 compressors
be subcooled and rise to approxi mate th e are di scharging at casca de levels, therefore
temperatu re of th e roo m air. If thi s a ir is above there is no motive force to creare 595 psig (4 1
34-36 ºF (1 -2.2 ºC) (higher is preferab le) the Barg) va por to defr ost with. One approac h
acc umulated fros t w ill rea dil y melt. In areas is to have a dedicated defrost co mpresso r to
w here th e a mbi ent is always above 36 ºF crea re the req uired high press ure va por. See
(2 .2 ºC) it is possibl e to isolate the coil fro m Figure 6 .3 .4 .
the freeze r w ith damper s and duct in filtered lt may be piped to draw o n the CO J system
o utd oor air fo r defro st. sucti on fo r a higher system effici ency ~r the
C0 2 system di scharge press ure depending upo n
The defr ost pressure regul ating va lve may th e suitability of the compressor.
be a part of the suction control valve or a Altern ately, there is a propr ietary design fr o rn
separa te va lve in stalled in para llel to a sucti o n
Euro pe th at uses a pump to ra ise th e liquid
solenoid va lve .
p ress ure to the desired leve!, th en heat is added
The defr ost press ure regul ati on sho uld be set to vap orize and superheat it. See Figure 6.3.5.
slightl y higher than the room air ternperature The hea t requi red is approxirnately 3X the
so that continued evaporati on does not eva pora tin g capacity of the coil and is typica lly
ta ke place during defr ost. In jurisdicti ons extracted fro m the amrnonia circuit lu bricant
w here ASHRAE Standard 15 applies coolers o r co mpressor di scharge vapor. Warm
Paragrap hs 9.2.6.1 and 9.2.6.2 reference col liquid co uld be utilized.
l#MlfJ C0 2 Pressure and Defrost Water Temperature
psig barg [ º C] [ º F]
580 40 20 68.0
507 35 - 18 64.4
425 30
J
~ -
~ __ .
~
-
-
16
14
60.8
57.2
w
w 362.5 25
' et
::::,
et
::::, - 12 53.6
~
(/)
(/) et
w 290.1 20 10 50.0 w
et o.
o. ~
2 17.5 15
8 46.4 w
1-
l 1
V - ~ 6 42.8 º F
145 .0 10
"' - 4 39.2 º F
72.5 5
- 2 35.6 º F
o o o 32.0 º F
0:00 2:00 4: 00 6:00 8:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00
TIME (h:min)
coolin g. In rn a ny C0 7 projects, th ere are

Offillf• Regulated Defrost Pressure producti on fr eezers ~ ith inte rn all y circ uited
REG / W id e El e cOp e ning aluminum piares tha t freeze product by contact
VENT / PAESSUAE ra rh er than air.
These units can be configured in horizontal or
vertica l plates. The fo rm er is usually for boxed
p roduct like ice cream or fr ozen rneals, the latter
is typica lly used for unwrapped p roduces like
fis h or meat and po ultry trimmings. Defrosting
BY- PASS A EG piare freezers is a precise process, where the plate
VEN T / PAE S SUAE
surface mu st rise a bove freezing and "release" th e
S U CTION product bur nor overh eat and soften the product.
Because of this precise requirement, hot gas is the
preferred of defr osting plate freezers and due to
the frequency of defrosr in production, vaporized,
pumped liquid is the rnost viable. In jurisdictions
where ASHRAE Standard 15 applies Paragraphs
9.2.6.1 and 9.2.6.2 reference the pi are freezer
H owever, che latent hea r of C0 2 at 45 F is defrost p ress ure (temperature) as the warmest point
89 .9 Btu/lb as compared to a 10 deg sensible in the C0 2 circuir fo r esta blishing the DWP for the
heat cha nge of 6.1 Btu/l b m a king the mass flow plate freezer(s) and associated valves and controls
reduction for hot gas vapor defrost o bvio us. and also porentially rhe system low side DWP.
PLATE FREEZERS REFERENCES
Ali of the a bove info rmation is in reference 1. Pearson, A.B Pearson "Defrost Options for
to finn ed co il evapo rators circulating air fo r carbon Di ox ide, //AR, Reno, NV 2006
1miiar. THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANOBOOK

Hot Gas Defrost Using Gas lii#li Hot Gas Defrost Using Gas
Wilti from a C0 2 Compressor from a Flashed C0 2 Liquid
ALT
® ®
2. Kawamura, Oesign Considerations for a NH3System

uti/izing C02 as a Secondary Refrigeran(' //AR, 2008
lubrica nt may be returned to the compressor if it is
3. Colmac Coi/ Company, Water Oefrosting at Freezer
filtered and free of any contaminants such as water.
Temperatures, Bruce Ne/son, 2009 Website post The fo llowing di agram is an example of a lubricant
distillation system for immiscible lubricants.
6.4 Piping: Lubricant A few design notes:
(oil) Management
CO l compressors may use a variety of lubrica nts, • Mo unt th e skim po int selecti o n valves at
so rne are mi scibl e with CO l while others a re least 2' below th e skim point's static hea d to
immiscible. lub ricant ma nage ment is required ove rco me the va lve press ure drop.
in a li fi eld erected CO l refrigeration systems • A vessel with a regulated, constant leve! may
with lubricated C0 2 co mpressors to minimize use a single skim point, located at the bottom
lubrica nt fouling of th e evaporators. of the vesse l.
Liquid C0 2 has a density range of 58.3 lb/ft3 at
• A mo torized va lve is reco mm ended fo r
30 ºF to 73 .57 lb/ft3 a t -69 .8 ºF (933 .8 kg/m3 at
minima l press ure drop into the distill ati o n hea t
-1.3 ºC to 1178.4 kg/m3 at -56.5 ºC) this density
exchanger.
range is genera ll y compara ble to most synthetic
lubricants w hich have densities ranging from 60 • By mo unting the heat excha nger at a 45 deg
to 62.8 lblft3 (961 to 1005 kg/m3) . angle a temperature sensor at the midpo int of
Immiscible lubrica nts such as Napthenic th e hea t exchanger tube length w ill indicare
and Paraffinic minera l oils, a lkylbenze ne and lubrica nt acc umula tion as o pposed to bo iling
pol ya lphaolefin s (PAO) are lighter than liquid cold co2.
C0 2 a nd float on top of C0 1 . To retrieve these M iscible lubrica nts such as po ly-alkylene
lubrica nts, skim points mu st be loca ted a long th e glyco ls (PAG), polyol esters (POE) a nd
side of a ny low side vesse l th at m ainta ins a level polyviny l ether (PVE) by their very nature are
of liquid C0 2 • ho mogeneo usly blended in the condensed liquid
The skim poim then drains the lu bricam rich C0 1 strea m. To retrieve this lubrica nt a branch
liquid C0 2 into a heated and vented lubricant line off from a low side pumped liquid suppl y
pot for distillation to mostly pure lubricant. This line is routed to a di stillation vessel.
THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOI< iiar.1m

If pumped liquid is no t ava ila ble, then a skim by 7-10 % . The ta bl e a lso provides the steps
p o int from the botto m of the vessel w ith a to determine the hea t load, fl ow ra tes a nd
motorized valve in lieu of a soleno id va lve may tempera tures that th e rectificatio n beat excha nger
be used. At low lubricant concentrations, the and associated piping mu st be designed for.
CO/lubricant mixture is hom ogeneo us a nd there Alternately, th e di still ed oil may be draw n bac k
is no need to skim fro m j ust below the liq uid into the co mpressor throu gh the compressor
col surface. uctio n piping if it is designed to a llow fr ee
This vesse l is typica ll y a shell and tube hea t o íl movement into th e co mpressor. This direct
excha nge r th at uses sensibl e hea t from the C0 2 o íl return w ith o ut filters ass um es that rh e
li quid to evaporare the C 0 2, leaving th e lubrica nt co mmi ssio ning process resulted in an internally
behind. Thi s lubricant could be returned to cl ea n system.
the compressor if it is filtered a nd free of a ny 6.5 System Design -
co nta minants such as water. Water Management
The fo ll owing fi g ure 6.4. 3 demo nstrates th at As o utlin ed ea rlier in C hap ter 4-System
a ll ow in g tb e lubrica nt concentra ti o n in the low Safety, wa ter has a deleterious effect on C0 2
side to rise t o 0.25 % a nd rectifying 1 % of th e refrigera ti o n systems du e to potenti a l ice
system fl ow rate w ill o utpace a 10 PPM lub ricant for mati o n a nd corros io n. Even th o ugh C0 2
carry over rate from the co mpressors w ith a systems opera re at a positive pressure, wa ter
slight subcoo ling of the wa rm liquid flo w. 0.25 % may be introduced durin g co nstruction,
was not arbitrarily chosen, test ha ve show n commissio ning or maintenance. To recap, the
that a 0.5 % PAG lubricant content wi ll reduce so lubility of water in C0 2 is much lower th a n for
the hea t transfer coefficient of a n evap orator o ther refrigerants, especia ll y a mmo ni a which has
iiiil• WET
RETURN
IMMISCIBLE . . . . - - - - VAPOR
Lubricant Col lection RECIRCULATOR
LOW TEMPERATURE <D

..l,
NORMAL LIQUID C0 2 1-
OPERATING RANGE
z
w
>
1'
PUMP NOT VENT
SHOWN
@
LOW SIZE
LOADS
OPTIONAL
REGULATING
VALVE
HIGH TEMP LIQUID

@~----------t.'-='----!)(!,-~ DRAI N
FROM CONDENSER OR
CASCADE HEAT EXCHANGE L!J ©
mliiar. THE CAR BON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK

a high affinit y for wa ter. The so lubiliry leve) for a lways migrate to che coldest p a rt of the system.
w ater in liguid co2is much higher th a n for co2 The reco mmended goa l is to keep che water
vapor. Once rhe solubility level is exceeded , fre e co ncentra tion at ornear th e 10 ppm leve! of the
wa ter is then prese nt in the C0 2• inicia l charge .
Figure 6.5.1 shows the solubility of wa ter in When va por is ge nerated , wa ter levels a bove
both liguid and va por ph ases of C0 1 as a functi on 50 - 100 ppm are ca use fo r correcti ve acti on.
of tempera tu re . The solubiliry in ch e li g uid phase On direct expansion freezers, 1 O ppm is the
is much higher than in the vap or p hase . Below upper limit, with leeway to 30 ppm on medium
these levels, wa ter rem ains disso lved in the temperature applica tio ns.
refrigera nt and does not harm the system. Above
CORROSION DUETO WATER CONTAMINATION:
these levels, ch e H 2 0 molecules precipitare out of
While wa ter may be below the maximum
the solution into droplets.
Du e to che large difference between the so lubility limit in th e liguid phase, w hen the
refr igera nt is evapora ted, th e wa ter does n ot
m aximum solubility in the vapor and the liguid
evaporare. Th e so lubility o f wa ter in liguid C0 2
phase (139 / 6.5 = 20), water w ill tend to
is 20 times rhat of wa ter in C0 2 vapor. Thi s
concentrare in the liguid phase. Referrin g to
ca uses th e wa ter to d rop o ut o f so lurion, fo rmin g
Figure 6.5.2 then conseguentl y liguid C0 2 (A) either ice o r acid or both.
from the separator to the evaporators w ill conta in Carbonic acid is formed w hen C0 2 is added to
approximately 20 times more wa ter tha n che C0 2 H 2 0 to fo rm H 2 C0 3 •
vapor (ºC) in the compressor suction line. W hen additiorial fr ee wa ter is added, th en H 20
The potencia l risk fo r wa ter in C0 1 is highest and H 2C0 3 combine to for m H C0 3- and H 30+, a
in the evapo rator loop (A -B ) and wa ter will hydro nium ion, and the acid becomes co rros ive.
lirtllfJ WET
RETURN
MISCIBLE
Lubricant Col lection
LOW TEMPERATURE
,!, ®
C0 2 MAKE-UP
NORMAL LIOUID C0 2
OPERATING RANGE
1'
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1
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SOURCE I
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DRAIN
FROM CONDENSER OR
CASCADE HEAT EXCHANGE l!J ©
THE CARBON OIOXIOE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANOBOOK Har.m

Wilfl Oil Rectification Calculator
Ref. # NOTES
Capacity 100 tons 351.7 kW Given
EvapTemp -40 Deg ºF -40.0 ºC Given
Vapor Enthalpy 138.7 Btu/lb 322.6 kJ/k g From C0 2 tabl es
CondTemp 30 Deg ºF -1.1 ºC Given
Liquid Enthalpy 36.3 Btu/lb 84.4 kJ/k g From C0 2 tables
2 C0 2 Mass Flow 195.3 lb/min 5315.6 kg/sec Capacity/(hg- hl)
Oil Loss 10 PPM 10.0 PPM X/1,000,000
2 Oil Mass Flow 0.00195 lb/min 0.1 kg/sec Flow * PPM/1,000,000
3 Steady State lubricant Conc. 0.25 % 0.25 % Designers choice
3 Sampling Rate 1.0 % 1.0 % Designers choice
3 Rectifier C0 2 Flow 1.95 lb/min 53.2 kg/sec C0 2 mass Flow * Sampling rate
4 Oil Recovery Rate 0.00488 lb/min 0.1 kg/sec Rectiflier Flow * Steady State lubricant Conc.
RectifierTemp -40 Deg ºF -40.0 ºC Designers choice
C0 2 Latent Heat 138.7 Btu/lb 322.6 kJ/kg From C0 2 tables
7 Heat Requirement 270.9 Btu/min 4.8 kJ /sec Rect. Flow * Latent Heat
Warm Liquid
5 lnletTemp 30 Deg ºF -1.1 ºC Same as CondTemp
5 lnlet Entalphy 36.3 Btu/lb 84.4 kJ/kg From C0 2 tables
5 Flow Rate 193.4 lb/min 5262.4 kg/sec C0 2 Mass Flow - Sample Flow
Enthapy Reduction 1.40 Btu/lb 3.3 kJ/kg Heat Requirement / Flow rate
6 Outlet Entalphy 34.90 Btu/lb 81.2 kJ/kg lnlet Entalphy - Entalphy Reduction
6 OutletTemp, approx. 27.5 Deg ºF -2 .5 ºC From C0 2 tables
Ref # refers to the corresponding points on Figures 6.4. 1 and 6.4.2
Additi onally, lubricants used in C0 2 systems fr om C 0 2 • It is reco mm ended that every C0 2

can in the p rese nce of free wa ter ca n for m acids refri geration system has at least one, prefera bly
leading to corrosion two filter driers in stalled in p ara llel with block
M ineral o il and 0 2 = Orga nic acid and wa ter va lves . It is recomm ended that they be in stalled
Ester oil a nd H 2 0 = O rga nic acid and alco ho l in a p umped liquid line eith er in a slip strea m
Anti -wear additives and H 20 = Phosphoric ac id co nfigurati on or foil fl ow if th e flow rate of the
a nd alka nol filter drier permits it.
As with car bonic ac id , the additi o n of free If there is no pumped co2liquid line in the
water fo rms hydronium ions which th en ma kes system, then they sho uld be in stalled in the liquid
these acids more corros ive as well. line leaving the co ndenser o r casca de condenser
Corros ion is not a risk if there is no " free prior to the expansion devise.
w ater " in the system. Free wa ter is w ater co ntent A low valved drain point as well as a high
in excess of what can be dissolved in the C0 2 • po int fo r press uriza ti on should be provided fo r
proper element change o ut.
WATER REMOVAL
The fir st step in wa ter remova l is to keep the WATER DETECTION
wa ter o ut of th e system in the fir st place. Chapter As stated a bove, co ld C0 2 liquid is th e optimum
16 - Evac uati on, Chapter 17 - Charging, loca cio n to detect wa ter in C0 2 • H owever, This
and Chapter 19 - Maintenance will provide is also a n area of piping that will fros t and ice
techniqu es to minimize wa ter intrusion. making the visibility of a moisture indicating
Filter driers that use molec ular sieve techno logy sight glass difficult if not impossible. lt is
ha ve proven very effecti ve at removing w ater recommended that the fac ility o bta in a porta ble
lmiiar. THE CAR BON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK

iiilil Water Solubility in C0 2
.....-.. 1000 Liquid

+-'
..e
O)
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-60 -40 -20 o 20 40 60 [º F]
-51 -40 -29 -18 -7 4 16 [ºC]
Temperature
WilfJ Water Distribution in C0 2 Pump Circulating Systems
Compres sor
Dry suction
i--- - - - - -+- Heat exchange

CO receiver (condenser)
Evaporator Liquid
Liquid
THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATIDN HANDBOOK

iiar.rm
C0 2 dew poi nt tester a nd periodically test for 2 . http://www.ascoco2.co m/en/products/
water and take corrective acti on if high water CO 2-testing-eq ui pment/CO 2-dew-point-tester/
levels are measured. Shou ld the faci lity elect no t
6.6 Piping: Safety Relief
to have an in ho use dew point tester, then the
a C0 2 sa mp le should be periodically tested for
Valves and Piping
wa ter and o ther contaminants as o utlined in C0 2 systems like ali refrigeration systems require
Chapter 19 - Ma intenance. safety relief va l ves per ASHRAE 15 and EN-
Sources of C0 2 Dew Point Testing Eq uipment 13136. The safety va lves are of the sa me design
1. http://www.haffm a ns.nlEngineeredProd uct_ as those for ammonia system , although designed
P_Dew _Po int_Tester.aspx for higher re lief pressures.
Wiiii Filter Drier Placement
EVAPORATOR
C0 2 RECIRCULATOR
~ G) @ 0
B A
ALTERNATE
LOCATION
PREFERRED
LOCATION
FILTER DRIER
L!J
PRESSURIZATION / DRAIN
EVACUATION PORT
p /
FILT ER DRIER
B FILTER DRIER A
DUALWITH
SLIPSTREAM
D
miiar. THE CAR BON OIOXIOE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK

The principie di fference with safety relief systems th e system it p ro tects shall have at least the area
of co ) is the possible formation of solid c o ? in of the press ure-relief va lve inlet area" which is
the do~nstream piping. This requires a diffe;ent consistent w ith UG-13 5 (b) of the ASME Boiler
approach to the piping layout and design. The a nd Pressure Vessel Code. Thi s p a rticular secti o n
ASHRAE-15 fo rmula sizing for safety relief valves is: of the ASME B& PV Code furth er requires " [t]
C=f DL he characteristics of this upstrea m system shall
W here C = air fl ow capacity in #/min (kg/s)at be such that the press ure drop will not reduce
the des ired set press ure the relieving cap acity below th at required or
th e gas facto r, it is 1. 0 (0.082 ) fo r co2 adverse ly affect the proper op era ti on of th e
D= the vessel dia meter in fee t (meters) p ress ure relief va lve ."
L = the vessel overa ll length in fee t (meters ) In the context of a refrigera tio n system, this
Figure 6.6.1 illustrates w hat happens w hen necessitates that the inlet press ure loss due to
C0 2 at vario us states is reduced to atmospheric piping and other compo nents (such as three-way
press ure. Liquid CO ) w ill form a considerable va lves) mu st not diminish th e va lve's cap aci ty
a mo unt of solid co;, whereas c o 2 vap or will below the m ínimum required capacity for the
generare less solid COr In either case, o utlet p ipe a ttached component. Furtherm ore, excess ive
clogging with so lid C0 2 ca n occur. Beca use of thi s inlet pressure losses ca n lead to un sta ble va lve
o utlet pip ing on C0 2 safety reli ef va lves sho uld be operati o n kn own as "chatter" w hen the inl et
avo ided if at ali possible. An exception is made for p ress ure loss exceeds the va lve's bl owdow n.
compressor lubrica nt separators that w ill always Designers need to exercise care w hen considering
be relieving superheated vapor which w ill not long inlets to pressure relief devices to ensure
solidi fy w hen reduced to atmospheric press ure. these criteria are satisfied.
ASHRAE-1 5 Para. 9.7.8.1 requires that systems
DESIGN GUIDELINES
w ith over 110 lb (50 kg) of a class Al (C0 2 is
Safety Relief Valves installed in any pipe, vessel
cl ass A 1) refrigerant be designed to discharge
or component that will pass liquid into the valve
o utside of a building a t a height " not less th an 15
ca nnot relieve to atmosphere or any p ressure below
ft (4.5 7 m ) a bove the adj oining gro und leve!. " In
the triple point which is 75 .1 psia (5 .2 Bara) .
addition, the point of vent di scharge ca nnot be
Safety Relief Va l ves installed in any pipe, vessel
closer than 20 ft (6 .1 m ) fr om building ventilation
or component that w ill onl y pass vapor into the
openings, pedestrian w alkways, building exits,
va lve, may relieve directl y to atmosphere w ith no
below-grade walkways, entrances (e.g. pits or
o utl et piping. Consideration sho uld be given to
ramps) or courtyard areas if a release of the entire
wea ther p rotecti on of th e va lve intern als. Such as
system charge into such a sp ace wo uld yield a CO?
spray ing into the o utlet p ort wi th Boeshield T-9
concentratio n in excess of 40,000 ppm . -
pro tecta nt o r simil ar p rodu ct, or utilizing a safety
Secti on 9.7.9.3.2 of ASHRAE 15-2013
reli ef va lve with tainless steel components in
(Addendum a) req uires the relief vent pipe to be
t he exposed areas. A wea th er fl ap or co nfo rma!
sized large eno ugh to prevent the back press ure
Ca p plug is not reco mmended as it may jam or
on the relief device from exceeding the maxi mum
fo ul with solid C0 2 a nd creare an excessive back
limit for the relief valve . The maximum allowa ble
pressure on the valu e prior to or during release.
back pressure for con ventional p ress ure relief
Safety Reli ef Va lves install ed in a ny pipe, vessel
valves is 15 % of the va lve's set pressure.
or compo nent th at will onl y pass superheated
In most instances, th e system designer w ill find
vapor into th e va lve, such as a comp ressor
it pru dent to minimize the use of atm osph eri c
lubri ca nt sepa rato r, may reli eve di rec tly to
relief va lves a nd when their use is necessary,
atm osphere th ro ugh an o utlet pip in g or a hea der.
m o unt them as shown in Figure 6.6.2 . C0 2 va por
ASHRAE-1 5 Para. 9.4. 8 states " Press ure r elief
discharging fro m a relief val ve is heav ier than air.
dev ices sha ll be connected directl y to the pressure
Beca use of this, consideration sho uld be given
vessel o r other parts of the system pro tected
to areas around the lo cation of the reli ef va lve
th ereby." Pa ra . 9.7.6 states "Ali p ipe a nd fittings
where C0 2 co uld settle and build to a da ngero us
between the pressure-relief va lve a nd the p arts of
THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK

iiar.m
Wiiilil• Safety Valves in C0 2 Systems
Pressure
psi bar +31 ºC [87.9 ºF]
1450 100 Vapour

50 bar [725 psi]
Liquid
Liquid Vapour
35 bar [507 psi]
20 bar [290 psi]
Solid - Liquid
Liquid - vapour
0% solid co?at
145 10 78% solid co2at t he triple po1nt
Sol id the triple point
-56.6 ºC [-69.9 ºF]
-5.2bar-a [75 .1 psi-a]
5% solid co?at
Solid Vapour
the triple point
Vapour
-78.4 ºC [-109 .1 ºF]
14.5 1
Enthalpy (J)
Flow in downstream lines from safety va/ves
concentration, suc h asa n enclosed co urtyard or

roofs with parapet wa lls. OffililtJ Roof Penetrations
6.7 Piping: Charging Connections
Dedicated Relief
co2systems must be pre-pressurized with co2 Pipe Mounted on
vapor prior to inj ecting C0 2 liquid into the system.
Extended Connection
The reason for this is to ensure that the liquid C0 2
will not evaporate at a saturated pressure and
corresponding temperature below the mean design
metal temperature (MDMT).a pressure of 200 psig
(13 .7 Barg) corresponds to -20 ºF (-28.8 ºC). Liquid
CO, will solidify during charging at pressures below
the triple point of 60.4 psig (4.2 Barg) .
For a field erected, stationary system it is
recommended that a permanent charging station is \
'
situated wi thin easy and close access to the delivery
tanker. This charging station ca n be located outside
of the mach ine room either exposed, enclosed in
a locked box, or just inside of amachine room
doorway for add itional security.
The C0 2 vapor line sho uld be connected to C0 2 VESSEL
the top of the vesse l th at will hold th e bulk of
the CO, liquid. This will mo st likely be the C0 2
recircu la tor vessel.
Biiar. THE CAR BON OIOXIOE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANOBOOI<

T he C0 2 liquid lin e sho uld a lso be connected The connectio n end of the cha rging lines
to the top of the sa me vessel. It sho u ld be sho uld be terminated at a n easy wo rking height
situated, directed or baffled is such a way as to fr om the fl oor a nd securely anchored to the wall
prevent liquid C0 2 entrainment into the main to resist any pull fr om the charging hoses.
C0 2 vapor outlet. The reaso n fo r top fillin g the They shall be fitted with stop va lves a nd purge
co2liquid is to all ow thi s line to eventu all y valves . The openings shall be suita bl y plugged.
evap orare dry of liquid. The va por line sha ll have a va lved ga uge with a
After charging, the lo wer po rti a n of thi s range fro m zero press ure to at least the design
line will sweat while the residu a l co2liquid working press ure of th e system. An additi onal
evaporares. For thi s reason, it is reco mmended ga uge on the vessel receiving th e charge ca n be a
that stainless steel is used for the piping material good indicator of a clogged chargin g line.
to resist corrosion. Each line shall be clea rl y la beled " Vapor" and
Shordy after charging, when these charging " Liquid. "
lines are devoid of liquid, th ere will be minimal A safety warning sign sho uld be posted that
heat tra nsfer du e to the intern a! va por. Therefore reads " Refri gerant Gra de (<10 PPM H 20 ) C0 2
it is only necessa ry to insul ate the fir st 2 ft (0 .6 onl y" and "200 psig (13 . 7 Barg) vap or pressure
m ) of length leaving the vesse l. mu st exist prior to chargin g liquid CO / '
wtlfll C0 2 Charging Station
C0 2 RECIRCULATOR
I
~
~ ----
I
1
\
\
HOSE
CHOCK
w
L:.I L:.I
VAPOR LIQUID
C0 2 CHARGING STATION

CHAPTER SEVEN
Evaporat ors
INTRODUCTION Notw ithstanding the many simila rities in
The process of se lecting a ir cooling evapo rato rs eva porator ratin g methods and co nstruction,
to operare in a C0 2 refri gera tio n system is ver y however, the very di fferent thermodynamic and
simil ar to se lecting eva porators for a mm o nia . chemical characteristics of C0 2 compared to
Evaporator ma nufacturers typically requi re the ammoni a require specia l attentio n w ith regard to;
same input data such as; cap acity, temper atures material compa tibility, pressure and heat transfer.
and phys ica l characteri sti cs for both refrigerants
MATERIAL COMPATIBILITY
and likewise displ ay perfor ma nce and selecti o n
data in the sa me way. Unlike ammonia, C0 2 can be used safely with
To th e uniniti a ted , th e a bove may impl y th at copper and copper-bearing alloys. Actuall y, dry C0 2
co2evap ora to rs a nd a mm oni a eva pora tors is quite inert and can be used with ali commonly
are intercha ngea bl e a nd essentia lly the sa me used base metals; copper, carbon steel, stainless
anim al. H owever, C 0 2 eva p or at ors are ve ry steel, and aluminum. Care must be taken to select
different in a number of res pects th at a re materials with sufficient strength to withstand the
importa nt for refri ger ati o n des igners and higher MAWP required for C0 2 • This normally rules
op erating engineers t o und ersta nd. out the use of aluminum with co2.
For many years, ammonia evaporators have
GENERAL
been made of carbon steel tubes and fin s hot
Most commonl y used C0 2 liquid feed methods are:
clip ga lva ni zed after fa brication. W hiJe thi s type
• Pumped Liquid, and of construction is·corrosion resistant and has
• Direc t Expansion suffic ient strength to perform well in most ammonia
While gravity flooded feed is very effective with refrigeration systems, carbon steel is not an ideal
ammonia, it is not commonl y used with C0 2 due to: material to use with carbon dioxide for two reasons:
1. co2liquid has a higher density th an 1. Tubeside Corrosion. If there is any residual

a mmonia. H owever, this higher den sity wa ter present in the piping or vessels of a carbon
liquid column is no t suffi cient to produ ce the di oxide system on startup, it ca n combine w ith
velociti es required fo r a suita ble mass flu x the ca rbon dioxide to fo rm carbo nic acid.
(density X velocity) . T his res ults in low boiling Carbon steel is susceptible to corrosion w hen
h eat tra nsfer coeffi cients. exposed to even mildly acidic solutions.
2. The higher pressure rating required for the 2. Embrittlement at Low Temperatures.
surge drum. Carbo n steel is kn own to beco me brittle at
Amm oni a evaporato rs are sati sfacto ril y tempera tures below a bo ut -20 ºF (-28 .9 ºC)
defr osted by a ir, wa ter, o r hot gas. Electric a nd pro ne to fr acture w hen subjected to
defr ost is n ot co mmonly used. impact loa ding even th o ugh the stre ngth of the
C0 2, on the other ha nd , is comm onl y defr osted metal increases as the ternpera ture is re duced.
by; air, wa ter, and electric resista nce heating. O ne of the ad va ntages of C0 1 is the improved
H owever, hot gas defr osting is not as comm on cycle effi ciency (re du ced power consumption )
becau se of the high gas press ures required. Electric at ve ry low (bl ast freez ing) temperatures w here
defrost is very effective a nd is widely used w ith carb on steel eva po rators can be pro blematic
C0 2 du eto its simplicity and low fir st cost. and therefore no t recommend ed.
THE CARBON OIOXIOE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANOBOOK Her.a

Aluminum is an excellent metal to use in b) embrittlement at low temperatures (lower
evaporators for severa! reasons (Nelson, 3) and so than -20 ºF (-28 .9 ºC)).
is in wide use in industrial ammonia refrigeration
• Al uminum is not recommended for use in C0 2
systems. While the yield and tensile strength of
evapora tors due to its lower yield and tensile
this metal are sufficient to easily handle ammonia
strength characteristics.
pressures, they are generally not high eno ugh
to satisfy the higher design pressures needed DESIGN WORKING PRESSURE
for carbon dioxide. Aluminum is therefore not CO J design working pressures are much higher
recommended for use with carbon dioxide. than for ammon ia.
Copper, unlike carbon steel, does not suffer Figure 7 .1 compares the saturation pressures
embrittlement at low temperatures. lt resists for C0 2 and ammonia and illustrates the
corrosion when exposed to mild acids and so can significantly higher pressures (and consequently
stand expos ure to low concentrations of carbonic higher material strength requirements) for C0 2 •
acid. Because of the possibility of expos ure of ASHRAE - 15 sets the mínimum design
the brazed joints to carbonic acid, it is highly pressure for evaporators in Section 9 .2. This
recommended that copper tube evaporators be section of the standard also refers to the ASME
brazed using a non-phosphorous bearing alloy Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII,
filler metal. The yield and tensile strengths of as the appropriate method of determining the
copper are high enough to reach required design design (or 'working') pressure given evaporator
pressures for freezer temperatures, but in rooms dimensions and materials of construction.
above about O ºF (-17. 7 ºC) the required design As discussed in Chapter 6, ASHRAE - 15
pressures become higher than can be practically Section 9.2.6 describes the fo llowing mínimum
met with copper tubes . Therefore, copper tube design pressure requirements for C0 2 :
construction is typically considered appropriate "When a refrigerating system utili zes carbon
for carbon dioxide evaporators installed in dioxide (R-744) as a heat transfer fluid, the
rooms O ºF (-17.7 ºC) and colder. mínimum design pressure for system components
Stainless steel is an ideal tube material for use sha ll comply with the fo ll owing.
in carbon dioxide evaporators because of its • 9.2.6 .1 In a circuit withou t a compressor, the
high yield and tensile strength and corrosion design pressure shall be at least 20 % higher
resistance . Also, like aluminum and copper,
stainless steel is not susceptib le to embrittlement
even at extremely low (cryogenic) temperatures. Saturation Pressure
Summary:
11111 vs Temperature Comparison
• Both copper and sta inless steel tubing and pipe Ammonia coz
are recommended for use in C0 2 evaporators Temperature Pressure Pressure
provided the diameters and wall thicknesses ºF ºC psi a bara psi a bara
meet the required design pressures. -60 -51.1 6 0.4 95 6.5
• When using copper, a non-phosphorous -40 -40.0 10 0.7 146 10.0
bearing brazing a ll oy is recommended to limit -20 -28.9 18 1.3 215 14.8
the risk of leaks ca used by acidic conditions o -17.8 30 2.1 306 21.1
20 -6.7 48 3.3 422 29.1
resulting from the presence of carbonic acid .
40 4.4 73 5.1 568 39.1
• Carbon steel is not recommended for use in 60 15.6 108 7.4 748 51.6
C0 2 evaporators due to a) susceptibility to 80 26.7 153 10.6 970 66.8
corrosion in the presence of carbonic acid, and

than the saturation pressure corresponding to Working Pressure (MAWP) for commonly
the warmest location in the circuit. used commercia l tube diameters for the above-
• 9.2.6.2 In a cascade refrigerating system, the recommended copper and stainless steel tubing
highside design pressure sha ll be at least 20 % materials.
higher than the maximum pressure developed Applying the data from Figure 7.2, which
by a pressure-imposing element, and the includes th e Section 9.2.6 stipulated 20% factor,
lowside pressure sha ll be at least 20% higher to Figures 7.3 and 7.4 provides the required
than the saturation pressure corresponding to tubing wall thickness for the selected "warmest
the warmest location in the circuir." location" temperature.
Figure 7.5 shows the tube wall thickness
In the case of an evaporator the phrase
needed to meet the requirements of Section 9.2.6
"warmest location in the circuit" would be either:
in a C0 1 evaporator operating at vario us room
l. The room temperature in which the temperatures.
evaporator will operate when the li quid Note that the mínimum tube wall thicknesses
containing evaporator is isolated from the shown in Figure 7.5 are theoretical calculated
system suction. Example, a C0 2 evaporator valu es. In normal manufacturing practice, copper
in a cascade refrigerating system is being tubing with wall thickness less than abou t 0.016"
designed to operare in a O ºF (-17.7 ºC) room. (0.4 mm) is difficult to produce and to handle.
From Figure 7.1 the saturation pressure With stainless steel tubing the practica! mínimum
corresponding to O ºF (-17. 7 ºC) is 305. 7 psi a wall thickness is around 0.020" (0 .51 mm).
(21.0 bar). The mínimum required design Note also that Figure 7.5 applies only to
pressure according to Section 9.2.6.2 would evaporator ni bes, not to headers or piping
then be 305 .7 x 1.2 = 366.8 psia = 352 psig connections. The evaporator manufacturer must also
(25.3 bar). properly design coil headers and piping connections
2. The temperature equiva lent of the prevailing according to ASME Section VIII to have MAWP
system pressure if the evaporator is not equal to or greater than the tubing MAWP.
isolated from the rest of the system for other While lower temperatures may allow the use
than maintenance purposes. Example, a C0 1 of light wall tubing and relatively low design
evaporator cools a process area where the pressures during normal operation, the system
suction pressure/temperature is 568 psia (39.2 designer must remember that the design pressure
Bara) 40 ºF (4.4 ºC). The mínimum required
design pressure according to Section 9.2.6.2
Minimum Design
would then be 568 x 1.2 = 681.6 psia = 666.9
psig (4 7 bar). mea Pressure vs Temperature
Figure 7.2 incorporates the 20 % pressure C0 2 Evaporators
factor in the listed mínimum design pressures.
Temperature Minimum Design Pressure
Knowing the required mínimum design pressure
ºF ºC psia psig bara
from the above now allows us to determine the -60 -51.1 113 99 7.8
wall thickness for the selected tubing diameter -40 -40.0 175 160 12.1
according to the calculation method shown in the -20 -28.9 258 243 17.8
ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section o -17.8 367 352 25.3
VIII. Material properties used in the calculations 20 -6.7 506 492 34.9
are taken from ASME Section 11. 40 4.4 681 666 47.0
Figures 7.3 and 7.4 have been constructed 60 15.6 897 883 61.9
to show the calculated Maximum Allowable
THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK

iiar.m
m ust be selected to accommodate ali potential Summary
tempera t ure/press ure conditions including (b ut • C0 2 evaporators wi ll operate at significantly
not limited to ): higher press ures tha n a mmo ni a for a give n
a. Startup conditions temperature.
b. Peak load operation • In the United States, ASHRAE Sta nd ard 15-
c. Abnormal load s (process temperature 201 O Secti on 9 .2.6 esta blishes design press ure
excursions) requirements fo r co2systems.
d. Standby co nditions that occur freq uenrly • M inimum reco mmended tube wa ll thicknesses
i. Power o utages limited in time dura ti on but are show n in Figure 7.5, however, the
which may happen with sorne frequency evap orator manu facturer mu st insure that
ii. Shutdown during cleanup ali press ure bea ring compo nents in the coi!,
MAWP vs Tube Wall Thickness ASME Boiler

Wiil and Pressu re Ves se I Code, Sec VI 11
Tube Wall Thickness. mm
0.25 0.38 0.50 0.64 0.76 0.89 1.0 1.1 1.3
1600 ~ - - - . . . - - ----r-------,----..---- - -,-- - -- r - ---r-------, 110.3
e,
-~ 1400
ii:'
~ 1200
~
"' 1000 68 .9 ~
J°' 600 55 1
·
,:,
- 318" Dia
"
:i:
- 112· Dia
~ 600
4l .3
- 518" Dia
"'
:o
~ 400 27.6
.2
<(
X 200 13.8
~
0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045 0.05

Tube Wall Thickness , inches
MAWP vs Tube Wall Thickness ASME Boiler

Wi&i and Pressu re Ves se I Code, Sec VI 11
Tube Wall Thickness. mm
0.25 0.38 0.50 0.64 0.76 0.89 1.0 1.1 1.3
2000 ~ - - - . . . - - ----r-------.----..--- ---,-- - - - - , - - -- - . - - - - - , 137.8
·[ 1800 124.0
6: 1600 110.3
~
~ 1400 96.5
"'3 e,
1 1200
82.7
68.9
~
°' 1000 - 518"Dia
1" 800 55. 1

41.3
- 7/B"Dia
1" Dia
:E 600
"'
~ 400 ~ ,....-..a::::
27.6
<(
13. 8
~ 200
:::;;
0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045 o.os

Tube Wall Thickness , inches
miiar. THE CARBON OIOXIOE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK

Mínimum Tube Wall Thickness vs Room Temperature
461 C0 2 Evaporators ASHRAE Standard 15-201 O
C0 2 Evaporators
Room Temperature Minimum Tube Wall Thickness, in (mm)
SB-75 Cu Tube Diameter SA-249 304 SS Tube Diameter
ºF ºC JM' (9.5) 1(l' (12.7) 5M' (15.9) 5M' (15.9) 7M' (22.2) 1" (25.4)
-60 -51.1 0.010 0.254 0.010 0.254 0.010 0.254 0.010 0.254 0.010 0.254 0.010 0.254
-40 -40.0 0.010 0.254 0.011 0.278 0.013 0.330 0.010 0.254 0.010 0.254 0.010 0.254
-20 -28.9 0.012 0.305 0.015 0.381 0.018 0.457 0.010 0.254 0.010 0.254 0.012 0.305
o -17.8 0.016 0.406 0.020 0.508 0.025 0.635 0.011 0.278 0.015 0.381 0.017 0.432
20 -6.7 0.022 0.559 0.028 0.711 0.034 0.864 0.015 0.381 0.021 0.533 0.024 0.610
40 4.4 0.027 0.686 0.035 0.889 0.043 1.092 0.020 0.508 0.027 0.686 0.032 0.813
60 15.6 0.036 0.914 0.046 1.168 NR 0.026 0.660 0.036 0.914 0.041 1.041
includin g headers a nd pipe connections, are increases; a) th e heat transfer coefficient increases
designed correctly. which increase coo ling capacity, but b) press ure
drop a lso increases w hich reduces coo ling
• The temperature used to esta bli sh desig n
capacity. Evap orator manufactu rers optimize this
press ure mu st be carefully selected to account
ba lance of hea t tra nsfer with pressure drop by
for co nditions which include (but are not
adjustin g the number of feeds a nd passes for a
necessarily limited to} th ose shown below:
give n co i] geo metry a nd operating conditio ns.
1. Sta rtup co nditi o ns
Boi ling hea t tra nsfer intubes has been studied
ii . Peak loa d operation
fo r severa! decades with continu a! improve ment
111 . Ab normal loads (process temperature
to correlatio ns a nd acc uracy of the predictions .
exc ursion s)
The convective bo iling hea t transfer coeffi cient
,v. Standby conditions th at occur frequ endy
is a strong fun ction of refrigerant mass flu x (a lso
a . Power outages limited in time
called ma ss velocity), viscosity, a nd the ratio of
dur ation but which m ay happen with
liquid to vapor densities . It is a wea ker functi o n
so rne frequency
of ther ma l conducti vity a nd specific hea t.
b. Shutdown during cleanup
The co mbin ati o n of these properties actu a lly
HEAT TRANSFER favor ammo ni a, which produces significantly
Thermodynamic and transport properties are very higher (200% to 300%) boilin g heat transfer
different for C0 2 compared to ammonia and res ult coefficients when compared to C0 2 at the same
in very different evaporator circuiting arrangements mass flu x .
to achieve eq uivalent cooling capacity. H owever, the C0 2 vapor pressure curve has a
The dri vin g potential for hea t tran sfer in a n much steeper slo pe compared to that fo r ammonia,
a ir coo ling evaporator is th e mea n temperature shown in Figure 7.6. This relati vely steep slope
difference between the a ir a nd th e boiling (.0.P/.0.T) mea ns th at C0 2 evaporator circuiting
refrigerant. Frictiona I press ure drop on th e ca n be designed for higher mass flu x without
tubeside of the evap orator red uces the mean the associated pressure drop pena lty seen with
tempera ture difference and th erefore th e cooling ammo ni a. The higher design mass flu x with C0 2
capacity of the evaporator. Thi s coupling of fluid offsets th e lower boiling heat transfer coefficient
fl ow (fricti o nal press ure drop ) a nd hea t tra nsfe r compared to amm onia and resu lts in evaporator
is uniqu e to evaporators. As refrigerant mass flu x performance that is very nearly equi valent.

Saturation Pressure vs Temperature
WWil Ammonia and Carbon Dioxide -
-
carbon Dk>xide
Ammoni a
Termperature ºC
BAR
-51 .1 -45.5 -40.0 -3 4.4 -28.8 -23.3 -17 .8 12.2 -6.7 ·1.1 4.4
600 , - - ~ ~ , . - ~ ~-,--~ ~ - - , ~ ~~ - . - ~~ - - . - ~ ~ - - - - . - ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ 41.3
500 34.5
400 27.6
"'c.
'iñ "'oí
D
Q)
Q)
~ 300 20.7 ~
"'"'
¡,, "'
Q)
o.. a::
200 13.8
100 6.8
o
!O -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 10 20 30 40
Termperature ºF
As explained earlier, this higher allowable

6P/ 6 T vs Saturation pressure drop with C0 2 means that evaporator
WFI Temperature circuiting can be arranged for fewer feeds and
more passes (longer circuir length) compared
Ammonia co 2
to ammonia. Again, when designed properly
Temperature 6P/6T 6P/6T by the manufacturer, similar sized evaporators
ºF ºC psi/ ºF kPa/ ºC psi/ ºF kPa/ºC will produce cooling capacity with co2that is
-60 -51.1 0.184 2.3 2.157 26.8 equivalent to ammonia.
-40 -40.0 0.309 3.8 2.980 37.0
6.1 3.973 49.3
Summary
-20 -28.9 0.489
o -17.8 0.735 9.1 5.143 63.8
• C0 2 evaporators should be designed for higher
20 -6.7 1.059 13.1 6.510 80.8
mass flux and pressure drops than ammonia
40 4.4 1.470 18.2 8.1 00 100.5
evaporators dueto the much larger (L'-.P/6 T)
characteristic of C0 2 • Thi s appears as longer
circuir lengths for C0 2 compared to ammonia.
The slope of the vapor pressure curve in • If circuited properly, an evaporator operated
Figure 7.6 has been tabulated in Figure 7.7 with co2will have equiva lent coo ling
and illustrates the difference between pressure capacity to an evaporator of the same overall
drops seen in ammonia versus co2evaporators. dimensions operated with amrnonia. i.e. C0 2
Typically evaporator manufacturers will design does not penalize performance in evaporators
evaporator circuiting to limit tubeside pressure compared to amrnonia .
drop to a value corresponding to approximately
1.8 ºR ( 1.0 K) change in evaporating EFFECTS OF LUBRICANTS IN EVAPORATORS
temperature. Using the slope of the vapor Industrial C0 2 refrige ration systems that use
pressure curve (6P/6 T) shown in Figure 7.7, at immiscible lubricants such as PAO or PAG
-20 ºF (-28.9 ºC) saturated suction temperature, {partially miscible) for cornpressor lubrication
a 1.8 ºR (1.0 K) change in evaporating require it to be effectivel y removed from the
temperature corresponds to a pressure drop of C0 2 discharge gas in the lubricant separator.
1.8 x 0.489 = 0.88 psi (0.06 bar) for ammonia, However, sorne amount of lubricant is likely
and 1.8 X 3.973 = 7.15 psi (0.49 bar) for CQ2" to reach evaporators and coat interna! tube
mHar. THE CARBON OIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK

surfaces. The effect of this coating ca n be OPTIMUM OVERFEED RATE FOR PUMPED co2
quantified in the form of a fouling factor, which Red ucing the overfeed rate in pumped refrigerant
is added to the overall resistance to heat transfer systems is desirable because pumping power
of the evaporator surface . Figure 7.8 shows will be reduced by the cube of the ratio of the
the calculated fouling factor for increasing reduction in fl ow rate. As th e liquid overfeed
lubricating film thickness in evapora tor tubes. rate is reduced , however, the risk of operating
If the system uses a POE lubricant which is evapora tors with the refrigerant in stratified/
mi scible with C0 1 , the effect is th e same but wavy fl ow pattern increases . The cooling
somewha t diminished by the mi scibility of the capacity of the evaporator fa ll s off dramatically
C0 2 continually absorbing the lubricant and when this occurs beca use the inside of the tube
is not full y wetted . With C0 1 in an evaporator
transporting it o ut of the evaporator
having 5/8" (16 mm) tubes, a mínimum ma ss
Figure 7.9 translates this fouling factor into an
flu x of 147,500 lb/ft 1 -hr (200 kg/m 2-s) is required
expected reduction in cooling capacity for a C0 2
to a void stra tified/wa vy flow.
evaporator opera ted w ith increas ing lubricant film
To avoid separated fl ow in pumped ammonia
thickness. For exa mpl e, a C0 1 evaporator design
evapora tors, recommended overfeed rates are
to opera re oil-free will have its cooling capaci ty
typica lly 3:1 for coolers and 4:1 for freezers.
reduced by a factor of 0.87 (a 13 % reduction) The thermod ynamic properties of C0 2 differ
when the interna! tube surfaces are coated with an significa ntl y from ammonia:
lubricant film 0.002" (0.051 mm ) thick .
a) Latent hea t of vaporization is much lower
Summary resulting in higher mass fl ow rates for a given
• If immiscible co mpressor lubrica nt is cooling capacity.
allowed to coa t internal tube surfaces in C0 2 b) The ratio of liquid to vapor density is much
evapora tors, coo ling capacity will be reduced. lower which results in lower vo id fractions
(less tube volume occupi ed by va por ).
• Miscible lubri ca nt wi ll accumu late less of a film
du e to mi xi ng with col c) Higher mass flu x for reasons explained above
(see Heat Transfer secti on of thi s chapter).
• Installation of a high efficienc y lubricant
separator to minimize the amo unt of lubricant Th ese characteristics allow pumped C0 2
reaching evaporators is recommended . evapora tors to be designed for lower overfeed
g;¡¡:j lnside Fouling Factor vs Lubricant Film Thickness

Oil Fi lm Thíckness. mm
(mm) 0.025 0 .05 0.07 0.10 0.13

0.006
::,
10.5
.o
@ 0.005 8.80
.e "
a: ~
:r
c5
0.004 7.04
e"
.:
ü o
"'o,
u.
0.003 5.28 tí
..."'
ª::,
o "'
u.
0.002 3.52 ·'5=
....,o
Q)
'O
·¡;;
E
0.001 176
,,
·¡¡;
.=
0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005

Oil Film Thickness. inches
THE CARBON OIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANOBOOK iiar. m

Capacity Reduction vs Lubricant Film Thickness C0 2
lil&I Evaporator, -20 ºF SST, -1OºF Air On
Oil Film Thickness. mm
o 0.013 0.025 0.038 0.05 0.063 0.07 0. 089 0. 10
0.95
.Q
1ií
cr:
e 0.9
o
~
:,
u
Q)
cr:
.::-
·¡¡ 0.85
"'a.
o"'
0.8
0.75
o 0.0005 0.001 0.0015 0.002 0.0025 0.003 0.0035 0.004
Oil Film Th ic kness . in ches
rates compared to ammonia. Recommended a) Air

overfeed rates for pumped C0 2 evaporators are b) Water
1.5:1 for coolers and 2:1 for freezers .
c) Electric Resistance
Summary
Co ntro l va lve groups for these methods of
• Pumped C0 2 systems can be successfu lly
defrost are very simp le and low cost.
operated with lower overfeed rates compared
Hot gas defrost for C0 2 evaporators is not
to ammonia.
as common due to the relative complexity
• Recommended overfeed rates for pumped C0 2 and added expense. In a cascade system, the
evaporators are 1.5: 1 for coolers and 2:1 for intermediate C0 1 temperature/pressure is
freezers . normally too low to allow the C0 2 from that
circuir to be used for defrost. This then requires
DIRECT EXPANSION WITH co2 a separare high pressure (capable of 50 bar)
C0 2 evaporators can be operated with direct C0 2 vapor source with sufficient capacity to be
expansion feed. Care must be taken by the installed expressly for purposes of prov iding hot
evaporator man ufacturer to circuir the coi! gas for defrost . CO? vapor at sufficient pressure
in such a way that the refrigerant mass fl ux for defrost rnay be generated by a high pressure
is kept above 147,500 lb/ft 2-hr (200 kg/m 2 - compressor, or a booster p urnp and a heat-driven
s) in order to avoid stratified/wavy flow. Th is boi ler vessel, typica ll y heated by discharge gas
becomes cha llenging wit h larger diameter frorn the high side of the cascade systern .
tubes (greater than 5/8" (16 mm) ). At very low
BIBLIOGRAPHY
temperatures, enhanced tubes (microfin copper) 1. ASHRAE Standard 15-2013. "Safety Standard for Refrigeration Systems ".
are recommended as a way to mitigare separated Ameri can Soci ety of He ating Refrigerating and Ai r-Condi ti oni ng
flow patterns and improve performance. Engineers. Atlanta, GA
2. ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII. American Society
DEFROST of Mechan ical Engi neers. New Yo rk, NY
C0 1 evaporators are commonly defrosted using 3. Ne/son, 8./., 2012. "Comparing Ammonia Evaporator Constroction: "Which one
the fo ll owing methods: is best?"' Technical Bulletin. Colmac Coi/ M anufacturing, /ne. Colvil/e, WA.
BliiOr. THE CAR BON OIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK

CHAPTER EIGHT
Compressors
8.1 - Compressors The primary difference is the pressure rating of
Compressors used in C0 2 duty are generally one the compressor housing which must be suitable
of three types: for at least 600 psi (40 bar) in subcritica l systems
1. Lubricant Free Reciprocating Compressors and up to 2300 psi (160 bar) in transcritical
systems . In addition, while the pressure envelope
2. Lubricated Reciprocating Compressors
is much higher for C0 2 , the compression ratio
3. Lubricant Flooded Screw Compressors
is much lower. However, the large pressure
OIL FREE RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS difference between the crank case and the top of
Oil free reciprocating compressors are typically the piston during the latter part of the discharge
designed with a cy linder seal on the piston rod(s) stroke resu lts in connecting rod and associated
that separates a lubricated crankshaft cavity from bearing loads that are much greater than for
the piston/compression area of the compressor. other refrigerants.
This is typically accomplished by an intermediare The piston/cylinder head clearance volume in a
piston rod that does not articulate, but rather, reciprocating compressor is also critica!, as this
only moves in a linear direction perpendicular to volurne re-expands during the start of the intake
the piston face. The cross head or lower piston stroke delaying the flow of suction gas into the
rod guide translates the articulating action of the compressor. This creates an advantage with
connecting rod to the piston rod. See Figure 8.1.1. C0 2 as the compression ratio is generall y lower
Beca use of the extra complexity of the resulting in proportionally less re-expansion.
compressor as well as the lower piston speed
mandated by a non-lubricated cylinder wall, a
lubricant free compressor of any given capacity is Oil Free Reciprocating
more expensive than a fully lubricated compressor m,•m,m!lll:1,..1,..• Compres sor
of equivalent capacity. In addition maintenance
costs are typically higher than for both lubricated
reciprocating and screw compressors.
However, lubricant free compression may be
the best option for continuous production duty
or situations where the removal of compressor
lubricant from the evaporator circuits is necessarily
l'flTOH-
infrequent ora meaos to do so is unavailable. OIL-
An lubricant free lowside may also be
accomplished desigrÍing a volatile brine system as
outlined in Chapter 5.2. However, at evaporating
temperatures approaching the triple point,
C0 2 compressors wi ll require significantly less
volumetric capacity than ammonia compressors.
This reduction in compressor size wil l help to offset
the higher price of lubricant free compressor(s). CUHICCMI
LUBRICATED RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS

Lubricated reciprocating compressors for
C0 2 are variants of traditional refrigeration
duty compressors.
THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANOBOOK iiCr.lD

Fin ally, C0 2 va p or densicy is grea cer ch an H owever, the volumetric fl ow rate is o nly 12 %
ammonia vapor densicy and che res ulting of that required fo r ammo ni a which results in a
press ure drop thro ugh che valve places is greater. much sm aller compressor. The C0 2 compression
Consequentl y, the valve asse mbly should be less ra tio is ro ughly half of th at for ammonia, while
restriccive (i.e.: incorporare a larger free -flow for C0 2 the pressure difference between discharge
area) for efficient operatio n. and suction is nearly 360 psi or 7X the bearing
Figure 8.1.2 shows a compa ri son of C0 2 to
load as ammonia. Accordingly, a C0 2 compressor
amm onia as it affects reciproca ting compressors.
mu st be specifically designed for the application to
The exa mple is based upon 100 to ns of loa d in
provide an efficient and long lifespan.
a cascade applicati o n w ich a -45 ºF (-42. 8 ºC)
saturated suction temperat ure and a +30 ºF (- 1.1 O ne a dditional a nd usefu l fea tu re fo r
ºC) saturated discharge temperacure. a rec iproca ting co mpressor applied to a
A review of che data and the ratios in che transcritical C0 2 cycle is the ability to segment
right hand co lumn wi ll a ugment th e comments one of the cylinders to a sepa rare suctio n level
above . The vapor density fo r C0 2 is 42X greater fro m th e main sucti on. For a tra nscritical system
thro ugh the suction va lves and 27X greater in the th at cylinder could co mpress th e fl as h gas leaving
di scharge valves than for arnmonia. the contro ll ed press ure receive r.
100Ton(341 kW) System Comparison

Giii:ifJ -45 ºF to 30 ºF (-42.8 ºC to -1 ºC)
co 2
Ammonia Ratio
Capacity tons 100 100 COJNH 3
Sat. Suction, Temp ºF -4 5 -45
Pressure psi a 131.34 8.95
Enthalpy, liquid Btu/lb -2.4 -5.3
Suction Data Entha lpy, v apor Btu /lb 138.44 595.6

Density, liquid lb/ft 3 70.372 43.28
Specific Vol u me ft 3/Ib 0 .679 28.62
Density, vapor I b/ft 3 1.47 0.03 42.1 5
Sat. Discharge, Temp ºF 30 30

Pressure psi a 490 .77 59.74
Entha lpy, liquid Btu/lb 36.309 75.7
Ent h alpy, v apor Btu /lb 137.07 620. 5
Discharge Data Density lb/ft 3 58.31 39.96
Spec ific Vo l u me 3 0 .16993 4.825
ft /Ib
Est. Discharge, Te mp ºF 118 185
Spe cific Volume 3 6.63
ft /Ib 0.245
Density, vapor 3
I b/ft 4.08 0.15 27.06
M ass Fl ow lb/m in 195 .8 38 .5 5.09

Volume flow , in ft 3/min 133 .0 1101 .0 0. 12
Vo lum e fl ow, out ft 3/m in 48 .0 255. 0
Summary Volume rat io, S/D 2.77 4.32 0.64
Compression Ratio 3.74 6.67 0 .56
Pressure d ifference psi 359.4 50.8 7.08

All of the reciproca ting manufacturers surveyed optimum equipment on a case by case bas is fo r
during p reparati on of this H andbook allow the each system design.
use of variable speed drives on their compressors As of Janu ary 2014, at least one manufacturer
subject to mínimum and maximum RPM limits. of screw co mpressors is offering sorne high
Considering the substancial C0 7 compression press ure C0 2 designs for up to 913 .5 psi (63 bar ).
loads, keeping ali cylinders acti ve and reducing
OIL SEPARATION
the speed may result in smoother opera tion than
Unless vo la til e brine or lubrica nt free
unloading cylinders. Additi onally, a varia ble speed
reciproca ting co mpressors are used in the
dri ve will p rov ide smoother capacity modulation
system, effecti ve lubrica nt separa tion fro m the
than the finite steps of cylinder unl oa ding.
compressor discharge vapor fl ow stream is
OIL FLOODED SCREW COMPRESSORS vital. The indu strial refri gera ti o n industry has
Standard lubrica nt flo oded twin screw had great success with lubrica nt separators th at
compressors used in the amm onia industry have use impingement, velocity cha nge and gra vity
been successfull y applied in the co mmercial C0 2 settling fo ll owed by coalescing elements. They
p roduction indu stry since th e 1980 's, subj ect effecti vely remove all but 5-1 0 PPM of lubri ca nt
to hav ing a n adequ ate DW P for the specific fro m the compressor di scharge stream a nd are
applica ti on. T he most nota ble cha nge is the type applica ble to both C0 2 screw a nd reciproca ting
of lubricating o il. compressors and typica ll y adequ ate w hen using a
The required interna! volume ratio for C0 7 is solubl e lubrica nt.
well within the typical 2.0 to 5.0 range available If the lubrica nt carry-ove r requi rements are
on twin screw compressors and therefore requiring more stringent and/or the lubrica nt is non-
little or no change to the compressor interna! miscibl e then a n additional lubricant separator
geometry. The high discharge pressure of C0 7 capa ble of sep aration down to <1 PPM carryover
will place more load on the thrust bearings añd located downstrea m of th e sta ndard unit wo uld
/ or balance piston(s) as it is significantl y greater be necessary. Units availa ble fro m suppliers
than the suction press ure exerting a counter force to the process indu stry ca n rea dil y achieve
on the suction end of the rotors. Small diameter separa tio n down to 0.1 to 0 .5 PPM maximum
screw compressor rotors have a proportionall y lubrica nt carryover in col.
larger " blow hole" or unsealed passage from the
discharge end to the suction end of the rotors
Chapter 8.1.1 -
relative to the total compressor displacement.
Compressor Lubricants
All rotating machinery r equires lubrication for
Although this is somew hat reduced due to
the bearin gs a nd refined hydroca rbon oil s have
denser C0 2 va por, it still redu ces the effici enc y of
traditio nall y been used in indu strial refri geratio n
smaller screw compressors in co7refri geration
machinery. When the lubrica nt comes in contact
duty. The discharge to sucti on p ress ure
with C0 2 the res ulting p ro perti es due to bl ending
difference also exerts itself fro m the capture
may be ins ufficient for the required applicati on.
and compression po int w ithin the rotors to
Accordingly, synthetic lubrica nts with highl y
the o utside of the rotors. Thi s o utwa rd force
engineered additive blends have become the
tends to loa d the radial bearings and bow th e
lubricants o f choice for C0 2 refri gerati on
rotors along their rotating axis. For this reason,
systems. The most success ful o f these lubrica nts
relatively large dia meter rotors with a low length
are described below.
to dia meter ra ti o (LID ) are reco mmended for
C0 2 duty. Consequ entl y the intern a! clearances POLYOLESTER LUBRICANTS (POE)
in a C0 2 co mpressor are extremely importa nt PO E lubrica nts are synth esized fr om ester
fr om both a design and m anu fac turing q uality chemi stry w ith vario us alco hols, acids a nd oth er
ass urance standpoint. additi ves to o btain the required p roperties .
Figure 8.1.3 fr o m M r. Joe Pillis' IIAR 200 9 W hile POE lubr icants have been in use fo r
technical paper shows the relative efficiencies halocarbon refri gerants fo r a number of yea rs the
of one brand of screw and two brands of POE lubricants used in C0 2 compressors require
reciprocating compressors at va rio us suction additional consideration s. The solubility of C0 2
pressures. lt exe mplifies the need to select in POE lubrica nts thin s the lubr icant and redu ces
THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK Har.m

its viscosity. Additionall y, CO J co mpressors have H owever, w hen POE lubricants are blended
much higher bearin g load s, so- the lubri ca nt mu st with high molecular weight components, the
be engineered to withstand these increased loads. miscibility characteristics may be altered. Once the
In light of the previous paragraph, the ISO compressor manufacturer's recommended lubricanc
viscosity of the lubricant as well as the type must be is determined, solubility and density curves from
in accordance with the cornpressor manufacturer's the lubricant manu facturer mu st be obtained to
recommendation for each system design. This will properly design the lubricant management system
ensure that the appropriate addicives are included per Secti on 6.4 - lubrica nt Ma nagement.
for C0 2 duty in addition to a sufficient viscosity While POE lubrica nts may be miscibl e in C0 2,
throughout the operating range . excess lubrica nc in ch e low side of the system will
POE lubrica nts a re extremely hygroscopic. degrade evaporato r heat tra nsfer perform ance.
If a container is left open it will immedi ately T he lubricant ca rryover from the co mpressor (s)
absorb wa ter vapor from the ambient air. Open sho uld be therefor e be minimized and ali
co ntainer tests have shown that POE lubricant compressors on indu stri al CO J refrigera ti o n
in contact wich 68 ºF (20 ºC) 60 % RH a mbient systems that utilize recircula ted or fl ooded
air will r ise fr om 30 PPM of water to 600 PPM evapora tors sho uld be fitted w ith efficient
in 72 ho urs. As noted in Chapter 6.5 - Water coalescing style lubr ica nt sep arators.
Manage ment, free water is extremely corrosive to A word of caution - POE lubricants are NOT
the inside of a co2system. co mpatible w ith a mm oni a systems. The POE
Opened containers of POE lubrica nt are one of lubrica nt will react w ith ammonia and form solids.
many potential sources of water contamination Should POE lubricant be used in the CO J porti a n
in C0 2 systems. lt is desirable to purchase POE of a C0 2 / NH 3 casca de system; extreme -care must
lubricant for compressor replenishing in as small be exercised to ensure that POE lubricant is not
a container as will be used in o ne addition of introduced into the ammonia portian.
lubricanc to the compressor. If any lubricant is left POLYALPHAOLEFIN LUBRICANTS (PAO)
over in an opened container, it should be removed PAO lubricants differ fro m POE lubrica nts in
from the machinery room and disposed of properl y. their chemica l ma ke- up. Th ey are deri ved fr o m
Traditional POE Lubricants are generally a co mpletely sa turated ynthetic hydroca rbon .
miscible with CO J in concentrations up to T he most nota ble difference to the system
30% POE at temperatures below 32 ºF (O ºC) . des ign engineer is cha t PAO lubricants a re
ibi=lf• Recip. Vs. Screw Efficiency Oíl co2 ~ Screw

85 - - RecipA
Recip B
75
-60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 o

Evap temp (ºF)

immiscible with C0 1 but they retain excellen t lubricant which can affect the physical properties,
low temperature pour point characteristics. In such as viscosity, of the lubricant.
addi tion they tend migrate out of suspension in Reciprocating compressors are the primary type
flooded evaporators of all types and progressively used in transcritical designs. However, supercritical
fo ul the heat transfer surfaces. CO ) is an excellent solvent and the lubricant must be
T hese characteristics necessitate non-trivial engTneered to deter the effects of excessive dilution.
features in the C0 1 liquid suppl y side of the The compressor manufacturer should therefore be
system to handle an insoluble lubricant that is rnade aware of any transcritical operation when the
lighter than C0 1 liquid. Therefore consideration lubricant specification is requested.
shou ld be given to additiona l lubricant An informal IIAR survey of C0 2 reciprocating
separatio n technology downstream of the compressor manufacturers in 2014 determined
standard separation system packaged with the that polyolester (POE) is the lubricant of choice
compressor to reduce lubricant carry over to well for reciprocating compressors.
below 1 PPM and thereby mitigare the system-
OIL FLOODED SCREW COMPRESSORS
side lubricant management task.
Oil flooded screw compressor manufacturers
In systems incorporating finned coi l
also recommend POE lubricants and ali of the
evaporator(s) there is also merit in considering
above guidelines for POE use in lubri cated
hot gas defrosting to periodically warm and
reciprocating compressors app lies equall y to
sweep any residual PAO lubricant from the heat
screw compressors.
transfer surface.
PAO lubricants are recommended in addition to
PAO lubricants are compatible with ammonia.
POE by sorne screw compressor manufacturers.
Therefore, they may deserve consideration for use
It shou ld be also noted that PAO lubricants
in ali portions of a CO/NH, cascade system to
have been successfu lly used in lubricant flooded
avoid the downtime risls o(a lubricant mix-up .
twin rotor screw compressors appli ed in the
POLYALKYLENE GLYCOL LUBRICANTS (PAG) commercial CO? production systems operating
Polyalkylene glycol PAG lubricants are also under subcritical cond itions or many years.
suitable for partially miscible use in col
REFERENCES
systems . However, none of the IIAR C0 1 2013 1. Fuchs Industrial Refrigeration lubricant Guide 2010/2011.
compressor survey respondents listed PAG as a http://www.fuchs-europe
recommended lubricant. 2. Field And Laboratory Evaluations of Lubricants for CO, Refrigeration, 2002
OIL FREE RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS Purdue University, lnt'I Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conference A
summary of lab, field and ben ch tests of various lubrication chemistries.
Oil free reciprocating compressors, while not http://docs.lib.purdue.edu
completely devoid of lubricant, keep the lubricant 3. A Comparative Study of Traditional and Non-traditional POE lubricants
separated from the C0 2 being compressed. for CO, Applications, 2010 Purdue University, lnt'I Refrigeration and Air
Therefore, the lubrica tion requirements are not Conditioning Conference A comparison of miscibility, viscosity and
frictional property for various POE blends. http.//docs.lib.purdue.edu
influenced by the presence of C0 2 in either the liquid
or vapor form. There are no system effects from 8.2 - Refrigerant Pumps
the lubricant. The lubricant should be solely per the Recirculated feed CO ? evaporators require a
recommendations of the compressor manufacturer. liquid pump that is applied and operated in a
LUBRICATED RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS manner similar to ammonia recirculation pumps.
Traditional refrigeration duty reciprocating Liquid C0 2 is 45 to 60% more dense than
compressors typically splash lubricant on the ammonia in the temperature range of -40 ºF (-40
cy linder walls for piston ring lubrication in addition ºC) up to 32 ºF (O ºC) . However, rhe volume of rhe
to the pumped supply to the bearings. Sorne of the flashed C0 2 vapor dueto cavirarion ranges from
cylinder wall lubrication will bypass the piston 2.4 to 3.5% of the equivalent ammon ia volu me.
rings and leave the compressor with the discharge When adjusted for the equa l heat absorption,
vapor. Most reciprocating compressor designs draw the vapor volume comparison rises to 10.5 to
the incoming C0 2 vapor through the compressor 19% . This is still considerably less cavi tati on
crankcase en route to the suction valve. This CO? vapor volume for C0 1 relative to ammonia.
vapor/ lubricant interface provides an opportunity While the cavitation volume may be less,
for the C0 2 to permeate or dissolve into the the pressure temperature relationship of C0 2

p rov ides fo r very little subcooling effect due
to the press ure increase attributa ble to the @M:fj•
submergence of th e pump eye below th e vessel
liquid leve!. Thi s is tabularized in Figure 8 .2.1. Subcool ing, ºRper feet of Static Head
N et positi ve sucti on head (N PSH ) is a critica! C0 2 Temperature, ºF
design aspect of an y saturated fluid pumping Head, ft -50 -25 o 25
system. Beca use the subcooli ng du e to stati c 0.19 0.13 0.12 0.11
hea d is minimal, a detailed a nalysis of th e head
ava il a bl e less the suctio n piping losses mu st be 2 0.39 0.25 0.24 0.22
compared with the pump require ments along 4 0.77 0.51 0.48 0.44
with an appropri ate sa fety factor.
6 1.16 0.76 0.73 0.66
Centrifuga ! pumps have become the most
common type of recirculating pump fo r C0 7 8 1.55 1.01 0.69 0.88
refrigeratio n systems. Further to that, m ost - 10 1.93 1.27 1.21 0.60
pumps are direct driven by cl ose co upled,
hermetica lly sealed, liquid cooled motor s. Thi s
design eliminates the shaft sea ! a nd is more Subcooling, K per meter of Static Head
condu cive to a higher press ure ho using design C02 Temperature, ºC
which is required for C0 2 •
Head,m -45.6 -31.7 -17.8 -3.9
The CO , fluid properties no ted a bove all ow a
0.30 0.11 0.07 0.07 0.06
centrifu gal C0 2 pump to develop proporti onately
more differenti al hea d , of course with a 0.61 0.21 0.14 0.13 0.12
corresponding in crease in power consumption. 1.22 0.43 0.28 0.27 0.24
To service a C0 1 pump, the trapped liquid
between the service isolation va lves mu st be 1.83 0.64 0.42 0.40 0.37
remo ved. It is recommended th at a va lved 2.44 0.86 0.56 0.38 0.49
co nnecti on at th e low p o int (drain ) of the pump
3.05 1.07 0.70 0.67 0.33
body be piped to the vap or space in the vessel
tha t the pump draws fr om. Thi s lin e will aid in
the remova l of liquid prior to opening up the
pump to atmosphere where a ny residu al liquid eccentric reducer oriented fl at on top to avoid
will solidify at -109 ºF (-78 .3 ºC) . the formatio n of a vapor pocket.
During system design it is importa nt to • Prov ide a press ure regulating va lve to relieve
specify a pump that has a ho using DWP with a th e tra pped space between the pump di scharge
coincident tempera ture ratin g equ al to or greater check valve and service shut off va lve .
tha n the DWP of th at portion of th e system
within which it is to be appli ed. • M inimi ze ra pid system press ure flu ctu atio ns
As with a mm o nia, the foll o wing applica tion thro ugh p roper fee d valve a nd sucti on pressure
guidelines appl y: contro l design, tuning a nd operatio n.
• En sure sufficient PSH with an appropriate 8.3 - Gas Transfer Systems

safety fa ctor. (Pumper Drums)
• Design a stra ight piping approach into the The high side pres sures in a C0 1 refri gerati on
pump (s). system are often in excess of 500 psig (34.5
Ba rg) . Using this high press ure vapor as a dri ver
• Minimize the length of horizontal suction piping. to pu sh low temperature, below -20 ºF (-2 8.9
• Design the sucti o n piping ve locity < 1.0 ft/sec ºC), liquid C0 2 to other pa rts of the system is a
(0.3 mis). potentia ll y dangerou s combination of low metal
tempera ture and high pressure.
• Use an angle or high Cv glo be service shut off For this reaso n, gas transfer systems are
va lve in the pump suctio n piping. NOT reco mmended for use in C0 1 industrial
• If a reducer is required at the pump inl et use an refri gera ti on systems. -

CHAPTER N I NE
Condensers
Subcritical CO? systems require a condenser, a nd sa fety fa cto r fo r a volatile br ine system, or
which removes-heat from C0 2 vapor allowing it to a li of the a bove p lu s the hea t of co mpression
liquefy. T he heat remova l phase of a tra nscritical if C0 1 cornpressor(s) are present. The C0 1
cycle is ca lled gas cooling and is addressed in the co mp ressor(s) lu brica nt cooling load may be
fo llowing chapter 10 Gas Coolers. deducted if its hea t is rejected elsewhere, such as
In a few instances the avail able ambient heat a glyco l or thermos iphon system .
sink may be cold eno ugh to condense c o ? and The manufactu rer of the cascade heat
stay below the critica! point of 1070 psia (73.8 exchanger will requi re the satu rated C0 2
Bara/7360 kPa), which occurs at 87.8 ºF (31 condensing tempera tu re, the incornin g C0 2 vapo r
ºC) . Consider a n example of a water coo led temperature, the saturated amm oni a eva porating
condenser with a 10 ºR (5 K) rise a nd a 5 ºR temperatu re and the qu a ntity of hea t excha nged
(2. 8 K) approac h tempera ture plus a 10 % safety to do a therrnal design. T he mechanical design will
margin; it w ill require a maximum suppl y wa ter req uire the C0 1 and arnrnonia design press ures
tempera tu re of 64 ºF (17.8 ºC) to condense C0 2 and ternper atures. Consideration sho uld be given
at 79 ºF (26.1 ºC) . to a fo uling fa ctor all owa nce due to lubricant o n
This geographically limits where single stage both sides of the heat exchanger.
condensing cycles may be operated. If the coi! bundle Choosing th e temperature difference across the
of an evaporati ve or air cooled condenser was robust casca de heat exchanger is a decisio n made with
enough fo r these high pressures, the prevailing rna ny varia bles such as fir st cost, energy cost,
maximurn wet bulb or dry bulb temperatures wo uld eq u iprn ent sizing etc. lt is recornmended to start
have to be below approximately 64 ºF (17.8 ºC) as w ith a 7 ºR (3.8 K) temperature di ffere nce a nd
well. See Figure 9.l. determine if a 2 ºR (1 K) movernent either way
The more common meth od of subcritica l w ill result in a significa nt energy cost change or
condensing is with a cascade condenser th at a change in equipment fr ame size of either the
transfers the C0 2 heat into a separate refrigeration cornpressor (s) or heat exchanger.
cycle. The higher temperature refrigeration cycle
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS SAMPLE
referred to in this handbook is an ammonia
Ass ume th at the C0 1 condensing temper ature
cycle, altho ugh it co uld utilize halocarbon o r
is held constant a nd the a mrno nia evapor ating
hydrocarbo n refrigerants. See Figure 9.2 and 9.3.
temperatu re is the var ia ble. A lower a mmoni a
The C0 2 inl et to a casca de condenser is
temperature reflects a smaller, lower cost heat
generall y one of two states; satu ra ted if the C0 1
exchanger a nd higher energy costs. A higher
vap ors are r ising fr orn a separa tion vessel in a
a mmonia temperature is the reverse, a larger,
volatile col brine system, or superheated if c o 2
higher cost heat exchanger and lower energy
compressor s are present. The heat distribution
requirements.
of the superheated a nd latent cornp onents of the
Th e sp ecific power consum p ti o n for an
cascade condenser capac ity is approx im ately 18-
economi zed ammoni a system opera ting at -2 0
25% superh ea t and 75 -82 % latent heat.
º F/95 º F is 1.63 kW/Ton. Ass ume 365 day/
Therefore, fo r the sa me net evaporati ve system
year continu o us operati on. H o wever, there are
capacity, th e presence of CO ? cornpressors will
significant p eriods o f p art load operation which
require a la rger cascade condenser.
is determined fro rn an annu al loa d profil e and
CONDENSER SIZING need to be acco unted fo r. The current electrica l
The heat transfer requirement of a condenser or coats are 0.07 $/kW h.
cascade condenser is either; the net refrigeration The a bove shows that there is an energy savings
capacity plu s a ny pump hea t, ambient hea t ga in potenti al of approximately $ 11.75 /Ton-F-yr.
THE CARBON OIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK iiar.m

Gi\11• Tower or River Water Condensing
Critica! Point
87.8 ºF (31 ºC)
10% { _ _ _ _ _ _ _Cond
Sat _ _Temp
_ _ _ _ __
79.0 ºF (26.1 ºC)
5.0 ºR (2.8 K)
:tER \\\SE }
ÑG '/11~
ºº\_\ 10.0 ºR (5 K) TOWER OR RIVER WATER
-~------------------- 64.0 ºF (17. 7 ºC)
59.0 ºF (15 ºC) MAXIMUM WET BULB
AIR COOLER CONDENSING

Critica! Point
87.8 ºF (31 ºC)
10%{ _ _ _ _ _ Sat
__ __
Cond _ _ _ __
Temp
79.0 ºF (26.1 ºC)
5.0 ºR (2 .8 K)
10.0 ºR (5 K)
Dry Bulb Temp MAXAMBIENT
--------------------- 64.0 ºF (17.7 ºC) DRY BULBTEMP
EVAPORATIVE CONDENSING
Critica! Point
87.8 ºF (31 ºC)
l
10%1 _ _ _ _ }
Sat CondTemp
79 ·º ºF (26 ·1 ºC) SPRAY WATER TO
5.0 ºR (2 .8 K) COND APPROACH
'l'Jfl.1ER \\\SE }
s\'Rfl.~
5.0 ºR (2.8 K)
SPRAY WATER TO WET
--------------------- 5.0 ºR (2 .8 K) BULB APPROACH
WET BULB TEMP
64.0 ºF (17.7 ºC) MAXIMUM WET BULB
miiar. THE CAR BON OIOXIOE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK

C0 2-NH 3 Cascade C0 2-N H3 Cascad e System
utiifl System Volatile Brine utiill with C0 2 Compression
a: a:
o o
Vl Vl
~ Vl ~ Vl
:i:: w :i:: w
z a:
o..
z a:
o..
:E :E
o
(.)
o
(.)
CASCAD E
CONDENSE A CASCAD E
CONOENSER
a:
o
Vl
N V)
0W
(.) a:
o..
. . :E
o
~---------~ ---~ (.)
OPTIONAL C0 2 PUMP co,

E VAPORATOR
NH , P
N H,
NH ,
co ,
CASCADE I X co,
CASCADE IX

Using a 3 year simple pay back target fo r a 100 Ton are recommended. A double tube sheet(s) may be
system wo uld result in 11. 78 $!fon-F-yr X 100 considered which provides a breech area in the
Tons X 2ºF X 3 year = $7,068 .00 ava ilable energy event of a tube to tubesheet joint leak that can be
savings to offset the higher cost of a condenser with monitored. The shell side of the heat exchanger can
a 5 ºR approach versus a 7 ºR approach. be flooded with ammonia or the ammonia liquid
A more complex an a lysis may be performed in ca n be sprayed over the tube bundle to reduce the
a n Excel spreadsheet w ith th e XNPV fun cti on ammoni a charge. Shell and tube cascade exchangers
th at loo ks at a mo nthl y ta bl e of the power cost are generally the most expensive and require the
over th e life of the eq uip ment a nd fac tors in an large t foot print. See fi gure 9.5 .
interest ra te to determin e the net present va lu e of
the p ower savings . Plate and Frame - Pi are a nd fr ame heat
Using 2 % annual p ower cost inflation and a excha ngers for ammoni a duty are genera ll y
4 % annual interest rate in the a bove ex a mple made from laser welded cassettes which are two
fo r a 15 year life shows that a premium of $ sta mped heat exch a nge r pl ates welded together.
3, 78 2.00 can be paid fo r the 5ºF split o ver the The welded perimeter sea l is more robu st th a n a
7ºF split a nd it w ill be a brea k even use of fund s. perimeter gasket. It is accepted practice to pl ace
Loweri ng the interese ra te to 3 % raises th e the a mm o ni a w ithin the we lded casse tte channel
a ll owa bl e initial in vestment to$ 5,445.00 as the a nd th e opposin g fluid in the gasketed chann el
a ltern are use of the cash wo uld earn less . between cassettes . With C0 2 , this places th e high
On a sizeable p roject , a thoro ugh econo mic pressure C0 2 w ithin the confines of the gas keted
a na lysis is justified . channel. In most insta nces, the gasketed side
In neither of the a bove examples was the impact of a pi a re and fr a me h eat exchanger cann ot be
of a cha nge in compressor or heat excha nger rated fo r th e required system design press ure .
fr ame size considered whi ch wo uld ma ke a The a ltern ati ve is to place the lower press ure,
significa nt difference in the initial cost o utlay. but higher risk, a mm onia on the gasketed sid e.
Casca de co ndensers may be made in the Fully welded Pi are a nd Frame hea t excha ngers
fo llow ing styles: a re ava il a ble, bur their high price precludes th eir
Shell and Tube - Beca use of the high CO J pressure, co mm o n use. See Figure 9 .6.
it is generally more economical to place the C0 7 on For sm all system s, nickel brazed and fu sion
the tube side and avoid a higher cost / high pres~ure we lded pl ate heat excha ngers are ava ila ble w ith
shell. Beca use of the risk of ammonia contamination no gas kets and high press ure ratings on both
from the higher pressure C0 2 , seal welded tubes medi a sid es.
Sinqle StéJqed - Economized NH , Screw Rat ing

19F/95F -20F/95F -2 1F/95F
BHP 284.2 282 .1 280
kW 211.9 210.4 208.8
Motor Eff. 0.93 0.93 0.93
Consumed, kW 227.9 226.2 224.5
Capacity, tons 142.4 138.8 135.3
kWfíon 1.60 1.63 1.66
Change kWfíon ºF 0.029 0.030

Hours/Ye ar 8760 8760
Part Load Average 65% 65%
$/kW-h $0.07 Average $0.07
$fíon- ºF/year $11.71 $11.78 $11.84
m11ar. THE CARBON OIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK

mtili Shell and Tube Cascade Condenser
NH 3 VAPOR OUT
co2VAPOR IN
NH 3
J,
LIQUID
IN
SEAL WELDED
U-TUBE BUNDLE
SPRAYTYPE SHELL & TUBE

CASCADECONDENSER co2LIQUID OUT
....----VENTED SPACER RING

1
l ,--- BONNET GASKET
/ ~
BONNET BOLT
Vented Tube
Sheet Details
~--,
/ .,_BONNET
t.____ BONNET FLANGE
l ~t
L LsEALWELD
OUTERTUBE SHEET
INNERTUBE SHEET
Notes:
1)Tube expanded into both inner and outer tube sheets
2) Seal weld is optional
THE CARBON OIOXIOE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBDOK Har.m

Plate and Shell - T hese compact, heat exchangers gas kets o n the a mmoni a side. See figure 9.7.
have emerged as the casca de condenser of
choice for most field erected p rojects. A series
co2 TO NH3 LEAK DETECTION
of round, stainless steel heat tra nsfer plates are The largest risk of any cascade condenser is
la ser welded aro und every oth er perimeter a nd breeching the heat tra nsfer surface or joints
at every other connecting port, which ma kes a n and conta minating the ammo nia with C0 2 and
"accordion " co nfiguratio n. Thi s plate asse mbl y crea ting a mm oniurn carbama te. Amm onium
is slid into a cy lindrica l shell w ith the sa me carba ma te is a hard , solid w hite crystal that will
di a meter as the pla tes. The end s of the cylinders cl og stra iners. At 140 ºF (6 0 º C) it will brea k
a re bored for inlet a nd o utl et ports and the first back cl ow n into a mm oni a and C0 2 •
a nd last piares are welded to th ose nozzles. These If th e ammoni a system becomes contarninated,
hea t exchanger s ca n easily accommodate th e high it will quickl y fail to fun cti on beca use every
press ures required of C0 2 while eliminating any srnall p assage and filter in the system will clog.
Wili Plate and Frame Heat Exchanger
Cut-away diagram courtesy of Alfa lava/
miiar. THE CAR BON OIOXIOE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANOBOOK

Beca use of rhis, rapid detecti on and correcti ve A press ure di ffere nti al indicator as well as a
meas ures mu st be designed into the system. One press ure differential tra nsmitter or switch is fitted
such system is described in the foll owing tex t and across the stra in er with service va lves and a bl eed
figure 9.8 . va lve on the compressor side. W hen the high
Install a 100 mesh stra iner in the ammonia pressure diffe renti al signa! is higher than the ful]
vap or line leaving the cascade heat exchanger. load press ure differenti al plus 25%, an alarm
This strainer may be a sta ndard cast body strainer sma ll be acti va ted and th e a mmonia compressors
such as that supplied by the valve ma nufac turers stopped as a mini m um.
for use upstrea m of control valves . T hey are Additi onal security ca n be added in the fo rm of
commonly ava ila ble up to 12" . For sizes larger a gas powered contro l va lve tha t will cl ose a nd
tha n th at, the sucti on stra iner assembly of a screw stop fl ow o ut of the sucti on line in th e event of a
compressor package or a conical process indu stry C0 2 to N H 3 lea k.
strainer could be considered.
iiid PI ate and Shel I Heat Exchanger
Cutaway diagram courtesy of Vahterus (the originators of the piate and shell heat exchanger design concept)

Wil:i C0 2 to NH 3 Contamination Detection
~p INDICATOR~
~p SWITCH OR
TRANSMITTER
.....---4.
r
.. - . '
OPTIONAL GAS
POWERED VALVE
~
I \
1
1
r-, 1 ,....., NH 3 VAPOR OUT
t---__,_-+-""T"'""+----'-~v,.."ll('J ) TO COMPR ESSORS
0 100 MESH STRAINER (150 MICRON)

FULL PIPE SIZE
SURGE DRUM SEPARATOR
LIQUID
-NH 3 IN
PLATE & FRAME

CASCAD E
CONDENSER
L!.I
co 2
co 2
LIQUID VAPOR
OUT IN
miiar. THE CARBON OIOXIOE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANOBOOK

CHAPTER TEN
Gas Coolsrs
INTRODUCTION coo lin g p rocess a t th ese press ures, ambi ent
When the compressor in a C0 2 refrigeration a ir is a suita bl e hea t sink. In a co unterfl ow
cycle discharges above 1070 psia (73.7 Bara) arra ngem ent, a hig h LM TD is ava il a ble whi ch
the discharge vap or is in the supercritical phase. helps to minimi ze th e a mo unt of hea t tran sfer
Removing heat from this supercritical vapor surface required. Sma ll di a meter tubes a nd ,
will not result in des uperheating, and constant or extruded micro chann els fo r the C 0 2 side
temperature condensing, as in a traditional of th e hea t exch a nger ar e id eal for thi s higher
subcritical cycle. Instead, the supercritical vapor is p ress ure ra nge a nd th e hig h density of C 0 2 •
cooled through a zone where the thermophysical Th e a ir sid e is th en finn ed for m aximum hea t
p roperties seamlessly transitio n from those of a tra ns fer s urface.
vapor to those of a liguid . This is most notable
with the density, which gradu all y increases w ith AMBIENT WET
the uniform removal of heat from a very dense BULB HEAT SINK
vapor to a light liguid. The lower tempera ture of a n evap orative
Another interesting facet of th e supercritica l cooling process using th e wet bulb temperature
phase is the no n-unifo rm specific heat as the as a hea t sink is no t reguired a nd provides
gas cooling process moves to the left on the PH minim a l benefit. Alth o ugh the arn o unt of
di agra m. Above th e do me's pea k, the constant hea t tra nsfer surface may be redu ced du e to
temperature lines approac h hori zo nta l w here
minimal temperature change occurs w ith a
significa nt a mo unt of heat removal, lower
6T/ 6H2 • As the process shifrs to the left of Specific Heat Change
the dome's peak, the constant temperature lines Wli·I• in Supercritica I Phase
increase in slope indicating a grea ter 6 T/6h 1•
As noted in Sectio n 5 .2, Transcritical Systems,
system efficiency is increased by ra ising the
compressor discharge and gas cooler press ure
to an optimum balance between compression
energy and increased net refrigeratio n effect. This
optimum po int is va ria ble, but is generally in the UJ
ce
1400 psig range +/- 100 psi (100 Barg +/- 7 bar ). ::::,
"'"'ce
UJ
Figure 10.2 highlights three discreet transcritical ....
cycles and the COP associated with each one.
Fig ure 10.3 is a co ntinu o us plo t of
refri gera ti o n ca p acity and COP relati ve to th e UQUID
gas coo ler press ure. N o te that the COP pea k VAPORIZATION
does not occ ur at the sa me press ure as the
maximum ca p acity.
AMBIENT DRY BULB HEAT SINK ENTHALPY
Becau se of th e temper ature r ange 250 ºF (121

ºC) down to 86 ºF (3 0 ºC) o f the C 0 2 gas
THE CARBON OIOXIOE INDUSTRIAL RHRIGERATION HANOBOOK iiCr.lml

evaporacive heat cransfer, designíng coi! bundles accumu late the required amount of hot water for
for che req uired pressures is costl y. wash clown. This is derived from the maximurn
Alcernately, a high pressure shell and cube or amo unt of hot water produced at hour 18 less the
place heat exchanger can be used with water amo unt at hour 21, when the instantaneous hot
from a cooling tower loop . A means of de- water production rate exceeds the use rate.
sca ling che heat transfer surface is imperative
on water cooled heat sinks due to these high GENERAL DESIGN NOTES
entering C0 2 temperatures. The inlet piping and header design of a gas
cooler must consider the cyclic stresses due to
WATER HEAT SINK the compressor discharge pulsations, pressure
Cons idering che C0 2 temperature range noted and ternperature. Reciprocating compressors
above, domestic water heati ng is a natural fit. have discharge pulsations proporcional
Potable water at amb ient temperatures can to the RPM and the number of high stage
easily be heated to temperatures above 140F cylinders and screw compressor pulsations
(60C). Additiona lly, the presence of C0 2 in are proporcional to che driven rotor RPM and
water is nota danger to health. It is simply number of lobes on the driven rotor. Pressure
sparkling water or se ltzer. The PH of che wa ter pulsations are not directly addressed in section
after che gas cooler ca n be monitored for the
502.3.2 of ASME B 31.5. However, figure
presence of C0 1 to avoid any issues from the
502.3.2 shows that as few as 50 thermal stress
carbonic acid chat forms. Sh ou ld che plant
cycles per day overa 20 year life span resu lts in
not have a continuous use for che full amount
an allowable pipe stress reduction factor of 0.5.
of C0 1 refrigeration heat of rejection, then a
The operating pressure of a gas cooler is
separare gas cooler is required for alternare
controlled with a pressure regulating va lve
heat sink duty. This separare gas cooler can
installed on the gas cooler outlet using a
reject any excess hea t and keep the refrigeration
control algorithm that optimizes the pressure
system operaciona l.
for maximum cycle efficiency.
If the imba la nce of hot water demand
During low ambi ent conditions, che heat sink
and refrigeration system load is simply a
matter of timing, a storage tank can be used to performance may drop the co2outlet flow
accumulate hoc water until it is needed. A load from the gas cooler below 86 ºF (30 .5 ºC), at
and water use profile w ill have to be developed w hich point it will be liquid rather than vapor.
to determine the amount of water flow rate and The outlet piping must be configured to allow
storage vo lume required. gravity flow of liquid out of the gas cooler to
Refer to Figure 10.4 which is an example the pressure regulating va lve . This wi ll help to
of a 300-ton transcritical system producing keep che gas coo ler drained of C0 2 liquid and
potable hot water for wash clown. The hourly provide pure liquid to che inlet of che pressure
water production is directly proporcional to che regulating va lve to avoid irregular two-phase
production load with a heavy clean-up load at flow through the va lve. The air or water flow
che end of che day. From che table and the graph, to the gas coo ler should be regulated clown
it is obvious that another gas cooler/heat sink as muchas possible w ith VFD fans or pumps
is required, because the total gas cooling load is to manage the transition from transcritical to
larger than che total water heating requirernent, subcritica l operation.
resulting in a 37,740 ga llon hot water excess. The system piping and components on che
The peak water flow difference is 95.9 GPM downstream side of the pressure regulating
compared to the 123.2 design GPM, which is va lve may be designed for a lower pressure
77.8% of full load which dictates the second gas than che gas cooler and its associated piping
cooler size. Additionall y, che table highlights and va lves but requ ire protection from over-
that a 24,742 gallon tank is the minimurn size to pressure at that reduced design pressure.
lmiiar. THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOI(

Wlt·fJ lnfluence of Compressor Outlet Pressure
Enthalpy (kJ/ kg)
IPr.larence11a1e
n.oo6TU11b •• oooanv(lb · 'F)
10r..a11>1a1edllqlllda1 «rF
SIEnt11alpy (hfar><,1SIE.n1rouv {•!
vall.lMlnltllSl).;all,Jl\ll5d,,11J1am
1000. 111aK11le1Mt9dtromtheSIO,~
,n0...0,.r2d..-10IPre1eraroc:,
800.
600. 4x;
cu
·¡¡; 400.
s
e:
:::,
"'e:"'
o.. ,rJ.} i.\6·º '
200. OEVA P = M • C,. h EVAP
o .'o0 ¡_\'2.·S)
WCOM P = M • C,. h COM P.I S EN.
COP
=O EVA P I WCOM P
= C,. h EVAP I C,. h COMP. IS EN .
100.
80. 11
60.
40. L...:Ji!rJ.~~~~~~~~~a!aaa_d;==-=b..a-á!~~=.b==-===ddlLU.d.JLllLJJlll..l:LUQ..l..l.ll...LU.il~~~~ ·~ 7
-120 -80 -40 O 40 80 120 160 200 240 280
Enthalpy (BTU/lb)
i@ijifj
Peak COP ....
"'i"
a. 1.25 -+---H,__- r---+- ---:--~:----+----:::=.,i-=- - '
and Efficiency o (J
l
111 1.00 -+----1~---:; ; - =l:====:::;::~ ~ ===+========~-.......:
[
€ 0.75 --- -- --...------+----'-----'--------'------lf-----
a~
f 0.50 -t-- -f-- - t - - -- - - , - - - - - + - - - - - , - - - - - - - ; - - - - - ' - - - - , , - - ---,
¡
&
.
~ 0.25 ....._- - - l - --
& 1-----1--- ___._-__;___ .¡--------~--,..¡
OP ERATING CONDITION
tE =-10 ·c. ~ sfi =10 K
l oe.OUT : 35 ºC
75 80 85 90 95 100 105 11 0 115 120

Gas cooler ressure bar
THE CARBON OIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK ¡¡ar.a

Water Flow Heat Balance
Wate r Demand
far a Transcritica l Gas 70000
Wli·II Cooler with Heat Recovery 60000
50000
Refrigeration Capacity 300 tons
40000
111
Com pressor Power 400 BHP e 30000
,g
'" 20000
Gas Cooler Load 4,618,000 Bt u/hr ¡:,
10000
o
Water temp., in 70 ºF -10000 1
-20000
WaterTemp., out 145 ºF Hours
- Hourly Volume
Flow required 123.2 gal/min - Cumulative
Gas Cooler Hot Rate Hourly Volume Cumulative

Water Flow Water Use Difference Difference Volume
Hour % load gal/min gal/min gal/min gallons gallons
10 12.3 5 7. 3 439 439
2 10 12.3 5 7.3 439 878

3 10 12.3 5 7.3 439 1318
4 10 12.3 5 7.3 439 1757
5 10 12.3 5 7.3 439 2196
6 80 98.6 15 83.6 5013 7209

7 80 98.6 15 83.6 5013 12223
8 80 98.6 15 83.6 5013 17236

9 80 98.6 15 83.6 5013 22249
10 80 98.6 15 83.6 5013 27263
11 80 98.6 15 83.6 5013 32276
12 80 98.6 15 83.6 5013 37290
13 25 30.8 50 -19.2 -1152 36138
14 85 104.7 15 89.7 5383 41521

15 90 110.9 15 95.9 5753 47273
16 90 110.9 15 95.9 5753 53026
17 85 104.7 15 89.7 5383 58409
18 50 61.6 15 46.6 2796 61205

19 10 12.3 150 -137.7 -8261 52944
20 10 12.3 150 -137.7 -8261 44683

21 10 12.3 150 -137. 7 -8261 36422
22 10 12.3 5 7.3 439 36861

23 10 12.3 5 7.3 439 37301
24 10 12.3 5 7.3 439 37740
Dliiar. THE CAR BON OIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK

CHAPTER ELEVEN
VBssBI DBsign
INTRODUCTION VESSELS DESIGNED FOR LIQUID/
The vessels in a C0 2 system perform th e sa me VAPOR SEPARATION
fun ctio ns as vessels in an ammonia system o r a ny The maximum, average va por velocity for liquid
o th er indu stri al refrigeration system. H owever, separa tio n is predicted by the Souders and Brown
there are addition al considerations necessary for equano n:
vessels in a C0 2 system based on vessel function
and applica ti o n. Vel, ft/s =~ p
-Pvl
V
HIGH PRESSURE RECEIVER

In a subcritical system, C0 2 is almost always Where:
condensed to liquid, unless the high side pressure is
Velocity is the maximum, average separa tion
purposely pushed into the transcritica l range. The
velocity, ft/sec ( m/s)
design working pressure (DWP) of the high press ure
receiver is dependent upon the temperature at which k = empirical co nstant; 0.1 (0.03) has been
the co2condenses within the system. proven successful for a variety of refrigerants
ASHRAE 15 Paragraph 9.2.6, requires the including ammonia a nd co2
DWP to be 20 % high er than the sa turati o n
p 1 = Den sity of li quid lb/ft 3 (kg/m 3 ) at operating
pressure corresponding to the warmest loca ti o n
tempera ture a nd pressure
in the circ uit. In most insta nces, th at is the
condensing tempera ture: eith er casca de o r to a n p" = Density of va por lblft 3 (kg/m 3 )
ambient coo led hea t sink.
Transcritica l system s do not condense C0 2 Figures 11.1 and 11.2 depict the area of the
into the liquid state and th e gas cooler o utlet is vessel that is used for calculating the separation
genera lly fitted with a pressure regulating valve velocity.
th at drop s the press ure of the cooled C0 2 • There The 2002 IIAR Technical p aper "Sizing and
may or may not be liquid requir ing sto rage Design of Gravity Liquid separa tors in Indu strial
in a HP receiver at the o utl et of th at pressure Refrigera ti o n" by Mr. Bent Wiencke is a n
redu cti o n va lve . excell ent resource for more deta il ed informati on
Sorne sta te or loca l codes require the o n vesse l siz in g.
receiver to be large enou g h to contain the co2 COMPRESSOR LUBRICANT COOLING
entire refrigerant charge . As a minimum when In a cascade system, the lubricant cooling heat
included in a system the receiver sh o uld be from the C0 2 compressor(s) should be transferred
able to accommodate the condenser charge directly to the atmospheric heat rejection
and ali (or sufficient portio n to provide stabl e condenser(s), bypassing the compressors of the
op era ti o n) of th e liquid fl o w flu ctu ations high temperature system and thus saving energy.
th ro ugh the system fr o m no loa d to foil loa d. In a su bcritical, no n -casca de system, the
Additi o na ll y, ASHRAE 15 Paragraph 9.11 .4 lub ricant may be coo led in the traditi o na l
limits the receiver to 90 % foil of liquid at 90F
therm osiph o n manner. In which case:
w hi ch implies leaving a sufficient vapo r volume
a bove the liquid leve! to prevent hydra ulic lock- • The vapor ve locity in the therrnosiphon liquid
up. H owever, application of this paragraph sho uld feed vessel attributa ble to the thermosipho n
be considered in terms of its intent given th at 90F load sho uld be less tha n that derived from the
C0 2 is a supercritical fluid and not a liquid. Souders a nd Brown equatio n.
THE CARBON DIOXIOE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK Har.1111

• A liquid reserve eq ui va lent to 5 minutes of • lt should be designed similar to an a mm o ni a
thermosiphon heat rejectio n load should be intercooler, with a s uitable DWP and the
allowed for system start-up . separa tion velocity per the Souders and
In a transcritical system, the lubricant cooling heat Brown equation .
from the C0 2 compressor(s) should be transferred • Beca use of the additional agitation within a n
directly toan ambient cooled heat exchanger. intercoo ler from the percolation of th e booster
discharge, th e " k" fac tor of 0.1 (0.03) sho uld
INTERCOOLER
be reduced to 0.085 (0 .025) .
Because of th e low compress io n ratios
enco untered in subcritica l C0 2 systems, two- The use of a p late a nd shell liquid subcoo ler
stage operation incorpora ting a n intercooler is an sho uld be considered in lieu of the classic shell
unlikel y design scenario. and coil design of ammonia intercoolers.
In tra nscritica l systems, an intercooler ma y SUCTION TRAP/ ACCUMULATOR /
be required to des uperhea t the discharge of the SURGE DRUM / RECIRCULATOR
booster compressor, if insta lled : This category of vessels separate vapor from liquid.
iiilll Vertical Separator Design

Dry Suction
(altemate locatlon)
1}
Dry Suction ~
(better)
Llquld Makeup Q <=:i Wet Retum
Surge Volume ·
Operating Level ___ - -- - -- - -- -- -
Low Level Alarm Ballast Volume -

Low Level Cutout
Drop Leg
Pump Suction Pump Suction
To Oíl Pot
(Ammonla Only)
IIDiiOr. THE CAR BON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK

In a dditi o n to sepa rati o n area, an intern a! REFERENCES
volume a ll owa nce sho uld be ma de where 1. Souders. M . and G.G. Brown, "Design of Fractionating Columns,"
applica ble for the fo ll owing: lnd. and Eng. Chemistry, Jan 1934, page 98
2. Wiencke, Bent, "Sizing and Design of Gravity Liquid separators in

• A draw cl own of the liquid leve! dueto a Industrial Refrigeration, " //AR Technical Papers, 2002.
sudden load demand that exceeds the ma ke-up
liquid suppl y ra te.
• A surge volume to acco mm od ate loa d
flu ctu a ti o ns di spl ac ing liquid fro m the
eva po rato r(s) a nd the res ulting vapor velocity
increase in the wet return line(s) sweeping
liquid back to the vessel.
• A mínimum op erating liquid leve! to ensure
continu o us liquid fee d and sufficient N PSH
a bove the sucti o n volute of the pump (s) .
Wilfl Horizontal Separator Design with Two Wet Return Lines
- - - L / 2 - - - ·¡•t----L/2---
..
Wet Return D Wet Return
D Dry Suction D
Separation Volume
Liquid Swelling and

_ __ Foaming V o l u m e ~ ~ __ _
High Level Cutout __
Hlgh Level Alarm - - - - -- ---- -- --
Surge Volume
Operatlng Level __ _
- ·---- - --- - - --· --
· BalÍast Volume
Low Level Alarm
Low Level Cutout . . -- -- -- - -- . - -
~~o:'P Head yotume
Vortex Breaker
Drop Leg
Pump Suctlon Pump Suction
D
To 011 Pot
(Ammonla Only)
THE CARBON OIOXIOE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANOBOOK iiar.1111

CHAPTER TWELVE
Service and Control Valvas
Service and Contro l valves for subcritica l C0 1 • Capti ve stems that cann ot be inadvertently
systems are typ ica lly a high-press ure variant of turn ed o ut of th e vesse l
the equi va lent ammonia valves and many of the
• If fitted, sea ! caps th at ve nt p ress ure prior to
traditional amrnonia valve manufacturers have
threa d di s-engagement
expanded their offerings for the higher pressures
required of C0 2 duty. Different manufacturers • Ability to change stem p ac kin g w hile under
have different upper pressure limits and they are system press ure
constantly changing due to market demands. For • Stem threa d suita bility fo r dry C0 2 operation
that reason, they are not cataloged in this handbook.
Contact the va lve manufacturer(s) of choice directly • Sea! cap opti o n
for current product specifications and ava il ablility. • Elas to mer suita bility w ith C0 1
Ca uti onary Note - W hile there are rna ny
• T he a bility to o pen aga in st hi gh press ure
similarities between va lves fo r a mmoni a service
a nd C0 1 service, the use of va lves not designed differenti a ls
specifically fo r C0 1 m ay res ult in safety and • No internal voids that ca n trap liquid or vap or
operationa l iss ues . The elastomers a nd p acking such as un vented ball cav ities
materi als are diHerent fo r C0 1 duty. Va lves fr om
• Fla nged or weld-in des ign a nd body m ateria l
o utside th e tra ditiona l refrigerati on so urces such
cornp atibility with the connected pipe for the
as the p rocess indu stry may be used p rov ided
latter
they are thoro ughl y vetted for use in co2
applica ti on. • Intern a! moving/actu a ting co mpo nent fri cti on
This vetting should include, but not be lirnited to: with dry col
• Ma teria l strength Serv ice and contro l va lves fo r the supercritica l
• Corrosio n res istance portion of tra nscritica l C0 2 systern s sh ould
take into co nsideration the hi gh solvency of
• Sea ting m aterial and tightness supercritica l C0 1 a nd its potential effect o n
• Stem packing design and co mpatibility with C0 2 elas tomers and p acking materials.
THE CARBON DIOXIOE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBDOK Har.m

CHAPTER THIRTEEN
Safety Relief Valves
INTRODUCTION Relief valves fitted on vessels or co mpo nents
T he requi rement for safety re lief va lves o n conta ining sa turated liquid sho uld discharge
press ure vesse ls app lies to C0 2 refrigera tion di rectl y to atm osphere, necessita ting that they
systems ju st as it does to systems using a mm o ni a be loca ted o utsid e and therefore exposed to the
or other refrigera nts. elements. Considera ti on should be given to the
use of a more expensive, process type relief valve
PRESSURE VESSEL PROTECTION
w ith stainless steel trirn in this applicati on. Such
In the U. S., the requirement is stated by
outside mo unted va lves w ill not be fitted w ith
ASHRAE 15 in Secti on 9 .4 and the safety va lves
a ny o utlet p iping and cherefore the sea t area w ill
are to be designed to Section VIII of the ASME
not be protected fro m the elements.
Bo iler and Press ure Vesse l code w ith a "UV" or
One alterna tive is to use a con venti ona l
"VR " stamp in g or nameplate. In Europe, EN
refrige rati on-type reli ef va l ve and configure a
378 a nd PD5500 are th e governing doc uments.
wea ther guard such as a fl ap or rnembrane th at
T he sta nd ard sizing equation is used for reli ef
w ill pi vot or bu rst if che va lve reli eves togeth er
va lves in C0 2 :
with an admini stra ti ve procedu re to in spect it.
C = f DL
Where: HYDRO-STATIC PROTECTION
C = M ínimum required discharge cap acity of the co2 liquid, like other refrigerant liquids, will expand
relief dev ice exp ressed as mass fl ow ra te of a ir, lb/ when its ternperature rises. If chis liquid is trapped
min (kg/s) in a section of pip ing ora cornponent with no vapor
pocket hydrostatic expansion can creare p ress ures
f = Varia ble fac tor, w hi ch is refr igera nt sufficient to rupwre che pipe or component.
dependent ra ngin g fro m 0 .5 to 2 .5 . For C0 2 it is In rn ost in stances thi s ca n be addressed w ith
1.0 (0.082 SI) adrninistrati ve contro ls a nd standard o perating
D = Outside diameter of Vessel, ft (m ) procedures. In situ ations w here this is not
possible, the installation of a hydrostati c relief
L = Length of Vessel, ft (m ) va lve is reco mmended.
C0 7 p ressure vessels of 10 ft 3 (0.285 m 3 ) or more The size requirement for a hydro-static relief
intern-al volume reg uire the use of a 3-way valve valve can be determined using th e API Practice
between the vessel and two identical relief va lves. 520 w hich is referenced and explained in deta il in
The press ure ra ting of the 3-way va lve a nd IIAR Sta nda rd 2-2008 Appendix G ( In fo rm ative).
th e interconn ecting p ipe and fittin gs sho uld be Du e to the poss ibilicy of d ry ice for mati on in the
suita ble for th e DWP of the portio n of the C0 2 relief valve's o utlet piping, the downstrea m side of
refrigerati o n systern being protected. a hydro-static relief valve should terminare an area
Chapter 6.6 refers to the pressure drop lirnits of of the system that is a lways above the triple p oint
th e inlet piping to the safety relief val ve. which is 75 .1 psia (5 .2 Bara).
A relief va lve fitted on a comp ressor discharge Although not hydro-static in the p ure sense,
or lubricant sepa rator w ill di scharge superhea ted trapped, co ld CO J vapor ca n also create high
va por w hen th e co mpressor is operating. pressures w hen wa rmed as noted in chapter 4,
Depending upo n th e system design, it may be Figure 4.2 . The system design sho uld be rev iewed
feas ible to p ipe th e va lve discharges toa n o utl et for areas that may inadvertently trap cold
hea der as there is minim a l ri sk of solidificatio n. vapor and w here they cannot be protected by
These relief valves rn ay be the relatively adrninistrative contro ls, relief protecti on sho uld
inexpensive, disposa ble type as used on a rnmonia be provided in the form of a suitable press ure
systems but ra ted a nd set fo r the selected limiting va lve w ith its outlet piped to a lower
capacity and DWP. press ure part of the system.
THE CARBON OIOXIOE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANOBOOK Har.a

• • • • • •• • •• - 1•• • :·. •- ~- •
Controls
INTRODUCTION The high side of the system may be reli eved to
A C0 2 refrigeration systern requi res th e sa rne the low side o f the system as o utlined in IIAR
sucti o n press ure and discharge press ure contro ls Sta nd ard 2 - 2008 Appendi x K Emergency
as a ny o ther industrial refri gera ti on system. Press ure Co ntro l Systems (EPCS). The EPCS
T he dedica ted, loca l cornpressor control systern pressure settin g w ill need to be adjusted to higher
or panel is basically the sa rne as fo r arnmo nia than the maximum operating pressure but less
duty. Th e evapora tor contro ls for operati o n than the design wo rkin g p ress ure of the porti a n
and defr ost are similar as well. The fo llowing of the C0 2 systern that is being protected.
in for matio n is therefore limited to the additional To help p reve nt a re lease of C0 2 fr om th e
or di ffe rent elements of contro l requi red for a lifting of a safety re li ef va lve, ma ny C0 2 systems
co2refrigeratio n system. include a standb y refri gerati o n system. This
system sho uld have a cap acity a t least equ al to
SYSTEM MONITORING
the highest expected ambient heat gain into the
Most co nternporary industrial ammonia
system during shutdown. The sources of heat
refri geration systerns are equipped w ith a PC or
may include:
PLC based control system. H owever, in the event
of a power fa ilure it is still important to know • Passive hea t ga in into th e eva po rator co ils
the p ress ures in the vari o us pa rts of the systern. as the roo m war ms a bove the refri gerant
For this reaso n, a ga uge boa rd w ith 6" mínimum temperature
di ameter ga uges indica ting the p ress ures o f th e • Ambient and solar heat ga in on piping and valves
high a nd low sides, a nd intermedi are stages if
any, of the C0 2 a nd ammonia systems sho uld be • Ambient and solar heat gain through vessel walls
installed in a conspicuous and readily accessible • Ambient a nd so lar gain on o utdoor condensers
loca ti on in the machine or co ntro l roo m.
• H eat gain across the cascade condenser (if present)
VALVE ACTION
T he initia ti on and shut cl own of the standb y
Beca use C0 2 refri geration systems operare at high
refrige ratio n system is by mea ns of a press ure
press ures, th e press ure differential across solenoid
switch inst all ed in th e main C0 2 system. If parts
a nd service va lves may be in excess of 500 psi
of the system a re isolated during shut clown
(35 bar ). In sorne instances a par allel bleed va lve
by the closing of a uto matic va lves, then each
sho uld be considered to reduce the opening force
segregated section of the system sho uld use an
required of the main valve . Similarl y, C0 2 liquid
EPCS to bleed to the p art of the system serviced
a nd vapor line shut off val ves that can be opened
by the sta ndby refri gerati o n system.
a nd a lso seal tight under high differenti al press ure
Altern ately, multiple standby refrigeration
sho uld be selected for all locatio ns where sucl1
systems co uld be used.
conditi ons m ay occur.
The most likely co mm on ca use of a main C0 2
SYSTEM OVERPRESSURE CONTROL refri gerati on system fa ilu re is a loss of electrica l
If the rn ain C0 2 refri geratio n system is re ndered power. For thi s reaso n, th e sta ndby refri geration
in opera ble, the pressure w ill ri se to nea rl y the system sho uld be p owered by an auxili ary
sa tu ra ted p ress ure corresp onding to the warmest generator of suffi cient cap acity. Altern ati vely,
ambient expos ure. if replace ment refr igera nt gra de C0 2 is rea dily
THE CARBON OIOXIOE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANOBOOK Har.n

availa ble and, or, th e system charge reserve in the psia (70 .6 Bara) . As th e discharge press ure
receive r is sufficient, the C0 2 overpressure ca n exceed s 970 psia (66 .9 Bara), the latent heat of
relieve to atmosphere. The relief valve that lifted co ndensa ti on rapidly decreases and it is then
should be inspected for proper operation after a ad va ntageo us to dri ve ch e discharge pressure
release and replaced if necessary. above ch e critica! po int a nd into th e supercritical
zone if th e high side is des igned for operation at
LOW SIDE TRIPLE POINT PROTECTION
If ch e system suctio n press ure tre nds below th e tra nscritica l p ress ures .
tripl e po int press ure of 75.1 psia (5 .2 Bara) th e Cha p ter 5 .3 shows th at once transcritica l, th e
CO z will progressively solidify. Figure 6.6.1 in gas cooling process ca n prov ide a lower enth alpy
Chapter 6.6 shows that this drop in press ure C0 1 th a n condensing alone, thu s increas ing net
w ill res ult in a degree of solidificati on depending refrigera ti on effect. In most insta nces, the gain
upon the starting enthalpy of the C0 2 , so a in net refrigera tion effect is greater than the
ca tastrophi c freeze- up below the triple p oint is additi o nal compresso r energy required res ulting
unlikely. H owever, ma ny small passages within in a hig her system COP.
the refri geratio n circuir may cl og, thu s reducing An a nalysis of th e actu al system compressor
the system capacity. As the sucti on press ure ri ses ra tings across this ra nge of discharge press ures is
a bove th e tripl e po int, the solid CO z melts. necessary to determine the maxi mum condensing
It is reco mm ended that the fir st (or only) press ure set point and the new optimum gas
stage compressor (s) be provided with a suction cooling pressure set point w hen the discharge
pressure override control that will force-unloa d press ure is rising. When fa lling, the heat sink
the compressors and alarm as the triple po int is tempera ture has to be monitored to determine
approac hed, culminating in a cornpresso r shut when sustained, subcritica l operation can res ume.
clown with a fa ilure alarm if the triple p oint is
crossed. Thi s rnethodology is inverse to th e hi gh COMPRESSOR DISCHARGE PRESSURE
CONTROL - CASCADE SYSTEM
discharge press ure control stra tegy pro vided with
most co mpressor packages . In a casca de sys tem th e C0 1 di sc harge
press ure is co ntro lled by th e sucti on press ure
LIQUID PUMP SUCTION PRESSURE STABILITY o f th e hi gh tempera ture (t ypically a mmonia )
Chapter 8.2 - Purnps, Figure 8.2.1 , shows th at refri ge r a ti o n sys tem.
liquid static hea d prov ides rninimal subcooling On a casca de hea t exc hanger design the C0 2
in the inlet pipin g to C0 2 recirculacion pumps di scharge p ress ure relaci ve to the a mmo nia
a nd therefo re the pumps are more susceptible to system succio n press ure should be directl y
cavitati o n th a n with ammoni a . p roporci onal to th e th erm al load across the heat
H owever, th e sa me dynamic th at creares excha nger urface .
minimal subcoo ling, a relatively large 6.P/6. T H owever, there are varia bles such as lubrica nt
ra ti o, also lessens che fla sh gas generation in fo uling a nd contaminated refri gera nts (air in the
instances of sudden suction pressure decrease. C0 1 , wa ter in th e a mmonia) that can affecc che
Accordingly, no special preca uti ons need to hea t exchanger p erformance. For chis reason, in
be ta ken to increase the precision of press ure- additi o n to sta ndard a mm onia sucti o n p ress ure
derived pump cavitati o n contro l. contro l, ch e C0 1 di scharge press ure sho uld
COMPRESSOR DISCHARGE PRESSURE CONTROL be monito red a nd alarmed if che approach
- NON-CASCADE tempera tu re (ca lcula ted press ure to tempera ture
Th e compressor discharge press ure contro l in co nversio n) betwee n the two refri ger ants is larger
a non-cascade C0 2 system is similar to that in than expected. Leaving C0 2 liquid temperature
a n ammonia system until the C0 2 condensing ca n be m onitored for the presence of subcooling
press ure approaches the critica! point 1070 (or non-condensa ble gasses) .

CASCADE CONDENSER BREACH close an automatic shut off valve, if present, in
CONTROL AND ALARM the ammonia vapor line between the cascade
In a cascade heat exchanger, the C0 2 pressure condenser and the ammonia compressor(s) .
is almost always higher than the ammonia
pressure and a breach (rupture or crack) in
co2LEAK DETECTION
the heat exchange surface will result in C0 2 While C0 2 is not toxic like ammonia, it can lead
contamination of the ammonia resulting in the to potentially fatal respiratory failure. Therefore
formation of ammonium carbamate. C0 2 monitoring is essential. Refer to Chapter 4 -
A cascade condenser breach monitoring method Safety for C0 2 concentration thresho ld levels to
is described in Chapter 9 - Condensers. The determine the appropriate alarm leve! setting(s)
pressure differential switch fitted across the strainer in areas fitted with detectors. Infra-red sensors
should as a mínimum alarm and shut clown the have provento be the most reliable for C0 2
entire co2system: compressors, evaporator fans detection and monitoring.
and pumps as well as the ammonia compressors In the event of a detection of hi gh C0 2
connected to the cascade condenser. concentration levels, the control system ma y be
To minimize the spread of ammonium configured to turn off compressor(s), pump(s)
carbamate into th e ammonia system, activation and/or close control valve(s) in addition to
of the pressure differential switch ma y also initiating the personnel alarm system (s).
iiitll Transcritical Cycle Pressure Reduction Steps

Enthalpy (kJ/kg)
·279.1 -209.3 -93.0 o 93.0 186.1 279.1 372.2 465.2 558.2 651.3
2000. 13%
8
R-744
(casboo dloKlde)
IP 1eterence s1.·11e
h • O O BTUilb, s s 000 BTUl(ID • "F)
tor satu,a1ed IIQuld at -40"F
SI Entnalpy (h ) and SI Entsopy (s)
1000. - values in tt1ls dual un1tsdíagram

are scale shllte<1 l1om tne $1 Data
6;%9
In Chapler 2 due to lP 1elarence
800. s?s's
600. 4X'1
~
ro
·¡¡;
-3:
400. 23{¡ "'
Cl)
~
~ ,.
':> \'I.A·º' c..
6
:::,
(/)
(/) ~
:::,
~ (/)
c.. ,.oO
\\ <>·º ' (/)
~
200.
o,
o "'
o· o
. "'
o o.so \, -¿.':>'
1).(4 c..
Q.
1',Q\9 ·"'
o
p"'
100. ·%9
0.AO\".A'
80. -~5
<QI <Q -,o\A.e,
60. 'j¡I '$ "'~ -
o o.
·':;{1
-80 -62.2
1
-90 -67 .8
40. -~ 7
-120 -80 -40 o 40 80 120 160 200 240 280
Enthalpy (BTU/lb)
THE CARBON OIOXIOE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANOBOOK iiCr. lD

TRANSCRITICAL CONTROL WITH HEATING Additionally, a receiver pressure (B) in excess
As noted in the a bove section "Co mpressor of 300 p sia (20 .7 Bara) may result in liquid
Di scharge Press ure Co ntrol - No n- Cascade", formation from the fl as hing of the relieved vapor.
th ere is a n optimum di scharge pressure for When the receiver pressure is greater th an 900
efficient tra nscritica l o peration. When the psia (62 Bara) excessive liquid dropl et formation
discharge gas hea t load is shifted from the gas is certain. Figure 14.1 depicts the gas cooler exit
coo ler to water heating, the optim a! co ntrol (A) fla shing to the CPR (B) th en the red vertica l
parameters cha nge fro m maximum refrigeration process line (C) is fo r fl as hing from 700 psia (48 .3
effic iency to maximum wa ter hea ting capa bility. Bara) at 100 % satu ra ted dry vapor to 500 psia
The system compressor(s) mu st be pressure (34.5 Bara) producing wet vapor with a 95 %
ra ted to ha ndle va ri o us wa ter heating conditions qu ality.
and the best water hea ting COP determin ed as The receiver design operating pressure sho uld
o utlined in Chap ter 6.3 Tra nscritical Systems. be constant for each specific system des ign
The control set p oint of th e press ure regulating a nd therefore best ma intained by an integra ll y
va lve on th e gas coo ler(s) o utl et ca n then be set modulated upstrea m pressure regula ting va lve
accordingly. in the vapo r o utlet line. Externa! mo dula ti on or
co nt ro l sho uld not be necessary.
TRANSCRITICAL CONTROL - CONTROLLED
PRESSURE RECEIVER Refer to Chap ter 5 .3 Tra nscritica l Cycl es for
T he efficiency of a transcritica l cycle ca n be mo re informa tion on contro lled pressure receive r
significa ntl y improved by incorporating a operation.
receiver that opera res below the critica! pressure REFERENCES
into the system. Th e receiver pressure is a 1. Danfoss Publication Transcritical C02 Booster Systems Publication
fun cti o n of: RABAA 1.02 10.2010
• Overall cycle effi ciency.

• The capacity of th e compressor receiving th e
genera ted fl as h vapor.
lmiiOr. THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBDDK

. -
CHA,
.
-
P.-PEFf'Ff~!tEE})f
"' - -~ . ~ - - ~ Prsssurs and Lsak Tssting
GENERAL GUIDELINES Bubbl e testing w ith soap and water is the
Safety Note: Pressure testing results in a significant preferred lea k detection meth od as reco mmend ed
amount of poten.tia! energy w ithin the piping in Article 1 O Sectio n V of th e ASME Bo il er &
system and an accidental ru pture under this Press ure Vessel Code
condition can have catastrophic consequences. Systems sho uld be press urized to 30 psig (2
Por this reason, it is advised that ali unnecessary Barg) and the entire system visua ll y exarnined fo r
personnel be evacuated from the areas containing loose joints and fittings prior to furth er raising
system com ponents under test pressure. the test press ure . This procedure pa rtic ul a rl y
All field insta lled piping requires pressure and applies to large systerns as a practica! fir st step in
leak testing pri or to commissioning. This testing system testing.
sho uld be completed after any non-destructi ve Afte r th e press ure a nd lea k tests have been
testing of welds a nd pri or to installation of the performed , passed and doc umented, th e
insulation system so that ali joints, welds a nd low press ure sho uld be bled off in 10-1 5 psi (- 1 ba r)
points are exposed and accessible for inspection. increments fr om the low points of the system to
Relief va lves, press ure transdu cers and devices help expel a ny residual water. Releasing pressure
sensitive to over press ure need to be valved o ut fr om a high point only will tend to leave a ny
or rem oved fr o m the piping under test a nd their res idua l wa ter in the system and will greatl y
mounting location a ppropri ately plugged or increase the time required to evac uare th e system.
bl a nked off. Ali so leno id a nd control va lves with Any plu gs o r bla nks sha ll be repl aced w ith
manu a l op enin g stems sho uld be placed in th e
the intended va lve o r fittin g such as safety relief
open pos1t1on.
va lves, or tra nsdu cers .
CO , refri gerati o n systems are extremely
T hen the enti re system sho uld be evac uated per
vulne;a ble to corros io n in the presence of fr ee
Chapter 16 - Evacua tion
wa ter. For th at reason, oxygen fr ee, dry nitrogen
Piping fo r C0 2 refrigeration systems is
is the onl y gas recommended for pressure testing.
designed , in sta lled and tested per ASME B3 1.5
Compressed a ir sho uld NOT be used as a test
and ASHRAE 15 and E -378 .
gas, even tho ugh it is all owed per ASM E B 31.5
and ASHRAE 15. ASME B 31.5 SECTION 538 - TESTING SUMMARY
If an iso lated (va lved off) section of an O Ma nu fac tured compo nents that have been
operatin g CO , system is to be press ure tested , p ress ure tested by the manufacturer do not
then it may be prudent to use refrigeration grade require fi eld press ure testing. Onl y leak testing
C0 2 vapor fo r testing to a void any potentia l is required.
cross conta min atio n fr om the test gas.
A repaired or modified section of an existing O Factory asse mbled refrigera nt piping - tested
system mu st be a bove the ductile-brittle tra nsition to 11 0% but not more tha n 130 % of the
temperature before press ure or leak testing is DWP.

carried o ut. Sections of pipe under in sul ati o n w ith O Ali jo ints to be tested to be clea n a nd exposed.
residu al liquid co?may be colder.
O Ali fi eld erected refri gera nt piping to
If a trace gas is de;ired, onl y C0 2 is recommended.
be p ress ure tested and lea k tested after
Other re&igerants, such as ammonia, halocarbons
in sta llation and before operation .
or hydrocarbons, should N OT be used as a trace gas
due to the possibility of contamination of the C0 2 O The test pressure to be at least 110 % a nd not
charge &om residual test gas. more tha n 130 % of the DWP. A press ure reli ef
THE CARBON OIOXIOE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK iiar:1111

device to be connected to the piping under test O Secti o n 10.1.2 prescribes the use of dry
and set above the test press ure but low eno ugh nitrogen, or another nonflammable, non
to prevent any deform atio n to th e system. reacti ve, dried gas. Exceptions a. & b.
also all ows th e addition of up to 5 % by
O The testing to be above the ductile-brittle
mass or 25 % of the LFL of no n-flammable
tra nsition temperature.
or fl a mm abl e refri gera nts for easier lea k
O Large systems w hich are not completely detection. NOTE: Only dry nitrogen is
visibl e to th e testing operator to be gr adu ally recommended far CO 2 systems per the
press urized to 50 % of the test press ure General Guidelines abave.
initia lly, th en increased in 10 % test press ure
O Excepti on c. allows the use of compressed air
increments until the test press ure has been
fo r p ress ure testing prov ided th e C0 2 system
reached, then maintained for at least 10
is evacuated to atmospheric press ure after.
minutes prior to lowering to the lea k test
NOTE: O nly dry nitragen is recam mended
press ure.
far CO 2 systems per th e General Guidelines
O Blanks and plu gs used during testing, th en aba ve.
removed, do not have to be retested p rov ided
O Sectio n 10.2 requires a declarati o n of th e
the joints passed the press ure test.
test r es ults fo r systems over 55 lbs (25 kg)
O The lea k test to be perfor med at DWP or a refri gerant charge . The declarati on mu st
press ure specified in the engineering design. be dated, test press ures stated, refri gerant
O Examination for leaks at all joints and decl a red and signed by the installer a nd an
connections to be: by gas and bubbl e inspector (if present).
form atio n per ASME BPV Article 10 Sectio n O O xygen, wa ter and refri gera nts w ith a LFL
V; or refrigerant vapor detection if trace below 13 % are no t a ll owed. Toxic gasses
refrigerant is used in the test gas; or o ther are to o nl y be used o nl y if the appro pri ate
methods of equ al sensiti vity. personn el sa fety gear is used.
ASHRAE 15 SECTION 10 - OPERATION AND O NOTE: Onl y dry nitrogen is reco mm ended
TESTING SUMMARY
for C0 2 systems per the General G uidelines
O The high side and low side of the refrigerati on above.
system to be tested and proved tight at not less
O Pressure ga uges to be checked for accuracy
than the lower of the des ign press ure or th e
prior to use in testing.
pressure relief device of the low side and high
side respecti vely. O Lea king joints to be repaired and retested.
mHar. THE CARBON OIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANOBOOK

CHAPTER Sl:\TEEN
Evacuation
Historicall y, evacuation of ammonia refrigeration w ill onl y evaporare 1A tsp of wa ter (2 ml ). Also,
systems has not been a high priori ty or uni versa l w hen that 1A tsp (2 mi ) of wa ter evapora res at
practice. This is beca use ammonia has a high affinity 5,000 microns it ge nera res 7.5 ft 3 (0 .2 m 3 ) of
for water and quickl y absorbs it with minimal water vapor which significa ntl y slows th e rate of
adverse affects. Additionally, any air left in the evacuatio n.
system was quickly expelled by the system purger.
C0 2 is extremely sensitive to water in the VACUUM PUMP SELECTION
system. Consequentl y starting with a dry system The nominal capacity of a vacuum pump is
is para mo unt to mainta ining a dry system. Air, measured a t atm osp heric pressure. When th e
especially atmosph eric a ir, conta ins water vapor. vac uum reaches 13,200 (60 8 F/15. 6 8 C) to
Most ASME pressure vessels used in Refrigera tio n 25,000 (78 8 F/25 .6°C) micro ns, th e range w here
systems are pressure tested with water a nd they wa ter is evapora ting, its cfm (rn 3/hr ) ca pacity is
are merely drained after testing. Refri geration onl y 4 % of the nomin a l rating . Exa mple a 10
pipes are commonl y left open to the atm osphere cfm (5.8 m 3/hr ) vac uum pump will spend most
during construction. The norma l daily ambient of the evacuation time pumping 0.4 cfm (0 .24
temperature range will ca use condensate to form m 3/hr ). Tha t is 11 minutes of pumping for the 114
in the pipes overnight. While these quantities of teaspoon (2 mi ) exa mple a bove . A small system
water are sma ll , collecti vely they can add up to a may have 150 ft 3 (4 .3 111 3 ) of intern a! vo lume
significant amo unt. That i w hy it is imperati ve and a large system co uld have 1,500 ft 3 (4 3 rn 3 )
that ALL a ir and water vapor is evac uated from or more interna ! vo lume. For a guidelin e; a 10
the system prio r to chargin g. cfm (5 .8 m 3/hr ) vac uum pump wi ll evacua re a
The haloca rbo n indu stry has long been 575 ft 3 (16.3 rn-3) dry system to 5,000 microns in
sensitive to contamina nts in th e refrigerants. approxima tely 24 ho urs. The presence of water
Their methods of system evacuation were well will extend this time. Figure 6 .1 is a comparative
refined and proven in the field over 50 years ago . ta ble that shows the water evaporation
They are presented herew ith. temperature a nd various levels of vacuum and
EVACUATION COMMENTS the specific volume of th e wa ter vapor.
Evac uating a system prior to co mmi ss io ning
acco mplishes two things. It removes most of the COLO TRAP
n on-condensable gasses from the system. This A wet system will quickly co nta min are th e
a llows effici ent condenser operati o n immediately vac uum pump o il and the pumps effecti ve ness
upon start-up. Secondly, it removes water fr om w ill be redu ced by the excessive wa ter vapor
the system. As the systern press ure is re duced , emanating from th e oíl. To prolong the purity
water's boiling ternpera ture will gra du ally redu ce of the vac uum pump o il when evac uating a wet
from 212 8 F (100 8 C) (a tmospheric pressure system a cold trap is recomm ended. Figure 16.2
- 760,000 microns) to 32°F (0°C) at 4580 illu stra tes a typica l co ld trap. It co nstructed such
microns. The residual hea t of the pipe a nd vessel that the evac ua ted vapor passes ove r the co ld
walls wil l evapora te thi residua l wa ter. .. . if, it is surface created by th e dry ice in alco ho l and the
spread o ut in the systern. If it collects in a sm all water vap or is frozen onto th e co ld surface prior
low spot with little metal volum e, it may never to entering the pump. In addition to prol o nging
a bsorb enough heat to eva po rate, especiall y if the oíl life it also sh ortens th e evac uation process
the pipes are in sulated or it is a coo l day. N ote: by removing m ost of the water vapor volume
a pound of steel pipe giving up 20°F (11 °K) prior to the vac uum pump.
THE CARBON OIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK

11ar.m1
DOUBLE OR TRIPLE EVACUATION (10,000 micro ns) at w hich po int an y residu al
M ultipl e evac uation s have been descr ibed wa ter in the system is now evaporating and
very well by va rious haloca rbo n equipment creating wa ter vapor which slows the evacuation
manufacturers. This method pulls an initial p rocess . Eventually all of the water is eva porated
vac uum to 5,000 micron s, which is slightl y a nd the pressure drop s to 5 mm hg (5 000
a bove fr eezing. The vac uum is re lieved w ith M icron s), at w hich time th e vac uum is broken
dr y nitroge n, w hich th en a bsor bs more of the with dry nitroge n a nd the pressure rises back to
system wa ter va por. Ano ther 5,000 micron atm ospheric 760 mm hg (760,000 microns) . T he
vacuum is pull ed. If th e press ure drop slows or evac uation is started aga in. This time it sho uld
" hangs" between 10,000 and 5,000 microns drop stea dil y to 5 mm hg (5,000 microns) if there
(r eflecting water boiling at pipe temperature), is a " ha ng-up " or delay at approximately 10
then there is still w ater in the system a nd a third mm hg (10,000 micron s), then there is still water
evacu ati o n is recommended . It is fa ster to sweep present and another evac uation cycle is needed.
the system w ith dr y nitrogen and re-evacu are The fin a l vac uum brea k is with refri gera nt grade
to 5,000 micro ns than to pul l a 1,000 micro n C0 2 VAPOR in stea d of dry nitroge n.
vac uum o nce beca use of th e decreased mass
EVACUATION STEPS
fl ow cap acity of th e vac uum pump operating in
It is recommended tha t system evac uati on be
a deep vac uum.
co nducted before installati on of the thermal
Figure 16.3 plots the typica l mu ltiple
insul atio n .
evacuatio n process . Starting at atmospheric
pressure 760 mm hg, the system press ure is l. After a successful press ure and lea k test per
quickl y reduced to approximately 10 mm hg Ch apter 15 - Press ure and Leak Testing,
iilUII Vacuum Table
100 689. 500 6.895 8 5.3 327.7 164.3

75.124 517.980 5.180 60.4 308.1 153.4
14.696 101.329 1.013 0.00 760 760,000 212 100.0 26.8 1. 7
9.629 66.392 0.664 10.32 498 497,961 192 88.9 39.5 2.5
3.865 26.649 0.266 22.05 200 199,878 151 66. 1 95.0 5.9
1.935 13.342 0.133 25.98 100 100,068 124 51.1 184.6 11.5
0.968 6.674 0.067 27.95 50.1 50,060 101 38.3 341.4 21.3
0.699 4.820 0.048 28.50 36.1 36,149 90 32.2 467.4 29.2
0.507 3.496 0.035 28.89 26.2 26,2 19 80 26.7 632.4 39.5
0.481 3.316 0.033 28.94 24.9 24,875 78 25.6 685.3 42.8
0.363 2. 503 0.025 29.18 18.8 18,772 70 21 .1 897.1 56.1
0.256 1.765 0.018 29.40 13.2 13,239 60 15.6 1206.0 75.4
0.192 1.324 0.013 29.53 9.9 9,929 52 11.1 1603.4 100.2
0.178 1.227 0.012 29.56 9.2 9,205 50 10.0 1702.8 106.4
0.1 22 0.841 0.008 29 .67 6.3 6,309 40 4.4 2443.3 152.7
0.099 0.683 0.007 29.72 5.1 5,120 35 1.7 287 1.5 179.5
0.089 0.614 0.006 29 .74 4.6 4,603 32 o.o 3299. 7 206.2
0.039 0.269 0.003 29.84 2.0 2,017 15 -9.4 N/A N/A
0.019 0.13 1 0.001 3 29.88 1.0 983 -17.2 N/A N/A
0.010 0.069 0.0007 29.90 0.52 517 -11 -23.9 N/A N/A
0.0 05 0. 033 0.0 003 29.91 0.2 5 250 -28 -33.3 N/A N/A
0.002 0.013 0.0001 29.92 0.10 100 -38 -38.9 N/A N/A
miiar. THE CARBON OIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK

They are provided w ith 1.5" NPT inlet
Wiifl Cold Trap conn ecti o ns. T he pump suction hose
sho uld be at least 1" and 1.25 " diameter
" O" RING GASKET respectively and rated for operation at
n I MIXTLALCOHOL"
ICE & k'-'1..., v, .. ._ abso lute vac uum.
v.
:i::
~
<B
5. Jf the vac uum pump is too large relative to
the system volume, it may drop the system
m
vac uum be low 4600 microns too rapidly and
SYSTEM l.::= freeze rather than va porize the residual water.
6. Dea d hea d th e suction side of the vac uum
WATER
VAPORS
4" STEEL PIPE pump to the vacuum ga uge a nd prove that ir
(one end
COLLECT
ON COLO
flanged , the ca n purnp clown to 500 micron s. If not, get a
other closed)
SURFACE different pump.
ABSOLUTE
PRESSURE 8" STEEL PIPE / 7. Connect borh the high side and the low side
INDICATOR (one end flanged ,
the other closed) of th e system to the vac uum pump throu gh
the larges t di a meter and shortest , a bsolute
ra ted hoses ava ilable a nd practica!. Opera re
it is reiterated that the press ure should be the pump until a vacu um of approximately
re leased sequentially in increments fr o m ALL 5120 microns (3 5 ºF) is achieved. There
of th e valved low points in the system. This may be a vacuum level w here the vacuum
will tend to pu sh any pooled liquid water ap pears to leve) off rather than drop. This
o ut of the system. Venting a ll ar o nce fr om a is m ost likely wa ter evapora ting. When a li
high po int will leave wa ter in the system a nd of the wa ter is vaporized, the press ure will
slow the evacua tio n process considera bl y. res um e fa llin g. A wet system may require
2. Re-in sta ll any safety relief va lves and a n intermedi a re pump oil cha nge or a "co ld
tra nsdu cers th at were rem oved for pressure trap" to ac hi eve a full vac uum . Follow the
testing a nd ensure that ali p arts of the system vac uurn pump ma nufac turer's instructions
are ready to accept a C0 2 refrigerant charge and cha nge the vacuum pump oil as
a nd are o pen to the vacuum pump. fr eq uently as necessar y to minimize water
contamin ati on of the lu bricant and loss of
3. So urce a di gita l vac uum ga uge such as
effic iency a nd/or da mage to the pump.
a "Blu -Vac" ga uge tha t is designed to
acc ura rely meas ure and display a deep 8. If wa ter is suspected , sea n th e low po ints
vac uum in microns. Connect ir to the system w ith a n infrared th ermometer fo r cooling
a nd not to the pump. from th e water evaporati on process . H ea t
sho uld be appli ed to cold spots to speed the
4. So urce a vacuum pump (s) of appropriate
capac ity a nd charge it with fresh vac uum wa ter evap ora ti o n.
pump oil that is wa ter free . (Water 9. At thi s po int ali of the wa ter should ha ve
conta min ated oil will flash a nd degrade the been evapora ted.
pumps vac uum pulling a bility) Portable
10. Break th e vac uum with dry nitrogen until the
HVAC service pumps a re typicall y 8 cfm
system returns to a bo ut 760,000 microns, no
requiring a mínimum 3/8" pump suction
vac uum or pressure.
hose rated fo r operatio n at absolute vac uum.
Larger purnps such as those manu fac tured 11. Pul! a noth er vac uum clow n to 5,120
by Tuthill / Kinney are availa ble in 30 and microns. A fin a l, lower vac uum, clown to
50 nominal cfm capacity. These are suita ble 500 micro ns wi ll furth er reduce the amount
for system s volumes of roughly 1725 ft 3 of no n-condensa bl es in the system and is
(48.8 m 3 ) a nd 2875 ft 3 (8 1.4 m 3 ) respectively. recomm ended if time a ll ows.
THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOI( iiCr.E

12. Valve off the pump and ensure that the reading should be logged and provided to the
vacuum stabilizes and then holds steady for 24 person in charge of the final C0 2 charging process.
hours. This confums that there are no vacuum If the system will be immediately charged and
leaks or water remaining in the system. started, then continue with the charging process as
outlined in Chapter 17 - Charging of this handbook.
13. Break this vacuum with refrigerant grade
(99 .9% pure, < 10 PPM H 2 0 ) C0 2 VAPOR. CHARGING FROM A CYLINDER -
ADDITIONAL GUIDELINES
Reference the "Charging From a Cylinder -
Ensure that the charging line is designed for 1300
Additional Guidelines" below
psig (90 Barg) up to and including the service valve
14. NEVER BREAK A VACUUM WITH that segregates the charging line from the system.
LIQUID C0 2 as it will immediately form
• Connect one cylinder at a time.
dry ice, clog pipes and reduce the metal
temperature to -109.3 ºF (-78. 5 ºC) which is • Orient the cylinder for vapor delivery.
well below their MDMT. • Safely locate and securely support the cylinder.
15. Continue to add C0 2 VAPOR until a system • Do not trap C0 2 liquid between valves during
pressure of 100 psig (6 .9 Barg ) is achieved. cylinder change-out.
This pressure will allow for an inadvertent,
partial vapor release and still remain above • Gentle heat such as a warm water <104 ºF
the triple point. Approximately 100 lb (<40C) flow or bath is permissible to efficiently
(45.3 kg ) of co2is required to fill 75 ft 3 empty a cylinder. Never use a flame far this
(2. 1 m 3 ) of system volume with vapor at purpose.
this press ure. • The pressure reduced C0 2 can also cause
If the system will be left in this state by the whipping of charging hoses and cause dry ice
plugs to be formed and ejected at high velocities.
erection crew for foil charging, start-up and
commissioning at a later date, then the quality, • Hoses 1" in size or larger should have the
quantity, final pressure and the corresponding ends secured with safety chains to restrain any
ambient temperature at the time of the pressure whipping due to pressure reduction.

CHAPTER SEVENTEEN
Charging
After the system evac uatio n has ta ken place per machinery are functi ona l, as well as the ability
Section 16 - Evac uation, the system is rea dy to tomanually operare the system with the
be charged. appropriate personnel and resources at hand .
lf the system is tra nscritical, the des ign press ures 2. So urce th e appropr ia te safety gear sucl1
are such that the system may sit idle after as face shields and rubber glo ves , etc. and
charging with CO ?. If the system is su bcritical; suppl y them to ali involved personnel.
either the condenser needs to be operational,
the high temperature cascade system must be 3. Park the C0 2 tra nsport as clase to the
operational or th e sta nd by refrigerati on system (if charging connections as practica! and chock
so equipped ) mu st be operati ona l or there w ill be th e w heels.
CO ? venting thro ugh the safety reli ef va lves as the 4. Ver ify by sa mpl e ana lys is or doc umentation
system war ms to ambient temperature. th at the C0 2 in th e tra nsport is refri ger ant
Th e charging process, as well as th e system gra de with less tha n l OPPM of water.
being charged sho uld be continu o usly m onitored
and not left un-a ttended at any time during the
5. If the system was left with a 100# ho lding
charge per Chapter 16 Evacuation &
charging p rocess .
H o lding C harge, verify the qu a lity, qu antity
In most in stances, there w ill be a delay of a few
and press ure of the ho lding charge .
weeks between th e evacuati on p rocess and the
ch arging of C0 2 fo r co mmi ssioning. Thi s w ill 6. If the h olding press ure has dro pped beyond
a ll ow tim e for the in sulati on system to be applied the effects of tempera ture, determine th e
to ali of the jo ints and openings th at were left so urce of the lea k a nd repa ir it befare
exposed for lea k testing. If so, then the system proceeding furth er.
sho uld have been left w ith a 100 psig charge of
7. Connect the CO J vap or hose to the vap or
refrige rant grade co?vapor. charging connection a nd pu rge it. Ra ise
In Chapter 6 . Piping it is recommended that a the C0 2 vapor press ure in the system to
VAPOR charging line is perm anentl y piped fr om mínimum of 200 psig (13.7 Barg) . This
the top of the CO ? vessel holding the main liquid corresp onds to -20 ºF (-28 .9 ºC) whi ch
reserve to a point o utside of the mac hi ne room is the typical minimum design meta l
that is easily access ible to the C0 2 deli very truck. temperature of carbo n steel pipe and vesse ls
It is also recommended, alth o ugh not mandatory, (unless designed specifica ll y for a lo wer
that a LIQUID line also piped fr om the top of temperature). If p arts of the system sucl1 as
the same vessel to a p oint adj acent to the vapor hea t exch angers a re exposed to wa ter, glyco l
ch arging connecti on. Both of these connecti ons or brine; then the C0 2 va por press ure mu st
should be clearl y marked "C0 2 vapor " a nd "C0 2 be a bove the saturated press ure/temperature
Liquid " . A single line system will require a vapor of the lowest freeze point of that fluid.
to liquid va lving change over from the transport
truck delivery system and co mplica te charging. 8. M onitor the delivery ta nker press ure
A ga uge o n the va p or chargin g lin e will to ensure th at it stays a bo ve the tanker
indica te wh en the system press ure is a bove the 111111.imum.
triple p o int a nd suita bl e to receive a liquid charge 9. Co nnect the C0 2 liquid hose to the liquid
w ith o ut a risk of solidificatio n. ch arging connecti o n a nd purge it.
CHARGING PROCEDURE 10. Slo wl y allow a sm all amo unt of liquid into
1. Confirm that the ventilation, detection and the system to refri gerate the system metal
safety equipment of the machine room and mass to saturated tempera ture.
THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATIDN HANDBOOK iiCtllm

11. Mo nitor the system press ure to ensure th at it • Connect one cy linder at a time.
stays a bove 200 psig (13.7 Barg) .
• Orient the cy linder for vap or or liquid deli very
12. Gra d ually increase th e liquid fl ow whi le as des ired.
monitoring pressures.
• Safely locate a nd sec urely support the cylinder.
13 . When the desired amount of liq uid transfer has
occurred, document the amount of C0 2 charge. • Do not trap C0 2 li qu id between va lves d uring
cy linder cha nge-o ut.
14. Va lve off the va p or a nd liquid charge lines.
15. Purge the liquid charging hose of liqu id bac k • Gentle hea t suc h as a wa rm wa ter (<104 °F
into the deliver y ta nker. T hen purge t he (<40C) fl ow or bath i permissible to efficientl y
remammg va por. empty a cylind er. ever use a fiam e for this
purpose.
16. Di sconnect the two charging hoses and cap
the system charge connections. • T he press ure red uced C0 1 can also cau se
17 . Collect and properly stow t he safety gear w hipping of cha rging hos~s and cau se dry
ice p lugs to be form ed a nd ejected at high
and remind the transp ort driver to p ick up
velociti es.
hi s chocks!
CHARGING FROM A CYLINDER - • H oses 1" in size or large r sho uld have th e
ADDITIONAL GUIDELINES ends secured w ith safety cha ins to restrain a ny
Ensure that the charging line is designed fo r 1300 w hipping du e to press ure reduction.
psig (90 Barg) up to and including the service valve Ref: European Industrial Gases Assn. -
that segregates the charging line from the system. CO, Tanker Driver Manual IGC Doc 56/09/E
ikifil C0 2 Charging Station
C0 2 RECIRCULATOR ,..-- .... ,

I ~ ' \
I \
, co 2
,
\ I
\ I
CHOCK
L!J L!J
VAPOR LIQUID
C0 2 CHARGING STATION
lmiiar. THE CAR BON OIOXIOE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANOBOOK

CHAPTER EIGHTEEN
Start-u p, Co mmissi onin g
and Optimization
INTRODUCTION cap s are to be in stalled with the gas ket in
With the C0 2 and NH 3 (if applicable) system (s) place and tightened.
pressure tested, evac uated, charged, in sul ated
• Ali ha nd metering/expansion valves should be
a nd pai nted, it is time to start the commissioning
adju sted to their calculated initial setting.
process; which includes the initial start-up, post
start-up tuning and optimization. • Confirm the operation of the defrost
mechanism. Heater operation, defrost water
INITIAL PREPARATION fl ow, air da mper operati o n, hot gas valve
As no ted in Chapter 17 - Charging, it is necessary operation and so urce etc. As well as the
in ali but very cool climatic zones to have a n defrost condensa te drain line a nd hea t trace if
operational high stage or standby refrigeration in stalled .
system to prevent the C0 2 safety valves from
relieving dueto ambient heat gain. Beca use of • lf the co2 system is equipped with pumps,
start and note the discharge pressure of each
th at, it is assumed that the high temperature NH 3
pump in sequence. Note any prolonged
system is already operational. Or the standby C0 2
cavitati o n or insta bility and correct.
refrigeration system, if so equipped .
Before starting the commissioning process, a START-UP
notebook should be designated for this purpose and • Start th e C0 2 compressors per the
shared by everyone involved in the commissioning manufacturer 's guidelines .
adjustment process. All visual observations and
• Sequentially apply loador activate the
adjustments should be logged for future reference
evaporators .
and confumation of the task done.
The system will be refrigerated as the liquid • Note the system pressures and ensure they are
C0 2 was charged into it. Thi s causes pipes to wi thin design norms. Troubleshoot and correct
contract and joints to potentially open up and as required.
th e entire system sho uld therefore be in spected • After th e opera tion of th e fir st eva porator and
for any signs of lea ks. co mpressor has sta bilized, sequ enti ally add
evapora tor loads an d co mpressors a ll ow ing a
PRE START-UP CHECKS
stabili za tion period at eac h step.
Before actually running eq uipment, verify the
items in the checklist below: POST START-UP
• Operation of the control system(s) should be • Perform hot alignment checks on ali
validated before the C0 2 system is started up. compressors as the loa d a nd run ho urs permit.
• Ali motors sho uld be bumped to ve rify correct • Mo nitor co mpressor lubrica nt levels ho url y
ro tati on. High leve! a nd opera tional leve! during the fir st few days of opera ti o n to ensure
control s need their functions verified. th at the lubricant separator{s) is properly
functioning.
• Ali solenoid valves should be returned to
• With the system at or near design load and
a utomatic operation and their operation verified.
full y operational note the pump operation and
• Ali service valves sho uld be set in their proper discharge pressure. Alternate pumps and loo k
position for system opera tion. Valve sea ! for equ al performance.

• With each evaporator at des ign capac ity, adju st 3. Is the compresso r suction press ure as high as
the feed control valve to th e des ign liquid possible whi le still satisfying guidelin e #1?
hea der press ure or suction superhea t and note 4. Is the condensing press ure controlled to the
the fin al setting as number of turn s. lowest total (co mpressors, fans and pumps)
• Note the C0 2 charge level in the varia bl e level energy consumptio n ?
vessel(s) at mínimum and full loads fa r future 5. Always effi cientl y utili ze the maximurn
reference. a mo unt of heat tra nsfer surface w ith the least
• At this time the system should be full y amo unt of fa n or pump power.
operati o nal and require minim al manu a l 6. With va ria ble or rea l time energy pri cing,
adju strnent to keep it operatin g. shift eq uipment opera tion to p eri od s o f lower
cost energy.
OPERATIONAL CHECKS
Expanding on those guidelines:
With the system operational, the design velocities
in the pipes will sweep any loose debris into the • Work wi th the product qu ality a nd production
system strainers. They should ali be clea ned after personnel to eleva re the tempera tures a nd
tempera ture ra nges req uired to their highest
the first week of operation. Any strainers with a
levels. This will all ow suction press ures to
large accumulation of debris sho uld be noted and
be raised. A wider temperature ra nge may
cleaned aga in in another week.
allow for cycling equipment off and letting
An operating system will slowly transfer lubricant
the temperature rise during the off cycle.
from the compressors throughout the rernainder
Const antly evalu ate the lowest suctio n press ure
of the system until a steady sta te balance has been
req uirement and consider ways to raise it.
achieved between the lubricant carry over rate and
the lubricant rectification rate. The sight glass on • Co mpressors opera te lest efficientl y a t part
the lubricant rectifier, if so equipped, should be loa d. Avo id part loa d operation. Pump clown
checked to verify that lubrica nt is flowing from the and shut off if at ali possib le. Keep in mind
rectifier back to the compressors. The compressor that m oto rs larger tha n 100 HP (75 kW ) are
lubricant level log report should be examined for typica lly limited to three starts per ho ur w hich
signs of net lubricant loss. may restrict ava il a bility.
A liquid C0 2 sample from the low side shou ld • Mu ltiple pumps on a single circuit are not
be analyzed for water content to esta blish a as efficient as a single pump if it provides
benchmark of the initial system water content sufficient fl ow and/or pressure . Any VFD
a nd C0 2 purity. Fi lter drier elements sho uld be dri ve n pump sho uld a lways be slowed to the
cha nged if wa ter is detected. If they are changed, point of p rov iding o nl y th e necessary delivery
the element weights sho uld be reco rded befa re pressure to sa ti sfy all users.
insta ll atio n a nd after remova l. • Fa ns sho uld a lways operare at the lowest
SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION rpm p ossible EXCEPT when operating 011
Once th e pla nt is operating a nd the loa d ha s evaporators a nd condensers. There is a
settled into a predictable and repeating pattern, it minimum airflow required in each instance
to effi ciently utilize the heat tran sfer surface
is time to tune the pla nt for optimum effi ciency.
in fo rced co nvecti o n mode. Refer to th e
Guidelines for optimizing plant efficiency: eq uipment man ufac turer for guidelin es .
l. Operate onl y eno ugh eq uip ment to full y
• The product in freezers and coo lers provide
sa risfy the temperature and load req uirements
a significa nt a mo unt of thermal energy
of th e production pl ant that the refrigeration
storage . T herefore, it is possible to Jet th e air
system supports.
temperature in these areas fluctuare wh ich will
2. If a motor driven devise is not required to allow refrigeration system operation during
sa tisfy guideline #1 , turn it off. period s of inexpen sive energy.

CH/\PTER N I NETEEN
MaintB nance
INTRODUCTION Lubricant
C0 2 systems like ali other systems require C0 2 systems typically use miscible lubricant
maintenance to operate efficiently over the that is often automatica ll y returned to the
expected life of the system. compressors. Regularl y record the compressor(s)
Like ammonia systems, the fir st rule of good lubricant leve! a nd determine the cause of any
maintenance is "Good Housekeeping". A lubricant shortfalls and correct. Note and adjust
clean machine room will highlight a leak or the operating level of the distilling chamber on a
abnormality faster than an untidy one. weekly basis.
The second rule of good maintenance is " Keep Log ali lubricant additions and drainings.
Regular Logs" . This important task can be manual Record who, when, how much and from where.
or automated through che central control system. Polyalkylene glycol (PAG) and polyolester
Nothing exists if it is not written clown. A trend (POE) lubricants are very hygroscopic and must
line is the most valuable troubleshooting too!. be kept in sealed containers until used.
The third rule of good maintenance is to Opened containers of POE lubricant are one of
"Walk the System, at least once per shift" Use many potential sources of water contamination
ALL senses; sight, hearing, smell, touch and in in C0 1 systems. It is desirable to purchase POE
the case of C0 2, taste. (>3 %) . When ali 5 senses
lubricant for compressor replenishing in as small
develop che norms for a system, the huma n 6'h
a container as will be used in one addition of
sense will emerge.
lubricant to the compressor. If any lubricant is
WHAT IS PECULIAR TO co2 SYSTEMS? Jefe over in an opened container, it should be
Higher Pressure removed from the machinery room and disposed
C0 2 systems operate at higher pressures, of properly.
therefore leaks are more likely. Regularly
Water
monitor liquid levels and relief valves for signs of
Free water in C0 2 systems will cause interna!
leaking C0 2 .
system corrosion. Therefore the C0 1 quality
A combination of higher press ures and
vibration may make flanged or screwed joints should be checked annually by a qualified lab.
more susceptible to leaks. If the moisture content is over lOppm, then
C0 2 is odorless and colorless. lubricant residue che filter dri er (s) mu se be changed and the
ma y be an indication of a leak. Ultrasonic leak water source discovered if moisture reappears.
detectors have been used successfully. Because water is so detrimental to a C0 2 system
A C0 2 leak under insulation will combine with a quarterly replacement schedule for the drier
any moisture present and form carbonic acid elements is recommended. The moisture weight
which will corrode che outside of a carbon steel gain from the intial dry element weight should be
pipe. Leaks discovered under insulation should recorded and the repl ace ment interval adjusted
be in spected for corrosion and appropriate action accordingly.
taken at the time of repair. Whenever a portion of the system is opened to
Higher press ures also place more load on the atmosphere for maintenance or repair, a 500
the interna! moving parts of compressors and micron vac uum must be pulled prior to placing
control valves thus reducing the length of the that portion back into service. Refer to Chapter
maintenance intervals. 16 - Evacuation for a full evacuation procedure.
THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK Har.m

Solidification be -109 ºF (-78.3 ºC) which can cause severe skin
Liquid C0 2 will forma solid when the pressure burns from freezing.
drops below 75 psig (4 Barg). Whenever a Con.firm that the vent is not blocked with so lid
portian of the system is opened for maintenance C0 2• Never apply heat to a vent pipe blocked
such as changing filter drier elements, the liquid with C02" Stop the supply flow and !et the
MUST be transferred out of that segment while ambient heat sublime the dry ice.
under pressure. This is done with a liquid drain Thermal Expansion
hose from the low point to a lower pressure part General refrigeration practice is to avoid
of the system . Figures 19.1 and 19 .2 demonstrate trapping cold LIQUID refrigerant in components
two methods for removing liquid from a such as pumps or between valves in liquid lines.
component or section of piping prior to opening This is as applicable to C0 2 and it is for NH 3 •
for service. C0 2 VAPOR must not be trapped either.
If the Liquid C0 2 is vented to the atmosphere C0 2 vapor can rise to unsafe pressures if
as shown in .figure 19.2, then caution must be trapped and warmed. Refer to figure 19.3
exercised as rhe liquid C0 2 will spray like a .fire which shows the pressure rise with temperature
extinguisher and the resulting snow (dry ice) will relative to other refrigerants.
iiiéll Pumping Out Liquid C0 2 liffiléfl Venting Liquid C0 2
Set at
75 psig
lmiiOr. THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK

WIPII Relat ive Vapor Vo lume
C0 2 gas "trapped at O °C
34,8 bar 42,5 bar
/
50
40
--~ /
/
/
/-------
/
_______. ~
1
--- C0 2 : t:..P/11T - 0,26 j
...__
ro 30 '
..D
6T
(l.)
...__
:::J 20
(/J
(/J
(l.)
...__
o._
10
R717: AP/AT- 0.020
R134a: t:..P/lff - 0,015
o 1
-10 10 30 50
Tempera ture [ ºC]
NH/C0 2 Contamination The ongoing quality of the C0 2 ha s an effect

C0 2 I NH 3 cascade systems will have a cascade on the system efficiency. Also, it can be an
heat exchanger where higher pressure C0 2 will indicator of a system abnormality. An annual
exist on the opposite side of the heat exchanger ISBT Method 8.0 Total Non-Volatile (NVR ) and
surface from low pressure NH 3 • Should a leak total Non-Vo latile Organic Residue ( VOR)
in the heat exchanger surface occur, then C0 2
gravimetric test should be performed, filed and
will be forced into the NH 3 and ammonium
benchmarked for refrigerant contamination.
carbamate wi ll form.
This annual test meas ures sample purity (% ),
Chapter 9 - Condensers details the design
for a " tell tale " to monitor for the presence of mo isture content (ppm), oxygen (ppm), ammonia
ammonia carbamate which will indicate a heat (ppm), nitric oxide (ppm), nitrogen dioxide
exchanger leak . This " tell tale" is a strainer with (ppm ), non-volatile residue (ppm ), non-volatile
a pressure differential indicator and transducer organic residue (ppm ), appearance and color.
mounted across it. If ammonium carbamate is This test can be done by a qualified laboratory,
formed, the strainer will quickly clog and the or consideration shou ld be given to purcha sing a
press ure drop will rise, res ulting is a system portable C0 2 dew point tester from th e so urces
shutdown.
referred to below.
The reading of the indicator should be part of the
regular logging process. lt should be tested annually SOURCES:
by isolating and bleeding the downstream side of 1. http://www.ascoco2.com/
the indicator / transmitter to atmosphere. 2. www.Haffmans.nc
THE CARBON OIOXIOE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK iiar. m.1

This Glossary has been prepared specifically to clarify terms and the meaning
of abbreviations used in the //AR C0 2 Industrial Refrigeration Handbook and
should not be used in conjunction with any other documents.
Glossary A copy of ANSl/1/AR 2-2012 Definitions and Terminology Used in //AR

Standards has been included in this Handbook to avoid duplication in this
Glossary of the definitions and terminology contained in ANSl/1/AR 2-2012.
ANSI: America n Na ti o na l Sta nd a rd s In stitute economizer:

1 ) A hea t exc ha nge r th a t subcoo ls liquid refri gera nt o n
brake horsepower: The actua l sha ft input powe r o ne id e of th e hea t tra nsfer surface by va po ri zing liquid
required by a compressors to ma inta in a specifi ed refri ge rant 0 11 th e o th er a nd t ha t va po r piped to a screw
o pera ting conditi o n. co mp ressor economizer port.
brine: See: ANSI/IIAR 1 - secondary coo lan t. 2 ) A vessel tha t fl ash coo ls liquid refri gera nt by lowering
• volatile brine: Us in g a refrigerant as a secondary its press ure upo n entering w hil e th e res ulting fl as h vapor
coolant by utili zing th e la tent hea t o f va porization is piped o ut to a screw co mpresso r economizer port.
in stead of solely sensible heat ga in to tran spo rt • economizer port: A port 0 11 a sc rew co mpressor
th ermal e nergy. th a t conn ects to a rotor vo lute (gas co mpress io n
space) a fter th a t vo lute has bee n iso la ted fr o m th e
Btu: Briti sh therma l unir - th e a mo unt of ene rgy required in co ming sucti o n va por and is a t a press ure between
to ra ise o ne p o und of wa ter 1 degree Fa hrenh eit. s ucti o n press ure a nd di sc ha rge press ure. Below
a pproxima tely 70 % slid e va lve po iti o n thi s vo lute
Celsius ( ºC): SI tempera ture ca le co mm o nl y d efin ed as : wi ll be o pen to ucti o n press ure.
based o n water freez ing a t O ºC a nd bo iling a t 100 ºC
a t o ne sta ndard a tmosphe re w ith a bso lute zero set a t enthalpy: The therma l energy co ntent o f a refri ge ra nt in
-273 .15 ºC. its so lid , liquid o r vap or sta te.
condenser - See: ANSI/IIAR 1 - condenser Fahrenheit ( ºF): IP tempera ture sca le co mmo nl y defi ned
• cascade condenser: A type o f hea t exc ha nge r th a t as : based o n wa ter freez ing a t 32 º F a nd bo iling a t 212
co ndenses CO, o n o ne sid e o f th e hea t exchange ºF at sea leve l a nd no rma l tempe ra ture with a bso lute
surface transfe-rring th e th erma l ene rgy to N H 3 o r a n zero set a t -45 9 .67 ºF.
a ltern a re refrigera nt 0 11 th e o the r.
float drainer: A press ure-co nta inin g mecha nica l dev ice
coil bundle: A paralle l gro uping of se rpentine tu bes in a n typi ca ll y loca ted a ta low po int in pipin g th a t a ll ows
evaporative condenser. o nl y li guid passage by mea ns of a fl oa t ba ll pivoted to
lift a nd uncover a n orificed passage to the down strea m
condensing pressure: The press ure a t which refri gera nt sid e of the d evice.
va po r is li q uefi ed.
evaporator: See: ANS I/IJAR 1 - evaporato r
condensing temperature: The saturated tempera ture • flooded evaporator: A hea t excha nge r th a t has a
equi va lent to condensing pressure. vesse l loca ted a bove it to s uppl y liquid by grav ity a nd
rece ive a nd separare th e two ph ase return fl ow.
controlled pressure receiver (CPR): A rece ive r th a t gas cooler: A type o f hea t excha nge r th a t removes
o pera res a t a se t va lu e below tra n c riti ca ! discharge th erm a l energy fro m supercriti ca l C0 2 •
press ure by ventin g va por th ro ugh a n upst rea m press ure
• air cooled gas cooler: A typ e of hea t excha nger in
regul a ting va lve to a co m pressor.
w hi ch therm a l energy i remova l fr o m supercriti ca l
COP: (th erma l energy rem oved (or uppli ed ))/(work
CO, is accomp li shed entirely by sensible heat ga in of
th e a ir flowing over th e hea t exc ha nge surfa ce.
(typi ca ll y electri ca l energy) consumed )
• water cooled gas cooler: A type o f hea t excba nger in
critica! point: The dome apex of th e li q uid to vapor w hi ch th e rm a l energy is remova l fro m uperc riti ca l
tran siti o n o n a PH di agra m, above w hic h pres ure CO , is accomp li shed entirely by sensible heat ga in
cond e nsing to li quid ca nnot occ ur. o f th e water fl o win g ove r th e hea t exc ha nge sur face .
Typica ll y used for hea t recl a im to po tab le water.
dry bulb temperature: te mperat ure indi ca ted by a • Adiabatic air cooled gas cooler: A type of hea t
sta nd a rd the rmometer tha t is th e actua l tempera ture exc hanger in w hic h th ermal ene rgy is remova l
of th e a ir and unaffec ted by m o isture co ntent a nd a ir from supercri ti ca l CO, is acco mpli shed entirely by
velocity. sensible heat ga in of the a ir fl ow in g ove r th e hea t
excha nge surface wh e re th e a ir has bee n a di abatica ll y
dry ice: So lidifi ed COZ" precoo led.
THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK ¡¡ar.m

heat sink: The fluid to whi c h th erm a l energy is rejected saturated: Refri gera nt egui librium co nditi o n a r an y
in a condenser o r gas coo ler. give n press ure w here th e liquid a nd va po r ex ist at the
sa me tempera ture.
highside: Th ose parts of a clo sed circ uit mecha ni ca l
refrige rating system subj ect to a ppro x imate condenser sensible heat: therma l ene rgy w hose tra nsfer to o r fro m
press ure o r gas coo ler press ure. N OTE: Ad aption fo r
a substa nce res ults in a c ha nge of temperat ure wi th no
C 0 2 refri ge ra ting sys tem s of: highside in AN SI/IIAR
c ha nge in sta te.
1-2012.
IDLH: T he gas thres ho ld qua ntity th a t poses a n sewer flow: Fl o w within a pipe induced by grav ity with
Immedi ate D a nge r to Life o r H ea lth. space a bove th e liquid leve! to a ll o w va po r fl ow with o r
aga in st th e liquid fl o w.
infrared detector: A gas detector th a t uses infra red li ght
to detect the presence of co2
in a ir. side load: A va po r loa d fed into t he eco no mi ze r port
that is ty pica ll y o ver and above the li qu id subcoo ling
Kelvin (K): Used to des ig nare th e difference between two load.
temperatures in th e SI system o f meas urement a nd wh ere
abso lute ze ro is set a t O K = -273. 15 ºC. static head: Th e press ure due to th e heig ht of a co lumn
o f li quid .
latent heat: Th e a mo unt o f th erma l energy a bsorbed o r
re leased by a s ubsta nce durin g a c ha nge in ph ys ica l sta te
subcooled: Liquid coo led belo w its sa tura ti o n
th a t occ urs wit ho ut a cha nge in tempera ture.
te mpera ture for ch e existing press ure.
lubricant: Fluid used to lubri ca re th e mo vi ng p a rts in a
compresso r. subcritical cycle: A C 0 2
refri ge ratio n cycl e w here tb e
• immiscible lubricant: Lubrica nt that <l oes not mi x
th erma l energy is rejected to a co ndenser ope ra ting ata
with o r di sso lve into the refri ge rant. press ure belo w che c ritica ! po int.
• miscible lubricant: Lubricant th a t fo rm s a mix ture
sublime: Wh en t he a dditi o n o f therma l ene rgy to a so lid
w ith rh e refri gera nt.
res ults directl y in va po r genera t io n, skipp ing the li q ui d
• soluble lubricant: Lubrican t th a t forms a so l uti o n
ph a e.
with th e refri ge rant.
MBH, MBTUH: An abbreviatio n for 1,000 BTU/hr w here supercritical vapor: T he C 0 2

sta te a bov e che critica!
th e Mi s d erived from th e Ro ma n num eral for 1000. point (p ress ure a nd te mpera ture ) w here th e li q uid a nd
va po r ph ases a re indi stin gui sha ble.
miscible limit: T he max imum percenta ge of lubricant
that a refri gerant can absorb . superheat: R efri ge rant va po r a t a tempera ture that is
hi g her th a n its bo iling po int a ta given press ure.
non-condensables: G as such as a ir th a t th a t ca nnot
cond ense du e to it ha ving a hi g her va po r press ure th a n TLV: Thres ho ld Lirnit Va lue T he hi ghes t co ncentra ti o n o f
th e refri gerant in a refri ge ra ti o n sys tem. a gas th a t is to lera bl e fo r 8 ho urs. See al so : PE L.
oil cooler: A heat exc ha nge r th a t remo ves fri cti o n a nd

ton: 12,000 BTU/h r whi c h derived fro m produ cing 2000
compress ion t herma l energy fro m th e co mpresso r
lbs (1 sho rt ton ) o f ice in 24 hrs.
lubricant.
transcritical cycle: A va po r compress io n C0 2
oil separator: A device th a t rem o ves lubricant fro m the
di scha rge vapo r stream of a co mpressor refri gerati o n cycl e w here evap o ratio n occ urs in the
subc ritica l regio n a nd th erma l energy is rejected to a gas
PEL: Permi ssibl e Exp os ure Limit based upo n 8 ho urs of cooler o p era ting a t a press ure in che supercriti ca l.
ex posure. See a lso: TL V.
triple point: Press ure a t o r belo w w hic h C 0 2
may exist
OSHA: O cc upa tio na l Sa fety and H ea lth Admini strati o n in t he sa li d, li qu id or va po r sta te cl ep endin g upo n its
(United Sta tes) enthalpy va lue
ppm: Pa rts per milli o n - a dim ensio nl ess ra ti o o f the
Vi: Vo lume ra ti o, inte rna ! - ch e volume o f th e refri gera nt
m ass o r vo lume o f a tra ce fluid in a no th er prim a ry fluid .
vap o r trappecl a t th e beginning o f th e co mpress io n
Rankine ( ºR): Used to des ig na te the difference betwee n process in a screw co mpresso r cli vicled by the vo lu me o f
two temperatures in the IP system o f meas urement a nd the di scha rge va por a t the initi a l po int of ex pos ure to
w here a bsolute zero is set at O º R = -459 .67 º F. the di scha rge p o rt .
Emiiar. THE CARBON OIOXIOE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANOBOOK

Notes on the Standard Text
Metric Policy
The II AR metri c po licy fo r ANS I standards, bulletin s and ali II A R publicati o ns is to use the commo n eng ineering
" inch-pound " (1 P) unit syste m as the primary unit of measure, a nd the Intern ati o nal System of Units (S 1),
as defín ed in United States Nati o na l lnsti tute of Standard s and T echno logy Spec ia l Publ ica tio n 33 0 "The
lnternati ona l Syste m of Units," fo r seco ndary units.
Normative/lnformative Elements
Thi s standard includes both Norma ti ve (required) and lnformati ve (ad viso ry) language. Th e body of the stand ard
and labe led a ppendi ces are No rm ati ve. The fo rwa rd , notes, and any appendi ces la be led ln fo rmati ve are no n-
mandatory. ln fo rmati ve mate ri a l sha ll never be rega rded as a requirement.
Notice
Th e in fo nnati on co nta ined in thi s Standard has bee n obtained frorn sources be lieved to be re li able. However, it
sho uld not be assumed th at a li acceptable method s o r procedures are contained in thi s docurnent, or that additi ona l
measures may not be required under certain c ircum stances or conditions.
Th e lnternati onal lnstitute of A mmoni a Refrigeratio n makes no watTanty or re presentatio n and assu mes no
li abil ity or respons ibility in con necti o n w ith any in fo rmati on co nta in ed in thi s doc ument.
Whil e the lnstitute reco mmends use of and reference to thi s doc ument by prívate indu stry, gove rnment agenc ies
and othe rs, thi s publicat ion is in te nded to be vo luntary and not bindin g.
The lnstitute does not "appro ve" o r "endo rse" any products, services or methods. Thi s docurnent shall not be used
or referenced in any way that would imply such approva l or endorsem ent.
Note that th e va ri ous codes and regul ati o ns referenced in thi s document may be a mended fro m tim e to time and
it sho uld not be ass umed that the ve rs io ns refe renced here in are the most cutTent ve rsions o f such codes and
regul ati ons. Please consult the app ropriate reg ul atory autho rities for the most up-to-date versio ns.
ANSI status of this document
This standard was a pproved by ANSI fo r publicati on on May 16, 2012.
Re producti on of thi s doc ument is permitted so le ly for the purpose of Public Rev iew. Distribution of thi s document
fo r other purposes or the crea tion of deri vati ve works w itho ut th e express wri tten permi ss ion of the lnternati ona l
lnsti tute of Arnmoni a Refrigerat ion is prohibited.
Copyright
Thi s document may not, in w ho le o r in part, be reproduced, copied or otherw ise di sse minated, ente red into or
stored in a computer database or retrieva l system , or otherwi se utilized without the prior wri tten consent of the II A R.
Copyright © 201 2 by
!N T ERN ATIONAL INSTITUT E O F AMMON IA REFRJG ERATION
Ali Ri ghts Reserved
ANS I/HAR 1-201 2
Definiti ons and Terminology Used in !!AR Standards
Foreword
(lnformative)
This Standard is issued as a companion to the ANSI/IlAR Standards. As the various Standards are
published or revised , this Standard will be continuously maintained and updated.
This Standard was prepared using the ANSI consensus method whereby organizations and
individuals recognized as having interest in the subject of the Standard were contacted to be part
of a consensus body, whose vote to approve the Standard is required in addition to the public
review process. This Standard was prepared and approved for submittal to ANSI by the IlAR
Standards Committee and the IJAR Board of Directors.
At the time of publication of this standard, the IIAR Standards Committee had the following
members:
Robert J. Czamecki, Chair - Campbell Soup Company

Don Faust, Vice Chair - Gartner Refrigeration & Mfg. , Inc.
Eric Brown - ALTA Refrigeration, [ne.
Dennis R. Carroll - Johnson Controls
Jim Caylor - Jacobs Engineering
Wayne D. Davis - M & M Refrigeration, [ne.
Eric John ston - ConAgra
Gregory P. Klidonas - GEA Refrigeration North America, Inc.
Thomas A. Leighty - Refrigeration Systems Company
Brian Marriott - Johnson Controls
Rich Merrill - Retired, EV APCO, Inc.
Ron Worley - Nestlé USA
The task group working on this standard had the following members at the time of publication :
Richard P. Merrill - EVAPCO, lnc. Retired

Don Faust, Vice Chair - Gartner Refrigeration & Mfg., lnc.
Copyright © 201 2 lnternational lnstitute of 'A mmonia Rejh geration. Ali Rights Reserved.
A SI/ II AR 1-20 12
Definitions and Terminology Used in 1/A R Standards
Table of Contents
Section 1 Purpose .1
Section 2 Scope . .1
Section 3 Definitions . .1
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A SL/ II AR 1-20 12
Defini1ions a11d Ter111inology Used in !/AR S1andards
Section 1
Purpose
This Standard prov ides a unifi ed set of defi niti o ns eng ineers, co ntracto rs and jurisdi cti o na l authoriti es.
fo r use in th e II A R Sta ndards. A set of co mmon This Standard is a co mpanion to A SI/IIAR Standards.
defini tions is prov id ed to prevent confus io n amo ng
Section 2
Seo pe
The definiti o ns prov ided in thi s Standard appl y to th e These definiti o ns do not a ppl y to a li occ unences or
defin ed tenns w henever they are used in any one of usages in the industri a l refri gera ti on industry. They
the Standards in the ANSI/IIAR Standa rds. onl y appl y to their usages in th e above referenced
Standards.
Section 3
Definitions
actuator: A mechani sm which transmits movement Cv : Va/ve fl ow coeffi cient (US units) - the flow (gal/
to a component of a device such as the stem of a min) of 60ºF water that passes through the valve at I
va lve. psig pressure drop. See a lso Kv.
ammonia: Refrigerant-grade anhydrous ammonia. code authority: A ny gro up or body recogni zed by
the juri sdi cti o n in vo lved, and w hi ch has autho rity
approved: Acceptable to the authoriti es hav in g over th e rul es and regul at io ns goveming des ign,
juri sdi cti on. fa bricati on, testing and asse mbly of refri geration and
re lated equipment.
approved nationally recognized testing laboratory:
A laboratory accepta ble to the jurisdi cti onal commissioning: The compl eti on of the start-up
authorities that prov ides unifonn testing and process, whi ch demonstrates the ability of the
exa min atio n procedures under establi shed standards; closed-c ircuit mechani ca l refri gerating system to
is prope rl y o rga nized, equipped, and qualifi ed fo r automati ca ll y operate in a safe manner and achi eve its
testing; a nd has a fo l low-up in specti on serv ice of th e intended task(s) .
cune nt producti on of the listed products.
compressor: A spec ific mac hine fo r ra is ing
authorized inspection agency: A n esta blished the pressure of refi·igerant vapo r. A high stage
and recogni zed orga nization or indi v idua l regul arl y compressor is a co mp ressor fo r compressing
engaged in conducting tests or fumi shing inspection refrigerant vapor and di scharg ing to the condenser.
services, when such orga nization or indi vidual has A low stage compressor (a lso kn own as a booster
been approved by the juri sd iction in vo lved. compre ssor) is a compressor fo r co mpress ing
Copyrig ht © 2012 lnternational /nstitu le ofA111monia Refi-igeration. Al/ Rig hts Reser ved.
ANS lfll A R 1-2012
De.fin itions and Termino logy Used in IJA R Standards
refrigerant vapor and di scharging to the suction cylinder: A con tainer used for the transportation of
system of a hi gher stage compressor. rej h gerant.
• positive displacement compressor: A desuperheater: A heat exc ha nger w hi ch provides

compressor in w hi c h an increase in press ure se ns ibl e coo ling to the refrigerant vapo r.
is a ttained by c hangi ng the vo lu me of the
co mpress ion c ha mbe r. direct expansion: A refrigerant feed a rrange me nt
whereby liquid refrigeran{ is fed to an evaporator
condenser: That part of a closed circuir mechanical through a n expa nsion va/ve or device a nd evaporates
refrigerating system where refrigerant vapor comp lete ly before leaving as vapor. See va /ve:
is liquefi ed by the remova l of heat. See a lso automatic expa nsion va /ve.
desuperhea ter.
emergency operating procedures: Procedures fo r
• air-cooled condenser: A type of condenser in operating th e syste m unde r abnorma l, uninte nded or
w hi c h hea t remova l is accomp li shed e ntire ly time-se nsiti ve co nditi ons. These abnormal or tirne-
by se nsible heat ga in of th e a ir fl ow ing over sens iti ve condition s rnay in vo lve ri sk to hea lth and
co nde ns ing surfaces. we lfare of operators, employees, and the public ; a nd/
or componen ts of the refrigerating system; and/or
• double-pipe (tube-in-tube) condenser: A type of product.
condenser constructed of one or more assembli es
of two tu bes, one w ithin the othe r, in whi ch emergency pressure control system (EPCS): A
re/i-igeran t is condensed e ithe r in th e a nnul a r system consisting of pressure sensors, inde pende nt
space or the inne r tube. compressor shut-off control s and automati ca ll y
contro ll ed crossover va /ves th at, whe n opened, wi ll
• evaporative condenser: A type of condenser that permit a hi gh-pressure portian of a syste rn to conn ect
obta ins coo lin g effect by the evapo rat ion of water to a lower press ure portion of a system wh e n opened .
in an a ir stream 0 11 the externa l surface of the
tubes for the heat re mova l. evaporator: That part of a c/osed circuit mechanical
ref i-igerating sy stem des igned to absorb heat by
• plate type condenser: A condenser that uses vapori z ing liquid refrigeran{.
heat tran sfer surfaces (pl a tes) in li eu of condenser
coils. Th e refrigerant is co nta in ed betwee n paired • plate type evaporator: An evaporator that uses
plates that a re we lded or brazed together or hea t tra nsfe r surfa ces (plates) in li e u of evaporator
elastome rica ll y sea led. Th e plates may be pl aced coils. Th e re/i-igerant is conta in ed betwee n paired
into heat exchanger she ll s (pl ate-and- she ll ) or plates that a re we ld ed or brazed togeth er or
stacked between pressure end-plates (p late-a nd- elastomerica ll y sea led. The plates may be used
frame). individua ll y or placed into heat exchanger shells
(plate-a nd-she ll) or stac ked between two pressure
• shell and tube condenser: A type of condenser end-pl ates (plate a nd frame).
with tubes secured into a tube sheet at one or both
e nd s of an e nclos in g she ll , in whi ch refrigera nt is evaporator coil: Tha t pa ti of an evaporara,··
co nde nsed e ithe r in the she ll s ide or th e tube side. co nstructed of pipe or tubing not enc losed in a
pressure vessel.
condenser coil: That pa rt of a condenser constructed
of pipe or tubing not enc losed in a pressure vessel. exit: A mea ns of egress.
contractor: The entity th at assumes various float switch: A device incorporating a buoyancy
contractual responsibilities for se rvices such as component wh ic h responds to changi ng liquid leve ] to
in sta lling, integrating, mainta ining or operating the mechan icall y actuate an e lectrica l switch .
vari o us cornpone nts of th e refrigerating syste m.
2 Copy right © 20 12 lnternationa/ lnstitute o/ Amrnonia Re.fi·igeralion. Al/ Righls Reserved
ANSl/ 1IAR 1-20 12
De/ini1ions and Terminology Used in //AR S1andards
forced feed oil lubrication : A lubri cation syste m MA WP: Max imum allowable wo rking p ressure for
in w hi ch o il is provided by a n inte rna ( or externa( whic h the dev ice has been des ig ned .
mecha nica l o il pump. Thi s <loes not inc lude splash
type or drip type compres.sor lubri catio n syste ms. mechanical actuating float: Buoya ncy compone nt
header: A prima ry pipe or tube co mpo ne nt of a which responds to changing liquid level to mechani call y
refrigerati ng system to w hi c h are connected severa ( modul ate a va /ve e le ment contro lling fl uid fl ow .
othe r second ary pipes or tubes. A lso known as
ma ni fo ld. monitored: A mea ns of continua ( overs ig ht such as
noti fica ti o n to on-s ite staff, a th ird pa rty alarm service
heat transfer component: The pressure co ntai ning or a responsibl e party.
porti on o f equipme nt used fo r heat tra nsfer includ ing
pipes, tubes, co ils or oth er compo nents and the ir MOPD: Max imum operating pressure di ffe re nti a l.
headers , not constructed as pressure ves.seis.
MSSPD: Max imum seat sea ling pressure di ffe re nti a l.
highside: Those parts of a e/osee/ circuil mechan ical
refi,·igerating .system subj ected to app rox imate normative appendix: An integra l pa 11 of the
canden.ser pressure. ma ndatory requ ireme nts of the sta nda rd, w hi c h,
fo r reasons of conveni ence, is pl aced after ali othe r
informative appendix: A n appe ndi x that is not no rmati ve ele ments.
part of the sta ndard but is inc luded fo r info rmation
pu rposes onl y. owner or owner's designated representative: The
lega l e ntity th at is respon sibl e fo r the refri gerati o n
internal gross volume: The vo lume as dete m1in ed syste m.
fro m inte rna ( dimensions of th e conta ine r, w ith no
all owance fo r the vo lume of the inte rna ( pa rts. piping: The intercon necting pa rts of a e/osee/ circuit
mechan ical re:frigerating system whi c h co nta in
Kv : Va /ve fl ow coefficient (SJ units) - the fl ow and co nvey the refrigeran!. Piping in c ludes pipe,
(m3/ h) of l SºC water that passes th roug h the va lve at fl a nges, bo ltin g, gaskets, va/ves, fitt ings, the pressure-
1 ba r pressure drop . See also Cv. containing parts of other compone nts suc h as heat
transfer components, exp ans ion j oi nts, strainers ,
liquid level tran smitter: A dev ice whi ch senses filters, and dev ices w hi ch serve suc h purposes as
liquid leve ] a nd relays the leve( pos itio n by mea ns of mix ing, separating, snubbing, di stributing, metering or
e lectri ca l, e lectro ni c or pn eum at ic s igna l. co ntro llin g ílow, pipe ha ngers, suppo rtin g fixt ures a nd
structural attachme nts.
listed: Equipme nt that has bee n tested a nd is
ide ntifi ed as acceptable by a n approved. nationally plate heat exchanger: See condenser: plate type
recognized testing /aboratoty. condenser a nd evaporator: plate type evaporator.
lowside: The pa11s of a closed-circuit mechanical pressure: Force per unit area.
refrigerating .system subj ected to app rox imate
evaporator pressure. • design pressure: The maxi mum pressure fo r
whi c h a spec ific portion of a closed circuit
machinery room: A n e nclosed space th at is des ign ed mechanical refi-igeraling .system is des igned .
spec ifi ca ll y to safe ly house refrigerating equipment
whi c h inc ludes: compressors, refrigeran! pumps or • field (pressure) test: A pressure test pe rfo m1ed
oth e r refrigeran! liqu id tra nsfer equipme nt that ra ises in the fie ld.
the pressure of the refrigeran t.
• leak test pressure: The press ure whi ch is applied
manually operated valve: See va /ve : shut off va /ve. to test a syste m or any part of it fo r ti ghtness. See
a lso pressure: jield (pressure) test.
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ANS!/II AR 1-20 12
Dejinitions and Terminology Used in //A R Standards
• operating pressure: Any pressure, within a range Pressure Yesse l Code. See a lso receiver: receiver and
of pressures, determined by operational and safety controlled-pressure receiver.
limits (equa l to, or below the design pressure)
where a system or portion of a system, is intended EXCEPT IONS per ASME Section VUI, Division l ,
to operate. A lso known as work ing pressure Boil er and Pressure Yessel Code:
a. Compressors
• test pressure: The pressure to wh ich a piece of b. Pumps
equipment ora system is subjected, according to c. Control s
pressure test or leak test procedures.
EXCEPT ION S per ASME B3 l.5 , Refrigeration
pressure-containing envelope: Enc losure wh ich Piping and Heat Transfe r Components:
isolates the contained refrigeran! from the atmosphere a. Condenser Co ils
or other tluid(s). b. Evapora tor Coils
c. Headers
pressure limiting device: A pressure responsive d. Piping
e lectro ni c or mechanical contro l designed to e. Other compone nts a nd their headers not
automatica ll y stop the operation of the pressure constructed as pressure vessels
imposing e lement at a predetem1ined pressure.
proof test: Design confírmation by testing a
pressure relief valve: A pressure actuated valve production samp le to verify that it w ill not fail when
held c losed by a spring or other means and designed exposed to a predetermined pressure that exceeds its
to automatically open to relieve pressure in excess rated design pressure.
of its setting, a lso ca ll ed a safety va /ve. See also
pressure-relief device, dual pressure-relief device and property insurance underwriter: An insurance
hydrostatic relief va /ve. company li censed to write insurance for the property
in quest ion in the juri sdiction concemed.
• hydrostatic relief val ve: A pressure relief va/ve
designed to automatica lly open to relieve liquid readily accessible: Capa ble of being reached safe ly
pressure in excess of its setting. Primarily used and quickly for operation, repair, and inspection
for the protection of piping or equipment where w ith out requiring those to whom ready access is
liquid refrigeran! may be automat ica ll y trapped required to climb over or remove obstac les orto resort
between two va/ves and subj ect to thermal to the use of porta ble access equ ipment.
expans 1on.
receiver: A pressure vessel in a closed-circuit
• Pressure-relief device: A pres ·ure actuated va/ve mechanical refrigerating system des igned to hold the
or rupture member designed to automatical ly varying vo lume of liquid refrigerant resulting from
open to relieve excess ive pressure. See also dua l changes in system operating conditions. See also
pressure-relief device, pressure-relief va/ve. pressure vessel.
• dual pressure-relief device: Two pressure-relief • controlled-pressure receiver: An intermediate

devices ( va/ves or rupture members) rnounted pressure receiver used to flash-cool refrigerant
on a three way va/ve that allows one device to and to control the feed pressure. See also pressure
remain active while the other is isolated. See also vessel.
pressure-re/ief device, pressure-relief va/ve.
refrigerant: A compound used in a c losed circuit
pressure vessel: Any refrigerant containing mechanical refrigeration cyc le that undergoes phase
receptac le in a closed circuit mechanical reji-igerating change from a liquid to a gas and back, e.g. ammonia.
system designed a nd manufactured under the rules
of ASME Section VITI , Division 1, Boiler and
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ANS l/ 1IAR 1-20 12
Definilions a11d Terminology Used in //AR Sta11dards
refrigerant pump: A mechanical dev ice fo r mov ing strainer: A p ressure-containing component through
liquid refrigeran t within a closed circuit mechanical whi ch refrigeran! íl ows fo r the purpose of separating
ref i·igera ting .sy stem. parti cul ate matter fro m the íl ow strea m.
refrigerating system (closed circuit mechanical subcooled: Reduced to a temperature be low the
refrigerating system): A combinati on of sa tura ti on tempera ture.
interconnected refri gerant-containin g parts
constituting at least one closed refrigerant c ircuit in superheat: The se nsible heat co ntent in a vapor
whi ch a refrigeranr is circulated using m echanica l which ra ises the temperature of the vapor above the
compress ion for the purpose of extracting heat. sa turati on temperature.
rupture member (disc): A no n-rec los ing pressure- supplier: The indi vidua l or orga nization from whom
relief device actuated by inlet pressure and des igned titl e fo r equipm ent o r materi al passes to the purchase r.
to fun cti o n by th e bursting of a membra ne.
temporary operating procedure: An operating
saturation temperature: The temperature at whi c h procedure th at in vo lves a de libe rate and planned
vapo r and liquid ca n exist in equilibrium at a g iven o peration of a piece of equipment at conditions
pressure. See a lso pressure. o utside of its norm al operating range includin g any
spec ifí c steps th at rnust be taken so that there are no
seal cap: A generi c term for pressure-containing o r safety ra mifí catio ns.
non-pressure-containing enclosure whi ch attac hes
to th e va/ve and fully encloses a stem (spindl e) and trained start-up technician: An indi vidua l hav ing
assoc iated stem sea l pac king nut. The seal cap, when adequate tra ining and experi ence whi ch qua lifíes that
des ig nated as pressure-containing, is designed as an indi vidua l to sta rt-up and opera te a closed-circuit
extensio n of the pressure-containing envelope. mechanica/ refrigera ring system w ith whi ch he or she
has beco me fa mili ar befo re actual sta11-up.
secondary coolant: Any liquid used for the
tra nsmi ss ion of heat without a change in its state. A lso trained technician: An indivi dual hav ing adequate
known as secondary refri gerant or brine. tra ining and ex peri ence which qualify that indi vidua l
to service, ma intai n and operate a closed-circuit
shall (shall not): A term used where the provis ion is mechanica/ refrigera ting system with which he or she
mandato ry. has beco rn e fa mili ar.
should (should not): A term used where the ultimate strength: The hi ghest pressure or stress
prov isio ns are not mandatory but are (are not) leve! whi ch the co mponent ca n to lerate without
recommended good practice under most but no t a li rupture or fa ilure.
condition s.
valve: A pressur e-containing dev ice that stops,
start-up: A procedure, followin g the installati on of permits or co ntrol s ílow. See a lso piping, pressure-
a refrigerating .sy stem, which confínns the proper relief va/ve, pressure-relief device, dual pressure-
o perati o n of ali the equipment and interconn ecting relief device.
piping a nd e lectri cal switchgea r and co ntrol s.
• automatic expansion valve: A co ntrolling dev ice
stem: A rotating or linear sliding component that that self-regul ates th e íl ow of liquid refrigerant
extends throug h the pressure containing envelope for into an evaporator of a closed circuit mechanical
the purpose of actuating an interna] element (exampl e: refrigerating system.
di sc) of the va/ve, also referred to in practice as, but
not limited to ' spindle'. • automatic liquid refrigerant drain valve: See
va /ve: highside jloat va /ve.
Copyrig ht © 2012 lnternational lnstitwe ofAmmonia Ref i-igera fio11. Ali Righrs Reserved. 5
A SI/II AR 1-20 12
Dejin irions and Terminology Used in !!A R Sranda rds
• check valve: A va /ve allowing fluid flow in one • shut-off valve: An extema lly actuated va /ve
direction only . so lel y des igned to stop flow for the purpose of
iso lating a sub-sectio n of the system, also referred
• control va lve : Al i va /ves except shut- off valves. to in practice as, but not limi ted to - "block,"
Exa mpl e: so le no id va /ve, chec k va /ve, regul ating " hand ," "serv ice," " manuall y operated va lve" or
va /ve, etc. "stop" va !ve .
• downstream pressure regulator: A control • solenoid valve: A valve that is opened or c losed
va /ve that reg ulates the down stream press ure by th e magnetic act ion of an electrica lly energized
by contro lling the flow of o il or refrigerant co il. The opposite action is accomplished by
through the dev ice and is actuated toward open gravity, pressure or spring action .
by a pressure fa lling below regul ator set point
dow nstrea m of the va/ve. • thermostatic expansion valve: A control valve
that regul ares superheat of refrigeran! va por
• evaporator pressure reg ulator: A contro l va /ve leav ing an e vapora/ar b y controlling the fl ow of
th at regul ates evaporator press ure by controlling refrigeran! into an evaporator of a closed-circuit
the flo w of refdg erant from an evaporator section mechanical refrigerating sy stem and is actuated
and is actuated toward open by a pressure above by changes in evapora tor pressure and superheat
set point upstream of th e va /ve. of the refrigeran! vapor leav ing the evapora tor.
• flow regulating valve: A va /ve des igned to • three way valve: A service valve fo r dual
co ntro l flow. mounted pressure-relief val ves. A manua ll y
operated va lve with one inl et which alternate ly
• highside float valve: A contro l va/ve that can stop flow to e ither of two o utlet .
regul ates upstrea m liquid leve ] by controlling the
flow of refrigerant or oi l. This type of va /ve is • uni-body valve: A va/ve lirnited to max imurn
actuated open by a ri sing liquid leve] upstream of 1/2" [15 mm] nom in al bore incorporating a one-
th e va /ve. piece body with integra l bonnet and without any
pressure-containing assernbly joint.
• lowside float valve: A co ntro l va /ve that regulates
down strea m liquid leve ) by controlling the flow of
liquid refrigeran! into an e vaporator. Thi s type of
va /ve is actuated towards the c losed position by a
ri s ing liquid leve] down stream of the va /ve.
• motorized valve: A va /ve operated by a motor.
• multi-function valve: A va/ve designed to fulfill

the functio n of both contro l and shut-off.
• oil drain float valve: See va /ve: highside jloat

va/ve.
• self-closing va lve: A manua ll y-operated stop

va/ve that wil l automatica ll y retum to the closed
position by means of a spring or other dev ice
when the operati ng handl e is released.
6 Copy rig ht © 201 2 /ntem ational !11S1itule o.f A111111onia Reji-igerarion. A li Rights Reser ved.

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Welcome to the revised and expanded Carbon

Dioxide Handbook for Industrial Refrigeration .

Section B: Design 9 Condensers

5 System Types 10 Gas Coolers

THE CARBON OIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK iiar.111

iiifJ Potential Global Distribution : C0 2-System Alternatives :

miiar. THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION llANDBOOK

UVitl Combined IP/SI Diagram Critica! Point

THE CARBON DIOXIOE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK iiar.1111

NH 4" Pipe 4 " Pipe (DN 100)

co24 " Pipe ( DN 100) At

miiar. THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOI(

NH 3 4" Pipe NH 3 4" Pipe (DN 100)

THE CARBON OIOXIOE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANOBOOK iiar. 1111

miiar. THE CARBON DI OXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK

THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK ¡¡ar.a

-69.80 1 75.13 60.44 -14.138 136.60 -0.034487 0.35214 73.568 1.1639

(1) Triple Point

miiar. TME CAR BON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION liANDBOOK

THE CARBON OIOXIOE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK Har.m

11 366.24 351.54 25.751 138.82 0.056457 0.29668 61.894 0.23722

miiar. THE CAR BON DI OXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK

51 662.03 647.33 49 .196 133.10 0.10227 0.26657 53 .499 0.11632

(2) Critica! Point

THE CARBON OIOXIOE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANOBOOK iiar.m

miiar. THE CAR BON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK

-20 139.39 0.31711 0.41583 -10 139.45 0.31055 0.34550

o 139.29 0.30399 0.28835 10 138.88 0.29735 0.24144

THE CARBON OIOXIOE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK iiar. m

20 138 .16 0.29054 0.20254 30 137.07 0.28342 0.16993

miiar. THE CAR BON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANOBOOK

60 130.31 0.25787 0.097684 70 125.84 0.24609 0.078810

5aturation t =80 ºF, p =969.57 psia (954.87 psig)

80 11 8.31 0.22921 0.060291

THE CARBON DIDXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK Har.m

mHar. THE CAR BON OIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK

THE CARBON OIOXIOE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK ¡¡ar.m

miiar. THE CAR BON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATIDN HANDBODK

THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATIDN HANDBOOK Har.m

tmiiar. THE CAR BON OIOXIOE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK

THE CARBON DIOXIOE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBDDI{ iiar. m

miiar. THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK

THE CARBON OIOXIOE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANOBOOK iiar. m

miiar. THE CARBON DIOXIOE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK

Temp. Volume Enthalpy Entropy

THE CARBON OIOXIOE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK iiar. m

miiar. THE CARBON OIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATIDN HANDBDDK

THE CARBON OIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK iiar. m

E!Diiar. THE CAR BON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK

THE CARBON DIOXIOE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANOBOOK Har. m

'i/1 o 'ifl o11 . c¡:f/ o

' ' 1 I' 1 Yd" ltl O6 1 1(1 1 I' 1 t IY t 1 1/J 1 1 t 1 1 I 4o.

400. SOLO 400 .

THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK iiar. m

(2) Critica! Point

Emiiar. THE CAR BON DI OXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANOBOOK

-50 432 .68 2.1 018 0.055789

-30 436.82 1.9980 0 .026955