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Ebook Earth 1St Edition Thompson Test Bank Full Chapter PDF
Ebook Earth 1St Edition Thompson Test Bank Full Chapter PDF
Ebook Earth 1St Edition Thompson Test Bank Full Chapter PDF
Bank
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Test Bank Chapter 10
Earth Weathering, Soil, and Erosion
2. __________ __________ reduces solid rock to small fragments but does not alter the
chemical composition of rocks and minerals.
5. Alteration of the composition of rocks and minerals by the interaction of air and water at
the Earth’s surface is __________ __________.
6. The process whereby granite fractures in large plates or shells like the layers of an onion
is called __________.
8. In a moist tropical climate, dissolved ions may be leached out of the soil, forming
__________.
9. Soils with B horizons rich in accumulated aluminum, iron, and silicon are called
__________.
10. __________ is a hard crust on the soil that forms when calcium carbonate precipitates in
soil.
12. During __________, rock or soil flows slowly downslope under the influence of gravity.
13. A __________ occurs when a block of material slides downhill as a consolidated unit
over a gently curved fracture.
14. A flowing mixture of clay, silt, sand, and rock in which more than half of the particles are
larger than sand is called a/an __________ __________.
15. When Mount St. Helens erupted, the meltwater from melting glaciers mixed with soil to
form __________.
67
Test Bank Chapter 10
Earth Weathering, Soil, and Erosion
Fill-in-the-Blank
1. Wind, flowing water, glaciers, and gravity are agents of __________.
a. convection
b. isostasy
c. erosion
d. orogeny
5. __________ is the only rock-forming silicate mineral that does not weather to clay.
a. Feldspar
b. Quartz
c. Biotite
d. Muscovite
68
Test Bank Chapter 10
Earth Weathering, Soil, and Erosion
9. A mixture of sand, clay, silt, and generous amounts of organic matter is called
__________.
a. soil
b. bedrock
c. humus
d. litter
10. The soil layer in which you would find the most organic material is the __________
horizon.
a. B
b. O
c. C
d. A
11. Soil on a hillside is generally __________ and __________ than on the valley floor.
a. thinner, poorer
b. deeper, richer
c. younger, richer
d. deeper, poorer
12. Soil is usually only a __________ thick or less in most parts of the world.
a. hundred meters
b. few kilometers
c. few centimeters
d. few meters
13. The __________ is the maximum slope or steepness at which loose material remains
stable.
a. dip slope
b. mass wasting angle
c. angle of repose
d. slip slope
14. During a __________, a coherent block of material fractures and moves downslope.
a. slide
b. fall
c. flow
d. slump
15. A type of mass wasting in which a segment of bedrock slides downslope along a fracture
is called __________.
a. creep
b. debris flow
c. rockslide
d. fall
69
Test Bank Chapter 10
Earth Weathering, Soil, and Erosion
Multiple Choice
1. Mechanical weathering:
a. reduces solid rock to small fragments by altering the chemical composition of rocks
and minerals.
b. reduces solid rock to small fragments without altering the chemical composition of
rocks and minerals.
c. causes iron to rust.
d. picks up and carries off weathered rocks and minerals.
2. Weathering is the decomposition and disintegration of rocks and minerals at the Earth’s
surface by:
a. both mechanical and chemical processes.
b. chemical processes only.
c. mechanical processes only.
d. internal processes.
4. Piles of talus found at the base of cliffs in high alpine areas are likely the result of:
a. chemical weathering.
b. pressure-relief fracturing.
c. abrasion.
d. frost wedging.
6. As feldspar weathers to clay, water reacts with the feldspar in a process called:
a. exfoliation.
b. oxidation.
c. hydrolysis.
d. dissolution.
70
Test Bank Chapter 10
Earth Weathering, Soil, and Erosion
10. The soil layer in which you would find the least organic material is the:
a. B horizon.
b. O horizon.
c. C horizon.
d. A horizon.
71
Test Bank Chapter 10
Earth Weathering, Soil, and Erosion
True/False
1. Weathering is the decomposition and disintegration of rocks and minerals at the Earth’s
surface.
2. Mechanical weathering occurs when air and water react with rock to alter its chemical
composition and mineral content.
8. Acidic and basic solutions have greater abilities to dissolve rocks and minerals than does
pure water.
9. The alternate shrinking and swelling of humus tightens soil and prevents roots from
growing easily.
12. Volcanic activity may initiate slides by melting snow and ice near the tops of volcanoes.
14. You can distinguish creep from slump by the presence of pistol-butt trees.
15. During a rockslide (or rock avalanche), bedrock slides downslope over a fracture plane.
72
Test Bank Chapter 10
Earth Weathering, Soil, and Erosion
Answer Bank
73
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aside; and what was a greater Misfortune, the Prince and his
Retinue beheld with winking Eyes, all their Hovels on fire ashore:
The Occasion this; we happening to have all our Colours flying, and
some Guns let off in honour of the 28th of May, another Leader on
shore misinterpreting it as a particular Respect to Jacobus, grew
jealous, seized his House during the Revel, his Wives, and his
Dashees, drank up all his Brandy, eat all his Victuals, cudgelled his
People, and set both his Houses on fire.
Next Morning, on unravelling the Mystery, the Surprize was over,
and all became good Friends again. They have very little Knowledge
or Use of Fire-Arms, because no Trade scarce; their Weapons being
Spears, Arrows, and Clubs, and it is a bloody Battle among them,
when half a dozen of a side are knocked down.
A
V O YA G E
TO
Brasil, and the West-Indies.
From Cape Lopez (parting with the Coast) we came in sight of the
Island Annabona, the Breezes small at South, and Calms
alternatively; hereabout we cruised three or four days, for our
Consort the Swallow, that some how or other was separated; and
missing her, bore away for Brasil.
In the Passage it may be first observed, that when we had sailed
ninety Leagues to the Westward, and got into 3°° S. the Winds that
were at South veered, so as to become a true S E. Trade, that
carried us four or five Knots.——And still as we advanced farther
Westward, it blew fresher at E S E. 7, 8, and 9 Knots constantly, with
neither Thunder nor Lightning. Quære, whether this distance is not a
proper Medium to allow for the Attraction of all Exhalations by the
Land; at least that they considerably abate after that length from all
Shores, allowing for Latitude, and as they are Montainous or Plain.
We see within this Dimension, (plainly) that it takes off the Influence
of the Sun, and varys the Trade Wind towards itself: Nor is it so
astonishing, since Animals themselves obey; several sorts of Fish
and Fowl have a periodical return to such and such places, and not
so of those inhabiting the more stable Element of Land: Wherefore it
is highly rational to think, that as the fluid Elements they live in yield
to the attractive Power of the Earth and Planets, so also their
Inhabitants have their Instinct more sensibly fated by them.
Secondly, in this Trade-Wind sailing, we are every day diverted
with flying Fish, Bonetos, and Sea-Fowl; the Sails require little labour
in trimming, the Ship goes steady, and the Bowl unslung; so that at
leaving such a Country we might cheerfully sing,
Sold,
Salt Beef and Pork, 40 Shillings for a
Cask of 2 Cwt.
Bisket, 17s. per hundred
Candles, 6½ per lb. &c.
Exchange 30 per Cent. or more.
I have heard that the Custom-house Books had one year 35000
Hogsheads of Sugar entred, which at 10l. per Hogshead, amounts to
350000l. Every Acre was supposed 10s. a year Profit to the national
Stock of England, besides what the Planter got, and Mouths fed by
it; but I must observe, the Crops of late years have very much failed,
and put many of them under great Necessities. The Soil fertile in the
Age past, seems now growing old, and past its teeming-time; they
endeavour to mend this by a few Cattle kept for the sake of Manure;
few, I say, because Land imploy’d this way, gives not 1/10 its Value.
Wherefore when a thoughtless Man has joined to unlucky Events
and Seasons an inadvertent way of living, he falls a Prey to the more
astronomical Heads of Factors, who supply him with Food and
Necessaries. The Hardships of many Planters at this time, through
such Inclemencies, cannot be better laid open to the Reader, than in
transcribing part of a Sermon, that I am informed was preached by
Command of his Excellency the Governor, May 1734.
A Charity S e r m o n at Bridgetown,
for the two Parishes, St. Philip, and Christ-Church.