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 HSE

Health Safety Environment

Abstract
The Occupational & safety health management &Workers productivity: the relationship &
effect.

This research is an attempt to explain the concept, important, tasks of

Occupational safety & health management in industrial organizations
Besides explaining the relationship & impact of this department by &Workers productivity, the
researcher had selected a number of
Their working in (North oil company) because its workers are important for
Supplying oil derivatives for northern Iraqi governorates, the research
had concluded to main result is:That is a significant correlation relationship & effects The
Occupational & safety health management to workers productivity
inside the survey company.

The research problem can be formulated in the study questions

1. What are the sources of knowledge on occupational safety, health and environmental
protection?2. What is the level of awareness of occupational safety, health and environmental
protection within
Al-Sager Food Group?3. What is the extent of employees' knowledge of the different work
environment risks in Al-Sager
Food Group?4. What is the extent of workers' knowledge of the sources of air pollution and
how to monitor and
Prevent pollutants and their risks? In Al-Sager Food Group?5. What is the extent to which
employees accept and abide by the instructions and guidelines of
occupational safety, health and environmental protection, which protect them from the various
risks
of the work environment?

The most important recommendations of the study

1. Attention to sources of knowledge in occupational safety, health and environmental
protection
Within the company, through internal training courses, through the Department of
Occupational
Safety and Health, Environmental Protection or externally, through specialized training centers
 such
as the National Center for Studies on Occupational Safety, Health and Protection of the Work
Environment.2. Attention to raising awareness of occupational safety and health and
environmental protection, by organizing periodic competitions among workers to choose the
worker most committed to
Occupational safety and health instructions to protect the environment and the participation of
Workers in counting, analyzing and evaluating the various risks of the work environment.3.
Paying attention to the workers' knowledge of the various risks of the work environment
through
their participation in an accurate analysis and description of the risks and the proactive
participation
of workers in identifying and evaluating risks, analyzing the environmental aspects, setting
Appropriate control procedures for the risks resulting from this analysis and the participation
of
workers in all safety and environmental issues through regular meetings
4. Paying attention to the workers' knowledge of the sources of air pollution and how to
monitor
and prevent pollutants, by organizing workshops to raise awareness of the sources of air
pollution
and its risks, investigating the causes of accidents that result in air pollution emissions, and
setting
procedures to prevent their recurrence
5. Paying attention to raising awareness among workers to abide by the instructions and
guidelines
of occupational safety, health and environmental protection, which protect them from the
various
risks of the work environment, by raising preventive awareness among workers by conducting
seminars on the importance of occupational safety and health in protecting them from the
various

,Key words: Air pollution, Hazard in work, HSE, MSDS

Potential Hazards, OSHA
the introduction :-
The topic of concern for the safety of the human element and (occupational safety and
health) occupies a large space in the concerns and ambitions of many industrial
organizations of all types, as it is the main element in preserving the safety of human
resources from falling into repeated work accidents and injuries, because the resource is
one of the requirements for the establishment of organizations and the basis of their
success. At the global level, due to the supplier’s distinguished academic and scientific
experience and qualifications.

Occupational safety and health legislationOSH ACT

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH STANDARDS
the introduction:-
Up to a year1970 There were no regular legislation in the field of occupational safety and
health in the United States of America, and the average serious accidents that occurred
annually reached about 14,000 deaths and serious injuries. In 1970, the US Congress
adopted the Occupational Safety and Health Legislation (OSH ACT), and in 1971, the
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) was established in the US
Department of Labor in order to protect about 90 million American workers who spend
their time at work from various work risks, from work injuries and accidents, and to
provide them with safe working conditions.

OshaOSHA
The initials are OSHA OCCUPATIONALSAFETY &HEALTHADMINISTRATION in
the US Department of Labor, which is the body responsible for issuing occupational safety
.and health legislation and its standard specifications

Purpose of OSHA:-
According to the legislation (OSH ACT of 1970. In 1971, the Occupational Safety and
Health Administration (OSHA) was established in the US Department of Labor for the
following reasons:
 Encouraging workers and employers to reduce work risks and implement
occupational safety and health programs.
 Maintaining permanent records to follow up on occupational injuries and
diseases resulting from work.
 Preparing training programs to increase awareness of occupational safety and
health matters.
 Preparing legislation and programs for occupational safety and health that
must be implemented in all work sites.
 Determine the responsibilities and duties of both employees and employers
with regard to occupational safety and health.

Safety Signs & Signals Indicative and warning signs

Hazards in the workplace need to be defined and explained to alert workers to the danger
.resulting from them. This is done using distinctive colors and distinctive indicative signs
There is many legislation in this regard, including the legislation of the American
Occupational Safety and Health AdministrationOSHA as well as the American National
Standards Institute
The American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
The distinctive colors indicate and identify the type of danger and thus help the worker
.recognize the degree of danger, which leads to reducing the possibility of injury

Application the meaning the color

Directional signs, the RedRED
secure containers DangerDA
NGER
Emergency stop StopSTOP the RedRED
buttons and fire
equipment
identification
Signs for metal Biological Fluorescent
waste risksBIOSA orangeFluorescent
FETY Orange
Orange and
redOrange-Red
To protect against WarningCA YellowYellow
the dangers of UTION
jumping and falling
- safe containers for
explosive materials
and corrosive
materials
Parts of equipment WarningW orangeOrange
– rotating ARNING
equipment that may
cause cuts and
crushing
Places of first aid SafetySAFE the greenGreen
equipment. Places TY
of safety
equipment: safety
showers -
respirators
Signage - bulletin informationI BlueBlue
board nformation
 Traffic signs, stairs, the Black, white/yellow or
directions borderBoun a mixture of black with
daries white or yellow
X-rays, alpha, beta, Radiation VioletMagenta
gamma radioactive warningRad
materials iation
Caution

OSHA division of warning signs:-

Warning and advisory signs in OSHA specifications are divided into three types:-
Danger Signs Danger signs
Caution SignsWarning signs
Safety Instruction SignsInstruction signs

Danger Signs Danger Signs

It indicates the presence of an imminent danger and the need to take
precautionary measures
OSHA specifications stipulate the use of red, black, and white in these paintings,
according to the figure below

Figure-1

Caution SignsWarning signs

The basic color for these signs is yellow (panel background), black (window), and
yellow for writing letters when writing inside a black window. Letters are written
.in black on a yellow background, according to the following figure

Figure-2
Instruction signs
.It is used when general guidance and suggestions for safety matters are needed
OSHA specifies that the background be white, the window should be green and the
.letters should be white
.According to the figure below

Figure-3

Special warning signs

Danger Signs Danger signs

Warning Signs Warning signs
Caution Signs Warning signs
NoticeSigns Note marks
General Safety Signs General instructions signs
Fire Safety Signs Fire equipment signs

Figure-4
 Figure-5

Personal protective safety equipment

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

the purpose
Providing a full description of personal protective equipment, the extent of its importance
in maintaining the safety of workers, the correct way to use and maintain it, and how to
choose the appropriate device or equipment to suit the type of risks to which the person is
exposed.

General Instructions
1- The type of hazards in the workplace must be determined first, and then the
protective equipment to be used must be determined. This equipment is provided
without any financial cost to the workers.
2- Personal protective equipment approved by local authorities and compatible with...
must be usedAmerican National Safety Institute (ANSI)
3- Personal protective safety equipment must be worn in a way that is appropriate for
the person using itProperly Fitting.
4- A medical examination must be conducted for workers whose work requires
employment
5- Respirators, and this examination is repeated annually.
6- All workers who are required to use personal protective equipment must be trained
on the correct way to use this equipment by those directly responsible for them.
 7- If personal protective equipment is not used, it is placed in plastic bags and kept in a
clean condition.

Figure-6

Personal protective equipment:Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

1- Head protectionHead Protection
The helmet uses hard plastic treatment to protect the head and resist heavy impacts without
breaking. It also resists penetration by falling objects.
The helmet is equipped with a drawstring and a plastic lining from the inside
that adjusts to fit the size of the head. The benefit of this lining is that it
absorbs the shock of objects falling on the helmet from the outside, as there
is a safe distance between this lining and the helmet body.
 Figure-7

Types of helmets
There are two types of helmets: type1 (Type 1) and Type 2 (Type 2)

Type 2 - Peak Type 1 – Full Brim

Figure-8

2- Face & Eye Protection

To protect the eyes and face from chemical and mechanical hazards, protective
glasses must be wornSafety Goggles, Safety Glasses, or Face Shield

Figure-9

3- Ear Protection

All employees who work in places with loud noises of more than85 decibels
Wearing ear protection equipment so that they are not exposed to a gradual
loss of their hearing sensitivity over the long period of exposure to this noise,
until they may reach a point where they lose their hearing permanently.
The official in the Occupational Safety and Health Department measures the
degree of noise in the workplace, and based on the measurement results, the
appropriate equipment for ear protection is chosen.
 Figure-10

5- Foot protection: Foot Protection

One of the most common injuries that workers are exposed to in industrial
settings is foot injuries, so safety shoes must continue to be worn to protect the
feet.

Figure-11

6- Respiratory protection:Respiratory Protection

Various respirators are used to enable the person who wears them to work in
places where the percentage of oxygen is insufficient for breathing and poses a
threat to life, or places containing toxic gases or dust that harm health. The
appropriate respirators are chosen for work after learning about the nature of
the materials to which the workers are exposed. And the degree of its danger
and after making the necessary measurements of the oxygen level.
 Figure-12

How to choose the appropriate respirator:Respirator Selection

1- The oxygen percentage in the place where you want to work is first measured. If this
percentage is less than...19.5% In this case, a supply air breathing machine (SCBA)
must be used.
2- If the oxygen level in the place is more than19.5%, the type of toxic and dangerous
materials on the site is determined and whether they are gases and vapors or toxic
dust.

1- Protective belt and rescue ropeSafety Belts and Life Line

Safety belts and rescue ropes are used when working in high places in
order to protect the worker from the risk of falling. A parachute belt is
.currently used instead of a regular belt
In the case of working inside closed spaces or tanks, a special safety
belt is usedSafety Harness and a rescue rope so that the worker can be
taken out in an upright position that does not expose him to injury when
.taken out in emergency situations

Figure-13
7- Hand protection:Hand Protection
Use protective gloves to protect handsSafety Gloves There are several types of
them
 Figure-14

:Types of fire extinguishers

::There are six types of fire extinguishers
Water extinguishers-1
Foam extinguishers-2
Dry powder extinguishers-3
Carbon dioxide extinguishers-4
Halon extinguishers-5
Liquid powder extinguishers (for kitchens) -6

Since the first two types (water and foam) are not widespread, we will shed light on the
.other types (powder, carbon dioxide, halon)
Powder extinguishers -1
Powder extinguishers are used, depending on the type of powder
inside, to extinguish fires that arise in solid materials(A), and liquids
and gases (B) as well as in extinguishing fires that arise in electrical
appliances and equipment (C). The types of fires that are suitable for
extinguishing are usually indicated on the extinguisher. It is not
preferable to use powder extinguishers in extinguishing fires that
arise in sensitive electrical devices such as computers, as they
.Powder particles may cause damage to these devices
Powder extinguishers extinguish fires by surrounding the burning fuel with a layer of
powder that separates the fuel from the oxygen in the air. It also interferes with the chain
chemical reaction and absorbs free radicals.Free Radicals on the roof

There are two types of powder extinguishers: air-compressed powder extinguishers and
compressed powder extinguishers using a carbon dioxide cylinder. In this lecture, we will
..discuss the air-compressed type as it is the most common

Pneumatic powder extinguishers:-1

Fill the extinguisher with powder(It is usually: sodium bicarbonate,
potassium bicarbonate, ABC type, or Monex powder) depending on
the capacity of the extinguisher. After that, the extinguisher is
compressed with compressed air until the indicator on the pressure
.watch on it indicates green
When using the extinguisher, the safety screw is removed and the
operating handle is pressed, which in turn allows the compressed air
inside the extinguisher to emerge forcefully, pushing the powder
 material out of the extinguisher to a distance of up to six (6) Meters
.or more

Carbon dioxide gas extinguishers:-2

The extinguisher is filled with carbon dioxide gas under pressure that may reach800 pounds
per square inch. When used, the safety screw is pulled and the operating handle is pressed
(or the valve is opened for the type equipped with a top valve), and the compressed gas
.comes out of the extinguisher

Figure-15

Halloween extinguishers
Fill the extinguisher with halon(BCF) is a vaporous substance that has a great ability to
extinguish fires. It is pressurized with nitrogen until the indicator in the pressure watch
installed on the extinguisher indicates green. When used, the safety screw is pulled and the
operating handle is pressed, and the nitrogen gas pushes the halon substance out of the
extinguisher to A distance that may reach 6 meters or more, and the halon reacts with the
free cracks that form the chemical chain reaction of the fire and extinguishes it
.immediately

Because halon is one of the substances that has a harmful effect on the ozone layer, which
protects us from the danger of ultraviolet rays from the sun, its use has been stopped, and
..currently alternative materials that are not harmful to the ozone are used
This is done by either covering the fire with foam or using carbon dioxide gas, which
..replaces the oxygen, as well as using halon or powder

How to use fire extinguishers

The first letters of the English word are usedPASS

P PULLthe pin, this

unlocks the lever and
allows you to
discharge the
extinguisher
Pull out the safety pin
A AIMlow: point the
extinguisher nozzle (or
hose) at the base of the
fire
Direct the hose to the
base of the fire
S SQUEEZEThe lever
above the handle: this
discharges the
extinguishing agent
Press the key

S SWEEPFrom side to
side moving carefully
toward the fire
Move the extinguisher
from side to side

Figure-16
 Engulfment Hazards

1- Risks in the work environmentEngulfment Hazards

 Decrease or increase in oxygen levels
 Flammability risks
 Poisonous gases

 Decrease or increase in oxygen

- The percentage of oxygen in the atmosphere that OSHA allows
for work inside closed spaces must not be less than19.5% and
must not exceed 23.5%.

 Flammability risks
- Flammable materials that may be present in enclosed spaces are:
petroleum materials - methane - hydrogen sulfide - carbon
monoxide gas...
- The lowest flammability range is the lowest mixing ratio between
the vapor of the burning substance and the air. The highest
flammability range is the highest mixing ratio between the vapor
of the burning substance and the air.
- OSHA instructions stipulate that the minimum flammable range
in enclosed spaces must not exceed10%.

 Poisonous gases:
The most dangerous toxic gases that may be present in enclosed
spaces are: hydrogen sulfide gas, carbon monoxide gas.
The permissible concentration of exposure to hydrogen sulfide
gas is:10 parts per million (10 ppm).
 The permissible concentration of exposure to carbon monoxide
is:35 parts per million (35 ppm).

Figure-17

The device used to detect gases is...Drager x-am 2500

It is used to detect the following gases

1-CH4
2-O2
3-H2S
4-CO
 Figure-18

Inspection system

Objectives
Detecting defects or errors (improper conditions) in equipment, installations and 
.workplaces
.Detect violations that cause or result in any errors or material or human damage 
Taking the necessary measures to correct errors or violations to prevent accidents or 
.injuries
Providing a clear picture to senior management of working conditions and the 
availability of required safety conditions in workplaces, facilities and equipment in
.accordance with known international standard systems

The system must include the following elements:

.Develop special inspection forms for each site, activity or building 
.Form inspection teams consisting of at least two individuals 
Develop an inspection program or plan that includes all work sites within the framework 
.of an annual plan
.Determine inspection dates according to a schedule that should be two months or less 
.Inspection forms are submitted to senior departments as soon as they are prepared 
.Special records of inspection forms are organized (recommendations follow-up record) 
A comprehensive report is submitted at the end of every week on inspection tours of 
.work sites and monitoring the wearing of personal protective equipment at the sites

Fire inspection committees include:

1- The number is sufficient to cover the area or location.
2- Fire extinguishers are distinguished by their colors and type.
3- It has periodic inspection cards on it.
4- It has seals on it to prevent it from being operated.
5- The fire extinguisher is placed or hung in the appropriate place.

Figure-19

the date : NORTH OIL COMPANY North Oil Company

SAFETY&F.FIGHTING DEPT. Industrial Safety and Fire
Department
 Laboratory inspection form
Inspector: the site :
Compliance with Adhere to wearing
safety regulations personal safety General
Security arbitrations
(use of open fire) equipment and work situation
(work permits) suits
good
There are
notes

There are notes good Systems and equipment

Condition of devices and equipment 1
Electrical power distribution panels and protection
2
systems
Stairs, walkways and insulation 3
Storage and handling of chemicals 4
Guidance and warning means, assembly and
5
evacuation points
6 Electrical devices and equipment of the spark suppressor type
Frayed or damaged electrical wires or bare or
a
exposed wires
Irregular connection of electrical wire ends (loose
B
connection)
Dangling and loose wires C
Triggered by an electrical short circuit Dr
Using wires that are not suitable for the capacity of
H
electrical loads
Is the lighting good on site and inside buildings, and A
is it a spark suppressor type? nd
7 Firefighting equipment and supplies
Validity of the fire extinguisher inspection card a
Fire extinguishers are appropriately distributed B
Is there a fire extinguishing system and is it working
C
well?
Are fire extinguishers available on site? Dr
Are the employees familiar with using fire
H
extinguishers?
8 Safety and first aid equipment and devices
Are the members familiar with the use of
a
respirators?
Are respirators available on site? B
Does the site have emergency entrances and exits? C
 9 Cleanliness and arrangement
Is the floor of the laboratory or arena tiled and
a
level?
Is there good and appropriate ventilation in the
B
building’s rooms?
10 Is there a treatment system for waste water?
11 Is there a water shower available in the laboratory?

Name and signature of the site administrator

Work permitsWork Permit

It is a written permission that allows workers to perform specific work under certain
conditions within a specific time frame. (
There are several types of business permits
1- The hot one
2- Cold
3- Electrical Works
4- Drilling
5- Closed spaces

Figure-20
MSDS(material safety data sheet)
OrSDS(safety data sheet)
MSDS For some material))
Occupational healthIndustrial Hygiene

introduction:
Occupational health is the science that relates to the identification, evaluation and control of
various working conditions that may lead to injury to workers and expose their health to
danger.

The occupational health specialist uses environmental measurements and analytical

methods to determine the extent to which workers are exposed to work risks, and then they
use various control methods to control these risks and prevent workers from being exposed
to their risks.

1- IdentifyRecognition:
 Knowing and understanding the different types of risks in the work
environment and the impact of these risks on the health of workers.
 Business risks are divided into four groups:
 Chemical hazards
 Natural hazards
 Biological risks
 Engineering risks

1. Chemical hazards:
 Most health risks result from inhaling chemical substances in the
form of fumes, gases, dust, smoke, or spray, or from skin contact
with these substances.
 The degree of danger of exposure to chemicals depends on the
degree of concentration of the substance and the duration of
exposure to it.
 Chemicals enter the human body through four ways:
*-InhalationInhalation
*-AbsorptionAbsorption
*-SwallowingIngestion
*-Wrong injectionAccidental Injection
 It is considered inhalationInhalation is the fastest way for harmful
chemicals to enter the human body.

Types of chemical pollutants in the air

1- Particulate matter solids
2- Gases and vapors
a- Solids
 DustDusts
 FumesFumes
 RazzazMists
 FibersFibers

Dust
 Solid materials produced from the processes of breaking down
and grinding organic and inorganic materials.
 The size of the dust ranges from0.1 micron up to 25 microns.
 Dust diameter10 microns or more is called non-respirable dust

Fumes
 Condensation occurs as a result of solids being exposed to evaporation.
 Very fine and has a diameter of less than1 micron.
 Vapors and gases of this type are not considered fumes
 It results from welding processes as a result of the fusion of metals

Figure-21

Spray
 They are droplets of liquids suspended in the air and result from the
condensation of vapors resulting from liquids, examples of which are acid
spray in electroplating and paint spraying operations.

Figure-22

Fiber
  Solid materials whose length is several times greater than their diameter, such
as asbestos and fiberglass fibres.

B- Gases and vapors

Units for measuring chemical concentration:
PPM is used to measure the concentration of gases and PPM
vapors
Milligrams of a substance per cubic meter of air and used to Mg/M³
measure the concentration of dust and smoke
The number of fibers per cubic centimeter of air and is used F/cc
to measure fibers such as asbestos
Prescribed doses (according to the system of the American Intergovernmental Conference
of Occupational Hygienists)
The average concentration of chemicals to which TLV-TWA
exposure is permissible8 hours a day, 40 hours a week
The permissible concentration of exposure during TLV-STEL
short periods does not exceed15 minutes a day - 4
times a day, each period includes an hour of rest.
A focus that cannot be exceeded under any TLV-C
circumstances.

Doses prescribed according to OSHA specifications:

Average permissible concentration of exposure PEL - TWA
during8 hours a day, 40 hours a week.
The permissible concentration of exposure during PEL – STEL
short periods does not exceed15 minutes a day - 4
times a day, each period includes an hour of rest.
A focus that cannot be exceeded under any PEL-C
circumstances.

How to calculate the average concentration over...8 hours:

 Concentration is measured over time periods not exceeding8 hours, and the
concentration value in each period is multiplied by the time period value, and
so on. The result is then divided by 8 to obtain the average concentration of the
chemical during the eight-hour period.

CaTa + CbTb + ………………………….+ CnTn

--------------------- ---------------------------------------------- = PEL-TWA
8
Example:
A substance reaches the permissible concentration during8 hours 100 ppm The
concentration of this substance was measured during the eight-hour period and was as
follows:
  Within two hours 150 ppm
 Within the next two hours 75 ppm
 duringThe next 4 hours 50 ppm

To calculate the average concentration of this substance during the eight hours:

150
PEL – TWA = -------------------------------------------------- = 81.25
8

Comparing this concentration with the concentration to which it is permissible to be

exposed to within eight hours, we find that it is less than it (100 PPM) even though the
concentration was 150 PPM over a period of 4 hours.

B- Natural hazards: Physical Hazards

These, in turn, are divided into damages resulting from exposure to:
1- Temperature and its relationship to humidity and air speed. Heat
2- Light Light
3- Noise Noise
4- Radiation Radiation
5 - Atmospheric pressure Atmospheric Pressure
6-Vibration Vibration

C- Biological risks
 It arises from bacteria and viruses and their entry into the body, and in the case
of wounds in the body, it helps them enter.
 The workers most exposed to biological hazards include workers in
laboratories, nutrition, and farms

C- Engineering risks Engineering Hazards

They, in turn, are divided into:
1- Mechanical hazards Mechanical Hazards resulting from the operation of tools,
machines, and machines.
2- Electrical hazards Electrical Hazards resulting from electrical connections, etc.
3- Ergonomics Ergonomics Hazards arise from inappropriate working conditions
for workers.

2-Evaluation
  After identifying the risks present in the work environment, these risks are
evaluated and the degree of their danger to the health of workers as a result of
exposure to them is determined.
 The means of control that actually exist are also evaluated and whether they
are sufficient or not.
 Samples are taken, analyzed and compared to standard specifications.

3-Control

The control pyramid system is followed in descending order to control and control these
risks in the following order:
1- Removal Elimination
2- CompensationSubstitution
3- Insulation Isolation
4- Engineering control Engineering Control
5- Administrative controlAdministration Control
6- Use personal protective equipment Use PPE

Discussion
Accumulation of damaged equipment, devices and pipes.1
In most buildings (emergency) there is no emergency door -2
In the ceilings of most buildings (sensor) there are no sensing systems -3
4- Poor road paving and insufficient lighting in some places in the units
In case of specific fires (assembly point)5- Non-existence
6- The abundance of weeds and their abundance in the summer, which causes fire
disasters as a result of not using appropriate pesticides to reduce their growth.
The large number of loose dogs inside the site -7
Lack of safety equipment supplies -8
Some modeling points are not subject to safety and security standards -9
10- Lack of operational staff, such that the operator rotates between more than one
unit on the same day to compensate for the shortage

Solutions
Dispose of damaged equipment and ensure that damaged materials do not
accumulate.1
Establish an emergency exit for each building -2
Place sensors in the ceilings of all buildings and monitor their operation -3
periodically
Paving roads and improving lighting -4
Use suitable pesticides to prevent weed growth -5
Disposal of dogs inside the sites by the Environment Department -6
Use a specific assembly point and conduct a virtual fire to monitor the accuracy -7
of the assembly
Providing adequate and high-quality safety supplies -8
Reconsider some points in a way that does not conflict with safety requirements -9
Providing sufficient staff and addressing the shortage in order to prevent -10
mental distraction
And accidents happen

Sources
-OSHA1
-Department (HSE) North oil company2
Dr. Magda Shawar / Occupational diseases -3
D. Abdel Raouf Kronfol, Dr. Mustafa Antakli / Principles of first aid-4
Ahmed Ali Hussein / Tikrit University / Tikrit Journal of Administrative and
Economic Sciences -5
Mohamed Samir Mustafa, Sharaf Abdel Hamid Zahran, Salah Mohamed Al-Sayed / -6
Assessing the risks of air pollution on the safety and health of workers in industrial areas