Empirical Research

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Empirical
Empirical research in business research
process management – analysis in BPM
of an emerging field of research
619
Constantin Houy, Peter Fettke and Peter Loos
Institute for Information Systems (IWi),
German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI),
Saarbruecken, Germany
Abstract
Purpose – The paper aims at providing a survey of the development of empirical research in
business process management (BPM). It seeks to study trends in empirical BPM research and applied
methodologies by means of a developed framework in order to identify the status quo and to assess the
probable future development of the research field.
Design/methodology/approach – In order to analyse the development of the research field
a systematic literature review of empirical journal articles in the BPM context is conducted. The
retrieved literature is analyzed by means of scientometric methods and a developed reference
framework.
Findings – The steadily growing number of published articles in empirical BPM research shows an
increase in interest in the research field. Research interests, applied methodologies, the underlying
research paradigm and the level of maturity of empirical BPM research differ depending on regional
aspects. BPM gains importance in the industry as well as in the public administration context.
Research limitations/implications – The findings are based on a sample of 355 articles and not
on an exhaustive amount of available empirical research contributions. Nevertheless, significant
analyses can be conducted. Future research could apply the developed reference framework for further
literature reviews in order to be able to compare the findings and to measure progress.
Originality/value – The presented literature review gives an overview of trends in empirical BPM
research. The developed and strictly applied reference framework supports a systematic analysis of
contributions and can thus draw a significant picture of the state-of-the-art of the research field. To the
best knowledge of the authors no such survey has currently been undertaken.
Keywords Business process re-engineering, Research, Literature
Paper type Literature review
1. Introduction
Business process management (BPM) has been an intensely discussed topic in the
information systems (IS) research field as well as in practice since the late 1980s.
Although earlier works have discussed the idea of process orientation (Nordsieck,
1934), they did not lead to a comprehensive realization of identified potentials. Later on
the contributions of Porter (1985), Davenport (1993), Hammer and Champy (1993) and
Scheer (1994) have had a considerable impact on the following research and the
practical application of provided concepts. Business Process Management
Meanwhile BPM has reached a certain maturity. The amount of literature Journal
Vol. 16 No. 4, 2010
concerning BPM, the existence of specialized journals (e.g. the Business Process pp. 619-661
Management Journal ) and conferences (e.g. the BPM-Conference in the seventh year) as q Emerald Group Publishing Limited
1463-7154
well as the institutionalization of degree programs specialized in BPM at several DOI 10.1108/14637151011065946
BPMJ universities evidence that it is not a temporary fashion but an evolving trend in
16,4 management science. Furthermore, an increase of practical application of the concept
can be stated by the actual development of the business process management systems
market and its expected growth in the future (Ko et al., 2009).
In the context of the application of BPM methods a certain amount of experience has
been produced and documented in empirical research contributions. As empirical
620 contributions support BPM research in the context of theory construction as well as in
the context of reviewing success of designed artefacts it builds an important part in the
development process of BPM in general. The importance of empirical research is also
stressed by the fact that the first workshop for empirical research in BPM (ER-BPM)
has been offered at the BPM conference 2009.
The analysis of empirical work in BPM which is conducted in this paper can identify
well-studied fields and research gaps, applied methods and further interesting evidence
concerning empirical BPM research. Thus, it can make an interesting contribution to
the further development of BPM research.
There is a number of articles providing a literature review in the context of BPM
research. These articles differ from this contribution in regard to substantial
characteristics. The works of Zairi and Sinclair (1995) and Lee and Dale (1998) review
BPM literature with a focus on conceptual contributions.
The works of O’Neill and Sohal (1999), Armistead et al. (1999), Paper and Chang
(2005), Hung (2006), Al-Mudimigh (2007), Bandara et al. (2005), Bandara (2007), Møller
et al. (2007), Abdolvand et al. (2008), Ghodeswar and Vaidyanathan (2008), Tiwari et al.
(2008) and Ko et al. (2009) review literature dealing with empirical findings in BPM
research. However, these works do not focus on empirical aspects contained in the
reviewed literature. They mostly concentrate on different research questions and do
thus not provide a comprehensive examination of empirical research in BPM.
Related work has mainly concentrated on different research topics. Furthermore, the
applied research methodology has often not been explained.
This contribution has an extended focus because a large set of empirical primary
studies in BPM has been considered for a comprehensive survey in order to study the
development of the field of research. Moreover, it is based on a transparent research
methodology which will be explained in Section 3. Owing to our best knowledge a
comparable review of empirical research in BPM has currently not been undertaken.
This paper’s purpose is a comprehensive survey of the development and trends in
empirical research in BPM by reviewing empirical contributions systematically on the
basis of a developed reference framework. Scientometric methods which analyze
literature in a quantitative and descriptive way (van Raan, 1997) build the basis for the
analysis from a superordinated perspective. Besides the presentation of BPM research
development the underlying methodologies of reviewed articles will be examined in
order to provide an overview of applied methods in empirical BPM research. In general
qualitative research methods mark the beginning of empirical research in a certain
field. By investigating applied research methodologies the maturity of empirical
research can be studied. The identification of trends can provide important information
about the further development of the research field. The following questions are of
particular importance for the presented article:
Q1. How has empirical research in the field of BPM developed in recent years and
which trends can be identified within this development?
Q2. Which research methods have been applied in empirical studies in BPM? Empirical
Q3. Which conclusions for the empirical research in BPM can be deduced from research
these findings? in BPM
Our contribution is structured as follows: in Section 2 a set of fundamental terms is
introduced. Section 3 expatiates upon the applied research method and the utilized
reference framework of the following literature review. Section 4 describes the findings 621
of the literature review while Section 5 discusses them and presents implications as well
as limitations of our research. Section 6 summarizes the results, provides an outlook
and poses further research questions in the context.
2. Business process management

The concept of BPM has been defined very differently. In general BPM is a management
principle which companies apply in order to sustain their competitive advantage (Hung,
2006). It focuses on business processes. A business process is a sequence of executions
in a business context based on the purpose of creating goods and services (Scheer, 1999).
BPM subsumes a set of methods, techniques and software tools supporting the
design, enactment, control and analysis of operational business processes in order to
facilitate an optimized value creation (van der Aalst et al., 2003). Thus, a goal-oriented
management of business processes and the achievement of strategic and operative
objectives of a company can be realized.
In earlier phases of BPM development two different concepts were differentiated.
The concept of business process reengineering, which has paled in comparison
to evolutionary approaches, describes a radical redesign of business processes as a
singular transformation (Hammer and Champy, 1993).
Evolutionary improvement of business processes as a continuous transformation
with several phases is of higher relevance for actual BPM efforts (Weske, 2007). This
continuous improvement is typically conceptualized by a BPM life cycle. The life cycle
and its different phase descriptions vary depending on the authors dealing with the
issue. Table I shows different definitions of the BPM life cycle which can be found in
literature.
Although the number and nomenclature of the phases is different the
presented definitions do not vary fundamentally. The several phases are often
partitioned differently. In the following the BPM life cycle which is shown by Figure 1 is
considered as an aggregation of the presented life cycle concepts:
.
strategy development regarding the management of business processes;
.
definition and modeling of relevant processes;
.
implementation of processes in an organization;
.
execution of implemented processes;
.
monitoring and controlling of the process execution; and
.
optimization and improvement of processes.
3. Research approach
3.1 Research method
The applied research method is based on the review method which describes the
examination of a certain amount of primary studies concerning a research question.
16,4
622
BPMJ
Table I.
Different definitions
of the BPM-life cycle
Netjes et al. Hallerbach et al. Kannengiesser
Davenport and Short (1990) van der Aalst et al. (2003) (2006) Zur Mühlen and Ho (2006) (2008) (2008)
Identifying processes for Process design Design Organizational analysis Modeling Process design
innovation
Identifying change levers System configuration Configuration Specification and modeling Instantiation/ Process implementation
selection
Developing process visions Process enactment Execution Workflow modeling and Execution Process enactment
implementation
Understanding existing Diagnosis Control Workflow execution/ Optimization Process evaluation
processes run time
Designing and prototyping Diagnosis Warehousing/controlling/
the new process process mining
Business activity monitoring
Strategy Empirical
development research
in BPM
Optimization and Definition
improvement and modeling
623
Monitoring Implementation
and controlling
Figure 1.
BPM-cycle for continuous
business process
Execution improvement
In this context, a review itself does not present any new primary findings. Its objective
is the description, recapitulation, evaluation and integration of the results of primary
researches. Review research proposes a number of different methods for the execution
of a review. This contribution is based on the following procedural method which
distinguishes five phases (Cooper and Hedges, 1994):
(1) verbalization of the research problem;
(2) literature retrieval;
(3) literature review;
(4) analysis and interpretation; and
(5) presentation.
The literature for the review has been retrieved systematically. For the conduction of a
literature review a systematic retrieval is considered to be advantageous because it
depends less on subjective decisions of the person who retrieves the literature. Further
on a systematic retrieval depends less on coincidence. Thus, the reproducibility of the
review results can be considerably improved. In order to limit the retrieval complexity
and to maximize the spectrum of research articles two internationally leading literature
databases have been interrogated:
(1) Science Citation Index (Thomson Scientific).
(2) Business Source Premier (Ebsco).
The literature review exclusively consists of journal articles for the following reasons:
.
In order to retrieve a well-balanced amount of literature we preferred the
application of two different online databases which mostly offer journal articles.
.
With the inclusion of conference proceedings the representativeness of the
literature review would have suffered because the Science Citation Index started
offering conference proceedings in 2008 and does so far not offer an exhaustive
BPMJ amount of proceedings in the relevant context. Furthermore, the Business Source
16,4 Premier database does currently not provide conference proceedings at all.
.
Catalogues providing monographies do in general not offer a sufficient
summary of international contributions. Furthermore, the indexing process of
monographies differs with each catalogue. Thus, keywords are not assigned
consistently and of lower granularity in comparison to journal articles. Thus, a
624 reliable systematic literature retrieval of monographies cannot be assured.
Relevant journal articles have been identified according to the following criteria:
.
An article has to deal with BPM and has to show an explicit reference to the topic.
As a “manual retrieval” of the expected amount of articles is not a very rational
approach the retrieval process has been operationalized as follows: articles
containing constitutive terms of the concept of BPM in their title, abstract or
in the keywords have been retrieved. In order to draw the line of the BPM
field the central term “Business Process Management” (BPM) and the following
related terms have been chosen according to the introduced BPM-cyle in Section
2: BP strategy, BP modeling, BP design, BP engineering, workflow management,
BP analysis, BP Intelligence, continuous process improvement, BP reengineering
(BPR) and BP outsourcing. The result of this retrieval process were a total of
1,260 automatically retrieved articles from the two databases which can be
considered a comprehensive sample of BPM literature. In order to assure that
adequate empirical articles were chosen and to sort out wrongly retrieved articles
as well as duplicates the authors checked these 1,260 articles manually.
.
Each of these articles which has applied empirical research methods has been
analyzed by the authors regarding the content and the applied research
methodology in order to assure its match with the thematic specification.
The systematic retrieval of literature from two different databases provides a population
of articles which fosters significant analyses in the context of the scientometric survey.
The reference framework which is introduced in the following section builds the basis
for this survey.
3.2 Reference framework

In order to give a systematic overview of the examined empirical literature in BPM the
reference framework which is visualized in Table II as a morphological box has been
developed by the authors. It differentiates three perspectives in order to describe the
reviewed articles in a comprehensive way. The separate consideration of “content” and
“method” is a commonly made distinction which has been regarded in the development
of the reference framework. Besides this the reviewed contributions should be described
from a superordinated perspective. Accordingly, the three perspectives which will be
explained more in detail later on are the following:
(1) a meta-perspective which describes findings from the application of a selection
of scientometric methods in order to measure the development of a field of
research (Hood and Wilson, 2001) with regard to temporal, regional as well as
other interesting aspects;
Empirical evidence in business process management
Perspective Attribute Value
Meta-perspective Contributions per year Number

Contributions per journal Number
Contributions and date of first Number, date
publication per country/region
Contributions per researcher Number
Participating authors per article Number
Participating institutes from different Number
countries/regions per article
Content-based perspective Context Industry Public
Orientation Technology Organizationally Interorganizationally
oriented oriented oriented
Methodical perspective Research method Survey Case study Experiment Action Multi-
Research paradigm Behavioural research method
science Design
science
the literature review

research
Empirical
Reference framework for

in BPM
625
Table II.
BPMJ (2) a content-based perspective which describes aspects with regard to the content
16,4 of an empirical contribution as far as the application context is concerned; and
(3) a methodical perspective which examines the applied methodology of the
empirical studies presented in the journal articles.
626 (1) Meta-perspective. Interesting descriptive aspects concerning empirical research

in BPM are the following:
.
the number of contributions per year in order to study the development of the
research field;
.
the number of contributions per journal in order to identify important
publication media related to the research field;
.
the number of contributions per country/region and the date of the first
publication concerning the issue of interest in a country/region in order to
reveal the regional development of the research field;
.
the number of contributions per researcher in order to identify productive
research institutions related to the research field;
. the number of participating authors per article; and
.
the number of institutes from different countries/regions participating in an
article in order to externalize the internationality of a contribution.
(2) Content-based perspective. Articles have been differentiated according to the
following three orientations which refer either to an industry or a public
administration context:
.
technology-oriented works which focus on empirical results in relation with
technological aspects in BPM, e.g. the effectiveness or efficiency of workflow
management system application;
.
organizationally oriented works which focus on empirical results in relation
with organizational aspects in BPM, e.g. success factors in BPM; and
.
interorganizationally oriented works which focus on empirical results in
relation with the integration of business processes between different companies,
especially in connection with the outsourcing of business processes.
(3) Methodical perspective. The methodical perspective differentiates research
methods used in empirical studies and the research paradigm which has been
taken as a basis. According to Orlikowski and Baroudi (1991) the following
empirical research methods have been considered:
.
survey as a gathering of data about variables as they can be stated in the
world in order to develop knowledge about the relationship between these
variables;
. case study as a method of description of individual instances in order to
create a starting point for further research;
.
experiment as a method of discovering relationships between variables by
intentionally manipulating certain independent variables and observing the
changes of the dependent variables;
.
action research as a participatory process developing practical knowledge by Empirical
bringing together theory and practice (Reason and Bradbury, 2008); and research
.
multimethod research as a combination of different research methods. in BPM
The reference framework also differentiates two important paradigms in empirical
BPM research. The distinction of these two paradigms has been introduced by Simon
(1996) who initially distinguished between “natural science” which is concerned with 627
naturally given objects and phenomena and “artificial science” which strives for the
development of new artificial objects and phenomena. Based on Simon Hevner et al.
(2004) have introduced the terms of “behavioural science” and “design science” as two
important research paradigms in the IS field which we stick to in the following.
Empirical research is typically used in natural or social sciences in the context of
theory construction or the testing of theories on the basis of experience. According to
this, “behavioural science” approaches in the IS field are epistemologically oriented and
seek to develop and justify theories. Theories support the explanation and prediction of
future phenomena in the context of IS analysis, design, implementation, management
and use.
In contrast the “design science” paradigm comprises research approaches which aim
at developing innovative and useful information technology (IT) artefacts. In design
science empirical research is also of importance because available experience builds the
basis for the artefact’s requirements analysis. Moreover, empirical research methods
can support the evaluation of developed artefacts by testing their feasibility in a real
world application context. Therefore, those two research paradigms in empirical BPM
research are considered in our study.
4. Empirical research in BPM

4.1 Review of empirical literature in BPM from the meta-perspective
1. Number of contributions per year. The systematic literature research in the two
mentioned databases, which has taken into consideration contributions published until
the year 2008, has retrieved 1,260 articles treating BPM-related issues. Altogether 355
of these are empirical articles from 136 different journals.
Figure 2 shows the development of journal articles in BPM research in general and
also includes the development of empirical BPM contributions.
BPM research in general is an emerging field which is shown by a growing number
of BPM-related journal articles. In the year 2001, a drop in publication can be observed
which at this point cannot be explained comprehensively.
First, empirical works have been published in 1992. A first peak of the development
of empirical articles has been reached in 1995. This can be explained by the upcoming
interest in business process reengineering which the bigger part of empirical
contributions during that period is concerned with. A second peak can be observed in
1998 also expedited by the hype on BPR which settled afterwards. Starting on the year
2000 the number of contributions has increased with exception of the years 2004 and
2006. The highest number of published contributions per year can be noticed in 2007
and 2008. Compared to the total number of journal articles no steady trend concerning
the relevance of empirical works can be identified. With the exception of the year 1992
the percentage of empirical works varies from 16 to 55 per cent of the number of articles
with an average of about 30 per cent. In recent years (2003-2008) this average has only
BPMJ Development of journal contributions in BPM research
160
16,4 Journal articles in BPM research
140
Empirical journal articles in BPM
120
628 100
80
60
40
Figure 2. 20
Development of published
contributions in BPM 0
per year
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
been reached once. It can thus be stated that the percentage of empirical works in the
last five years has decreased in comparison to the total number of works. Nevertheless,
a steady augmentation of the number of empirical contributions per year can be
identified.
Typically, at the advent of a research field a bigger part of conceptual work is
provided while later on empirical research is needed to gain insight into the actual effects
of developed concepts. It can also be assumed that in later phases of the development
conceptual works become more interesting as new technological possibilities arise. The
provided concepts have to be evaluated empirically later on. A wavelike development
can be expected. BPM research seems to be evolving according to this assumption.
The top graph in Figure 3 shows the development of empirical journal contributions
depending on the research paradigm. The graph below visualizes the relationship
between journal articles in the design science context where they support the evaluation
of newly created artefacts and journal articles which use empirical methods in the
behavioural science context. The number on each column presents the number of article
per year and research paradigm.
The number of design science contributions in empirical BPM research increases
steadily. In general a constant increase of the percentage of design science contributions
can be observed. The designing of IT-artefacts and their evaluation becomes more and
more important as a research paradigm in BPM. Behavioural science approaches have
been applied rather seasonally especially in order to examine the effects of BPR efforts
during the hype on BPR (climax in 1998). In general the numbers of both contribution
types have increased.
2. Number of contributions per journal. Considered articles have been published in
a set of different journals which are more or less intensely concerned with the
thematic field of BPM. Table III gives an overview of the journals which have at least
published three empirical contributions retrieved by our literature research. A big part
of empirical contributions in BPM (37 articles) has been published in Business Process
Management Journal which is obviously the institution for BPM-related
Development of empirical journal contributions in BPM Empirical
25
research
in BPM
20
15
629
10
5
Behavioural science contributions
Design science contributions
0
1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
100
Behavioural science contributions
Design science contributions
6 9
80
1 10 15 14 15 17
6 19
7 11 9
17 18
60 22
Percentage
40
11 15
1 11 14 14 15 19
5 17
20 4 6 5
7 8 Figure 3.
6 Development of empirical
contributions in BPM
0 per year
1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
research results. Five further journals of the total of 136 journals (International Journal
of Production Economics, Computers in Industry, The International Journal of
Operations and Production Management, Information & Management and The Journal
of Management Information Systems) also provide a set of at least ten empirical articles
in BPM. Another big part of the examined works (81 articles) can be found in journals
which have only published one article. These figures show that only a limited number
of journals focus on empirical evidence as a field of special interest.
Furthermore, it can be stated that only 103 of the 355 articles (about 29 per cent)
have appeared in ranked journals. The column “AIS-Ranking” gives the ranking
position of a journal on basis of the calculated arithmetic mean of ten different journal
rankings. The current ranking has been published by the Association for IS on
BPMJ
Number of Number of
16,4 behavioural design
science science AIS-
Journal articles articles Total ranking
Business Process Management Journal 21 (57) 16 (43) 37 –

630 International Journal of Production Economics 13 (72) 5 (28) 18 –
Computers in Industry 3 (18) 14 (82) 17 –
International Journal of Operations & Production
Management 11 (69) 5 (31) 16 –
Information & Management 4 (40) 6 (60) 10 14
Journal of Management Information Systems 6 (60) 4 (40) 10 5
New Technology Work and Employment 7 (100) 0 (0) 7 –
International Journal of Production Research 4 (57) 3 (43) 7 –
Industrial Management & Data Systems 3 (50) 3 (50) 6 –
International Journal of Information
Management 5 (83) 1 (17) 6 91
Journal of Strategic Information Systems 6 (100) 0 (0) 6 45
Wirtschaftsinfomatik/Business & Information
Systems Engineering 0 (0) 6 (100) 6 61
Information and Software Technology 2 (40) 3 (60) 5 108
International Journal of Flexible Manufacturing
Systems 2 (40) 3 (60) 5 –
Production Planning & Control 1 (20) 4 (80) 5 –
Total Quality Management 4 (80) 1 (20) 5 –
Data & Knowledge Engineering (DKE) 1 (25) 3 (75) 4 –
Decision Support Systems 1 (25) 3 (75) 4 12
European Journal of Information Systems 4 (100) 0 (0) 4 11
IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management 2 (50) 2 (50) 4 –
Information Systems Journal 1 (25) 3 (75) 4 32
Journal of Organizational Change Management 4 (100) 0 (0) 4 –
Omega-International Journal of Management
Science 4 (100) 0 (0) 4 67
Computers & Industrial Engineering 1 (25) 3 (75) 4 –
European Journal of Operational Research 1 (33) 2 (67) 3 102
Infor 1 (33) 2 (67) 3 90
Information Systems 0 (0) 3 (100) 3 37
International Journal of Cooperative Information
Systems 1 (33) 2 (67) 3 –
International Journal of Service Industry
Management 2 (67) 1 (33) 3 –
International Journal of Technology Management 0 (0) 3 (100) 3 99
Journal of Information Technology 3 (100) 0 (0) 3 75
Journal of Management Studies 3 (100) 0 (0) 3 –
Journal of Systems and Software 1 (33) 2 (67) 3 70
Long Range Planning 2 (67) 1 (33) 3 –
MIS Quarterly 2 (67) 1 (33) 3 1
Supply Chain Management – An International
Table III. Journal 2 (67) 1 (33) 3 –
Overview of journals, Technovation 1 (33) 2 (67) 3 –
number of published Total Quality Management & Business Excellence 2 (67) 1 (33) 3 –
articles and journal
ranking Note: The parenthetical values are calculated in percentage
http://ais.affiniscape.com. Empirical research in BPM has reached top-class journals Empirical
only to a moderate extent which also stresses its potential for development. research
3. Number of contributions per country/region and date of first empirical publication
concerning BPM in a country/region. Table IV shows the distribution of empirical in BPM
articles in BPM depending on the location of the institutes the first and the co-authors
were working at. The figures show in which regions empirical research in BPM has
been pursued to which extent. The year of publication of the first article in a region is 631
also listed. This description considers the date of the first article in a country in relation
to the institute of its first author.
Especially in the UK and the US empirical research in BPM has been conducted very
intensely as far as the number of contributions is concerned. The figures communicate
that most of the countries with a higher number of contributions started earlier in
carrying out empirical studies in BPM. An exception to this rule is Iran where five
articles have been published in only one year.
The table shows that a big part of empirical research in BPM is concentrated on a
limited set of countries/regions so far. A further regional expansion is to be expected as
BPM as a management trend becomes more and more established in businesses all over
the world.
The two research paradigms are followed to a different extent in the listed regions.
In the UK, the USA, Australia, Canada and India the bigger part of empirical research in
BPM follows the behavioural science paradigm while in countries like China, Germany,
The Netherlands, Italy and South Korea the design science paradigm is obviously of
particular importance.
4. Number of contributions per researcher. Table V shows the number of articles of
the most productive authors considered in the presented literature review (at least four
articles). This overview confirms the findings from the preceding table. It shows one
more time that a certain paradigm in empirical BPM research preponderates the other
in certain regions. Empirical evidence which has been produced in The Netherlands
mostly follows the design science paradigm. Authors from the US tend to conduct
empirical studies according to the behavioural science paradigm which can also be
stated for some authors from the UK.
The next interesting scientometric aspect is presented in Figure 4. It shows the
number of participating authors per article and the number of participating institutes
from different countries in order to provide an overview of the degree of scientific
collaboration in empirical research in BPM.
In the context of the number of participating authors no particularities can be
identified. The figures from empirical research do not present significant differences to
other research fields. The numbers of participating institutes from different countries
evidence that empirical research in BPM is rather nationally oriented. This can be
explained by the assumption that organizational and cultural aspects also play an
important role in BPM. Cultural aspects have in many different contexts had effects on
organizational success (Nonaka and Takeuchi, 1995). This has to be considered for the
interpretation of results as well. In this context, several contributions are concerned
with the analysis and comparison of BPM-relevant organizational aspects in different
countries (Newell et al., 1998; Agrawal and Haleem, 2003). After this presentation of
findings observed from the meta-perspective a set of content-related aspects will be
presented.
16,4
632
BPMJ
Table IV.
per country/region
Number of contributions
Number of
Country/ Number of articles Number of articles Total number behavioural science Number of design First article published
region with first author with co-author of articles articles science articles in the year
UK 101 4 105 66 (63) 39 (37) 1993

USA 85 12 97 67 (69) 30 (31) 1994
China 19 4 23 5 (22) 18 (78) 1997
Germany 15 3 18 3 (17) 15 (83) 1994
Australia 12 6 18 14 (78) 4 (22) 1998
The Netherlands 15 1 16 5 (31) 11 (69) 1999
Italy 12 3 15 1 (7) 14 (93) 1998
Taiwan 13 1 14 6 (43) 8 (57) 1998
South Korea 11 2 13 2 (15) 11 (85) 1997
Singapore 7 2 9 5 (56) 4 (44) 1997
Canada 4 4 8 6 (75) 2 (25) 1994
Finland 5 1 6 3 (50) 3 (50) 1996
India 5 1 6 5 (83) 1 (17) 2000
Iran 5 0 5 3 (60) 2 (40) 2007
Slovenia 5 0 5 4 (80) 1 (20) 2002
Austria 3 1 4 2 (50) 2 (50) 2001
France 4 0 4 1 (25) 3 (75) 1995
Greece 4 0 4 1 (25) 3 (75) 2004
Switzerland 3 1 4 4 (100) 0 (0) 2000
Spain 3 1 4 2 (50) 2 (50) 2004
Belgium 2 1 3 3 (100) 0 (0) 1997
(continued)
Number of
Country/ Number of articles Number of articles Total number behavioural science Number of design First article published
region with first author with co-author of articles articles science articles in the year
Brasil 3 0 3 1 (33) 2 (67) 2004

Ireland 3 0 3 1 (33) 2 (67) 2004
New Zealand 3 0 3 3 (100) 0 (0) 1996
Norway 1 2 3 1 (33) 2 (67) 2001
United Arab Emirates 2 1 3 2 (67) 1 (33) 2007
Costa Rica 1 1 2 0 (0) 2 (100) 2007
Malaysia 1 1 2 2 (100) 0 (0) 2007
Portugal 2 0 2 0 (0) 2 (100) 2006
Egypt 1 0 1 1 (100) 0 (0) 2008
Ethiopia 1 0 1 1 (100) 0 (0) 2007
Israel 1 0 1 0 (0) 1 (100) 2005
Kuwait 1 0 1 1 (100) 0 (0) 2003
Slovakia 1 0 1 1 (100) 0 (0) 2002
Sweden 1 0 1 0 (0) 1 (100) 2001
Estonia 0 1 1 1 (100) 0 (0) 2008
Japan 0 1 1 0 (0) 1 (100) 2004
Morocco 0 1 1 0 (0) 1 (100) 2006
Wales 0 1 1 1 (100) 0 (0) 2003
Quatar 0 1 1 1 (100) 0 (0) 2007
Note: The parenthetical values are calculated in percentage
research
Empirical
in BPM
633
Table IV.
BPMJ
Number of articles Number of articles
16,4 following the behavioural following the design
Author science paradigm science paradigm Total
van der Aalst, Wil M. P. (NL) 2 6 8

Reijers, Hajo. A. (NL) 3 5 8
634 Grover, Varun (USA) 6 0 6
Maull, Roger (UK) 3 3 6
Teng, James T. C. (USA) 6 0 6
Willcocks, Leslie P. (UK) 6 0 6
Childe, Stephen J. (UK) 1 3 4
Currie, Wendy L. (UK) 3 1 4
Fiedler, Kirk D. (USA) 4 0 4
Table V. Greasley, Andrew (UK) 1 3 4
Number of contributions Guimaraes, Tor (USA) 4 0 4
per researcher as author McCabe, Darren (UK) 4 0 4
or co-author Paper, David (USA) 2 2 4
Number of authors Number of participating institutes

per article from different countries
Three countries;
Five or more
2; 1%
authors; 20; 6%
One author;
66; 19% Two countries;
Four authors; 55; 15%
33; 9%
Three authors;
Figure 4. 89; 25%
Number of participating
authors per article and Two authors;
participating institutes 147; 41%
from different countries One country;
298; 84%
4.2 Review of empirical literature in BPM from the content-based perspective

According to the reference framework the content-based perspective distinguishes
between contributions concentrating on the public context and articles focused on the
industry context. Furthermore, articles in these two fields of application can deal with
technological, organizational or interorganizational issues:
(1) Public administration context. Within the sample 24 contributions (about
7 per cent) describe empirical results from the public administration context.
50 per cent of these articles have appeared in the last five years which documents
an increased effort in empirical studies concerning BPM in the public sector in
recent years. In total 17 of these 24 contributions (about 71 per cent) focus on
organizational aspects. The other seven articles (about 29 per cent) are
technology oriented.
(2) Industry context. A total of 331 articles (about 93 per cent) refer to empirical Empirical
findings in the industry context which is not astonishing as BPM is a trend in
management science aiming at improving competitiveness. A total of 161 of
research
these articles (about 49 per cent) deal with organizational aspects, 154 (about in BPM
47 per cent) are technology oriented and 15 contributions (about 4 per cent) treat
interorganizational topics, e.g. business process outsourcing. Figure 5 shows the
findings presented above. 635
From a content-related point of view organizational aspects build the biggest part
of empirical research in BPM. The following section examines the articles from a
methodical perspective in order to classify them by the applied research methodology.
4.3 Review of empirical literature in BPM from the methodical perspective

In this section, the utilized research methods are studied. Behavioural science articles
are differentiated from design science articles. Table VI presents the numbers of cases
utilizing different research methods.
A total of 196 works (about 55 per cent) are concerned with epistemologically-or-
iented empirical evidence according to behavioural science and 159 contributions (about
45 per cent) follow the design science paradigm. The table shows that case study
methodologies constitute the biggest part of applied methodologies. This highlights the
fact that empirical research in BPM is in a rather early phase of its maturity process.
Case studies. As already mentioned case study designs build the biggest part of the
applied research methodologies in our literature survey. Nearly half the case studies
have been undertaken for behavioural science articles. The number of design science
case studies slightly exceeds the number of behavioural science articles. Case studies
are currently the most important methodology for theory construction as well as for
testing the feasibility of newly designed IT artefacts.
Contributions in the public Contributions in

administration context the industry context
16
161
154
17
Figure 5.
Number of contributions
Organizational aspects Organizational aspects in the public
Technology aspects Technology aspects administration and the
Interorganizational aspects industry context
BPMJ Surveys. Survey methodologies have been applied in 60 cases, two of these in connection
16,4 with IS-artefact evaluation. The usage of survey methodologies in behavioural science
typically needs a certain amount of empirical findings which can be deduced from case
studies. The lower number of conducted surveys in comparison to the application of
case study methodologies also supports the hypotheses that behavioural science
research in BPM stands in a rather early phase of its maturity process. Nevertheless, a
636 certain amount of surveys has been conducted in order to test developed causal-effect
relations.
Experiments. A total of 26 experiments (about 81 per cent) have been conducted in
the design science context. Testing the feasibility of an artefact is obviously the major
purpose of experiment methodologies in BPM. Six articles (about 19 per cent) use
experiment methodologies with epistemological objectives. About 66 per cent of these
have been conducted in the USA.
Multimethod research. A total of 16 multimethod research projects have been
conducted. 12 of these studies (75 per cent) have been undertaken for behavioural
science contributions and four (25 per cent) for design science articles.
Action research. About 57 per cent of the examined action research contributions
follow the design science, 43 per cent the behavioural science paradigm. Four of these
studies (about 57 per cent) have been executed by UK authors.
The temporal development of methodology application in the behavioural
science context is shown in Figure 6. In behavioural science case study methodologies
build the biggest part of applied methods. Considering the growing number of
empirical studies an increasing usage of survey methodologies can be stated.
Multimethod, action research and experimental studies have been applied less in
comparison.
Design science contributions mostly apply case study methodologies. In recent
years, experimental approaches have gained importance as well as multimethod and
action research approaches. Altogether only two survey methodologies have been used
in the design science context where they have obviously been of minor importance
(Figure 7).
Compared to the temporal development of research methods in design science the
whole variety of approaches has been applied earlier in behavioural science. Survey
methodologies are more often utilized and multimethod approaches have been used
almost since the advent of empirical research in BPM. Experimental approaches have
Research Number of behavioural science Number of design science Total per

method articles articles method
Case study 117 (49) 123 (51) 240

Survey 58 (97) 2 (3) 60
Experiment 6 (19) 26 (81) 32
Multimethod 12 (75) 4 (25) 16
Action
Table VI. research 3 (43) 4 (57) 7
Applied research Total 196 (55) 159 (45) 355
methods in empirical
BPM research Note: The parenthetical values are calculated in percentage
100 Empirical
research
in BPM
80
60 637
Percentage
40
20
Figure 6.
Temporal development
0 of research methods in
1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 the behavioural
Multimethod Action research Experiment Case study Survey science context
100
80
60
Percentage
40
20
Figure 7.
0 Temporal development of
1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 research methods in the
Multimethod Action research Experiment Case study Survey design science context
also been used more steadily over the recent years. Nevertheless, as already mentioned
above case study methodologies are the most important empirical research methods
applied in BPM. In general there has been a development towards a more balanced
application of empirical methods in BPM research.
BPMJ 5. Discussion and implications
16,4 The findings of the article present certain trends in the field of empirical BPM research
and thus certain trends in BPM research in general:
.
From the meta-perspective an increase in BPM-related empirical research has
been stated. This increase is certainly connected with a growing popularity of
BPM research in general and empirical research in BPM as well as to the
638 developing maturity of the research field. Several peaks in the development of the
number of empirical contributions in BPM are connected with temporarily hyped
topics like BPR in the middle of the 1990s. Nevertheless, a constant increase can
be stated in general.
The biggest part of empirical articles in BPM has appeared in unranked
journals. Empirical research in BPM has reached top-class journals only to a
moderate extent so far. An increase of articles in ranked journals can be expected
with growing popularity and proceeding maturity of the research field.
Empirical BPM research has been conducted in different regions to a different
extent. The preponderance of a certain research paradigm in the different regions
can be stated which supports the assumption that “different elements” in the
IS community “have different profiles in terms of their research and publication
expectations” (Galliers and Whitley, 2007).
.
From the content-based perspective empirical BPM approaches are more often
applied in the industry context as the competitiveness of companies is mostly
important in BPM. Nevertheless, the interest in BPM methods and technologies
and the practical application in the administration context have increased in
recent years. A further growing importance of these methods and technologies for
the public administration sector is to be expected as BPM can support initiatives
for the improvement of efficiency and effectiveness of public administrations as
well. As public administration strives for different goals, e.g. the improvement of
service quality instead of the improvement of competitiveness, the preconditions
for BPM in public administration differ from those in the industry. This has also
to be considered in the context of further empirical research. In general the
presented development lets us expect further increase in empirical BPM research
concerning the public context.
Both in industry and in public administration organizational and
technological aspects are more often studied than interorganizational aspects.
This can be explained by the potential which can be offered by organizational and
business process-related change and the introduction of technological
innovations which businesses often try to realize. Interorganizational concepts
instead are not widely distributed and intensely applied so far.
. Methodical perspective: As empirical BPM research supports the design and
evaluation of technological artefacts on the one hand and a better understanding
of organizational matters in BPM on the other hand the increase of empirical
research can be seen as a positive development for the research field. The
construction of theories and the evaluation of artefacts are thus rendered possible.
The findings document the research interest for both aspects. The relations of
the different empirical approaches show that in design science case study
approaches are the most commonly used method to evaluate BPM-artefacts.
Survey methodologies are only of importance for well-established artefacts which Empirical
are widely diffused among practical users. In behavioural science there is also a research
higher number of case studies. Case study approaches support the development
of theories. Survey methodologies support theory testing instead. The presented in BPM
numbers of case studies and surveys show that on the one hand the construction
of theories is still more important in empirical BPM research but existing
cause-and-effect relations have already been tested. 639
It could be argued that only a limited population of articles has been reviewed in the
study and not the whole set of available empirical works. Nevertheless, the conduction
of a systematic literature review in two internationally leading databases provides a
comprehensive sample of journal articles which supports meaningful and significant
analyses. The quality and fit of the examined articles have been assured by checking
the content which supports an improved quality of developed findings. The reference
framework has built the basis for the conducted analyses and has been strictly applied.
Furthermore, other interesting aspects and dependencies which have not been
considered in the presentation of the findings could have been deduced from the
collected data. Nevertheless, by sticking to the reference framework the article provides
a comprehensive overview of common and interesting scientometric, thematic and
methodical aspects of empirical BPM research.
6. Summary and outlook

The presented article has introduced empirical research as an emerging field in BPM by
making the following contributions:
.
the developed reference framework has supported a comprehensive analysis of
empirical BPM articles in order to identify interesting trends in BPM research
from a meta-perspective, a content-based and a methodical perspective;
.
the contribution of empirical approaches for both BPM research following the
behavioural as well as the design science paradigm has been stated and further
explained; and
.
findings have been discussed and implications have been presented.
The findings reveal certain preferences for empirical research and utilized methods
depending on different variables. Nevertheless, a growing importance of the topic and
a crescive interest in using differentiated empirical methodologies becomes manifest.
In practice BPM gains in importance which supports the collection and creation of
empirical evidence. As empirical research permits and is aimed at discovering relations
between important variables in the field of research and at developing theories the
growing effort in empirical BPM research will probably lead to a stronger theory
construction. Theories in BPM and in the field of IS in general as well as underlying
hypotheses an reference frameworks are highly relevant for research as well as for
practice as they try to describe reliable knowledge, mostly on the basis of cause-
and-effect relations. Thus, they can provide important information for companies how
to apply existing methods and best practice process models as well as BPM tools in an
effective and efficient way. For research purposes theories can support further
development of useful IT artefacts as modelling methods, reference models and BPM
tools on the basis of approved and reliable methods according to the design
BPMJ science paradigm. In order to support such a development existent empirical evidence
16,4 has to be applied for theory construction as well as further empirical evidence has to be
created. Adequate and reliable methods for the construction of theories are needed as
well as the further development and useful application of adequate research methods for
the generation of valid empirical evidence have to be expedited. Figure 8 shows the
described relations.
640 We argue that in the future higher standards in methodology of empirical BPM
articles will probably be furthered. Empirical evidence will in the future be represented
in ranked IS journals to a bigger extent. The findings of our research support such an
assumption. Future empirical BPM research will have to meet the high methodological
standards of highly ranked IS journals which also enhances the quality of the generated
research results.
Further research questions and interesting issues in the context can be formulated
according to three perspectives:
(1) From a theoretic perspective an interesting research question is how
empirical contributions can be condensed in order to support and to expedite
the construction of theories in BPM.
(2) From a thematic perspective further examination of the development of certain
fields is of interest. Future research could apply the developed reference framework
for further literature reviews in order to be able to compare the findings and to
measure progress. An increase of the rather low number of interorganizationally
oriented works is to be expected. This hypothesis can be supported by the
proceeding efforts in the context of interorganizational business integration.
(3) From a methodical perspective the development of applied research designs has
furthermore to be examined. So far most of the contributions aim at developing
theories on the basis of case study research. The more the research field proceeds
a higher rate of theory-testing studies is to be expected.
As the design science paradigm gains more and more importance in
BPM-related IS-research appropriate empirical methods are needed to evaluate
designed artefacts. The development of specific evaluation methods in the
design science context will be an interesting issue for future research.
Empirical BPM Empirical BPM

research according to research according to
the design science the behavioural science
paradigm paradigm
Construction Evaluation Construction Evaluation
1. Methods
2. Best practice 1. Reference frameworks
Figure 8. process models and 2. Hypotheses
Roles of empirical reference models Explanation and prognosis 3. Theories
research in BPM 3. Tools as well as
understanding and interpretation
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About the authors

Constantin Houy obtained the Degree of Diplom-Wirtschaftsinformatiker (DH) in IS from the
Baden-Wuerttemberg Cooperative State University in Mannheim and a Master’s Degree in
Information Science (Magister Artium) from Saarland University in Saarbrücken, both Germany.
Since 2009, he is a Researcher and PhD student at the Institute for Information Systems (IWi) at
the German Research Institute for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI). Constantin’s research interests
include Business Process Management, especially Modeling issues, Enterprise 2.0, Mobile
Business and empirical methods in IS research. Constantin Houy is the corresponding author and
can be contacted at: constantin.houy@iwi.dfki.de
Peter Fettke obtained a Master’s Degree in IS (DH) from the University of Münster, Germany,
and a PhD Degree in IS from the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, both Germany. Since
April 2006, he is a Senior Researcher in IS, IWi at the DFKI, Saarbrücken. Peter has taught and Empirical
researched previously at the Technical University of Chemnitz and the University Mainz, both
Germany. His research interests include IS analysis and design, especially the use of conceptual research
modeling and component-based system paradigm. Peter has published numerous articles on in BPM
reference modeling, conceptual modeling and component-based engineering in both national
and international journals and conference proceedings. Furthermore, he is a member of the
editorial board of the Journal of Cases on Information Technology as well as the Journal of System
and the Management Sciences and serves as a regular reviewer for the Information Resources 661
Management Journal, DKE and International Journal of Interoperability in Business Information
Systems. Recently, he has finished his Habilitation thesis on empirical Business Engineering.
Peter Loos is the director of IWi at the DFKI and Head of the Chair for Business
Administration and IS at Saarland University. His research activities include business
process management, information modelling, enterprise systems, software development as well
as implementation of IS. He wrote his PhD thesis on the issue of data modeling in manufacturing
systems – awarded with the Dr-Eduard-Martin-Preis – in 1991. In 1997, Loos received the venia
legendi in business administration. During his earlier career Loos had been Chair of Information
Systems and Management at University of Mainz, Chair of Information Systems and
Management at Chemnitz University of Technology, Deputy Chair at University of Muenster as
well as Lecturer (Privatdozent) at Saarland University. Furthermore, he had worked for six years
as manager of the software development department at the software and consulting company IDS
Scheer. Loos has written several books, contributed to 30 books and published more than
100 papers in journals and proceedings.
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2. Business process management

3.2 Reference framework

Meta-perspective Contributions per year Number

the literature review

Reference framework for

626 (1) Meta-perspective. Interesting descriptive aspects concerning empirical research

4. Empirical research in BPM

Business Process Management Journal 21 (57) 16 (43) 37 –

UK 101 4 105 66 (63) 39 (37) 1993

Brasil 3 0 3 1 (33) 2 (67) 2004

van der Aalst, Wil M. P. (NL) 2 6 8

Number of authors Number of participating institutes

4.2 Review of empirical literature in BPM from the content-based perspective

4.3 Review of empirical literature in BPM from the methodical perspective

Contributions in the public Contributions in

Research Number of behavioural science Number of design science Total per

Case study 117 (49) 123 (51) 240

6. Summary and outlook

Empirical BPM Empirical BPM

Construction Evaluation Construction Evaluation

About the authors

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