Students

2024

CALCULUS 110
( 𝟗 𝑬)

(1.2) Mathematical Models

A catalog of Essential Functions

Examples
Homework 5, 6,
(App D: 4, Exercise: 33)
1 , 2,3 ,4, 5

23 August 2023

1 Dr. Rola Asaad Hijazi

 (1.2) Mathematical
Models

Algebraic Non-Algebraic
function function

are functions constructed from polynomials using

algebraic operations (such as +, −,×,÷,
𝑛
) (1) Trigonometric: sin 𝑥 , cos 𝑥 , …
starting with polynomials.
(2) Exponential : 𝑎 𝑥 , 𝑒 𝑥 , …
(1) Polynomial (constant, linear, quadratic , cubic )
1
(3) Logarithmic : 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥 , ln(𝑥)
(2) Power 𝑥 𝑎 : 𝑥 𝑛 ,𝑥 =𝑛
𝑛
𝑥 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡 ,𝑥 −𝑛
𝑥 4 −16𝑥 2
(3) Rational :
𝑥+1

More examples (4)

𝑥 4 −16𝑥 2 3
+ (𝑥 − 2) 𝑥 + 1
𝑥+ 𝑥
4
2 (5) 𝑥2 + 1 DR. Rola Asaad Hijazi 23 August 2023
 Polynomial functions

A function 𝑓(𝑥) is called a polynomial if

f(x) = 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎0

constant

Leading coefficient coefficients x is a variable

Examples
𝑛: non-negative integer
2
𝑎𝑛 , 𝑎𝑛−1 , … , 𝑎1 , 𝑎0 ∈ ℝ (1) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 5 + 𝑥 2 + 1 is a polynomial
3
Domain of f(x) = ℝ = −∞,∞ . deg.( 𝑓 𝑥 ) =

Degree of the polynomial = 𝑛. −1

(2) 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 𝑥
2∕3

is not a polynomial
3 DR. Rola Asaad Hijazi 23 August 2023
1 Constant function 3 Quadratic function

𝑓 𝑥 =𝑐 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 Deg. 𝑓(𝑥) =

Deg. 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝐷𝑓 =
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 =
Algebraic function

𝑎>0
2 Linear Function 𝑎<0

4 Cubic Function
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑
Deg. 𝑓(𝑥) =
Deg. 𝑓 𝑥 =
Domain =
Range= Domain =
Range=
Algebraic function
4 DR. Rola Asaad Hijazi 23 August 2023
 Power function is a function of the from 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑎 ,

a is a constant
Examples 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 3/4 , 𝑥 𝜋 , …

we have 3 cases:
1 𝑎 = 𝑛 ( +𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒: 𝑥 1 , 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 5 , … )
𝑛 = 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛, 𝑛 = 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑, 𝑒𝑥. 𝑥 1 , 𝑥 3 , 𝑥 5
𝑒𝑥. 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 4 , 𝑥 8

Domain= Domain=
5 Range = DR. Rola Asaad Hijazi Range = 23 August 2023
 1 1 1
Root
2 𝑎= ( +𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒: 𝑥 , 𝑥 , … ) 2 3
𝑛 function

𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑥: 𝑥 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑒𝑥: 3 𝑥

Domain = Domain=
Range = Range =

6 DR. Rola Asaad Hijazi 23 August 2023

 1 1
3 𝑎 = −𝑛 (𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒: , 2 , … . ) reciprocal
𝑥 𝑥
1 1 1
𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑥: 2 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑒𝑥: , , 𝑥 −5
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 3

Domain = Domain =
Range = Range =

7 DR. Rola Asaad Hijazi 23 August 2023

 Rational Functions

A rational function is a ratio of two

polynomial functions: The Domain of the rational function :
𝑝 𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 = , 𝑞 𝑥 ≠0 𝐷𝑓 = 𝑥 ∈ ℝ: 𝑞 𝑥 ≠ 0 = ℝ − {𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑞 𝑥 }
𝑞 𝑥

Examples

3𝑥 + 3 1
1 , , 5𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 5
2𝑥 𝑥
are all … … … … … . .

2 3 𝑥 + 2 3𝑥 + 2
,
𝑥+2 5𝑥

are
… 8… … … … … … … … … … . . DR. Rola Asaad Hijazi 23 August 2023
 Examples
3𝑥 − 1
ℎ 𝑥 =
1 𝑓 𝑥 =
2𝑥 4 − 𝑥 2 + 1 3 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 6
𝑥2 − 4

𝐷𝑓 =
𝐷𝑓 =

1
2 𝑔 𝑥 =
4
5𝑥 − 3 4 𝑘 𝑥 =
𝑥2 − 𝑥
𝑥2 + 4

𝐷𝑓 =
𝐷𝑓 =

9 DR. Rola Asaad Hijazi 23 August 2023

 Radical Functions 𝑅(𝑥) =
𝑛
𝑓 𝑥 is a radical function if
𝑓(𝑥) is a polynomial.

𝑛 ℝ 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 = 𝑜𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑓 𝑥 :ቊ
𝑥∈ℝ ∶𝑓 𝑥 ≥0 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 = 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛

10 DR. Rola Asaad Hijazi 07/02/1445

 Important Functions

1 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 2 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 3 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑎2

-a a (0,a)
-a a

domain=−− − domain=−−−− − domain = −− −

range=−− − range=−− − range = −− −

example example example

ℎ 𝑥 = 4 − 𝑥2 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥2 + 5
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥2 −9
domain domain domain
Range Range Range
11 DR. Rola Asaad Hijazi 07/02/1445
 Examples
3
ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑥+2 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥+3
Domain =
Domain =
The range is required
(i) to be known for the issential functions,
(ii) obtained from a given graph. And any

Remark shifting and reflection of the above cases.

The domain is required

(i) to be known for the essential functions,
(ii) to be obtained from the formula of a given function
(iii) to be determined from the given graph. and to be
calculated from any shifting and reflection of the above
cases.

12 DR. Rola Asaad Hijazi 23 August 2023

 Algebraic Functions

Are functions constructed from polynomials using

algebraic operations (×, ±,÷, …)

Examples 𝑥3 +2,
𝑥 4 −2 𝑥
, …
𝑥+ 𝑥

Remark
Trigonometric
Rational, Power, Polynomails Functions
are also algebraic functions

See Appendix D.

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 Functions that are not algebraic are called transcendental;

Examples

Trigonometric Functions

Exponential Functions

Logarithm Functions

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 The Trigonometric
Functions

For an acute angle 𝜃 the six trigonometric Functions

are defined as ratios of lengths of sides of a right
triangle as follows:

𝑜𝑝𝑝 ℎ𝑦𝑝
1. sin 𝜃 = 4. csc 𝜃 =
ℎ𝑦𝑝 𝑜𝑝𝑝

opposite
𝑎𝑑𝑗 ℎ𝑦𝑝
2. cos 𝜃 = 5. sec 𝜃 =
ℎ𝑦𝑝 𝑎𝑑𝑗
𝜃
𝑎𝑑𝑗
3. tan 𝜃 =
𝑜𝑝𝑝
6. cot 𝜃 = adjacent
𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝑜𝑝𝑝

15 DR. Rola Asaad Hijazi 23 August 2023

 The Trigonometric
Functions
𝜋 1 𝜋
1. sin = 1. sin =
6 2 𝝅 3
𝟑
𝜋
𝜋 1 2.cos 3 =
2. cos =
6
𝜋
𝜋 3. tan 3 =
3. tan =
6

𝜋 1 Recall that:
sin = 𝝅
4 2
𝟒
Pythagoras' Theorem
𝜋 1
cos =
4
𝑎2 + 𝑏2 = 𝑐 2 𝑐 𝑏
𝜋 1
tan =
16
4 DR. Rola Asaad Hijazi 𝑎23 August 2023
 The previous definition doesn’t apply to obtuse or negative angles,
so for a general angle 𝜃 in standard position we let 𝑃(𝑥,𝑦) be any
point on the terminal side of 𝜃 and we let r be the distance | 𝑂𝑃| as
in the following Figure . Then we define

𝑦 𝑟
1. sin 𝜃 = 4. csc 𝜃 =
𝑟 𝑦
𝑥 𝑟
2. cos 𝜃 = 5. sec 𝜃 =
𝑟 𝑥
𝑦 𝑥
3. tan 𝜃 = 6. cot 𝜃 =
𝑥 𝑦

If we put 𝑟 = 1 in above relations and draw a unit

circle with center the origin and label as in following
Figure, then the coordinates of P are (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)

17 DR. Rola Asaad Hijazi 23 August 2023

18 DR. Rola Asaad Hijazi 23 August 2023
 Remark:
The sign of the trigonometric functions for angles in each of
the four quadrants can be remembered by the quote :

S A
“All Students Take Calculus”.
T C

19 DR. Rola Asaad Hijazi 23 August 2023

 The following table gives some value of
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 and 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋
2𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 3𝜋
𝜃 0 6 4 𝜋
3 2 3 4 6 2
1 1 3 3 1 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 0 1 0 −1 0
2 2 2 2 2 2

3 1 1 1 1 3 −1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 1 0 − − − 0 1
2 2 2 2 2 2

20 DR. Rola Asaad Hijazi 23 August 2023

 In Calculus we use radians to measure angles
except when otherwise indicated.

Degrees 0° 30° 45° 60° 90° 120° 135° 150° 180° 270° 360°

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 3𝜋
𝜋 2𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋
Radians 0 4 3 2 4 6 2
6 3

21 DR. Rola Asaad Hijazi 23 August 2023

 2 𝜋
Example 4: If 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = , 0 < 𝜃 < , find the other five
5 2
trigonometric functions of 𝜃.

Solution :

22 DR. Rola Asaad Hijazi 23 August 2023

Exercise 33:

If 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝛽 = 3 ,𝜋 < 𝛽 < 2𝜋, find the other five trigonometric functions of 𝛽.

Solution :

23 DR. Rola Asaad Hijazi 23 August 2023

 Trigonometric Identities

1 1
7 csc 𝜃 =
sin 𝜃
sec 𝜃 =
cos 𝜃 11 sin −𝜃 = − sin 𝜃

1 cos(−𝜃) = cos(𝜃)
sin 𝜃
tan 𝜃 = cot 𝜃 =
cos 𝜃 tan 𝜃
cos 𝜃
cot 𝜃 =
sin 𝜃
12 sin(2𝜋 + 𝜃) = sin 𝜃

cos(2𝜋 + 𝜃) = cos 𝜃
8 sin2 𝜃 + cos2 𝜃 = 1

9 1 + tan2 𝜃 = sec 2 𝜃
16 sin 2𝜃 = 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
10 1 + cot 2 𝜃 = csc 2 𝜃
cos 2𝜃 = cos 2 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃

All Trigonometric Functions are odd functions except

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 and 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 are even functions.
24 23 August 2023
25 DR. Rola Asaad Hijazi 23 August 2023
 Graphs of the
Trigonometric Functions
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
1

−𝟐𝝅 −𝝅 0 𝝅 𝟐𝝅
-𝟏

Period of sin 𝜃 = 2𝜋 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

Domain = (−∞,∞) Symmetric about origin
Range = [−1,1] Not 1-1
−1 ≤ sin 𝜃 ≤ 1
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 Graphs of the
Trigonometric Functions

2 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙

−𝝅/2 𝝅/2
𝟐𝝅
-𝟏

Period of cos 𝜃 = 2𝜋 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

Domain = (−∞,∞)
Symmetric about y-axis
Range = [−1,1] Not 1-1
−1 ≤ cos 𝜃 ≤ 1
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 Graphs of the
Trigonometric Functions
Vertical
asymptotes
3 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙

Period = 𝜋
𝜋 Odd function
Domain = ℝ − 𝑥: 𝑥 = 2𝑛 + 1 2 , 𝑛 ∈ ℤ
Symmetric about origin
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝑥≠ , − , 3 , −3 , 5 , −5 ,…
2 2 2 2 2 2 Not 1-1
Range
28 = (−∞, ∞) DR. Rola Asaad Hijazi 23 August 2023
 Graphs of the
Trigonometric Functions

4 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒙

Period = 2𝜋
Vertical asymptotes: 𝑥 = 𝑛𝜋 ∶ 𝑛𝜖ℤ 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Domain: ℝ − {𝑥 = 𝑛𝜋 ∶ 𝑛𝜖ℤ} Symmetric about origin

Range: −∞, −1 ∪ [1, ∞) Not 1-1

29 DR. Rola Asaad Hijazi 23 August 2023
 Graphs of the
Trigonometric Functions

5 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙

Period = 2𝜋
Vertical asymptotes: 𝑥 = 2𝑛 + 1 𝜋/2 ∶ 𝑛𝜖ℤ
even 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Domain: ℝ − {𝑥 = 𝑥 = 2𝑛 + 1 𝜋/2 ∶ 𝑛𝜖ℤ} Symmetric with respect to the y-axis
Range: −∞, −1 ∪ [1, ∞) Not 1-1
30 DR. Rola Asaad Hijazi 23 August 2023
 Graphs of the
Trigonometric Functions

6 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒙

Period = 𝜋
Domain = ℝ − 𝑥 ∶ 𝑥 = 𝑛𝜋 ∶ 𝑛𝜖ℤ Odd function
Range = (−∞, ∞) Symmetric about origin
Vertical
31
asymptotes : ∶ 𝑥 = 𝑛𝜋 ∶ 𝑛𝜖ℤ DR. Rola Asaad Hijazi
Not 1-1 23 August 2023
 The Domain of

𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙

Domain: ℝ − {𝑥 = 𝑥 = 2𝑛 + 1 𝜋/2 ∶ 𝑛𝜖ℤ}

The Domain of

𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒙 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒙

Domain = ℝ − 𝑥 ∶ 𝑥 = 𝑛𝜋 ∶ 𝑛𝜖ℤ

32 DR. Rola Asaad Hijazi 23 August 2023

Example 5 Find the domain of the function 𝑓 𝑥 =
1
1 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

To find the equivalent angles of 𝜃 use the following:

note
𝜋-𝜃 𝜃

𝜋+𝜃 2𝜋-𝜃

33 DR. Rola Asaad Hijazi 23 August 2023

 Exponential are of the form of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑥 ,
Functions 𝑎 is a base > 0 , 𝑎 ≠ 1.

1 𝑥
1 𝑥
𝑎 > 1 , 𝑦 = 2 ,𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 2 0 < 𝑎 < 1, 𝑦 = 2

Domain=
Domain=
Range=
Range=
Increasing or decreasing !! Increasing or Decreasing
even or odd ? even or odd ?
34 DR. Rola Asaad Hijazi 23 August 2023
 Logarithmic 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥 ‫العدد‬
Function
‫القوى‬ ‫الأساس‬
The power to which The base 𝑎 is
we raise 𝑎 to get 𝑥 a +ve constant ≠ 1

note

1 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑥 = ln 𝑥

𝑙𝑜𝑔 functions are the inverse

2 functions of the exponential
functions.

3 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 1 = ⋯ Domain= Increasing or decreasing?

𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑎 = ⋯ Range= even or odd ?
35 DR. Rola Asaad Hijazi 23 August 2023
Example 6 Classify the following functions as one of the
types of functions that we have discussed.

1 𝑓 𝑥 = 5𝑥 …………………………..

2 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥5 …………………………..

1+𝑥
3 ℎ 𝑥 = 1− …………………………..
𝑥

4 𝑢 𝑡 = 1 − 𝑡 + 5𝑡 4 …………………………..

Homework
1,2,3,4,5

36 DR. Rola Asaad Hijazi 23 August 2023

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 Families of Essential Functions and Their Graphs

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 Linear Functions 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒎𝒙 + 𝒃

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 Power Functions 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝒂

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 𝒏
Root Functions 𝒙

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 1
Reciprocal Functions
𝑥𝑛

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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

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 Trigonometric Functions

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