Trigonometry

- branch of Mathematics that deals with the relationships of angles and sides of a triangle

Angle
- the definition of angle depends upon the given context

• Angle in Plane Geometry

• Angle in Trigonometry

Angle in Standard Position

- an angle whose vertex is on the point of origin and whose initial side is the positive x axis.

Measure of an Angle
- amount of rotation of terminal side
- positive measure
- negative measure

Units of Measurements

• Revolution
- an angle measures one revolution if the terminal side takes exactly one complete
counterclockwise turn to reach the initial side
Exercises:
Sketch the angle in standard position with the given measure. Indicate in which quadrant the
angle lies, if possible, or that it is a quadrantal angle, otherwise.
3
1. 4 𝑟𝑒𝑣
7
2. 𝑟𝑒𝑣
12
5
3. 6
𝑟𝑒𝑣
5
4. 𝑟𝑒𝑣
2
5. 2 𝑟𝑒𝑣
7
6. − 8 𝑟𝑒𝑣
1
7. − 6 𝑟𝑒𝑣
1
8. − 2 𝑟𝑒𝑣
3
9. − 4 𝑟𝑒𝑣
11
10. − 12 𝑟𝑒𝑣

• Degree
 1
- an angle measures one degree is equal to 360 𝑡ℎ of a revolution
1
- an angle measures one degree if it intercepts 360 𝑡ℎ of the circumference of the circle
Exercises:
Sketch the angle in standard position with the given measure. Indicate in which quadrant the angle
lies, if possible, or that it is a quadrantal angle, otherwise.
1. 30°
2. 45°
3. 60°
4. 90°
5. 210°
6. −240
7. −300°
8. −270°
9. −360°
10. −120°

• Radian
- an angle measures one radian if it intercepts an arc of the circle with length of 1 unit
Exercises:
Sketch the angle in standard position with the given measure. Indicate in which quadrant the
angle lies, if possible, or that it is a quadrantal angle, otherwise.

𝜋
1. 𝑟𝑎𝑑
4
𝜋
2. 𝑟𝑎𝑑
12
𝜋
3. 𝑟𝑎𝑑
6
𝜋
4. 𝑟𝑎𝑑
2
5. 2 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝜋
6. − 3 𝑟𝑎𝑑
3𝜋
7. − 𝑟𝑎𝑑
4
7𝜋
8. − 𝑟𝑎𝑑
3
𝜋
9. − 4 𝑟𝑎𝑑
5𝜋
10. − 𝑟𝑎𝑑
2

Converting Degree to Radian, and vice versa

𝝅
1. To convert a degree measure to radian, multiply it by 𝟏𝟖𝟎
 𝟏𝟖𝟎
2. To convert a radian measure to degree, multiply it by /
𝝅
Exercises
A. Convert the following degree measures to radian then graph
1. 120°
2. 45°
3. 60°
4. 180°
5. 210°
6. −270°
7. −300°
8. −375°
9. −150°
10. −120°

B. Convert the following radian measures to degree then graph

𝜋 2𝜋
1. 6 𝑟𝑎𝑑 6. − 3 𝑟𝑎𝑑
3𝜋 3𝜋
2. 𝑟𝑎𝑑 7. − 𝑟𝑎𝑑
4 4
𝜋 7𝜋
3. 𝑟𝑎𝑑 8. − 𝑟𝑎𝑑
3 3
𝜋 7𝜋
4. 𝑟𝑎𝑑 9. − 𝑟𝑎𝑑
2 4
5𝜋
5. 4 𝑟𝑎𝑑 10. − 𝑟𝑎𝑑
3

Enrichment:
Complete the following table with the equivalent angle measures

Revolution Degree Radian

1 5
𝑟𝑒𝑣
8
2 240°
3 7𝜋
8
4 −270°
5 1
𝑟𝑒𝑣
4
6 135°
7 7𝜋
−
10
8 −45°
9 4
− 𝑟𝑒𝑣
5
10 415°

Coterminal Angles
- two angles in standard position that have a common terminal side

• two angles are coterminal if and only if their degree measures differ by 360𝑘, where 𝑘 ∈ Ζ
• two angle are coterminal if and only if their degree measures differ by 2𝜋𝑘, where 𝑘 ∈ Ζ
Exercises:
Find the angle coterminal with each of the following angle measures that has measure
a. between 0° and 360°
b. between −360° and 0°

1. 50°
2. 736°
3. 165°
4. 21°
5. 195°
6. −1450°
7. −380°
8. −455°
9. −369°
10. −37°

Arc Length
- In a circle with a radius 𝑟, the length 𝑠 of an arc intercepted by a central angle with measure 𝜃
radians is given by
𝑠 = 𝑟𝜃
Exercises:
Find the length of an arc of a circle with a given radius that subtends a given central angle

1. 𝑟 = 10 𝑚 ; 𝜃 = 30°
2. 𝑟 = 4 𝑚 ; 𝜃 = 120°
3. 𝑟 = 7 𝑚 ; 𝜃 = 75°
4. 𝑟 = 2 𝑚 ; 𝜃 = 210°
5. 𝑟 = 9 𝑚 ; 𝜃 = 300°
6. 𝑟 = 12 𝑚 ; 𝜃 = 270°
7. 𝑟 = 15 𝑚 ; 𝜃 = 60°
8. 𝑟 = 5 𝑚 ; 𝜃 = 135°
9. 𝑟 = 1 𝑚 ; 𝜃 = 225°
10. 𝑟 = 3.5 𝑚 ; 𝜃 = 45°

Area of a Sector
- in a circle of radius 𝑟, the area 𝐴 of a sector with a central angle measuring 𝜃 radians is
1
𝐴 = 𝑟 2𝜃
2
Exercises:
Find the area of a sector of a circle with a given central angle with the given radius of a circle
 1. 𝑟 = 2 𝑚 ; 𝜃 = 45°
2. 𝑟 = 3 𝑚 ; 𝜃 = 135°
3. 𝑟 = 4 𝑚 ; 𝜃 = 225°
4. 𝑟 = 12 𝑚 ; 𝜃 = 120°
5. 𝑟 = 10 𝑚 ; 𝜃 = 315°
6. 𝑟 = 8 𝑚 ; 𝜃 = 270°
7. 𝑟 = 5 𝑚 ; 𝜃 = 60°
8. 𝑟 = 3 𝑚 ; 𝜃 = 195°
9. 𝑟 = 4 𝑚 ; 𝜃 = 300°
10. 𝑟 = 2.5 𝑚 ; 𝜃 = 174°

The Six Trigonometric Functions

Let 𝜃 be an acute angle, then we have the usual trigonometric relationships in a right triangle.
If
𝑜 is the side opposite to 𝜃,
𝑎 is the side adjacent to 𝜃, and
ℎ is the hypotenuse of the triangle, then

𝒐 𝒉
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 = 𝒉 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝜽 = 𝒐

𝒂 𝒉
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 = 𝒉 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 = 𝒂

𝒐 𝒂
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 = 𝒂 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝜽 = 𝒐

So, you have mnemonic devices SOH-CAH-TOA and CHO-SHA-CAO

Review:
A. Given a 45° − 45° − 90° triangle and letting a, b be the lengths of legs and c be the length of
hypotenuse, complete the
following table with a given measure of a side

a b c
1 1
2 2
3 4
 4 √2
5 1
6 12
7 4
8 8
9 5
10 9

B. Given a 30° − 60° − 90° triangle and letting a be the length of shorter leg, b be the length of
longer leg, and c be the length of hypotenuse, complete the following table with a given measure of
a side
a b c
1 2
2 3
3 4
4 √2
5 12
6 9
7 8
8 8
9 4
10 1

Let 𝜃 be an angle in standard position and 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) be any point on the terminal side of the angle
other than the origin 𝑂. Let 𝑟 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 be the distance of P from O, or equivalently the hypotenuse of
the right triangle whose vertices are at O, P, and the foot perpendicular from P to the x-axis.

Therefore, the sine, cosine, tangent, cosecant, secant, and cotangent of 𝜃, respectively denoted by
sin 𝜃, cos 𝜃, tan 𝜃, csc 𝜃, sec 𝜃, and cot 𝜃, are given by:

𝒚 𝒓
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 = 𝒓 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝜽 = 𝒚

𝒙 𝒓
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 = 𝒓 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 = 𝒙

𝒚 𝒙
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 = 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝜽 = 𝒚
The Six Circular Functions
Unit Circle-based Definition of the Circular Functions

Recall that a unit circle has a radius 𝑟 = 1, and an angle 𝜃 in standard position, such that 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) is
the point of intersection of the unit circle and the terminal side of 𝜃.

The six circular functions of 𝜃 are as follows:

 𝟏
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 = 𝒚 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝜽 = 𝒚

𝟏
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 = 𝒙 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 = 𝒙

𝒚 𝒙
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 = 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝜽 = 𝒚

Exercises: Complete the following table by solving for the values of circular functions
given special angles
𝜽 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 tan 𝜃 cot 𝜃 csc 𝜃 sec 𝜃
0°
30°
45°
60°
90°
120°
135°
150°
180°
210°
225°
240°
270°
300°
315°
330°
360°

The Wrapping Function

- a function defined as 𝑊(𝜃) = 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) where 𝜃 is a real number and 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) is the point of
intersection of a unit circle and the terminal side of 𝜃. The point is called circular point.

Since 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 = 𝒙 and 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 = 𝒚, the wrapping function can be written as

𝑾(𝜽) = 𝑷(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽, 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽)

Exercises: Find the coordinates of the circular points P given an angle 𝜽

 𝜽 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝑾(𝜽)
𝑷(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽, 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽)
0
𝝅
𝟔
𝝅
𝟒
𝝅
𝟑
𝝅
𝟐
𝟐𝝅
𝟑
𝟑𝝅
𝟒
𝟓𝝅
𝟔
𝝅

𝟕𝝅
𝟔
𝟓𝝅
𝟒
𝟒𝝅
𝟑
𝟑𝝅
𝟐
𝟓𝝅
𝟑
𝟕𝝅
𝟒
𝟏𝟏𝝅
𝟔
𝟐𝝅

The Fundamental Trigonometric Identities

I. Reciprocal Identities
1
1. sin 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃
1
2. cos 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃
1
3. tan 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃

II. Ratio Identities

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
4. tan 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
5. cot 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
 III. Pythagorean Identities
6. 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 1
7. 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 + 1 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃
8. 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝜃

Exercises: Prove the following identities

1. (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃) csc 𝜃 = 1
2. sec 𝜃 √1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 1
3. tan 𝜃 sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃 = sec 𝜃
4. (1 − cos 𝜃)(1 + cos 𝜃)(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃)= 1
5. cot 𝜃 + tan 𝜃 = sec 𝜃 csc 𝜃
6. cos 𝜃 tan 𝜃 = sin 𝜃
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 1
7. = cos 𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
8. 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 1 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
2
1
9. 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 + 1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃
10. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃
11. 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 − 1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃
12. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃(1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃) = 1
13. 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃
14. 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃+1 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
15. (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)2 +(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)2 = 2
16. 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝜃 = 1 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
17. 1−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃−1
18. √𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃+1 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃+𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃−1 1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
19. 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃−𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃+1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
2 1−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
20. (𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃) = 1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃