CLINICAL CHEMISTRY 2 | MTY1214 L

FEU MNL | BSMT BATCH 2023 E

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CLINICAL CHEMISTRY 2: INTRODUCTION TO ENDOCRINE GLANDS

• Energy Production and Stabilize Metabolic Rate
OUTLINE • Promote or Inhibit Other Hormones
o Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), Dopamine
I. Introduction
A. Endocrinology COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE
B. Endocrine System PEPTIDE/PROTEIN HORMONES
C. Hormones • Synthesized in the Rough ER, in the ribosomes as prehormone
or as a preprohormones
II. Hormone Roles • Stored: vesicle (of the cells of the respective endocrine glands)
• Receptor site: cell membrane
III. Composition and Structure • Destined for secretion outside the cell
• Hydrophilic
IV. Hormonal Interaction
GLYCOPROTEIN
V. Patterns of Hormonal Communication • Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH), human chorionic
gonadotropin (hCG), Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH),
Erythropoietin
INTRODUCTION POLYPEPTIDES
• Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH), Insulin, Glucagon,
ENDOCRINOLOGY Somatostatin
• Study of the processes involved in the regulation and • Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), Angiotensin, Parathyroid hormone
investigation of cells and organ systems by hormones. (PTH), Calcitonin
• Growth hormone (GH), Cholecystokinin, Gastrin
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM • Oxytocin, Prolactin
• Group of ductless glands that secrete hormones STEROID HORMONES
o Hypothalamus
• Synthesized in the Smooth ER
o Pituitary Gland
• Derived from Cholesterol
o Thyroid and Parathyroid Gland
o Adrenal Gland • No storage form
o Ovaries and Testes • Receptor site: nucleus
o Pancreas • Hydrophobic
• Onset of action is slower and lasts longer
HORMONES • Examples:
o Mineralocorticosteroids
• Chemical signals (can be protein or lipid in nature) produced by
▪ Aldosterone
specialized cells (endocrine glands) secreted into the blood
o Glucocorticoids
stream
▪ Cortisol
• Carried to a target site (another tissue or organ) of action either
o Androgens
free or protein bound
▪ Testosterone
• Some of them are carried by serum proteins o Estrogens
• Necessary for normal growth, development, reproduction, and
homeostasis.
AMINO ACID DERIVED HORMONES (AMINES)
• Function similar to steroid or peptides.
• Synthesized in the cytoplasm
HORMONE ROLES
• Derived from amino acid (Tyrosine & Tryptophan)
• Stress response
• Examples:
o Cortisol, Epinephrine
o Epinephrine
• Homeostasis
o Norepinephrine (Peptide-like amino acid derived)
o Insulin, Glucagon, Cortisol, Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
o Triiodothyronine (T3)
• Sexual Maturation & Reproductive Process o Thyroxine (T4) (Steroid-like amino acid derived)
o Testosterone, Estrogen
• Growth and Development of the Body
SUMMARY
o Growth hormone, Tropic hormones
Table 1. Summary of Composition and Structure
Peptides Steroids Peptide-like AA derived Steroid-like AA derived
hormones hormones
Hormones Hypothalamic/Pituitary Glucocorticoids, Epinephrine, Dopamine T3, T4
hormones, Insulin Androgen, Estrogens
Source Hypothalamus, pituitary, Adrenal cortex, testes, Adrenal medulla, Thyroid gland
pancreas ovaries hypothalamus
Production Rough ER Smooth ER Cytoplasm Cytoplasm
Storage Vesicles None Vesicles Thyroid follicles
Plasma form Free Bound Free Bound
Receptor sites Cell membrane Nucleus Cell membrane Nucleus
Onset effects Fast Slow Fast Slow
Duration effects Short Long Short Long

JENINA BALASOLLA, ERROL CABADING & DHEZMONA MADJID 1

 CLINICAL CHEMISTRY 2: INTRODUCTION TO ENDOCRINE GLANDS

HORMONAL INTERACTION
• Synergistic
o Two (2) or more hormones are additive or complementary
in effect
o Example: FSH and LH
▪ These have a complementary effect in the
development of the ovaries
• Antagonistic
o One (1) hormone offsets another hormone
o Example: Insulin and Glucagon
▪ The increase in the concentration of insulin in the
blood attenuates the secretion of glucagon and vice
versa
• Permissive
o One (1) hormone enhance the responsiveness of a target
to another
o Example: T3 / T4 and Epinephrine
▪ The T3 and T4 enhances the responsiveness of the
target cells of epinephrine
• Potentiation Reaction
o One (1) hormone increase the action of another hormone
o Example: Testosterone and FSH
▪ The testosterone enhances the activity of the FSH
• Stimulatory Reaction
o One (1) hormone stimulates the secretion of another
hormone
o Example: Prolactin and Oxytocin
▪ The prolactin stimulates the secretion of oxytocin
• Inhibitory Reaction
o One (1) hormone inhibits the secretion of another
hormone
o Example: Prolactin and FSH / GnRH
▪ With the increased level of prolactin, it will inhibit the
secretion of FSH and GnRH

PATTERNS OF HORMONE COMMUNICATION

• Autocrine
o Hormone secreted by a cell and acts on that cell
o Example: Insulin
▪ When secreted by the beta cells of the pancreas, it will
also act on the receptor of the beta cells itself
• Paracrine
o Hormones secreted by a cell and acts on nearby cells
o Example: Estrogen and Testosterone
▪ Estrogen
 Secreted by the ovaries
▪ Testosterone
 Secreted by the Leydig cells of the testes
• Endocrine
o Hormones secreted by glandular cell into blood and acts on
distant cells
o Example: Tropic Hormones & Gonadotropins
▪ Gonadotropins
 FSH, LH
 Secreted by the distant pituitary gland
• Neuroendocrine
o Hormone secreted by nerve cell (neuron) into blood and
acts on distant target cells
o Example: Hypothalamic Hormones (Releasing
Hormones)

JENINA BALASOLLA, ERROL CABADING & DHEZMONA MADJID 2

 CLINICAL CHEMISTRY 2: INTRODUCTION TO ENDOCRINE GLANDS

Review Questions
1) Which hormonal interaction enhances the responsiveness of a
target to another hormone?
a) Permissive
b) Synergistic
c) Stimulatory Reaction
d) Antagonistic
2) Which of the following hormones is an example of an autocrine
pattern of hormone communication?
a) Insulin
b) Estrogen
c) Testosterone
d) Releasing Hormones
3) Which pattern of hormone communication is secreted by a
neuron into the blood and acts on distant target cells?
a) Endocrine
b) Paracrine
c) Neuroendocrine
d) Autocrine
4) Synergistic is described as 2 or more hormones are additive or
complementary in effect. True or False?
a) True
b) False
5) What part of the cell are Peptide-like and Steroid-AA derived
hormones are both produced?
a) Smooth ER
b) Cytoplasm
c) Rough ER
d) Cell membrane
6) Steroids and Steroid-like AA-derived hormones are both ____
onset effects, and ____ duration effects.
a) Slow, short
b) Fast, short
c) Fast, long
d) Slow, long
7) Peptides and Peptide-like AA-derived hormones are both ____
onset effects, and ____ duration effects.
a) Fast, short
b) Slow, long
c) Slow, short
d) Fast, long
8) It is a system in which an increased in the product results to
elevation of the activity of the system and the production rate.
a) Positive feedback
b) Negative feedback
9) It is secreted in endocrine cells and released into interstitial
space.
a) Endocrine
b) Paracrine
c) Autocrine
d) Intracrine
10) Binds to specific receptor on cell of origin resulting to self-
regulation of its function
a) Endocrine
b) Paracrine
c) Autocrine
d) Intracrine

Answers: 1a, 2a, 3c, 4a, 5b, 6d, 7a, 8a, 9b, 10c

References

PPT: Sir Aaron Jan Palmares, RMT, MSMT

Lecturer: Sir Aaron Jan Palmares, RMT, MSMT

JENINA BALASOLLA, ERROL CABADING & DHEZMONA MADJID 3