Complex Variable, Laplace

& Z- transformation

Lecture 05
 This Lecture Covers-
1. Inverse Laplace transformation using partial fraction with type unrepeated, repeated and
complex or irrational factors.

2. Inverse Laplace transformation associated with unit step function.

Inverse Laplace Transformation Using Partial Fraction
Example on type Unrepeated Factors (Linear Factors)

Example: 01 Now, To Practice-

1 1
ℒ −1 = ℒ −1
𝑠 2 − 5𝑠 + 6 𝑠 − 3 (𝑠 − 2)
1 1 1
= ℒ −1 = ℒ −1 − 1. 𝐹 𝑠 =
𝑠+1
,
𝑠 − 3 (𝑠 − 2) 𝑠−3 (𝑠 − 2) 𝑠 𝑠 − 2 𝑠+3
= 𝑒 3𝑡 − 𝑒 2𝑡 .
1 𝐴 𝐵 6
Let, ≡ 𝑠−3 + 𝑠−2 2. 𝐹 𝑠 = ,
𝑠−3 (𝑠−2)
𝑠+2 𝑠 −4

⇒ 1 = 𝐴 𝑠 − 2 + 𝐵(𝑠 − 3) Short Technique for Linear factors 6 𝑠 −17

1 3.. 𝐹 𝑠 = .
𝐴= 𝑎𝑡 𝑠 = 3; 𝐴 = 1 𝑠 2 − 5𝑠 +6
𝐼𝑓 𝑠 = 2, 𝐵 = −1 and 𝑖𝑓 𝑠 = 3, 𝐴 = 1 𝑠−2
1
𝐵= 𝑎𝑡 𝑠 = 2; 𝐵 = −1
𝑠−3
 Inverse Laplace Transformation Using Partial Fraction
Example on type Repeated Factors
Example: 01
−1
4𝑠 + 5 Now,
ℒ To Practice-
(𝑠 − 1)2 (𝑠 + 2) 4𝑠 + 5
4𝑠+5 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 ℒ −1
Let, (𝑠−1)2 (𝑠+2)
≡ 𝑠−1 + (𝑠−1)2 + 𝑠+2 (𝑠 − 1)2 (𝑠 + 2) 𝑠
1. 𝐹 𝑠 = ,
⇒ 4𝑠 + 5 1/3 3 1/3 𝑠+1 2
2… = ℒ −1 + − 7 𝑠 2 +14 𝑠−9
=𝐴 𝑠−1 𝑠+2 +𝐵 𝑠+2 +𝐶 𝑠−1 1 𝑠 − 1 (𝑠 − 1)2 𝑠 + 2 2. 𝐹 𝑠 = .
1 1 𝑠−1 2 𝑠−2
= 𝑒 𝑡 + 3𝑡 𝑒 𝑡 − 𝑒 −2𝑡 .
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑠 = 1, 1 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 3 3
4 + 5 = 0 + 𝐵. 3 + 0 ⟹ 𝐵 = 3
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑠 = −2, 1 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 Or
2
1 Comparing both sides, we get
−8 + 5 = 0 + 0 + 𝐶 −3 ⟹𝐶=− 𝐴 + 𝐶 = 0, 𝐴 + 𝐵 − 2𝐶 = 4
3
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑠 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 2𝐴 + 2𝐵 + 𝐶 = 5
1 By solving, we get
5 = 𝐴 −1 2 + 𝐵 2 + 𝐶 1 ⟹ 5 = −2𝐴 + 6 − 1 1
3 𝐴 = , 𝐵 = 3 and 𝐶 = − .
1 3 3
⟹𝐴=
3
 Inverse Laplace Transformation Using Partial Fraction
Example on type Factors with Complex or Irrational Roots

Example: 01 Now, To Practice-

−1
3𝑠 2 + 13𝑠 + 26 3𝑠 2
+ 13𝑠 + 26
ℒ ℒ −1
𝑠(𝑠 2 + 4𝑠 + 13) 𝑠(𝑠 2 + 4𝑠 + 13) 20
1. 𝐹 𝑠 = ,
2 𝑠+5 𝑠 2 +4𝑠+1 𝑠+1
3𝑠 2 +13𝑠+26 𝐴 𝐵𝑠+𝐶 = ℒ −1 + 2
Let, 𝑠(𝑠2+4𝑠+13) ≡ 𝑠 + 𝑠2 +4𝑠+13 𝑠 (𝑠 + 2. 𝑠. 2 + 4) + 9 𝑠
2 (𝑠 + 2) + 3 2.𝐹 𝑠 = .
⇒ 3𝑠 2 + 13𝑠 + 26 = ℒ −1 + 𝑠 2 +4 𝑠−1
= 𝐴 𝑠 2 + 4𝑠 + 13 + (𝐵𝑠 + 𝐶)𝑠 𝑠 (𝑠 + 2)2 +32
= 𝐴𝑠 2 + 4𝐴𝑠 + 13𝐴 + 𝐵𝑠 2 + 𝐶𝑠 2 𝑠+2 3
= ℒ −1 + +
For 𝑠 = 0; ⟹ 26 = 13𝐴 ⟹ 𝐴 = 2 𝑠 (𝑠 + 2)2 +32 (𝑠 + 2)2 +32
𝑠 3
Comparing both sides, we get = 2 + 𝑒 −2𝑡 ℒ −1 2 +𝑒 −2𝑡 −1
ℒ
𝑠 + 32 𝑠 2 + 32
𝐴 + 𝐵 = 3, ⟹ 𝐵 = 1
4𝐴 + 𝐶 = 13 ⟹ 𝐶 = 5
= 2 + 𝑒 −2𝑡 cos 3𝑡 + 𝑒 −2𝑡 sin 3𝑡
So we get,
𝐴 = 2, 𝐵 = 1 and 𝐶 = 5 .
 Inverse Laplace Transformation Associated with Unit Step Function

Formula Example 1:
Find and sketch 𝑓 𝑡 ,
𝑒 −3𝑠
−1 𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 where 𝑓(𝑡) = ℒ −1 𝑠 .
• ℒ =𝑢 𝑡−𝑎 ,
𝑠
Solution: Here,
1
𝐹1 𝑠 = 𝑠 ∴ 𝑓1 𝑡 = 1
• ℒ −1 𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 𝐹(𝑠) = 𝑓 𝑡 − 𝑎 𝑢 𝑡 − 𝑎 .

𝑒 −3𝑠
∴ ℒ −1
𝑠
0, 𝑡<3
= 1. 𝑢 𝑡 − 3 = 𝑢3 𝑡 = ቊ .
1, 𝑡≥3
Inverse Laplace Transformation Associated with Unit Step Function

Example 2:
−1 𝑒 −𝑠
Find and sketch 𝑓 𝑡 , where 𝑓(𝑡) =ℒ .
𝑠2
Solution:
1 1
Let,𝐹 𝑠 = 𝑠2and ℒ −1 𝑠2 = 𝑡 = 𝑓(𝑡).
We know that,
ℒ −1 𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 𝐹(𝑠) = 𝑓 𝑡 − 𝑎 𝑢𝑎 𝑡
𝑒 −𝑠
So, ℒ −1 = 𝑡−1 𝑢 𝑡−1
𝑠2
0, 𝑡<1
=ቊ .
𝑡 − 1, 𝑡 ≥ 1
Inverse Laplace Transformation Associated with Unit Step Function

Example 3:
𝑒 −𝜋𝑠
Find and sketch 𝑓 𝑡 , where 𝑓(𝑡) = ℒ −1 𝑠2+1 .
Solution:
1 1
Let,𝐹 𝑠 = 2 and ℒ −1 2 = sin 𝑡 = 𝑓(𝑡).
𝑠 +1 𝑠 +1
We know that,
ℒ −1 𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 𝐹(𝑠) = 𝑓 𝑡 − 𝑎 𝑢 𝑡 − 𝑎

𝑒 −𝜋𝑠
So, ℒ −1 𝑠2+1
= sin(𝑡 − 𝜋) 𝑢 𝑡 − 𝜋 = −sin 𝜋 − 𝑡 𝑢 𝑡 − 𝜋
=− sin 𝑡 𝑢(𝑡 − 𝜋)
0, 𝑡<𝜋
=ቊ .
− sin 𝑡 , 𝑡 ≥ 𝜋
Inverse Laplace Transformation Associated with Unit Step Function

To Practice

𝑒 −5𝑠
1. 𝐹 𝑠 = 3 𝑠

𝑒 −3𝑠
2. 𝐹 𝑠 = 4 𝑠2

𝑠𝑒 −𝜋𝑠
3. 𝐹 𝑠 = 𝑠 2 +25

2 𝑒 −3𝑠 −3𝑒 −4𝑠

4. 𝐹 𝑠 = 𝑠

5 𝑒 −𝜋𝑠 +𝑒 −2𝜋𝑠
5. 𝐹 𝑠 = 𝑠 2 +25
Learning Outcomes
After completing this lecture you will know how to evaluate inverse Laplace transformation using
partial fraction and also inverse Laplace transformation associated with unit step function.
 Sample MCQ
6
1. ℒ −1 =?
𝑠+2 𝑠 −4
(a) 𝑒 𝑡 − 𝑒 −2𝑡 (b) 𝑒 4𝑡 − 𝑒 −2𝑡 (c) 𝑒 4𝑡 − 𝑒 2𝑡 (d) 𝑒 3𝑡 −𝑒 −2𝑡

𝑠
2. ℒ −1 =?
𝑠+1 2

(a) 𝑒 −𝑡 −𝑡 𝑒 −𝑡 (b) 𝑒 𝑡 −𝑡 𝑒 −𝑡 (c) 𝑒 −𝑡 −𝑒 −𝑡 (d) 𝑒 −𝑡 −𝑡 𝑒 𝑡

𝑠
3. ℒ −1 =?
𝑠 2 +4 𝑠−1

2 1 1 2 1 1
(a) sin 2𝑡 − cos 2𝑡 + 5 𝑒𝑡 (b) sin 2𝑡 − cos 2𝑡 + 𝑒𝑡
5 5 3 5 5
1 1 2 1 1
(c) sin 2𝑡 − cos 2𝑡 + 5 𝑒𝑡 (d) 5
sin 2𝑡 + 5
cos 2𝑡 + 5 𝑒𝑡
5