RA 1425

-
Rizal Law
-
June 12 , 1956
 Republic of the Philippines
Bicol University - Polangui
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GEC 19: Life and Works of Rizal
THE PHILIPPINES IN THE 19TH
CENTURY AS RIZAL’S CONTEXT
Reporters:
Cataluña, Lea Mae M.
Perillo, Mary Joy P.
BSN 4-B
I. The World and the Philippines of
Rizal’s Time (19th Century)
The World of Rizal’s Time
3. Modernization of living through the
Six Major Changes of the 19th Century
were formed, a cabinet system was
adopted (House of Commons and
House of Lords), slavery abolished
in the colonies
● Outside Europe, Australia adopted
secret ballot system and right to vote
in 1885, New Zealand also adopted
the right to vote in 1893.
● In the United States, Andrew
Jackson and Abraham Lincoln were
elected by popular vote. The
American Civil War ended slavery.
Industrial Revolution

1. Struggle for Nationalism ● Two Major Changes in the

Two Major Upheavals that influenced Industries
the thinking and development of the a. A shift from manual labor to
19th Century machine work
b. Domestic System to Factory
a. American Revolution System
(1775-1783) - complete
independence of America ● Effects of Industrial Revolution
from Great Britain. a. Standards of Living were
b. French Revolution (1779- improved
1789) - ended absolutism b. National Wealth Increased
and feudalism privileges c. Encouraged migration
after monarchy was d. Steady increased in population
overthrown. e. Spirit of Nationalism
f. Development of Capitalism
2. Gradual spread of Democracy g. Rise of Middle Class
● In France, following the h. Disputes between capitalist and
establishment of the 3rd Republic in laborers.
1875, laws were enacted to advance
democracy, such as the right of 4. Advancement in Science and
suffrage for everyone. Technology
● In England, reforms were passed in ● Atomic Theory formulated by John
the Parliament; new election districts Dalton
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● Discovery of Radium by Marie Curie
● Discovery of Germs that caused
diseases in man and animals by
Louis Pasteur
● Discovery of Infectious diseases
caused by anthrax and the
development of inoculation to
prevent its spread by Robert Koch
● Development of antiseptics to
prevent infections by Dr. Joseph
Lister
● Use of Anesthesia in Surgical
Operations as demonstrated by Dr.
Crawford Long
● Use of Ether for painless tooth
extraction as pioneered by Dr.
William Morton
5. Growth of Imperialism
Imperialism on:
● Economic Standpoint:
Imperialism has resorted to
the purpose of securing raw
materials, markets for 6. New ideas and confidence for growth
manufactured goods, outlets
for surplus population, and
fields of expansion for
investment for surplus capital.
● Political Standpoints: May be
for the acquisition of regions
necessary for national sand
territories.
● Religious Standpoint:
Expansion is an opportunity
to spread religious mission.
Growth of Imperialism on different
countries
● England emerged as the
world’s leading imperialist
power during the reign of
Queen Victoria and succeeded
in establishing a global colonial
empire
● The French followed the
examples of the English; they
acquired Vietnam, Laos, and
Cambodia as their territory.
● Czarist Russia expanded its
territory eastward and acquired
Siberian Kamchatka peninsula,
the Kuriles Islands and Alaska.
● Japan acquired neighboring
territories following the opening
of its door to Western
Imperialism
● Germany acquired the Pacific
Island of Yap in the Carolines.
● Democracy made significant
gains and social relations.
● Human rights were extended to
people.
● Education for Nationalism
● Science received a great boost
from businessmen
● Literature centered on the life of
time.
● Painters and artists painted life
as it was all around them.
● Musicians and composers
showed their feelings of
nationalism using folk songs
and national themes
 Republic of the Philippines
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The Philippines of Rizal’s Time abuse, brutalized, persecuted and

Evils during Rizal’s Time
1. Instability of Colonial Administration
During the early-mid 19th
century, from the colonial era of
Spaniards. The reign of King
Ferdinand VII was a chaotic time in
the Philippines. Frequent shift of
policies owing to struggle between
Liberalism and Despotism.
2. No Philippine Representation in
Spanish Cortes
The Spanish cortes was
established in 1837 to hide the
corruption and abuse happening in
the Philippines. With this, the
Philippines was poorly represented
and resulted in various atrocities of
the Spanish colonizers.
3. Human Rights Denied to Filipinos
The people of Spain did have
Human Rights and they enjoyed it (
Freedom Of Speech, Freedom of the
Press and Freedom to Assembly).
However, theSpanish who
cherished these Rights in Spain
denied them to our fellow country
men, the Filipinos.
4. No Equality Before the Law
Spaniards considered our
ancestors as inferior beings to them.
Leyes de Indian ( Laws of the Indies)
- Promulgated by the Christians
monarch’s of Spain- Filipino were
slander by their Spanish matters
5. Maladministration of Justice
Justice was costly, partial and
slow. To poor Filipinos they had no
access to the courts .To Filipinos
masses,litigation in court was a
calamity.
6. Racial Discrimination
During Rizal’s time a white
skin, pointy nose and Castillian
lineage were a badge of vaunted
superiority. Indios were supposed to
called inferior beings because of the
color of the skin, hair, and shape of
their nose
7. Frailocracy
Friars (Augustinians,
Dominicans, and Franciscans) -
controlled the religious educational
life of the Philippines and later in the
19th century they acquired
tremendous political power, and
influence.
8. Forced Labor
Polo y Servicio - a
compulsory labor imposed by the
Spanish authorities on adult Filipino
male in the construction of
establishments. Filipino male
ranging from 16 to 60 years old were
obliged to render forced labor for 40
days a year
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9. Corrupt Colonial Officials II. Understanding Rizal in the Context

Governor- General Primo De
Rivera was one of the examples of
the corrupt officials during the
Spanish colonial era. He operated
casino and accepted bribes among
other things to obtain a lot of money.
Friars also used the word of God to
collect and steal the offerings of the
people
10. Haciendas Owned By the Friars
Rizal tried to initiate agrarian
reform in 1887 but in vain, ignited the
wrath of the Dominican Friars who
retaliated by raising land rentals.
11. Guardia Civil
Created by the Royal
Decree of February 12, 1852.
Maltreatment, abuse, robbers and
rapists.- Rizal’s Noli exposed the
Guardia Civil through Elias as bunch
of ruthless ruffians, good only for
disturbing the peace and persecuting
honest men
of the 19th Century Philippines
❖ 19th Century Philippines
➢ Birth of Modernity
- Emphasizes on the break
from traditional ways of life
- Emergence of new ideas,
attitudes, and institutions that
marked the transition to a new
era
➢ Age of Enlightenment (1872-
1898)
- A philosophical movement
that valued reason,
rationality, and
individualism
➢ Revolutions
- Industrial revolution-invention
of steam engines and
machines that were used in
manufacturing sectors
A. Economic Conditions
The country was opened to foreign
trade at the end of the 18th century
which resulted in the rapid rise of
foreign firms in Manila.

● Factors that Contributed to the

Development of Filipino Nationalism
○ Opening of the Philippines to
International Trade - Manila
was opened to foreign trade
which brought prosperity to
Filipinos
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● Influx of European Liberalism ○ Rise of new influential and

○ Ideas of the enlightenment
reached the Philippines
● Opening of Suez Canal (November
17, 1869)
- Shorter distance between
Europe and Orient
- Exodus of literal ideas from
Europe to the Philippines
- More Filipinos were able to
study abroad
- Intense production of crops
for commercial enterprises
LET’S GO BACK…
● Manila-Acapulco Trade/Galleon
Trade
- Ships traveling back and
forth between Acapulco, New
Spain (now Mexico) and
Manila that carried goods,
livestock, precious minerals,
etc.
- Main source of income for
the colony
- Lasted until 1st decade of the
19th century
● Positive Effects of Industrial
Revolution to the Philippines
○ Philippine economy opened
to world commerce
○ Cash crop agriculture-
agricultural crops that are
planted for the purpose of
selling on the market or for
export to make profit
○ Immigration of foreign traders
and investors
and wealthy Filipino middle
class
○ Encouraged participation in
trading
○ Philippine economy became
dynamic and balanced
● Emergence of the Middle Class
○ Inquilinos/Tenants
- Oversee the production of
cash crops by subleasing
large estates/haciendas from
friars and subletting them to
indigenous farmers
- Wealthy families by the end
of the 19th century brought
by the fast economic
progress in the Philippines
B. Social Conditions
● Spanish Racial Hierarchy
1. Peninsulares - Pure-blooded
Spaniard born in the Iberian
Peninsula such as Spain
2. Insulares/Creoles - Full blooded
Spaniards born in the colonies
(Philippines or Marianas)
3. Mestizos - People of mixed native
Filipino and any foreign ancestry
4. Principalia - Wealthy pure-
blooded native supposedly
descended from the kadatoan
class
5. Indios - Pure blood native of the
Philippines - Filipinos
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➔ The return of Jesuits meant

C. Educational Condition and the return of new ideas and
Cultural Conditions methods for the educational
system
● Rise of the Illustrados ➔ Languages taught: Latin,
- Illustrados Spanish, Greek, French, and
- mean “erudite”, “learned”, or English
“enlightened ones” ➔ In the secondary schools -
- Group of educated native who Nationalism began to
sought freedom and emerge
independence from Spanish rule
- Exposed to secular and liberal
ideas thanks to the French
Revolution

● Educational Reforms of the 19th

Century
○ The Industrial Revolution
necessitated changes in the
education system of the
Philippines
➔ Defects in Education during
Spanish Time
◆ Emphasis on religion
◆ Absence of Academic
Freedom
◆ Discrimination
◆ Limited curriculum
○ Educational Decree of 1863
➔ Significant attempt by the
Spanish Colonial
Government to address the
lack of formal education
among Filipinos

○ Return of Jesuits influenced the

educational system of the
Philippines
 LIFE & WORKS
OF Rizal
ANDREA EBIO | OLIVER NAVIDA
The Birth of a Hero.
Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda
 Born on a near midnight of Wednesday of June 19,
1861
 He was a frail baby boy when he was born
 He was born “a few days before the full of the
moon”
 His mother’s delivery was di icult that his mother
almost died
 His mother’s survival was attributed to Our Lady
of Peace and Good Voyage
Rizal was destined to become the greatest genius and
hero of the Philippines.
Jose’s Parents
Francisco Mercado (1818-1898)
 Born on Biñan on May 11, 1818 and died in
Manila on January 5, 1898, at the age of 80
 An educated farmer having studied Latin and
Philosophy at the College of San Jose in
Manila
 After his mother died he became a tenant-
farmer of the Dominican estate
 Married a college-bred Manileña, Teodora
Alonzo Realonda (June 28, 1848)
 Jose called him “a model of fathers”
 He was described as a quiet, serious, frugal
man, taller than an average Filipino, with wide
shoulder, brown complexion, prominent
forehead, large dark eyes, large ears and firm
jaws
Teodora Alonzo Realonda (1826-1911)
 Born in Manila on November 8, 1826 and died
on August 16, 1911, at the age of 85
 A graduate of Santa Rosa College, a talented
woman with high culture, business ability, and
literary gift
 Aside from helping her husband in farming
and business, she looked after the education
and moral training of her numerous children
The Rizal Children
1. Saturnina (1850-1913), She was the oldest.
She married Manuel T. Hidalgo of Tanawan,
Batangas
2. Paciano (1851-1930), He was the older
brother of Jose. After his brother’s execution,
he joined the Revolution and became a
general. He retired to his farm in Los Baños
and led a life of a gentleman farmer. He died
an old bachelor though he had a common-law
wife
3. Narcisa (1852-1939), She married Antonino
Lopez, school teacher of Morong, Rizal
4. Olympia (1855-1887), She married Silvestre
Ubaldo, a telegraph operator from Manila
5. Lucia (1857-1919), She married Mariano
Herbosa of Calamba
6. Maria (1859-1945), She married Daniel
Faustino Cruz of Biñan, Laguna
7. Jose (1859-1896). The lucky seven in a family
of eleven children. Married Josephine
Bracken, a pretty Irish from Hong Kong
8. Concepcion (1862-1865). She died at the age
of THREE
9. Josefa (1865-1945). She did not marry, she
died an old maid
10. Trinidad (1868-1951) She died an old maid like
Josefa
11. Soledad (1870-1929). She married Pantaleon
Quintero of Calamba
Ancestry of Rizal
Rizal was of mixed ancestry. In his veins flowed the
bloods of both East and West-Negrito, Indonesian,
Malay, Chinese, Japanese, and Spanish.
*Rizal’s paternal great-great-grandfather was a
Chinese named Domingo Lam-co, a native Chinchew.
In his maternal side, Rizal’s ancestor was Lakan-Dula,
last Malayan King of Tondo.
The Name “Rizal”
-Original family name was “Mercado” which means
market. It was adopted by Lam-co in 1731. Lam-co
liked it because it appealed to his business and it also
reminded him of his Chinchew ancestors.
-In 1849 a decree was issued directing all Filipino
families to choose new surnames from a list of
Spanish family names. The purpose of this was to
hispanize the Filipino surnames which were di icult
 LIFE & WORKS
OF Rizal
ANDREA EBIO | OLIVER NAVIDA
of the Spanish authorities to pronounce, much less to
remember.
-Jose’s father scanned the list of the Spanish
surnames and he did not like it. Being a man of
independent character, he chose his own family
name Rizal (Ricial,a Spanish word that means green
field or new pasture) which was not recommended by
the Spanish authorities
The Rizal Family
-The Rizals was one of the richest families in Calamba
during the times prior to its persecution by the friars.
By his parent’s industry and frugality, were able to
build up a large fortune. By present-day standards,
THEY WERE RICH.
 First to build a large stone house in Calamba
 First to own a carruaje
 First to have a home library
 First to educate their children in the colleges
of Manila
Combining a luence and culture, hospitality and
courtesy, they participated prominently in all social
and religious a airs in the community. They were
gracious hosts to all visitors and guests friars, Spanish
o icials, and Filipino friends - during the town fiestas
and other holidays. Beneath their roof, all guests
irrespective of their color, rank, social position, and
economic status, were welcome.
Childhood
Earliest Childhood Memory. His first memory, in his
infancy, was his happy days in the family garden when
he was three. Because he was a frail, sickly, and
undersized child, he was given the tenderest care of
his parents. His father built him little nipa cottage for
him to play in daytime. A kind old woman was
employed as a maid to look after young Jose.
 Daily Angelus prayer with his family by nightfall
 The imaginary tales told by the maid which
aroused Rizal’s interest in legends and folklores
 Nocturnal walk in town especially when there was
a moon
First Sorrow. One of Rizal’s Concha (Concepcion)
whom he loved the most. Unfortunately, Concha died
of sickness in 1865 when she was three years old. The
death of little Concha brought him his first sorrow.
Rizal was a devoted son of Church.
 At the age of 3, he began to take part in family
prayers
 At 5 he was able to read the Spanish Family
Bible
 He loved to go to church, to pray, to take part
in novenas and to join religious processions
First Education From his Mother. Jose’s first teacher
was his mother.
 At the age of 3 he learned the alphabet and
prayers with her
 Her mother saw that her boy had a talent for
poetry, she encouraged him to write poems
 When he misbehaved, his mother spanked
him with a slipper
 Doña Teodora’s told stories to Jose which
made the profoundest impression on him, The
story of the Moth.
Rizal’s Three Uncles.
 Uncle Gregorio, a lover of books, who instilled
to Rizal his love for books. He also taught him
to work hard, to think for himself, and to
observe like keenly
 Uncle Jose, the youngest brother of his
mother, encouraged him to paint, sketch and
sculpture
 Uncle Manuel, who looked after Rizal’s
physical training of his sickly and weak body.
He encouraged Rizal to learn swimming,
fencing, wrestling, and other sports
Early Education
Early Schooling. The first teacher of Rizal, as already
stated, was his mother. He was given further
instructions by private tutors, such as Maestro
Celestino and Maestro Lucas Padua. His father hired
Leon Monroy to give Rizal the first lessons in Latin.
Leon Monroy died five months later so Rizal’s lessons
in Latin was cut short.
Jose Goes to Biñan. On a Sunday afternoon of June
1870, Jose, accompanied by Paciano, left Calamba
for Biñan for his first formal education. He stayed at
 LIFE & WORKS
OF Rizal
ANDREA EBIO | OLIVER NAVIDA
their aunt’s house. He became depressed because of
homesickness.

Rizal's first day of school was challenging as he had

limited knowledge of Latin and Spanish. He faced
ridicule from a classmate named Pedro, who
frequently bullied him, leading to a fight. Thanks to
Rizal's wrestling skills acquired from his Tio Manuel,
he defeated Pedro and gained popularity. Rizal
excelled in Latin, Spanish, and other subjects, which
sparked jealousy among his classmates who tried to
tarnish his reputation with Maestro Cruz. He also
developed an interest in painting under the guidance
of an old painter named Juancho of Biñan. Despite the
memorization-based teaching method of the time and
some gaps in his elementary education, Rizal
managed to receive the necessary instruction for
college preparation in Manila, showcasing his
intellectual superiority.

Injustice to Rizal’s mother. Doña Teodora’s arrest

and imprisonment on trumped-up charges of
attempting to poison her cousin. This accusation was
likely politically motivated, aimed at pressuring Rizal
to cease his nationalist activities. Teodora endured a
long and di icult legal battle, although she was
eventually acquitted due to lack of evidence.
RIZAL’S LIFE: Higher Education and Life Abroad

a. RIZAL EDUCATION IN MANILA (1872-1882)

The Ateneo Years (1872-1877)

❖ June 1872 - Rizal was sent to Manila to study at the Ateneo
Municipal.
❖ Ateneo Municipal - Formerly known as Escuela Pia or Charity
School of Manila.
• Don Francisco - originally wanted his son to study in this
institution.
❖ Colegio de San Juan de Letran - Where Rizal took and passed the
entrance examination in Christian doctrine, Arithmetic and Reading.
• Fr. Magin Fernando - school registrar who believed that Rizal
was late for registration and he appeared frail and sickly.
• Jose Rizal Mercado - named used by Rizal in his application in
Ateneo.
• Manuel Xerez Burgos - the nephew of Father Jose Burgos who
intervened in order to accept Rizal as a student in Ateneo.
❖ Titay- Rizal's first landlady in Ateneo
• Caraballo St. (Carballo in Binondo)
• Jose stayed with her as payment of her debt (P300) to Don
Francisco.
❖ Doña Pepay - owner of the house where Rizal stayed when he was in
his second and third year in Ateneo.
• 6 Magallanes St. Walled City
• no curfew
❖ June 16, 1875 - he was about to be 14 he would become a full intern
at Ateneo (3rd floor) for his last two years.
• Allowance: 8 pesos
• Felix Roxas - a freshman who became his dormitory mate.
❖ Jesuit System of Education
• Promotes physical culture, humanities, and scientific studies
• Vocational courses on agriculture, commerce, mechanics, and
surveying
• Ration studiorum – method of instruction used at Ateneo; a system
of indoctrination under tight and constant discipline but with
reward
• Ad Majorem Dei Gloriam - For the greater Glory of God
• Emphasized on rigid discipline, character building, and religious
instruction.
• Encouraged competition among students.
• Roman Empire - those students living inside the Ateneo
o Called internos
o Symbol used was a red flag
• Carthaginian Empire - those students living outside the Ateneo
o Called externos
o Symbol used was a blue flag
❖ Fr. Jose Bech - Rizal's first professor in Ateneo
❖ Rizal's favorite books
• Universal History - Cesar Cantu
• Count of Monte Cristo - Alexander Dumas
• Travels of the Philippines - Feodor Jagor
❖ Santa Isabel College - where Rizal took private lessons in Spanish
during his break time.
❖ Fr. Francisco Paula de Sanchez - Rizal's favorite teacher whom he
met during his fourth year.
❖ Poems of Rizal in Ateneo
• Mi Primera Inspiracion (My First Inspiration)
o First poem written in Ateneo
o Dedicated to his mother
• Felicitacion
 o Gift to one of his sisters' wedding
• Un Recuerdo A Mi Pueblo (In Memory of My Town)
o In honor of his birthplace, Calamba
Niño
Jesus (To the Child Jesus) as Rizal’s expression of his devotion to
Catholicism; La
Alianza Intima Entre Religion y La Buena Educacion (The Intimate
Alliance Between
Religion and Good Education); and Por La Educacion Recibe Lustre la
Patria (Through
Education The Country Receives Light) that shows Rizal’s various ideas
on education.
From this, Rizal likened education t
❖ Al Niño Jesus (To the Child Jesus)
o as Rizal’s expression of his devotion to Catholicism
❖ La Alianza Intima Entre Religion y La Buena Educacion (The
Intimate Alliance Between Religion and Good Education)
❖ Por La Educacion Recibe Lustre la Patria (Through Education
the Country Receives Light)
o shows Rizal’s various ideas on education
❖ Rizal as Painter and Sculptor
• Agustin Saez - famous painter
• Romualdo Teodoro de Jesus - noted Filipino sculptor
❖ Rizal's carvings
• Image of the Blessed Virgin Mary
• Image of the Sacred Heart - requested by Fr. Lleonart, one of his
teachers.
❖ Fr. Jose Villaclara - Rizal's professor who once told him not to pay
attention to the arts and sciences and balance his attention to other
fields such as science and philosophy.

Jose Rizal in the University of Santo Tomas (1877-1882)

❖ Doña Teodora - wanted her son to return to Calamba and look after
 the family business upon Rizal's graduation from Ateneo.
❖ University of Santo Tomas - April 1887 Rizal was 16 when he
enrolled taking Philosophy and Letters.
❖ Fr. Pablo Ramon - Vice Rector of Ateneo; whom he asked for an
advice to what to take up in college.
❖ Medicine - suggested by the friar
❖ Land Surveying Course (1877-1878) - a vocational course which
Rizal took in Ateneo.
o He was awarded the title perito agrimensor or expert surveyor
o He passed the final examination for the course.
o He could not practice the surveyor’s profession since he was still
underage when he passed the course.
o He was issued his certificate on November 25, 1881, at the age of 20.
❖ Doña Concha Leyva - Rizal's first landlady in UST
o Rizal stayed in her house during his first year
o Her house is beside the house of Leonor Valenzuela
❖ Antonio Rivera - Rizal's uncle, his land lord for his remaining years
in UST
❖ Jose Franco - Rizal's lay teacher in Physics who threatened to fail
the entire class.

Academic Performance at UST

❖ 3 Contributing Factors:
• The attitude of Dominican professors towards Rizal
• The racial discrimination against Filipino students
• He was disgusted at the primitive method used in UST
❖ Rizal's Girlfriends
• Segunda Katigbak – first woman whom he frequently visited in
her boarding house
• Leonor (Orang) Valenzuela
• Leonor Rivera – his first cousin whom he courted
Liberalism and Literary Works as a University Student
❖ Significant revolutions of 19 century in the country
th

• revolution against monasticism

• human reason against the comforting certitudes of the catechism
• race and nation against inequality and subjection
❖ Liceo Artistico Literario de Manila - An organization of art lovers
in the city, which conducted regular competition in literary writing.
• Rizal joined the contest in 1879 and 1880
❖ A La Juventud Filipina (To the Filipino Youth)
o Written when he was 18.
o Won first prize and was awarded a silver quill for his prowess in
poetry.
o Done without the help of Fr. Sanchez
❖ El Consejo de los Dioses (The Council of the Gods)
• A play written in praise of Spain's national poet Miguel de
Cervantes in which Rizal proved that he was co-equal with Homer
and Virgil
• Rizal won first prize but there was a protest because he is an Indio
• D.N. del Puzo- A Spaniard who won second prize.
❖ Both entries were judged as the best entry in the said competition.
❖ Junto Al Pasig - written in 1880; a one-act play, which was
requested by the Jesuit fathers.
• Staged in Ateneo on the occasion of the feast day of Immaculate
Concepcion.
• A subtle satire that showed his nationalistic ideas.
❖ A Filipinas - a sonnet in which he urged Filipino artists to glorify the
country through their works.

Activism at UST
❖ Compañerismo - a secret group of Filipino students created by Rizal
❖ Companions of Jehu – members, the patriot general of the Jews
❖ Galiciano Apacible - the secretary
 • Rizal’s activism was expressed in his disapproval of the faulty and
outmoded system of education in the university during his time.
• He condemned the humiliation of brown Filipino students, who
were most of the time insulted by their Dominican mentors.
• He also criticized the archaic method of instruction at UST.
• He ridiculously described the teaching of Physics devoid of
laboratory experiments.
• Students were not allowed to touch the laboratory apparatus and
equipment.
• Favoritism and skin color were bases for getting the good grades and
not the actual intellectual capacity of the students.

Rizal's First Taste of Spanish Brutality

❖ Rizal had his first taste of Spanish brutality during his first summer
vacation of Calamba after his freshman year at UST.
❖ He failed to greet the lieutenant of the Guardia Civil because of the
darkness of the night. The latter whip out his sword and slashed it at
Rizal's back.
❖ Gov. Gen. Fernando Primo de Rivera - whom Rizal appealed
regarding the incident.

b. Rizal’s First Travels Abroad (1882-1887)

First Trip to Europe

Jose Rizal left Manila on May 3, 1882
1. He left for Spain with the blessings of his brother Paciano and his
uncle, Antonio Rivera.
2. He decided not to seek his parents' blessing knowing they would
never approve of his plan.
3. He secured endorsements from Pedro Paterno.
4. His first stop was in Singapore; Colombo in Sri Lanka; Aden in
Yemen; and crossed the entire length of the Suez Canal. They landed
at Port Said, Egypt; Naples in Italy, and disembarked in Marseilles,
 France.

Activities in Marseilles
1. Jose Rizal went to Château d'If, the venue of Alexandre Dumas's
novel, The Count of Monte Cristo.
2. He boarded in Portbou. He noticed the indifference of the Spanish
immigration officers compared to the courteous French counterparts.

Arrival in Spain
1. He first stopped in Barcelona, the capital of the Spanish province,
Cataluña. According to him, the people were indifferent and he
arrived during the summer vacation of the students.
• He decided to continue his studies in Spain:
o to widen his knowledge;
o to avail of more conducive conditions in Europe; and
o to learn a cure on the worsening eye condition of his mother.
a. In this city, he found out that the people of the city enjoyed
freedom and liberalism.
b. He wrote essays for Diariong Tagalog in Manila on August 20,
1882.
• "Amor Patrio" (Love of Country) – first piece he made at the
age of 21
o The trip aimed to satisfy one of Rizal’s mission: to make a
name for himself by sharing his writings and to express his
love for his country.
o While writing this, he used the screen name Laong Laan.
• "Los Viajes" (Travels)
• "Revista de Madrid" (Review of Madrid)
c. He met his classmates from Ateneo at the Plaza de Cataluña.
2. Madrid
a. On September 1882, Rizal moved to the capital city of Spain to
continue his studies. He enrolled at the Universidad Central de
Madrid on November 3, 1882. He enrolled in the following
 courses:
• Medicine
• Philosophy and Letters
b. He took courses at the Academy of San Carlos
• Painting and sculpture
• Languages: French, German, and English
c. He took private lessons at the Hall of Sanz and Carbonell
• Shooting
• Fencing
d. Important people he met:
• Dr. Miguel Morayta, an advocate of freedom and self-
determination. Students from South America hailed Dr. Morayta
as their champion. He joined his students and other supporters to
this end.
• Don Pablo Ortega y Rey, a Spanish liberal who used to live in
the Philippines.
e. Jose Rizal joined the Circulo Hispano Filipino.
• It was a social organization where the members talked on the
reforms needed in the Philippines.
f. He then finished his course in Philosophy and Letters and gained
the degree Licenciado en Filosofia y Letras.
g. Rizal was halfway done with his novel, Noli Me Tangere.
h. Juan Atayde – a retired army officer and a Philippine-born
Spaniard
i. Rizal was able to the poem entitled, “Mi Piden Versos” (They As
Me for Verses).
j. Influenced by Miguel Morayta, a history professor at the
Unibersidad de Madrid, Rizal became a member of freemasonry with
“Dimasalang” as its masonic name.
k.Dimasalang- an organization outlawed by the Catholic Church
because its beliefs are contrary to the doctrines of the church.
• Master Mason in Lodge Solidaridad on November 15, 1890.
 • Rizal was immediately removed from the Catholic church.
l. Rizal’s love interest in Madrid was Consuelo, Don Pablo’s
daughter.
• He composed a poem to her entitled, “A La Senorita C. O. y
R.”
m. Juan Luna and Felix Hidalgo were the pride of Filipino people.
n. Juan Luna – awarded the top prize for his painting Spolarium.
o. Felix Hidalgo – got the second place for his painting Virgenes
Christianas Expuestas al Populacho (Christian Virgins Exposed
to the Population).

Paris, France
1. He arrived in Paris on November 1885.
2. He was 24 years old and a full-pledged surgeon specialize in
Ophthalmology.
3. He worked as an assistant to Dr. Louis de Weckert’s eye clinic for 4
months.
4. He found time to be with his friends, Pardo de Taveras, Juan Luna,
and Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo.
5. He posed for Juan Luna's two historical paintings: The Blood
Compact (as Sikatuna) and Death of Cleopatra (as a Priest).
6. Composed songs: "Alin Mang Lahi" and "La Deportacion"
7. He finished some part of his Noli.

Germany
1. On February 1886, he arrived in Heidelberg, an old university town.
a. He worked as an assistant to Dr. Otto Becker at the University Eye
Hospital.
b. He listened to the lectures of Dr. Becker and Prof. Wilhelm
Kuehne.
c. He wrote the poem, "To the Flowers of Heidelberg."
d. He spent his summer vacation in 1886 in Wilhelmsfeld where he
lived with Protestant pastor Karl Ulmer to perfect his ability to
speak Germany.
 e. On July 31, 1886, he started his correspondence with Prof.
Ferdinand Blumentritt, the Director of Ateneo of Leitmeritz,
Austria. He sent a book to Prof. Blumentritt, Aritmetica by Rufino
Baltazar Hernandez.
2. On August 14, 1886, he arrived in Leipzig.
a. He met Prof. Friedrich Ratzel and Dr. Hans Meyer who wrote a
book on the Philippines.
b. He translated Schiller's William Tell to Tagalog. The book narrates
how the Swiss attained their independence in a peaceful manner.
c. He translated Hans Christian Andersen's Fairy Tales to Tagalog for
his nephews and nieces.
d. He worked in the publishing company as a proofreader to sustain
his allowance.
3. On October 29, 1886, he arrived in Dresden.
a. He met Dr. Adolph Meyer, the Director of Anthropological and
Ethnological Museum of the city.
b. He saw the painting of Raphael, the Sistine Madonna.
c. At the Zoological, Anthropological and Ethnographic Museum, he
saw the collection about the Philippines.
4. Berlin
a. He met Dr. Feodor Jagor who wrote Travels in the Philippines.
b. He met Drs. Rudolf and his son, Hans Virchow, two known
German anthropologists; Dr. W. Joest; and Dr. Ernest Schweigger,
a known ophthalmologist.
c. He became a member of the Anthropological Society, the
Ethnographic Society, and the Geographic Society.
• His paper entitled "Tagalische Verkunst" (Tagalog Medical Art)
was delivered before the members. He was accepted and became
a very respected member.
• He made the final revisions on the novel Noli Me Tangere. On
March 29, 1887, the novel was finally printed.
d. He went to Prague with Viola to visit the tomb of Nicolaus
Copernicus.
 • A famous Polish astronomer
e. He also visited the museum of natural history, the bacteriological
laboratories: and the cave where San Juan Nepomuceno was jailed.
f. Rizal and Viola arrived at Vienna, the capital city of Austria-
Hungary, on May 20, 1887.
g. They take a small boat that brought them to the famous Danube
River, where they saw the archaic villages on the riversides.
h. Rizal and Viola left Austria, went back to Germany and arrived at
Munich on May 27, 1887.
i. They continued to Nuremberg, where they saw the torture machines
used during the inquisition against the enemies of the Catholic
church.
j. After Munich, they proceeded to Ulm, known to have the largest
and tallest cathedral in Germany.
k. At Rheinfall, the most beautiful waterfall in the continent of
Europe can be seen, the Bin Waterfall.

Departure from Europe

1. Rizal and Viola arrived at Geneva, the most beautiful city of
Switzerland.
2. In Geneva, Maximo Viola and Jose Rizal parted ways on June 23,
1887. Viola returned to Spain.
3. Rizal continued to Rome, Italy.
4. In Marseilles, France, he boarded Djemnah to Saigon, Vietnam and
finally, Manila.
5. He arrived in Manila.
 RIZAL’S LIFE: Higher Education and
Life Abroad
C. HIGHER EDUCATION
● The execution of GOMBURZA stirred the nationalist
sensibilities in Rizal
● Dedicated El Filibusterismo to the Three Priest
● The execution opened Rizal’s eyes to the true
condition of the Philippine society to the Spaniards
AT ATENEO DE MANILA
Rizal went to Ateneo Municipal, formerly known as Escuela
Pia. In
searching for Rizal’s formal knowledge as a high school
student, his father wanted to send Rizal to Letran but decided
to have him enrolled at the latter instead.
● Rizal took first the entrance examination at the
Colegio de San Juan de Letran on June 10, 1872.
● The exams for incoming freshmen in the different
colleges for boys were administered or held at the
Colegio de San Juan de Letran since the
Dominicans exercised the power of inspection and
regulation over Ateneo that time.
● After passing the exam, Rizal was admitted to the
Ateneo Municipal.
● Although Rizal qualified in the entrance examination,
Father Magin Ferrand,who was then the College
Registrar, refused Rizal’s admission in the institution
for two reasons:
○ first, Rizal was a late registrant
○ and second, he was very pale, thin and
undersized for an 11-year old.
● But, with the help of Manuel Xerxes Burgos he was
accepted into the institution.
● Jose was not able to use Mercado as his surname
when he enrolled at Ateneo.
● He was registered as Jose Rizal because his real
surname had rung a bell to the ears of the authorities
— this was because of Paciano’s relation with one of
the leaders of the secularization movement, Father
Burgos.
● At that time, Ateneo was offering a six-year
program that gives students the academic title of
Bachiller en Artes.
● This program exposed students to five subjects:
○ Christian doctrine;
○ Languages of Spanish, Latin, Greek and
French;
○ History and Geography (World History and
Geography and History of Spain and the
Philippines;
○ Mathematics and Sciences (geometry,
trigonometry, mineralogy, chemistry,
physics, botany and zoology);
○ and the Classic disciplines (poetry, rhetoric,
and philosophy).
● To encourage the spirit of competition among
students in academics, with the help of Atenean
teachers, the school proposed a program of dividing
the class into two competing groups (empires):
○ the Roman Empire composed of boarding
students at Ateneo and the
○ Carthaginian Empire composed of
non-boarding students.
● In each gorup there were five dignitaries:
○ The standard-bearer (fifth best student)
○ Centurion (fourth best)
○ Decurion (third best)
○ Tribune ( second best
○ Emperor ( best student)
● At first, Rizal was left behind among his classmates
but he knew the severity of his studies, so he
organized and seriously observed himself a timetable
to manage his studies. He excelled as the emperor in
his class, a title given to the most intelligent in the
class.
● The method of instruction used at Ateneo was the
ration studiorum, a system of indoctrination under
tight and constant discipline but with reward. It
applies memorization and understanding of the
concepts taught in class.
● At that time, the Atenean education had one goal:
○ Ad Majorem Dei Gloriam (or For the
Greater Glory of God).
● He finished with the degree, Bachiller en Artes,
with the highest academic Honors on March
23,1877
● Racial pride, monastic discipline and seclusion of
boarding school life were the factors that gave
Rizal the motivation to outshine his classmates.
● Aside from academics, Rizal was also active in
extra-curricular activities.
○ He became a member of Marian
Congregation and an officer in the religious
confraternities at Ateneo. This position is
only offered to students who consistently
possess the highest degree of scholarship
and leadership. There, he was mentored by
Father Pablo Pastells, S.J.
○ He was also a member of two academic
societies: Academy of Spanish Literature
and the Academy of Natural Sciences,both
were considered elite organizations for
students who excelled in literature and the
sciences.
○ He also wrote poems and made sculpture in
his time in ATANEO
○ One of his sculptures was Sagrado Corazon
de Jesus (Sacred Heart of Jesus)
STA. ISABEL COLLEGE
● Rizal took private lessons in Santa Isabel College
○ to be proficient in Spanish
 ○ and develop skills in poetry writing more.
● But before he took up lessons, he was guided by
Father Francisco Paula de Sanchez in developing
his skills in poetry.
● Through his poetry he was able to finish poems about
○ religion, education, and childhood
experiences.
○ It also gave him the opportunity to develop
more mature emotions, patriotic sentiments
and exquisite sensitivity.
● Rizal did not waste any time to learn new things
during his time.
● On his vacant time,
○ Rizal took painting lessons from Agustin
Saez and
○ sculpture lessons from Teodoro Romualdo
de Jesus to enhance his interest in arts.
● As a result, he was able to sculpt the image of
○ the Virgin Mary and the
○ Sacred Heart of Jesus.
● Father Jose Villaclara, S.J. encouraged him to pay
attention also to the sciences and philosophy.
AT UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS
● After completion of Bachiller en Artes at Ateneo,
Rizal was admitted to higher studies at a university.
● Doña Teodora was against Rizal’s decision to pursue
a higher education because of her fear of what might
happen to her son due to the martyrdom of
Gomburza.
● However, Don Francisco sent Rizal to UST, the
Dominican University of the Philippines.
● Rizal was 16 years old when he began his freshman
year at UST.
● He enrolled under the Faculty of Philosophy and
Letters, Major in Philosophy.
● This was the course that his father wanted him to
pursue, but then it turned out that he took up courses
in Cosmology, Metaphysics, Theodicy and History of
Philosophy.
● He also took up surveying course at Ateneo.
○ Once again, he excelled in the said course
while underage. But because of this, he
could not practice the surveyor’s profession
yet. Instead, Rizal was presented the title on
November 25,1881 for his excellency.
● After his first year, Rizal changed his course from
Philosophy and Letters to Medicine.
○ Rizal believed that he should finish
medicine so that he could cure his sick
mother who had an eyesight failure.
● Rizal’s performance in UST was not as good as his
accomplishment in Ateneo,
● This might have been because Rizal was not
actually happy while in UST
● Three contributing factors explain this:
○ The attitude of Dominican professors
towards Rizal;
○ there was racial discrimination against
Filipino students;
○ and he was disgusted at the primitive
method used in UST.
● Rizal’s not-so-good performance can also be
attributed to a number of distractions he experienced
as a youth in Manila, specifically his interest in
women when he was a UST student.
○ The first woman he was into was Segundina
Katigbak of Batangas, whom he frequently
visited in her boarding house. But when
Rizal learned that she was getting married,
he turned his eyes on other women.
○ At that time, he was courting both Leonor
(Orang) Valenzuela and Leonor Rivera.
■ Upon learning that Orang was
already engaged with another man,
Rizal focused on courting Leonor
Rivera, his first cousin.
● From these, we could tell that Rizal became very
busy with other things, a reason why he had less time
for studies. He also joined gang fights, attended
parties and even did cutting classes
NOTE: INSERT STORY OF RAUL
- 1956 Raul Contreras
- - experiences in youtube
- - Run by spanish monk
- -Conceited, Hard headed, soreheaded,
aristocratic (meztizos)
- - usually fight with them
● In 1882, Jose Rizal finished his 4th year in college
and left the Philippines bound for Spain where he
continued to study medicine at the Unibersidad
Central de Madrid. He obtained multiple degrees in
Philiosophy, letters, and medicine in 1884.
D. PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT
What is a propaganda movement?
● was a period of time when native Filipinos were
calling for reforms, lasting approximately from 1880
to 1886 with the most activity between 1880 and
1895.
● It all began in 1872, when fathers Mariano
Gomez,Jose Burgos and Jacinto Zamora were
executed
● It was organized and participated by the illustrados.
Dr.Jose P. Rizal, Marcelo H. Del Pilar,GrecianoLopez
Jaena and Mariano Ponce are the leaders of the
movement
Pedro Paterno & Gregorio Sancianco
- Students already studying in Spain
- Active Filipino nationalists
1882
- Atmosphere of activism mostly led by students are
already present
- Spain’s government was in disarray because of hte
newly adopted 1876 constitution created a power
vacuum.
*Power vacuum- As parties tried to consolidate their
power and politicians tried to secure their personal
agendas, shifting from one political bloc to another
became common. Corruption was prevalent in the
Spanish government and cabinet reorganizations
followed shortly after every change of party
alignment
- Many people in Spain were illiterate because of the
lack of primary and secondary schools.
*lack of primary and secondary schools
- Church was still the formidable force in every aspect
of the Spanish Society
● Rizal witnessed all of these situation when he arrived
at Spain
● He was welcomed in an atmosphere of liberalism.
● Due to this, he became aware of the concept of
assimilation where the Philippines could be
considered as a province of Spain. (not a tributary
colony)
*Assimilation-the process through which individuals
and groups of differing heritages acquire the basic
habits, attitudes, and mode of life of an embracing
culture
Diariong Tagalog
- Rizal started contributing to this short lived bilingual
newspaper after he arrived at Barcelona
- Worked together with Marcelo H. del Pilar
Graciano Lopez Jaena
● Rizal also contributed to ther publications led by
Graciano Lopez Jaena.
● Was first to lead a series of protests in writing against
the injustices of the Spaniards in the Philippines in
the Newspaper Los Dos Mundos.
1883
● Rizal’s anger intensified when he read the letter of
Paciano
● Calamba Parish Priest, Father Villafranca threatened
their father and demanded advanced rental payments.
1884
● Jaena and Rizal Delivered Speeches at the
Exposicion the bellas Artes in Madrid where two
Filipino Painters were given recognition.
*National Exhibition of Fine Arts- These exhibitions
were in the form of a competition, established by a
Royal Decree from Queen Isabella II in 1853. It was
the largest official exhibition of Spanish art.
● Juan Luna was given for his Spoliarium and Felix
Hidalgo for his Virgenes Christianas Espuestas al
Polapulacho
● In their speeches, Jaena condemned the abuses of the
friars and Spanish colonial government of the
Philippines.
● Rizal on the otherhand, encouraged the Filipino youth
to follow in the footsteps of Luna and Hidalgo.
*Rizal’s speech received various interpretations both
from Spain and the Philippines. In the Philippines,
Rizal’s speech was considered seditious. Many
believed that Rizal could never return to the
Philippines again as long as it was a colony of Spain.
1885
● Rizal became more active again in contributing to
various newspapers.
● Rizal Joined an organization composed of exiled
Filipinos liberals exiled in Spain, the La Solidaridad.
● Aims to raise awareness of Spain on the needs of its
colony, the Philippines
● Galicano Apacible published newspaper of the same
name. Published in Barcelona.
● Jaena then later on, Del Pilar edited the newpaper
while Rizal was an active and significant contributor
● La Soliidaridad was the principal organ of Reform
movement.
● Most of the articles featured, talked about the
possibility of making the Philippines a province of
Spain with equal rights before the law, and
recognition of the freedom of speech and assembly.
Letter to the Young Women of Malolos
● Published on February 22, 1889
● One of Rizal's import contributions
● It recognized the efforts and bravery of 20 young
women from Malolos, who wrote a petition letter to
Governor General Valeriano Weyler, to allow them to
put a night school where they could study Spanish
language under the tutulage of Teodora Sandiko.
● Petition was initially denied because of the pressures
and influences of the friars, the perseverance of the
women of Malolos prevailed.
the Philippines a Century Hence.
● Jose Rizal made a fearless forecast of the Philippines
within a hundred years in his work.
● It analyzes various causes of the miseries suffered by
the Filipino people under the Spanish colonizers.
The Indolence of the Filipino (1890)
● Rizal wrote this essay in Madrid, as a response to the
accusation of the Spaniards that the Filipinos were
indolent
● Several factors can be identified for such and most
can be rooted in the abuses committed by the
Spaniards to the Filipinos.
● Rizal writings and works greatly antagonized the
friars who were the usual target of his criticisms.
La Solidaridad
● Del Pilar assumed leadership after Jaena quitted.
● Rizal was offered the position of editor but he
declined.
● Soon, he stopped writing for the newspaper to
address the Calamba agrarian dispute that was further
fueled by the eviction of the Mercado family from the
Dominican lands.
La Liga Filipina (Philippine League)
- A Filipino Civic Association.
- Founded by Jose Rizal on July 3, 1892 in a house at
Ilaya St. Tondo.
 - It’s constitution was written by Jose Rizal, helped by
Jose Ma. Basa.
- “Unos Instar Omnium”- “One Like All”- *motto*

Aims of La Liga Filipina (Philippine League)

1. Union of the Archipelago into a compact, vigorous, and
homogeneous body.
2. Mutual protection in all cases of pressing necessity.
3. Defense against all violence and injustice.
4. Encouragement of education, agriculture, and commerce.
5. Study and application of reforms.

● However, three days after the founding of Liga

Filipina, Rizal was arrested by order of Governor
General Despujol.
● On July 6, 1892, Rizal was exiled to Dapitan-known
to be the Liga Filipina’s Collapse.The end of
propaganda movement.

Masonry of the Propaganda Movement

● Rizal’s arrest to Dapitan marks the end of the
Propaganda movement.
● Radical members like Andres Bonifacio separated
from the movement, believing that it was useless to
expect reforms from the Spaniards.

Los Compromisarios
● For some months, the Compromisarios sent funds to
M. H. del Pilar in Madrid for the continued printing
of La Solidaridad.
● Later, many members stopped paying their
contributions so that the flow of funds to Spain
ceased.
● For lack of funds, La Solidaridad died out after its
last issue on November 15, 1895.
● With the demise of La Solidaridad, the Propaganda
movement consequently ended.

Conclusion:
- The Propaganda Movement failed, but the ideas of
freedom and justice which it sowed paved the
ground for the Philippine Revolution that the
Katipunan and Andres Bonifacio began in the hills of
Balintawak in August 1896

JOSE MARIA BASA. José Ma, known as the "smuggler of

the Filipino Revolution" and a pillar of the. propaganda
movement, assisted in the distribution of copies of the journal
La. Solidaridad, which was published by Jose Rizal, Marcelo
H. del Pilar and others.
 In the eyes of Noli Me Tangere
In 1876, Jose Rizal initially took up
Philosophy at thy University of Santo Tomas,
but heeding the advice of his Jesuit friends, Rizal
opted to take medicine instead in 1878 which
he was not able to complete.
In 1882, Rizal left the Philippines to go
to Spain because of a secret mission attested by
a deal between him and his older brother
Paciano Mercado. The highlight of the deal
between the two brothers was that on one
hand, the young Rizal would have to observe
life overseas and prepare himself to liberate the
Filipino people from the tyrannical abuse of the
Spaniards. On the other hand, Paciano Mercado
would take responsibility of looking after the
family in the Philippines and finance Rizal’s
studies overseas. The mission was kept secret
from their parents.
After finishing his medical studies in
1885 at the Universidad Central de Madrid,
Rizal was able to finish the manuscript of Noli
Me Tangere in 1887. To keep up with the very
expensive publication cost, Rizal had to remove
some chapters of the novel to reduce the
number of pages. With the help of some friends
in Madrid, the loan of Maximo Viola, and the
portions of his allowance sent by his brother
Paciano, Rizal was able to print 2,000 copies of
the novel in Berlin. He sent some of the copies
to his friends in Madrid, to Ferdinand
Blumentritt, and to the Philippines wherein the
Archbishop of Manila immediately denounced it
as heretical, impious, and scandalous.
Movement. Through his connections and
thriving business, he was able to arrange Hong
Kong-Manila trips for Filipinos which became
the way for subversive and anti-friar pamphlets
to reach the hands of Filipinos. One of them
was Noli Me Tangere. According to the report,
Filipino travelers who served as couriers were
instructed to disembark the ships without the
books which were usually hidden in the coal bin
of the ships. They would then hire a carretela .
Afterwards, they would pretend to forget
something in the ship. They would ask
permission from a crew member to walk back
to the ship leaving the buri sacks and find the
books. He would dispose or leave them and
another arranged carretela would pick up the
sacks for people to freely get copies, thus
disseminating them to Filipinos.
The role of Noli Me Tangere in the
development of the Filipinos consciousness can
never be discounted. However, its significance
in the 21st century has greatly diminished
considering that the Philippines is no longer a
colony and has long been an independent
nation. Nevertheless, many of the points raised
by Rizal in Noli Me Tangere remain relevant
today especially with the current threats to
Philippine sovereignty.

The story of how Noli Me Tangere was

distributed in the Philippines, amidst the strict
censorship implemented by the Spaniards, can
be attributed to the efforts of Jose Ma. Basa,
the hero-smuggler of the Propaganda
 How El Fili came to be
“The Church, by refusing to degrade
you, has placed in doubt the crime that has been
imputed to you; the Government, by
surrounding your trials with mystery and
shadows, causes the belief that there was some
error, committed in fatal moments; and all the
Philippines, by worshiping your memory and
calling you martyrs, in no sense recognizes your
culpability.”
“In so far, therefore, as your complicity
in the Cavite mutiny is not clearly proved, as you
may or may not have been patriots, and as you
may or may not have cherished sentiments for
justice and for liberty, I have the right to
dedicate my work to you as victims of the evil
which I undertake to combat. And while we
await expectantly upon Spain someday to
restore your good name and cease to be
answerable for your death, let these pages serve
as a tardy wreath of dried leaves over your
unknown tombs, and let it be understood that
everyone who without clear proofs attacks your
memory stains his hands in your blood!”
The execution of GOMBURZA was a turning
point in our history. Rizal initially wanted to be a
Jesuit priest but when he heard about their
execution, their death awakened strong feelings
of anger and resentment among Filipinos, most
especially Rizal. He dedicated El Filibusterismo,
which main theme is to convey the message
that the system of government in the
Philippines governed by corrupt officials and
dominated by the friars can lead to the downfall
of the Spaniards, to GOMBURZA because they
are the ones who inspired him to do everything
in the first place. Their deaths lead the rise of
the book which will open our mind and hearts
that the colonization would be at end, and
sparked the beginning of the Propaganda
movement.
After Jose Rizal published Noli Me
Tangere in 1887, he returned to the Philippines
to see how it was received by the public. As he
expected, the possession and distribution of the
novel were immediately banned and the
Spanish authorities ordered the burning of
available copies. Rizal encountered strong
opposition from the Catholic Church such that
he was forced to leave the country again for
Europe.
To counter Noli Me Tangere’s romantic
atmosphere, Rizal followed it up with El
Filibusterism. Rizal started writing El
Filibusterismoin 1888 and finished it in 1889.
But just like the fate of Noli Me Tangere, Rizal
also had difficulties in the publication of El
Filibusterismo due to expensive printing costs.
Rizal had to move to Ghent to lok for cheaper
ways of printing the book but still found it too
costly. Fortunately, his friend Valentin Ventura
offered him financial assistance which led to the
novel’s publication in September 1891. El
Filibusterismo was much shorter with only 39
chapters compared to Noli Me Tangere which
has 64 chapters. Rizal GAVE Ventura the
ORIGINAL COPY of the manuscript El
Filibusterismo as a token of gratitude for his
contributions to the publication of the novel.
Rizal used his first novel, Noli Me
Tangere, to expose to the Filipino the abusive
ways of the Spanish authorities and friars.
Through the characters and plot of the novel,
Rizal was able to bring light the corruption of
the Spaniards. Through the different characters
in the novel, Rizal provided insights regarding
the condition of Philippine society under the
Spanish colonial rule. It was also through the
experience of these characters that Rizal was
able to direct readers into recognizing the ills
that plagued the country. For instance, Elias, a
character whose family suffered from the
abuses of the Spaniards and thus took part in
the revolutionary struggle, can be considered a
representation of the revolutionary spirit of the
Filipinos. The main antagonis of the novel,
Padre Damaso, is the epitome of hypocrisy and
moral corruption of the Spaniards, particularly
the friars. At the end of the novel, Rizal
challenged the youth, in the character of
Basilio, to recognize their role in society as the
catalyst for social change.
In El Filibusterismo Rizal warned Spain
that it corrupt and self-seeking colonial
government would only lead to disaster, such as
what happened to Kabesang Tales and Basilio
in the novel. The novel focuses on the
discontent of the youth, led by Basilio, with the
condition of Philippine society. . Basilio
experienced great loss in both novels. In Noli
Me Tangere, he lost his brother Crispin and
mother Sisa and in El Filibusterismo, he once
again lost two very important individuals in his
life, Juli and Kapitan Tiago. In some analyses,
Basilio seemed to represent Rizal in the novel.
Furthermore, Rizal also condemned the
elite Filipinos, who out of greed,selfishness,
complacency, and cowardice turned a blind eye
on the abuses of the Spanish authorities as long
as it did not affect them. Rizal illustrated this
contempt through the characters of Dona
Victorina and Paulita Gomez who preferred to
be associated with the wealth Juanito Pelaez
over the poor Isagani.
Despite presenting a narrative that
starkly condemned the Spanish rule Rizal was
not asking for a revolutionto demand
immediate independence. Instead, he proposed
that the task of Filipinos was to prepare for
eventual independence once they are proven
to be worthy and ready for it. It is through
education, exemplary lives, and willingness to
sacrifice that freedom can be ahieved according
to Rizal. At the end of the novel, Rizal, through
Padre Florentino, called upon the youth to
respond to such challenge.
Roday, the two novels remain popular.
The original manuscript of Noli Me tangere was
acquired by the Philippine Government in 1911
for ₱32,000 from Soledad Rizal de Quintero.
The original manuscript of El Filibusterismo was
sold by Valentin Ventura to the Philippine
Government for ₱10,000. Both were kept in
Manila City hall for safe keeping. However, the
Liberation Battle of 1945 destroyed almost
everything in Manila and the looting and
pilferage of historical documents became
rampant because of their outstanding monetary
value.
In 1946 most of the lost documents
were returned to the National Library under a
“no publicity-no question policy” arrangement.
Through this, the invaluable works of Rizal were
safely kept by the National Library in the Rare
books and Manuscripts Section. In 1961, as the
government prepared for the centennial
celebration of Rizal’s birth anniversary, the
original works of Rizal including Noli Me
Tangere, El Filibusterismo, and Mi Ultimo Adios
were included in the exhibit as part of the
international conference organized by the Jose
Rizal National Centennial Commission.
However on December 8, 1961, the
three works were stolen from the glass-
encased-lock display counter. Upon
negotiations, they were returned to the
National library on February 9, 1962.

A few years ago, the original

manuscripts of Noli Me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo were reported to be decaying.
Once more, the cultural treasures were under
the threat of being lost forever. Fortunately, the
German government offered a conservation
project in 2011 just in time for the 150th birth
anniversary of Jose Rizal.
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Gec 19 - Life and Works of Rizal Colonization project.

1. To establish the Liga Filipina in
RIZAL’S LIFE: EXILE, TRIAL, AND Manila.
DEATH 2. To prove to his detractors,
particularly Eduardo de Lete, that the
Prepared by: Luth Trazy C. Encisa and Adah latter was wrong in accusing Rizal of
Kathrine M. Regalado cowardliness and unbrave
characteristic.
Outline:
Arrival in Manila with Sister
At noon of June 26, 1892, Rizal and
A. Arrival in Manila his widowed sister Lucia (wife of the late
B. Founding of La Liga Filipina Mariano Herbosa) arrived in Manila. Went to
Hotel de Oriente afterwards and occupied
C. Exile in Dapitan
room No. 22, facing the church of Binondo.
D. Trial of Rizal
E. Execution and Death
At 4:00 PM – went to Malacañang to
seek an audience with Governor Despujol but
was told to come back at 7 in the evening.
Later, the latter agreed to pardon his father
A. ARRIVAL IN MANILA but not the rest of the family.

December 31, 1891 After his brief interview with the

Rizal reiterated this belief in a letter
to Blumentritt, “I believe that La Solidaridad
is no longer our battlefield, now it is a new
struggle. . . the fight is no longer in Madrid”
“The battlefield is in the Philippines,”
he told countrymen in Europe, “There is
where we should meet... There we will help
one another, there together we will suffer or
triumph perhaps”.
Rizal’s return to Manila was his
second homecoming having stayed abroad
since August 1887 for a period of almost five
years.
DECISION TO RETURN IN MANILA:
To talk personally with Governor Despujol
of the British North Borneo
governor general, he visited his sisters in the
city --- first Narcisa (Sisa, wife of Antonio
Lopez) and later Neneng (Saturnina, wife of
Manuel T. Hidalgo).
Visiting Friends in Central Luzon
June 27, 1892 at 6:00 P.M. Rizal
boarded a train in Tutuban Station and visited
his friends in Malolos Bulacan, San Fernando
and Bacolor in Pampanga, and Tarlac.
June 28, 1892 at 5 o'clock in the
afternoon. Rizal returned by train to Manila.
After he left, his friends’ residences were
raided and copies of his two novels, Noli and
Fili, and other subversive materials were
confiscated.
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Other Interviews with Despujol Master of Nilad, first Filipino

June 29, 1892, he saw his excellency masonic lodge
and did not succeed in having the penalty of Ambrosio Salvador
exile lifted. He was to come again the  gobernadorcillo of Quiapo and Mason
following day as it was the feast of St. Peter Bonifacio Arevalo (Harem)
and St. Paul.  dentist and Mason
June 30, 1892. Rizal and Gov. Gen. Deodato Arellano
Despujol talked about the question of  brother-in-law of M.H. del Pilar and
Borneo. The general was Opposed to it, and civilian employee in the army
told him to come back Sunday. Ambrosio Flores (Musa)
July 03, 1892. Rizal returned and  retired lieutenant of infantry
talked about sundry things. He thanked Gov. Agustin de la Rosa
Gen. Despujol for having lifted the exile of  bookkeeper and Mason
my sisters. He was permitted to go to Hong Moises Salvador (Araw)
Kong and will return on Wednesday.  contractor and Mason
Luis Villareal
B. FOUNDING OF LA LIGA FILIPINA  tailor and Mason
On the evening of Sunday, July Faustino Villarruel (Ilaw)
3, 1892. Rizal attended a meeting of the  pharmacist and Mason
patriots at the home of the Chinese-Filipino Mariano Crisostomo
mestizo, Doroteo Ongjunco, on Ylaya  landlord
Street, Tondo, Manila. Numeriano Adriano (Ipil)
Rizal explained the objectives of the  notary public and Mason
Liga Filipina, a civic league of Filipinos, Estanislao Legaspi
which he desired to establish and its role in  artisan and Mason
the socio-economic life of the people. He Teodoro Plata
presented the Constitution of the Liga  court clerk and Mason
which he had written in Hong Kong and Andres Bonifacio
discussed its provisions. The patriots were  warehouse employee
favorably impressed and gladly approved the Apolinario Mabini (Katabay)
establishment of the Liga.  lawyer and Mason
Estanislao Legaspi
Persons who were present during the  artisan and Mason
meeting of the patriots: Juan Zulueta
Pedro Serrano Laktaw (Panday Pira)  playwright, poet, and government
 a Mason and school teacher employee
Domingo Franco (Felipe Leal)
 Mason and tobacco shopkeeper The Elected Officers of La Liga Filipina
Jose A. Ramos (Socorro) President: Ambrosio Salvador
 engraver, printer, owner of Bazar Secretary: Deodato Arellano
Gran Bretana, and first Worshipful Treasurer: Bonifacio Arevalo
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Fiscal: Agustin de la Rosa
There was a Provincial Council in every
province and a Popular Council in every
town.
Aims of Liga Filipina
1. Unity in the whole archipelago into
one compact and homogeneous
body;
2. Mutual protection in every want and
necessity
3. Defense against all violence and
injustice
4. Encouragement of education,
agriculture and commerce
5. Study and application of reforms
Liga Filipina
 UNUS INSTAR OMNIUM (One
Like All)– Liga Filipina’s motto. The
governing body was the Supreme
Council with jurisdiction over the
entire nation.
 All filipinos who have the welfare of
their country and their fellowmen
were qualified for membership
 Two pesos was the fixed membership
fee and 10 centavos for a monthly
due.
The duties of the Liga members are as
follows:
1. Obey the orders of the Supreme
Council
2. Help in recruiting new members
3. Keep in strictest secrecy the decisions
of the Liga authorities
4. To have a symbolic name which he
cannot change until he becomes
president of his council
5. Report to the fiscal anything that he
may hear which affects the Liga
6. To behave well as befits a good
Filipino
7. To help fellow members in all ways
Rizal Arrested and Jailed in Fort Santiago
Rizal went to Malacañang Palace to
resume his series of interviews with the
governor general. The governor general
showed some printed leaflets entitled Pobres
Frailes (Poor Friars), Rizal denied having
those leaflets. Despite his denial and insistent
demand for investigation. He was placed
under arrest and escorted to Fort Santiago
by Ramon Despujol, the nephew and aide of
Governor General.
July 07, 1892
Graceta de Manila published the
story of Rizal’s arrest the same issue the
gubernatorial decree gave him.
The reason for Rizal’s deportation as
follows:
1. Rizal had published books and
articles abroad which showed
disloyalty to Spain and which were
“frankly anti Catholic” and
“imprudently anti-friar”.
2. A few hours after his arrival in Manila
“there was found in one of the
packages... a bundle of handbills
entitled "Pobres Frailes” in which the
patient and humble generosity of
Filipinos is satirized, and which
accusation is published against the
customs of the religious orders”.
3. His novel El Filibusterismo was
dedicated to the memory of three
“traitors” (Burgos, Gomez, and
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Zamora), and on the title page he
wrote that in view of the vices and
errors of the Spanish administration,
“the only salvation for the Philippines
was separation from the mother
country”.
4. “The end which he pursues in his
efforts and writings is to tear from the
loyal Filipino breasts the treasures of
our holy Catholic faith”.
After 9 days, he was brought under
heavy guard to the steamer Cebu which
brought him to Dapitan, arriving at his
destination on July 17, at 7 in the evening. He
was handed by Capt. Delgras, ship’s captain
to Capt. Ricardo Canicero, Spanish
Commander of Dapitan.
C. EXILE IN DAPITAN
Careers and Contributions of Rizal in
Dapitan (1892-1896)
Rizal lived in exile in Dapitan, a
remote town in Mindanao, which was under
the missionary jurisdiction of the Jesuits,
from 1892 to 1896. This four-year period in
his life was tedious uninteresting, but it was
abundantly fruitful, with a wide range of
accomplishments. He practiced medicine,
continued his scientific studies, continued his
artistic and literary works, broadened his
language knowledge, established a school for
boys, promoted community development
projects, invented a wooden brick-making
machine, and engaged in farming and
commerce. Despite his many activities, he
maintained an extensive correspondence with
his family, relatives, fellow reformists, and
eminent European scientists and scholars
such as Blumentritt, Reinhold Rost, A. B.
Meyer, W. Joest of Berlin, S. Knuttle of
Stuttgart, and N. Prague's M. Keihl.
Wins in Manila Lottery
On September 21, 1892, Rizal won
the second prize in a lottery together with
Ricardo Carnicero and Francisco Equilior.
His share amounted to 6,200 pesos. A portion
of Rizal's winnings was used in purchasing
land approximately one kilometer away from
Dapitan in a place known as Talisay. Lottery
is the vice of Jose Rizal. "This was his Only
vice" said the spaniard biographer Wenceslao
E. Retana
Idyllic Life in Dapitan
Since August 1893, members of his
family took turns in visiting him in order to
assuage his loneliness in the isolated outpost,
among them were his mother, sister
Trinidad,Maria, Narcissa, and nephews
Teodosio, Estanislao, Mauricio, and
Prudencio. He built his house on the seashore
of Talisay as well as a school and a hospital
within the area. Describe his life in Dapitan
with his letter to Blumentritt (December 19,
1893)
As Physician in Dapitan
Rizal provided free medicine to his
patients, the majority of whom were
underprivileged. He did, however, have
wealthy patients who compensated him well
for his excellent surgical skills. Don Ignacio
Tumarong gave Rizal 3000 pesos for
restoring his sight, an Englishman gave him
500 pesos, and Aklanon haciendero Don
Francisco Azcarraga paid him a cargo of
sugar. His abilities were put to the test in
August 1893, when his mother, Doña
Teodora Alonzo, underwent ophthalmic
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surgery for the third time. The operation was
a success, but Alonzo disobeyed her son's
instructions and removed the bandages from
her eyes, causing irritation and infection.
Community Projects for Dapitan
Rizal also partakes in civic works in
Dapitan. He noticed the province's poor
condition upon his arrival. He drained
Dapitan's marshes to rid them of malaria-
carrying mosquitoes. He also provided
lighting systems – coconut oil lamps posted
in dark streets – in the province out of what
he earned from being a physician. He
improved Dapitan by redesigning the town
plaza with the help of his Jesuit teacher, Fr.
Francisco Sanchez, and built a relief map of
Mindanao in front of the church (footnote:
using stones, soil, and grass).
Rizal as an Educator
Rizal established a school in Dapitan
for 16 young boys from prominent families.
Instead of charging them for matriculation,
he made them do community service projects
for him, such as maintaining his garden and
field. He taught them reading, writing in
English and Spanish, geography, history,
mathematics, industrial work, nature study,
morals and gymnastics. He encouraged his
students to engage in sports in order to
strengthen their bodies. There was no formal
room, as there is in a typical classroom today.
Classes were held from 2 p.m. to 4 p.m. The
teacher sat in a hammock, while the students
sat on a long bamboo bench.
Artistic Works in Dapitan
As an artist, he had contributed his
talent to the sisters of Charity who were
preparing for the arrival of the image of the
Holy Virgin. Rizal was actually the person
who modeled the image's right foot and other
details. He also conceptualized its curtain,
which was oil-painted by a sister under his
instruction. He also made sketches of
anything which attracted him in Dapitan.
Among his collections were the three rare
fauna species that he discovered
(dragon/lizard, frog and beetle) and the fishes
he caught.
Sculptural Works of Rizal:
 Bust of Father Guerrico - his Ateneo
professor
 The Dapitan Girl - sculpture
 Woodcarving of Josephine Bracken
 Bust of St. Paul which he gave to
Father Pastells.
As a scientist, Rizal shared his interest
with nature to his students. With his boys,
they explored the jungles and searched for
specimens which he sent to museums in
Europe, particularly in the Dressed Museum.
In return, scientific books and surgical
instruments were delivered to him from the
European scientists. He also made a bulk of
other research and studies in the fields of
ethnography, archaeology, geology,
anthropology and geography. However,
Rizal's most significant contribution in the
scientific world was his discovery of three
species:
 Draco rizali – flying dragon
 Apogonia rizali – small beetle
 Rhacophorus rizali – rare frog
Rizal as an Engineer
 Rizal Created a water system to provide
clean water to drink.
 He utilized his engineering knowledge to
create a waterworks system in Dapitan,
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despite limited resources, providing the Rizal and Josephine Bracken

province with a reliable water supply. Josephine Bracken
 18-year-old Irish girl. Described as
Rizal as an Agriculturist slender with chestnut blond hair, blue
 He cultivated importing modern eyes, and an air of lightness.
agricultural machinery and introducing  She arrived in Dapitan in February 1895,
advanced farming techniques to local accompanied by her blind foster father,
farmers. George Taufer, and a Filipina named
Manuela Orlac.
Rizal as an Inventor
 Rizal created a special type of lighter Julio Llorente introduced Josephine's
based on compressed air and a wooden group to Rizal. It didn't take long for Rizal and
brick-maker capable of producing 6,000 Josephine to fall deeply in love, and within just a
bricks per day. month, they decided to marry. However, their
plans were halted by Father Pedro Obach, the
Rizal as a Linguist parish priest of Dapitan, who insisted that they
 Rizal was interested in the local obtain permission from the Bishop of Cebu.
languages of Dapitan and was
knowledgeable in 22 languages: In 1896, their love bore fruit as Josephine
1. Tagalog became pregnant. Tragically, Josephine gave
2. Ilokano birth prematurely to a baby boy who lived only
3. Bisayan three hours. They named the child Francisco,
4. Subanon after Rizal's father, and laid him to rest in
5. Spanish Dapitan.
6. Latin
7. Greek Rizal and Katipunan
8. English May 2, 1896
9. French  Andres Bonifacio, the leader of the
10. German Katipunan, sought counsel from Jose
11. Arabic Rizal.
12. Malay  In a clandestine meeting held by the
13. Hebrew Bitukang Manok river in Pasig, the group
14. Sanskrit collectively decided to dispatch Dr. Pio
15. Dutch Valenzuela as their representative to
16. Catalan Dapitan. Valenzuela's mission was to
17. Italian convey the Katipunan's intention to
18. Chinese launch a revolution against the Spanish
19. Japanese colonial rulers.
20. Portuguese
21. Swedish June 16 1892
22. Russian  Embarking on the steamer Venus,
Valenzuela departed in Manila,
accompanied by his blind companion,
Raymundo Mata. Under the cover of
night, Rizal and Valenzuela engaged in a
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discussion within the tranquil confines of
Rizal's garden. During this conversation,
Valenzuela conveyed the Katipunan's
plan, which Rizal openly opposed for two
significant reasons:
1. Rizal believed that the Filipino
people were not yet adequately
prepared for such a potentially
violent revolution.
2. He pointed out that the
Katipunan lacked the necessary
resources and infrastructure,
emphasizing the importance of
amassing sufficient arms and
funds before embarking on a
revolution.
Volunteered as Military Doctor in Cuba
 Rizal offered to serve as a military doctor
to help address the shortage of physicians
in the country.
 In July 1896, he received a letter from the
Governor accepting his offer and stating
that he would be given a pass to go to
Manila and Spain to serve in the Army of
Operations in Cuba.
Farewell in Dapitan
July 31, 1896
 Jose Rizal left Dapitan and traveled to
Manila on board the steamer España,
accompanied by his family and students.
 During the journey, he performed an eye
surgery on a merchant and received 50
silver pesos.
 After arriving in Cebu, the group
continued to Manila, but Rizal was not
able to board the Isla de Luzon for Spain
as planned. Instead, he was transferred to
the Spanish cruiser Castilla and was
prohibited from leaving the area.
D. TRIAL OF RIZAL
July 31, 1896 (midnight)
 Rizal left Dapitan; boarding the
steamer, Espana. Jose Rizal, the
esteemed Filipino patriot and writer,
left behind the tranquility of Dapitan.
August 6, 1896
 Rizal missed the mail boat to Spain,
so he had to wait for the next ship, Isla
de Panay. Blanco sent a Lieutenant
Constabulary to meet him in the
tugboat with others not to land.
August 19, 1896
 Katipunan betrayal, discovered by Fr.
Mariano Gil. Members of the
Katipunan were arrested and tortured
until they revealed the names of other
supposed members. At least there
were 4, 377 people arrested.
Bonifacio himself and most of the
leaders escaped to safe hiding places.
September 3, 1896:
 Rizal departed for Barcelona. Rizal
bears the letters of introduction from
the governor general to be secretaries
of war and foreign affairs in Spain.
November 3, 1896
 Rizal heavily guarded, reached
Manila and was locked in Fort
Santiago.
Paciano's Resilience During Preliminary
Investigations
 Paciano was tortured with a screw
which was twisted into his left hand,
while a pen was thrust into his right
hand to make him sign a statement
that his brother Rizal had been
connected with the Katipunan.
Paciano would not sign.
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Preliminary Investigation (Nov. 20, 1896 –
Nov. 26, 1896)
 During this critical period, Judge
Advocate Colonel Francisco Olive
presided over a preliminary
investigation. Both documentary and
testimonial evidence were presented,
setting the stage for Rizal's trial.
November 20, 1896
 Rizal was accused of being the main
organizer of the revolution by having
proliferated the ideas of rebellion and
of founding illegal organizations.
Rizal pleaded not guilty and even
wrote a manifesto appealing to the
revolutionaries to discontinue the
uprising.
Documentary Evidence
 The prosecution presented a series of
letters and documents, some authored
by Rizal himself, as evidence against
him.
Letters:
1. A letter of Antonio Luna to Mariano
Ponce
2. A letter of Rizal to his family
3. A letter from Marcelo H. Del Pilar to
Deodato Arellano
4. A poem entitled Kundiman
5. A letter of Carlos Oliver to an
unidentified person
6. A Masonic document
7. A letter signed Dimasalang to Tenluz
(Juan Zuluesta’s pseudonym)
8. A letter of Dimasalang to an
unidentified committee
9. An anonymous and undated letter to
the Editor of the Hongkong
Telegraph
10. A letter of Idlefonso Laurel to Rizal
11. A letter of Rizal Segundo
12. A letter of Marcelo H. Del Pilar to
Don Juan A. Tenluz
13. Transcript of speech of Pingkian
(Emilio Jacinto)
14. Transcript of speech of Tik-Tik (Jose
Turiano Santiago)
15. A poem by LoongLaan (“Himno A
Talisay”)
Testimonial Evidence
 These persons gave their testimonies
against Rizal and Rizal did not even
know and haven’t met most of these
people: Martin Constantino, Aguedo
del Rosario, Jose Reyes, Moises
Salvador, Jose Dizon, Domingo
Franco, Deodato Arellano, Pio
Valenzuela, Antonio Salazar,
Francisco Quison, and Timoteo Paez.
Recommendations After Preliminary
Investigation:
Following the preliminary investigation,
Judge Advocate General Don Nicolas de la
Pena made crucial recommendations:
1. The accused (Rizal) should be
immediately put on trial.
2. Rizal should be kept in prison.
3. An order of attachment should be
issued against his property as
indemnity. Rizal had to pay 1 million
pesos.
4. The accused should be defended in
court by an army officer.
Lieutenant Luis Taviel de Andrade
 Rizal selected him as his defense
attorney during the legal proceedings.
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During the Trial
December 6, 1896
 Rizal defended himself when he said
that he did not question the
jurisdiction of the court. What he only
needed to clarify was the charge that
he dealt with political matters while in
exile.
Dec. 11, 1896
 Rizal was charged with a crime of
rebellion, and the formation of an
illegal association.
Dec. 13, 1896
 The leadership landscape shifted as
Governor General Ramon Blanco was
replaced by Camilo de Polavieja,
adding uncertainty to Rizal's
situation.
Dec. 15, 1896
 Rizal wrote a manifesto that
denounces the revolution and
condemned Katipunan for using his
name without his permission.
Dec. 26, 1896
 Rizal faced a military court at the
Cuartel de Espana and was found
guilty of rebellion, sedition, and
illegal associations. Penalty: Life
imprisonment, death for rebellion and
sedition, correctional imprisonment
and a fine of 325 to 3250 pesetas for
illegal association.
12-point Defense of Rizal
1. As testified by Pio Valenzuela, Rizal
was against rebellion.
2. He had not written a letter addressed
to the Katipunan comprising
revolutionary elements.
3. Without his knowledge, his name was
used by the Katipunan; if he really
was guilty, he could have escaped
while he was in Singapore.
4. If he was guilty, he should have left
the country while in exile; he
shouldn’t have built a home, bought a
parcel of land or established a hospital
in Dapitan.
5. If he really was the leader of the
revolution, the revolutionist should
have consulted him.
6. He did not deny that he wrote the
bylaws of the La Liga Filipina, but to
make things clear, the organization
was a civic association, not a
revolutionary society.
7. After the first meeting of La Liga, the
association banished because of his
exile in Dapitan, thus, did not last
long.
8. If the La Liga was recognized nine
months later, he had no idea about it.
9. If the La Liga had a revolutionary
purpose, the Katipunan should not
have been organized.
10. If the Spanish authorities found his
letter to have a bitter atmosphere, it
was because in 1890, his family was
being persecuted resulting in their
dispossession of properties and
deportations of all his brothers-in-
law.
11. He lived an exemplary life in Dapitan
– the politico-military commanders
and missionary priests in the province
could attest to that.
12. If according to witnesses the speech
he delivered at Doroteo Ongjunco’s
house had inspired the revolution,
then why did the Katipunan send an
unfamiliar emissary to him in
Dapitan? It is so because all his
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friends were aware that he never
advocated violence.
December 28, 1896
 Governor-General Camilo de
Polavieja signed and approved the
court decision that Rizal be executed
by firing squad at 7:00 am of
December 30 at Bagumbayan field.
December 29,1896
 Rizal, on his remaining days,
composed his longest poem, Mi
Ultimo Adios. When his mother and
sisters visited him on December 29,
1896, Rizal gave away his remaining
possessions. He handed his gas lamp
to his sister Trinidad and murmured
softly in English, “There is something
inside”.
 The final moments of Rizal
approached swiftly. At 6:00 am,
Captain Rafael Dominguez read the
official notice of Rizal's impending
execution.
E. EXECUTION AND DEATH
December 30, 1896
3:30 am
 Fr. Balaguer led a solemn mass,
where Rizal once again confessed and
received communion, preparing his
spirit for the inevitable.
5:00 am
 Rizal had his last breakfast and
autographed some mementos.
6:30 am
 In a black suit with his arms bound
behind his back, Rizal walked to
Bagumbayan (Luneta/Rizal Park).
Canonically Blessed: At the execution site,
Rizal and Josephine Bracken were
canonically blessed as husband and wife by
Fr. Balaguer, a testament to their love amidst
adversity.
Defying to the End: Up to the last moment
at Fort Santiago, Rizal defied the orders of his
captors. Instead of facing the sea and turning
his back to the firing squad, as instructed,
Rizal chose to confront his destiny head-on.
7:00 am
 The firing squad arrived at the
execution site, and Rizal's pulse was
checked by Dr. Felipe Ruiz Castillo.
Surprisingly, it was normal.
Rizal's Last Words: Despite the pain and
injustice, Rizal's last words, echoing those of
Jesus Christ, were "Consummatum Est" [It is
finished].
7:03 am
 Rizal’s time of death. The family did
not get the body. Narcisa searched for
it and found it in the Paco Cemetery.
Rizal's Sacrifice: Jose Rizal died as he had
lived, with unwavering dedication to his
country and its freedom. His death served as
a catalyst for the Philippine revolution
against the oppressive Spanish colonial rule,
which had endured from 1565 to 1898.
Rizal Handout.docx

Lesson 5: Noli Me Tangere

I. Noli Me Tangere: the first novel of Dr. Jose Rizal which translates from its Latin word, “Touch Me Not” based on John
20:13-17.
Idea of Writing the Novel to Printing
● Uncle Tom’s Tabin – written by Harriet Beecher Stowe inspired Rizal to write a novel that would depict miseries of
Filipinos under Spanish tyranny.
● January 4, 1884 - proposed idea of writing a novel about the Philippines which was unanimously approved by the
Paternos, Jaena, Evaristro, Aguirre, de Lete, Llorente, Figueros, and Ventura.
● Memorable Bleak winter of 1886 - Rizal experienced two main reasons:
(1) he experienced the darkest winter
- Rizal lived in poverty and was flat broke due to unavailability of funds from his siblings, Paciano & Saturnina.
(2) greatness of joy – his friend Dr. Maximo Viola, scion of a rich family from Bulacan. served as his Santa before
Christmas. He agreed to finance the printing of the novel and let Rizal loan for his living expenses.
● February 21, 1887 – Rizal finished Noli Me Tangere and is ready for printing. He found the lowest printing rate at
Berliner Buchdruckrei-Action-Gessselachaft, for 300 pesos for 2, 000 copies of printing.
● Rizal was suspected as a French Spy – because of his unavailability to present his passport to a police Berlin and
received intelligence from the German government about his frequent trips to villages and towns.
● March 21, 1887 – Noli Me Tangere was sent off to the press.
● March 29, 1887 - Rizal gave a token of appreciation and gratitude to his friend Viola. He gave:
(1) galley proofs of the Noli carefully rolled around the pen that he used in writing it
(2) complimentary copy, with the following inscription: “To my dear friend, Maximo Viola, the first to read and
appreciate my work -- Jose Rizal.”

Missing Chapter:
● “Elias and Salome” was originally the twenty-fifth chapter of the Noli, It was intended to follow Chapter 24, “In The
Woods”. It relates of Elias’ escape from the picnic when the guardia civil came to arrest him and his sad parting with his
sweetheart Salome, who was a pretty orphan girl.
● Rizal removed it during the actual printing of the book due to financial constraints. Originally, Noli me Tangere has 64
chapters. The removed chapter, now referred to as Chapter X (Chapter “eks”), was titled Eliás y Salomé (Elias and
Salome), was not included in any Noli publication. To resolve this conflict, each pages will be named as Chapter x (as it
appears on the address bar).
The “Noli” Based on Truth.

The Noli Me Tangere, unlike many works of fictional literature, was a true story of Philippine conditions during the last decades of
Spanish rule. The places, the characters, and the situations really existed. “The facts I narrate there,” said Rizal, “are all true and
have happened, I can prove them.”

The characters -- Ibarra, Maria Clara, Elias, Tasio, Capitan Tiago, Padre Damaso, Padre Saivi, etc. --- were drawn by Rizal from
persons who actually existed during his times.

● Maria Clara was Leonor Rivera, although in real life she became unfaithful, unlike the heroine of the novel, and
married an Englishman.
● Ibarra and Elias represented Rizal himself.
● Tasio the philosopher was his elder brother, Paciano.
● Padre Salvi was identified by Rizalists as Padre Antonio Piernavieja, the hated Augustinian friar in Cavite who was
killed by the patriots during the Revolution.
● Capitan Tiago was Capitan Hilario Sunico of San Nicolas.
● Dona Victorina was Doha Agustina Medel.
● The two brothers Basilio and Crispin were the Crisostomo brothers of Hagonoy.
 ● Padre Damaso was typical of a domineering friar during the days of Rizal, who was arrogant, immoral, and anti-
Filipino.

II. Summary of Chapters 1-3

Chapter 1: A Social Gathering

Wealthy Binondo resident, Don Santiago de los Santos (Capitan Tiago), throws a last minute dinner party. Among the
many guests are the Dominican curate of Binondo, Fray Sibyla; the former curate of San Diego, Fransiscan Fray Damaso; an
elderly lieutenant; and two civilians, Senor Laruja and a rubicund youth who has recently arrived in the country.
Damaso and Laruja impress upon the rubicund youth the quality of indolence of the native population, but the conversation
diverges as Sibyla asks Damaso about his tenure in San Diego. In response, The Fransiscan launches into a seemingly inexplicable
tirade against the Captain-General, to which the elderly lieutenant takes offense. He reveals that Damaso’s anger stems from his
having been transferred by the Captain-General to a new town as punishment for having had the corpse of a man falsely accused of
suicide dug up.
As the mutual annoyance between the friar and lieutenant abates, two other guests join the group, the lame Spaniard Doctor De
Espedaña, and his ostentatious European styled Filipina wife, Doña Victorina.

Implications:
It is visible that Friars have an authoritarian power in the society during the time of narration due to the excessive confidence of
Fray Damaso using the derogatory word indio to generalize all Filipinos as lazy, and stupid.

Chapter 2: Crisostomo Ibarra

Captain Tiago, the host of the evening party, enters the living room with Don Crisostomo Ibarra. Tiago introduces Ibarra as the
son of his deceased friend. He also tells the group that Ibarra just arrived from Europe.

Father Damaso is petrified by the entrance and appearance of Ibarra. When the latter introduces himself to the priest and alludes
to a friendship between the priest and his late father, the priest responds by saying "your father was never a close friend of mine".

Ibarra immediately withdraws the hand that he extended towards Father Damaso. In that instant, Teniente asks Ibarra if he is the
son of Don Rafael Ibarra. The young man acknowledged the question.

Teniente tells the young Ibarra that he met and knew his father and that he was one of the country's most honorable men. Ibarra
replied by thanking him and hinting that he doesn't know what caused his father's death. The Teniente gets emotional and hurries
to leave.

Ibarra introduces himself to a group of ladies but he generates no response so he leaves and joins a group of young men
instead.

A man approaches Ibarra and introduces himself as Captain Tinong of Tondo. Tinong invites Ibarra for lunch at his house in
Tondo but the latter politely declines saying he is leaving for San Diego first thing in the morning.

An attendant informs everyone at the party that dinner has been served. The guests start proceeding towards the dining hall.

Implications:
In this chapter, Rizal begins the long and consequential battle between Crisostomo Ibarra and Friar Damaso. Ibarra had clearly not
expected the friar to greet him so coldly.

Crisostomo Ibarra had spent seven years in Europe. He had no idea of the many events that had transpired in his country while he
was away.

Chapter 3: The Dinner

That Father Dámaso and Father Sibyla offer the seat to the lieutenant only in an attempt to put an end to their own dispute is a
small-scale example of the way the church manipulates the government throughout Noli Me Tangere. In this moment, readers
catch a glimpse of what’s to come regarding how friars encourage the authority of the state only when it benefits themselves.

It’s no surprise that Father Dámaso scoffs at Ibarra’s notion that happiness depends on “freedoms,” considering that—as a
powerful Spanish friar in a colonized land—he’s uninterested in promoting “a people’s prosperity” or “freedom.” Furthermore, he
shows a disdain for education in general, framing it as something that isn’t worth going out of one’s way to obtain. In doing so,
Dámaso insults Ibarra’s hard work in addition to undermining the means by which Ibarra has attained his community’s respect.

By reminding his listeners that Dámaso once ate at Don Rafael’s table, Ibarra portrays the priest as ungrateful while also
insulting his old age. In addition, it’s worth noting that the lieutenant doesn’t repeat Ibarra’s toast, neglecting to say “Spain and the
Philippines!” This suggests that, although he works for the government, the current circumstances surrounding his argument with
Father Dámaso make him disinclined to praise colonialist rule, since the toast itself emphasizes Spain’s supposed right to the
Philippines.

The young blond man’s callous belief that Filipinos would be better off if they didn’t leave their homeland illustrates the power
of isolation and shows the deep ignorance and disdain of the Spanish colonizers. If Ibarra never left the Philippines, he wouldn’t
necessarily even know how to challenge Father Dámaso. As such, it is in the best interest of the country’s friarocracy to discourage
Filipinos from traveling abroad and educating themselves. This is also further proof that the colonizers project their own desires
and insecurities onto Filipinos. Isolation doesn’t benefit Filipinos, as the blond man alleges—it benefits Spanish colonizers like
him.

Summary of Noli Me Tangere:

Juan Crisóstomo Ibarra y Magsalin, commonly referred to as Ibarra, has been studying in Europe for the past seven years, though
he is a mestizo Filipino. As he arrives back in the Philippines, his friend, a prominent man named Captain Tiago, hosts a reunion
dinner. Ibarra had been in Europe for such a long time that he doesn’t know what has been going on in the country. At dinner,
Father Dámaso, who Ibarra thought was friends with his father, treats him badly, which surprises Ibarra.
As Ibarra is walking home from the dinner, another family friend, Señor Guevara, follows him and tells him that Ibarra’s father
died in prison after a campaign of slander against him, and that Father Dámaso had a hand in his death. Father Dámaso had
accused the elder Ibarra of not going to confession, and after Rafael Ibarra inadvertently killed a man who beat a young boy, he
was imprisoned and attacked with accusations of subversion and heresy. Guevara tried to clear his name, but he died in prison
before he could be freed. The younger Ibarra is shocked, but unsure of what to do. He goes to visit his old lover, Maria Clara, but
as Maria mentions Ibarra’s family, Ibarra is put off.
Instead of seeking revenge, Ibarra tries to follow his father’s footsteps of peace. After meeting with a schoolmaster who knew his
father, he plans on establishing a public school to help his hometown. Yet the schoolmaster warns him that Father Dámaso
meddles in the school system, preventing students from learning Spanish and demanding that he beat the students. Ibarra pitches
the idea of the school to town officials, pretending that he wants to work with them on it, and they agree.
Meanwhile, two young boys, Crispín and Basilio, work as sextons to support their impoverished mother, Sisa, who is abused by
their father. When Crispín is falsely accused of theft, the brothers must work even more. When he protests, Crispín is severely
beaten, while Basilio escapes. He returns the next day to look for his brother, but can't find him. Sisa looks for both her sons,
losing her mind as she wanders the area in search of them.
Ibarra goes to his father’s grave, seeking peace. He is shocked to discover that his father’s corpse was removed and supposedly put
into a Chinese cemetery at the order of the town's curate—Father Dámaso.
During the town's festivities, Ibarra and the officials plan to celebrate the new school, hoping to bless it after a sermon by Father
Dámaso. During the sermon, a mysterious man named Elías approaches Ibarra, warning him of a plot to kill him. Elías had been
the boatman on an earlier excursion Ibarra took with friends, but after the excursion, Ibarra discovered he was a wanted fugitive.
That night, Father Dámaso invites himself to a dinner Ibarra is hosting. He insults both indigenous Filipinos and Ibarra’s father
specifically. He punches Father Dámaso, but before he can kill him, he is stopped by María Clara.
Ibarra is excommunicated, and María Clara falls ill, then is reengaged to a new man after her spineless father calls off her wedding
to Ibarra. Meanwhile, the Captain General, the highest Spanish official in the novel, manages to lift Ibarra's excommunication,
angering the clergy. Ibarra continues working on the school, and Father Salvi, who is in love with María Clara, plots with Lucas,
the brother of a man killed by the plot intended to kill Ibarra at the festival, to frame Ibarra for a rebellion, organizing people with
grievances against the colonial government and telling them that Ibarra is leading the revolt. Right before the attack happens,
Father Salvi warns everyone, claiming someone told him about it in confession.
Ibarra is thrown into prison, having been found guilty based on a letter he wrote to María Clara before leaving for Europe years
ago. Again, Elías rescues him, breaking him out of prison and taking him to María Clara. She explains that she gave Father Salvi
the letter that led to Ibarra being found guilty because he blackmailed her: he knew that her real father is Father Dámaso, and
threatened to reveal this information. She apologizes to Ibarra, profoundly sorry.
Elías and Ibarra row away, but they quickly realize they're being followed by another boat, which will soon catch up. Elías jumps
off the boat to confuse their pursuers, who think he is Ibarra and try to shoot him while the real Ibarra escapes. They appear to kill
him, but they never see his body.
María Clara tells Father Dámaso that she can't marry Linares, the man she is now engaged to, and threatens to commit suicide if
she is not allowed to enter a convent. Because a newspaper reported Ibarra is dead, she cannot bear the thought of being married to
another man. Father Dámaso reluctantly agrees.
On Christmas Eve, Basilio wanders away from the cabin where he's been staying with an adoptive family and looks for Sisa, his
mother. He finds her, but she doesn't recognize him and runs away. Finally, he catches her and faints, and she dies of shock, having
finally recognized him. Elías appears, telling Basilio that he is about to die, and asks Basilio to put his body with Sisa's on a
funeral pyre. "I die without seeing dawn’s light shining on my country…You, who will see it, welcome it for me…don’t forget
those who fell during the nighttime," he says.

Bea, Bicua, Llorin /// BSN 4B

 Republic of the Philippines
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Life and Works of Rizal

Valentin Ventura (called the "Savior

of the Fili")
TOPIC OUTLINE - Rizal immediately sent 2 printed copies
to Hong- Kong for:
A. About the novel 1. Jose Ma. Basa
B. Objectives of Rizal in writing the 2. Sixto Lopez
novel Valentin Ventura
- Rizal gratefully donated the original
C. Symbolism of Cover page manuscript, a pen and an autographed
D. Characters of the novel printed copy.
E. Plot Summary Rizal sent complimentary copies to:
F. Excerpts from El Filibusterismo - Blumentritt, Mariano Ponce, Graciano
Lopez Jaena, Antonio Luna, T.H. Pardo
i. Chapter 1: On the Upper deck de Tavera, Juan Luna and other friends.
ii. Chapter 2: On the Lower deck El Nuevo Régimen
iii. Chapter 3: Simoun - liberal Madrid newspaper
- serialized the novel in its issues of
October 1891.
About the Novel Filipiniana Division of the Bureau of Public
libraries in Manila
- Preserved the original manuscript of El
Has little humor, less idealism, and less romance filibusterismo in Rizal’s own
than the Noli Me Tangere. It is more handwriting
revolutionary, more tragic than the first novel. - Acquired by the Philippine government
from Valentin Ventura for 10,000
➔ Second novel written by José Rizal pesos.
➔ Sequel to Noli Me Tangere
➔ written in Spanish Filibusterismo/Filibustero
➔ English translation: "The reign of - Rizal had to define the word filibustero
Greed” to his German friend Ferdinand
➔ 38 chapters with 279 pages of long Blumentritt, who did not understand
sheets paper his use of the word in Noli MeTangere.
➔ Dedicated to GOMBURZA In a letter, Rizal explained:
1. Mariano Gomez
2. Jose Burgos "The word filibustero is little known in the
3. Jacinto Zamora Philippines. The masses do not know it yet. I
➔ Rizal took 3 years to write his second heard it for the first time in 1872 when the
novel tragic executions took place.”
October 1887 (Calamba) “I still remember the panic that this word
- began writing El Filibusterismo created. Our father forbade us to utter it, as
1888 (London) well as the words Cavite, Burgos, etc. The
- revised the plot and some chapters Manila newspapers and the Spaniards apply this
Paris word to one whom they want to make a
- continued to work on his manuscript revolutionary suspect.”
Brussels “The Filipinos belonging to the educated class
- Reason moved here: cost of living was fear the reach of the word. It does not have the
cheaper and he would be less likely to meaning of freebooters; it rather means a
be distracted by social events so he dangerous patriot who will soon be hanged or
could focus on finishing the book. well, a presumptuous man."
March 29, 1891 (Biarritz)
- completed the book
September 18, 1891 Objectives Of Dr. Jose Rizal In Writing
- the novel was published in Ghent, The Novel
partially funded by Rizal’s friend

Page 1
Alarzar, Tala Jeline & Repolona, Angeline
BSN-4B
 1. To discuss what religion and belief can
really do to everyday lives.
2. To expose the cruelties, graft and
corruption of the false government and
honestly show the wrong doings of
Filipinos that led to further failure.
3. To defend Filipino people from foreign
accusations of foolishness and lack of
knowledge.
4. To show how the Filipino people lived
during the Spanish colonial period and
the cries and woes of his countrymen
against abusive officials
Symbolism of Cover Page
➔ Title Page contains an inscription
written by Ferdinand Blumentritt.
The inscription, which is not found in many
published English translations, is as follows:
“It can easily be supposed that a rebel
(Filibustero) has secretly bewitched the league
of friar-zealots and retrogrades so that,
unwittingly following his incitements, they
should favor and foment that policy which
pursues one sole end; to spread ideas of
rebellion throughout the length and breadth of
land, and to convince every Filipino that there is
no salvation except through separation from
Mother Country.”
➔ Compared to the book cover of Noli Me,
El Fili's cover is plain, as designed by
Jose Rizal.
➔ Plain cover conveys a fresh start for the
Philippines and Filipinos without the
trace of symbols from the events and
situations in Noli Me Tangere.
Characters of the novel
SIMOUN - Crisostomo Ibarra in disguise, left
for dead at the end of Noli me tangere. Ibarra
has resurfaced as the wealthy jeweler, sporting a
beard, blue-tinted glasses, and a revolver.
(symbolizes revolutionaries who advocated for a
bloody revolt against the Spanish government,
but his death in El Fili shows Rizal’s disapproval
of armed rebellion)
MARIA CLARA - Girlfriend of Ibarra.
Daughter of Kapitan Tiago and Dona Pia Alba,
but biologically, her father is Padre Damaso.
BASILIO - Son of Sisa. After his mother's
death, he became a vagabond until Kapitan
Tiago took him in out of pity and hired him as a
houseboy in exchange for sending him to school.
He is a graduating medical student who
discovered Simoun's true identity and befriended
Alarzar, Tala Jeline & Repolona, Angeline
BSN-4B
him. His girlfriend is Juli. (represents the youth
striving for personal advancement but lacking
social awareness)
JULI – Juliana de Dios, girlfriend of Basilio,
and the youngest daughter of Kabesang Tales.
To claim her father from the bandits, she had to
work as a maid under the supervision of
Hermana Penchang. Eventually, she was freed
but committed suicide after Father Camorra
attempted to rape her.
ISAGANI - Basilio's friend and one of the
students who planned to set up a new school. He
is very idealistic and hopes for a better future for
the Philippines. His girlfriend was the rich and
beautiful Paulita Gomez, but they broke up once
he was arrested. Despite this, his love for her
still endured. He sabotaged Simoun's plans by
removing the lamp that contained explosives and
threw it in the waters (in real life represents
Vicente Ilustre, Batangueno friend of Rizal in
Madrid) (also embodies the youth with great
love for their country, willing to stand up for
their beliefs)
PAULITA GOMEZ - beautiful niece of Doña
Victorina and the sweetheart of Isagani.
Following Isagani's imprisonment, Paulita broke
their relationship off and married Juanito
instead. (represents Rizal's childhood
sweetheart, and “lover by correspondence”
Leonor Rivera, who married an Englishman
Charles Henry Kipping)
JUANITO PELAEZ – The son of Don Timoteo
Pelaez, a Spanish businessman, he is also one of
the members of Macaraig’s gang who wish to
have the Academia de Castellano built. He is
considered by Isagani as his rival to Paulita
Gomez, the woman whom he fell in love with in
the end. Placido Peninte considers him as a
“good for nothing” classmate.
PADRE FLORENTINO - a retired scholarly
and patriotic Filipino priest (in real life
represents Father Leoncio Lopez, Rizal's friend
and priest of Calamba)
BEN-ZAYB - Spanish journalist and is
unscrupulous in his storytelling, often distorting
facts to make stories more appealing.
(represents the corrupted media of his time)
CAPITAN TIAGO - Maria Clara’s father and
a wealthy landowner. Despite his wealth, he falls
into depression after Maria enters the convent,
leading him to develop an opium addiction,
fueled by his association with Padre Irene.
Capitan Tiago hires Basilio as a servant-student,
who eventually becomes his caregiver and estate
manager. He dies from shock after hearing of
Basilio’s arrest and tales of violent revolt.
Page 2
PADRE IRENE - Capitan Tiago’s spiritual
adviser. Despite receiving gifts from the student
association, he betrays them by advising against
their vision of a secular, privately managed
school. He secretly supplies Capitan Tiago with
opium, and upon Basilio’s imprisonment,
ensures Basilio inherits nothing from Tiago’s
estate.
PADRE CAMORRA - parish priest of the town
of Tiani. Known for his insatiable lust, Father
Camorra’s actions ultimately lead Juli to take her
own life after he tries to raper her within the
convent.
CAPTAIN GENERAL - highest-ranking
official in the Philippines during the Spanish
colonial period, the Captain-General is Simoun’s
friend and confidant. He is driven by an
insatiable lust for gold, which Simoun exploits
to manipulate him and drive the country towards
revolution.
QUIROGA - Chinese businessman aspiring to
become a consul for China in the Philippines.
Simoun coerces him into hiding weapons in his
warehouses for the planned revolution.
Other supporting characters:
DOÑA VICTORINA - ridiculously
pro-Spanish native woman
PADRE SIBYLA - Vice-Rector of the
University of Santo Tomas
PADRE SALVI - thin Franciscan friar and
former cura of San Diego.
PADRE FERNANDEZ - good Dominican friar
and friend of Isagani
PADRE MILLON - Bigoted Dominican
friar-professor, who teaches physics in the
University of Santo Tomas without scientific
experiments.
DON CUSTODIO - pro-Spanish Filipino
holding a high position in the government
KABESANG TALES - Dispossessed of his
land in Tiani by the friars like that of Rizal's
father. In desperation, he becomes a bandit
chieftain named Matanglawin
MACARAIG - rich student and leader of the
Filipino students in their movement to have an
academy where they could learn Spanish.
SENOR PASTA - old Filipino lawyer who
refuses to help Filipino students in their petition
to the government for educational reforms.
TANDANG SELO - grandfather of Juli and
Cabesang Tales' father. After Juli’s suicide, he
leaves town and later dies at the hands of his
grandson Tano during a skirmish with bandits.
Plot Summary
Synopsis: The hero of El Filibusterismo is a rich
jeweler named Simoun. He was Crisostomo
Ibarra of the Noli, who, with Elias' help,
Alarzar, Tala Jeline & Repolona, Angeline
BSN-4B
escaped from the pursuing soldiers at Laguna de
Bay, dug up his buried treasure, and fled to Cuba
where he became rich and powerful figure not
only because he is a rich jeweler, but also
because he is a good friend and adviser of the
governor general.
Outwardly, Simoun is a friend of Spain.
However, deep in his heart, he is secretly
cherishing a terrible revenge against the Spanish
authorities. His two magnificent obsessions are
(1) to rescue Maria Clara from the nunnery of
Santa Clara and (2) to foment a revolution
against the hated Spanish masters.
The story of El Filibusterismo begins on board
the clumsy, roundish shaped steamer Tabo, so
appropriately named. This steamer is sailing
upstream the Pasig from Manila to Laguna de
Bay. Among the passengers are Simoun, the
rich jeweler; Dona Victorina, the ridiculously
pro-Spanish native woman who is going to
Laguna in search of her henpecked husband,
Tiburcio de Espadana, who has deserted her;
Paulita Gomez, her beautiful niece; Ben-Zayb,
a Spanish journalist who writes silly articles
about the Filipinos; Padre Sibyla, Vice-Rector
of the University of Santo Tomas; Padre
Camorra, the parish priest of the town of Tiani;
Don Custodio, a pro-Spanish Filipino holding a
high position in the government; Padre Salvi,
thin Franciscan friar and former cura of San
Diego; Padre Irene, a kind friar who was a
friend of the Filipino students; Padre
Florentino, a retired scholarly and patriotic
Filipino priest; Isagani, a poet-nephew of Padre
Florentino and a lover of Paulita; and Basilio,
son of Sisa and promising medical student,
whose medical education is financed by his
patron, Capitan Tiago.
Simoun, a man of wealth and mystery, is a very
close friend and confidante of the Spanish
governor general. Because of his great influence
in Malacanang, he was called the “Brown
Cardinal” or the “Black Eminence”. By using
his wealth and his political influence, he
encourages corruption in the government,
promotes the oppression of the masses, and
hastens the moral degradation of the country so
that the people may become desperate and fight.
He smuggles arms into the country with the help
of a rich Chinese merchant, Quiroga, who very
much wants to be Chinese consul of Manila. His
first attempt to begin the armed uprising did
not materialize because at the last hour he heard
the sad news that Maria Clara died in the
nunnery. In his agonizing moment of
bereavement, he did not give the signal for the
outbreak of hostilities.
After a long time of illness brought about by the
bitter loss of Maria Clara, Simoun perfects his
plan to overthrow the government. On the
occasion of the wedding of Paulita Gomez and
Page 3
Juanito Pelaez, he gives as a wedding gift to
them a beautiful lamp. Only he and his
confidential associate, Basilio (Sisa's son who
joined his revolutionary cause), know that when
the wick of his lamp burns lower the
nitroglycerine, hidden in its secret compartment,
will explode, destroying the house where the
wedding feast is going to be held and killing all
the guests, including the governor general, the
friars, and the government officials.
Simultaneously, all the government buildings in
Manila will be blown by Simoun's followers.
As the wedding feast begins, the poet Isagani,
who has been rejected by Paulita because of his
liberal ideas, is standing outside the house,
watching sorrowfully the merriment inside.
Basilio, his friend, warns him to go away
because the lighted lamp will soon explode.
Upon hearing the horrible secret of the lamp,
Isagani realizes that his beloved Paulita was in
grave danger. To save her life, he rushes into
the house, seizes the lighted lamp, and hurls it
into the river, where it explodes. The
revolutionary plot was discovered. Simoun was
cornered by the soldiers, but he escaped.
Mortally wounded, and carrying his treasure
chest, he sought refuge in the home of Padre
Florentino by the sea.
The Spanish authorities, however, learn of his
presence in the house of Padre Florentino.
Lieutenant Perez of the Guardia Civil informs
the priest by letter that he would come at eight
o'clock that night to arrest Simoun.
Simoun eluded arrest by taking poison. As he is
dying, he confesses to Padre Florentino,
revealing his true identity, his dastardly plan to
use his wealth to avenge himself, and his sinister
aim to destroy his friends and enemies.
The confession of the dying Simoun is long and
painful. It is already night when Padre
Florentino, wiping the sweat from his wrinkled
brow, rises and begins to meditate. He consoles
the dying man, saying:
“God will forgive you, Senor Simoun. He knows
that we are fallible. He has seen that you have
suffered, and in ordaining that the chastisement
for your faults should come as death from the
very ones you have instigated to crime, we can
see His infinite mercy. He has frustrated your
plans one by one, the best conceived, first by the
death of Maria Clara, then by a lack of
preparation, then in some mysterious way. Let us
bow to His will and render him thanks!”
Watching Simoun die peacefully with a clear
conscience and at peace with God, Padre
Florentino murmurs:
“Where are the youth who will consecrate their
golden hours, their illusions, and their
enthusiasm for the welfare of their native land?
Alarzar, Tala Jeline & Repolona, Angeline
BSN-4B
Where are the youth who will generously pour
out their blood to wash away so much shame,so
much crime,so much abomination? Pure and
spotless must the victim be that the sacrifice may
be acceptable! Where are you, youth,who will
embody in yourselves the vigor of life that has
left our veins, the purity of ideas that has been
contaminated in our brains, the fire of
enthusiasm that has been quenched in our
hearts! We await you, O youth! Come, for we
await you!"
Padre Florentino falls upon his knees and prays
for the dead jeweler. He takes the treasure chest
and throws it into the sea. As the waves close
over the sinking chest, he invokes:
“May nature guard you in her deep abysses
among the pearls and corals of her eternal seas.
When for some holy and sublime purposes man
may need you, God will in His wisdom draw you
from the bosom of the waves. Meanwhile, there
you will not work woe, you will not distort
justice, you will not foment avarice!”
W
Chapter 1: On the Upper deck
(Kabanata 1: Sa Ibabaw ng Kubyerta)
A steamship sails down the river Pasig. Aboard
are several churchmen, Fathers Sibyla, Camorra,
Salví, and Irene. There is also Don Custodio,
Doña Victorina, a journalist named Ben Zayb,
and Simoun, a jeweler of mestizo heritage who
dresses like an Englishman. These passengers
are of the upper class and sit above deck in the
shade. The rest of the passengers are Filipino
and Chinese, and must travel below deck. The
steamship’s crew is also composed of Filipinos.
Those above deck discuss building projects.
Simoun proposes a canal, which would require
“slave-like” labor; he uses Rome and Egypt as
examples. Don Custodio finds the plan foolish
for not considering the revolts that would erupt
from workers. Simoun doesn’t believe the
people would revolt. Instead, force everyone
living near the Pasig River to raise ducks. Thus,
the pond will deepen as they get the snails for
duck food. Donya Victorina didn't agree with
this either because it would increase the number
of "balot" that she hates.
Characters in Chapter 1
1. Simoun
2. Donya Victorina
3. Don Custodio
4. Ben Zayb
5. Padre Salvi
6. Padre Sibyla
7. Padre Camorra
8. Padre Irene
Lessons, Messages, and Implications
1. The ruling class of the Spaniards then in
the Philippines, where the slow ship
Page 4
 Tabo was compared to the government.
The slow progress is due to the leaders'
focus on their own interests and the
prevention of the education of the
Filipinos in order to remain subservient
to them.
2. Do not underestimate our neighbor,
where the Spaniards had a low regard
for the Filipinos, who were only
considered as servants and thought that
they were born to be slaves of the
Spaniards.
3. The discrimination that can be seen in
the division of passengers on the boat
Tabo. The rich and of Spanish blood are
in the upper part, where they are
comfortable and do not sweat.
Meanwhile, the Filipinos, Indians and
Chinese were below deck, enduring the
heat, engine noise, sweat and crowding
where they stood.
4. The chapter also shows the selfishness
and truth-blindness of those in power.
For example, Simoun suggested that
prisoners and citizens be forced to work,
without thinking about the effects on the
citizens. On the other hand, Don
Custodio's proposal shows ignorance in
valuing nature and citizens. Their
disagreement indicates that their
interests are not for the welfare of the
people, but for their personal welfare.
5. The message of the chapter is the
importance of having an honest and
caring leadership. The chapter also
shows that decision-making should not
be blinded by self-interest, but should
consider the welfare of all, especially
the poor and oppressed.
Chapter 2: On the Lower deck
Below deck, medical student Basilio and the
young poet Isagani chat with Capitan Basilio.
The younger Basilio first updates the capitan on
the lack of improvement in Capitan Tiago’s
health condition and supposed continued use of
opium. Their conversation turns to the Spanish
language academy the young men are planning
to start. Capitan Basilio is doubtful of their
success, but the young men calm his doubts by
revealing they expect a permit soon, and that
they have teachers and funds contributed by
fellow students. Their venue will be the house of
a student named Makaraig. Capitan Basilio
accepts their explanation and heads off.
The young men move on to other topics
including Paulita, Dona Victorina’s niece and
Isagani’s love interest; Dona Victorina’s hiring
of Isagani to look for Don Tiburcio, and the fact
that Don Tiburcio is actually hiding in Isagani’s
uncle’s house. Simoun joins them briefly, and
Basilio introduces him to Isagani.
Alarzar, Tala Jeline & Repolona, Angeline
BSN-4B
Also below deck on the rear is Isagani’s uncle,
Padre Florentino, now retired and with a fortune
left to him by his long departed mother in
exchange for his agreeing to become a priest.
Characters in Chapter 2
1. Basilio
2. Isagani
3. Capitan Basilio
4. Capitan Tiago
5. Simoun
6. Padre Florentino
Lessons, Messages, and Implications
1. The chapter highlights the stark class
disparities that existed in the Philippines
during the Spanish colonial era. The
stark contrast between the luxury on the
upper deck and the suffering on the
lower deck of the ship serves as a
commentary on the unequal treatment of
the rich and the poor.
2. The lower deck of the ship is a symbol
of the injustices suffered by the common
people. The harsh treatment and abuse
of the lower-class passengers by the
authorities and the wealthy passengers
showcase the systemic injustice
prevalent in society.
3. The conditions on the lower deck
represent the suffering and exploitation
experienced by the Filipino people
under Spanish colonialism.
4. The lower deck symbolizes the
marginalized and oppressed in society,
while the upper deck represents the
ruling class.
Chapter 3: Simoun
Padre Florentino and Simoun join the group on
the upper deck, and the captain launches into the
topic of legends about the Pasig river. He talks
about Malapad-na-bato, believed to have been
the home of spirits but later became a bandits’
nest.
Padre Florentino next tells the story of Doña
Jeronima, a woman who had grown old waiting
for her betrothed who had forgotten her and had
gone on to become the Archbishop of Manila.
To appease her, he prepared a cave for her where
she lived and died. Hearing this, Simoun turns to
Padre Salvi and pointedly remarks at how
ungallant the Archbishop had been. He believes
it would have been more fitting if the lady were
shut up in a nunnery like Santa Clara.
An uncomfortable Padre Salvi changes the topic
and relates a legend of his own about an
unbelieving Chinaman who, when attacked by a
cayman, invoked St. Nicholas, and the cayman
turned to stone.
Page 5
As the steamer enters the lake, Ben-Zayb asks
the captain where a certain Ibarra had been
killed. The captain gives a quick account of the
pursuit on the lake thirteen years ago and
indicates where Ibarra had been lost.

Characters in Chapter 3
1. Padre Florentino
2. Padre Sybila
3. Padre Irene
4. Padre Camorra
5. Simoun
6. Donya Geronima
7. Kapitan ng Barko
8. Padre Salvi
9. Ben Zayb
10. Donya Victorina

Lessons, Messages, and Implications

1. The legends in this chapter emphasize
the importance of cultural heritage and
identity. They imply the need to
preserve and value Filipino culture and
history in the face of foreign
colonization.
2. The presence of legends underscores the
significance of oral tradition in passing
down stories, values, and cultural
knowledge from one generation to the
next. It implies the resilience of Filipino
culture in the face of attempts at
suppression.
3. The legends may contain symbolic
elements that reflect the struggles and
aspirations of the Filipino people under
colonial rule. They can serve as
allegorical tales representing the
challenges and hopes of the time.

Page 6
Alarzar, Tala Jeline & Repolona, Angeline
BSN-4B
 JOSE RIZAL’S ANNOTATIONS OF ANTONIO DE MORGA’S
SUCESOS DE LAS ISLAS FILIPINAS

What is annotation? Who is Antonio de Morga?

 It is a note or explanation added  Antonio de Morga Sánchez

to a text or diagram Garay was born on November
 Synonymous to the following 29, 1559 in Seville, Spain and
words: comment, commentary, died on July 21, 1636 in Quito,
footnote or explanation, and Ecuador at the age of 76
interpretation  He graduated from the
 According to the Duden University of Salamanca in 1574
dictionary, the word annotation and in 1578 received a doctorate
means nothing other in canon law.
than “remark” or “note”  He was a Spanish soldier,
 Annotate - the act of adding lawyer, a high-ranking colonial
explanatory notes to a text official for 43 years, in
- From Latin annotātus, past the Philippines (1594 to 1604)
participle of annotāre(an and a historian
alternative form of adnotāre),  He was also the president of the
from ad- (“to”) + notāre (“to Audiencia of Quito, within
mark, note”). the Viceroyalty of Peru
 He wrote the first lay formal
Meaning of Sucesos de las Islas history of the Philippines
Filipinas conquest by Spain. This history
 Las Islas Filipinas means “The of the Philippines was entitled
Philippine Islands” in English Sucesos De las Islas Filipinas
and was named in honor of King (Events in the Philippine Island)
Philip II of Spain
 Sucesos means an “event”

PREPARED BY: SALEMAH BAHILLO

BSN4-B
WHY DOES JOSE RIZAL CHOOSE point of first contact with Spain.
MORGA’S WORK? Morga was not only an
eyewitness but major actor in the
1. Rizal felt Morga to be more events he narrates
“objective” than the religious
writers whose accounts included Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas
many miracle stories.
2. Rizal’s second consideration for  It’s a book written by Antonio de
the choice of Morga was that it Morga and it was published in
was the only civil, as opposed to Mexico on 1609
religious or ecclesiastical, history  The book is based on Morga’s
of the Philippines written during personal experience and
the colonial period documentary research in the
3. The third consideration was many years that he lived in the
Rizal’s opinion that this secular Philippines.
account was more objective,  Morga’s main purpose for writing
more trustworthy, than those the book is to commemorate the
written by the religious “achievements of our fellow
missionaries which were liberally Spaniards in these days, in their
sprinkled with tales of miracles discovery, conquest and
apparitions conversion of the Philippine
4. The fourth consideration in Islands and the varied
Rizal’s choice of the Morga was adventures they have had at the
that it appeared more same time in the great heathen
sympathetic, at least in parts, to kingdoms surrounding these
the indios, in contrast to the islands.”
friars accounts, many of which  There are 8 chapters of the book
were biased or downright racist 1. Of the first discoveries of
in tone and interpretation the Eastern Islands
5. The fifth and last consideration 2. Of the government of Dr.
was that Morga was an Francisco de Sande
eyewitness, and therefore a 3. Of the government of don
primary source, on the Gonzalo Ronquillo de
Philippines and its people at the Peñalosa
PREPARED BY: SALEMAH BAHILLO
BSN4-B
 4. Of the government of Dr. 3. The present state of the
Santiago de Vera Philippines was not necessarily
5. Of the government of superior to its past.
Gomes Perez Dasmariñas
6. Of the government of don “To foretell the destiny of a nation, it
Francisco Tello is necessary to open the books that
7. Of the government of don tell of her past”
Pedro de Acuña Jose rizal
8. An account of the
Philippine Islands

Rizal’s annotation had three

purposes:

1. Wakening of the unconsciousness

of the Filipinos of their glorious ways
of the past;
2. Correct what has been distorted
about the Philippines due to Spanish
conquest; and
3. Prove that Filipinos are civilized
even before the coming of the
Spaniards.

Rizal’s annotation also had three

main propositions:

1. The people of the Philippines had

a culture of their own before the
coming of the Spaniards.
2. The Filipinos were decimated,
demoralized, exploited and ruined by
Spanish colonization.
PREPARED BY: SALEMAH BAHILLO
BSN4-B
 Republic of the Philippines
BICOL UNIVERSITY POLANGUI
NURSING DEPARTMENT
Polangui, Albay
https://bicol-u.edu.ph/
Email: bupc.nursing@gmail.com
B. EXCERPTS FROM ANTONIO DE MORGA & JOSE RIZAL’S WORKS
Morga’s Narrative
1. GEOGRAPHY
a. Location  The Philippines was deserted
and inhabitable.
 The Philippines extends up to
12 degrees south latitude.
 Winters and summers are
b. Climate opposite of those in Europe.
Rainy weather is from June-
September & Summer is from
October-May.
 Betel or Buyo, pickles, and
c. Plant Species ginger are abundant.
2. CULTURE &
SOCIETY
a. Body Tattoo  Draws pattern first before
putting black powder where the
blood oozes out.
b. Indigenous  Was amazed at the native skill
People for boat making and navigating
without compass.
c. Lifestyle  Men and women are money
loving.
 Bathing their body on rivers or
streams regardless of their age.
 There are no King or Lords to
d. Government rule them.
 Was critical of the system of
government because there are
no rulers for myriad
communities, instead of one
leader for each tribe.
3. FOOD  Native Filipinos prefer to eat
salt fish which begins to
decompose and smell.
Rizal’s Annotation
 Ptolemy indicated that Philippines was
grouped into three islands namely, Sinadae,
Gilolo, and Amboina, thus, there are
inhabitants in these islands.
 The Philippines is in exactly 25 degrees and
40 minutes latitude north, until 12 degrees
latitude south.
 Criticized Morga for thinking rainy seasons
to be winter and the rest of the year to be
summer.
 In Manila, by Dec to Feb, the temperature
goes down more than it does during Aug-
Sept.
 The season resembles Spain as all the rest of
the northern hemisphere.
 Betel is “Kasubha” in Tagalog.
 He agreed, it is the same method as the
Japanese.
 Expounded on the saying that Filipinos were
known for their ship building and navigating
skills, however there was no progress
because the natives were obliged to make
European style boats like the galleons.
 “We find it everywhere in the world, even in
Europe”
 Indios have hygienic customs, which is the
proper way of taking a bath.
 Agreed that there were no such Kings.
 Argued that it was better that way because
having a leader that knows what the tribe
needs and what problems they have is more
effective.
 Spaniards, like any other nations, treat food
to which they are not accustomed to or is
known to them with disgust.
 It is called “bagoong” and all of those who
have eaten it and tasted it knows that it is not
ought to be rotten.
 Republic of the Philippines
BICOL UNIVERSITY POLANGUI
NURSING DEPARTMENT
Polangui, Albay
https://bicol-u.edu.ph/
Email: bupc.nursing@gmail.com

 The ordinary food of the natives  It seems that Morga refers to “Tawilis” or
is very small fish which they “Dilis” which is eaten by natives in large
call “Laulau.” quantities

4. CUSTOMS AND  They bury their dead in their
OTHER PRACTICES own houses keeping their
bodies and bone for a long time
in boxes and venerating their
skulls.
 “We find it much more natural and pious to
venerate the remains of our loved ones than
those fanatical martyrs whom we have no
dealings and who probably will never
remember us.”

 Both men and women dye their
hair black, and they shampoo it
with boiled bark of a tree called
“gogo.”
 Rather than the bark, it is the body itself of
the shrub that is crushed and not cooked.
 Wrote that the mentioned “gogo” is used in
mines and washing clothes, not commonly
used for washing the hair.

5. ECONOMY  Natives are always mining for  The Indios, on seeing that wealth aroused the
gold but become lesser when capacity of the Encomienderos and soldiers,
the Spaniards came. abandoned the work in the mines in order to
save themselves from vexations.

Encomienderos: The name for people who

controlled encomiendas.

Encomienda: A grant by the Spanish king or

queen that allowed a person to demand tribute
and forced labor from the Native people in a
defined territory.

Importance of Rizal’s Annotations to the present generation:

1. To awaken the consciousness of Filipinos to the Philippine History.
2. To prove that Filipinos already had their own culture prior to colonization and that Filipinos were NOT inferior to
other races, especially to white men.
3. To shatter the myth of the so-called “Indolence of the Filipinos.”
4. To reduce the future generation’s denial of their native tongue especially in these kinds of times.
5. To study Tagalog and comprehensively understand its roots.
6. To embrace the “Indio” with all its negative connotation, turning it into someone with dignity and nobility.

Prepared by:

YNA MARIE S. TORRES

BSN 4 - Block B
 GEC 19 LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL
THE PHILIPPINES: A CENTURY
HENCE
an essay written by Philippine national
hero Jose Rizal to forecast the future of
the country within a hundred years. Rizal
felt that it was time to remind Spain that the
circumstances that ushered in the French
Revolution could have a telling effect for her
in the Philippines.
It was originally entitled “Filipinas
dentro de cien años”
This was published in La Solidaridad.
I Population decreased and the aspects of
CAUSES OF MISERIES
1.)SPAIN’S IMPLEMENTATION OF
MILITARY POLICIES
Because of such laws, the Philippine
population decreased dramatically. Poverty
became more rampant than ever, and
farmlands were left to wither. The family as
a unit of society was neglected, and overall,
every aspect of the life of the Filipino was
retarded.
2.)DETERIORATION AND
DISAPPEARANCE OF FILIPINO
INDIGENOUS CULTURE
When Spain came with the sword and the
cross, it began the gradual destruction of the
native Philippine culture. Because of this,
the Filipinos started losing confidence in
their past and their heritage, became
doubtful of their present lifestyle, and
eventually lost hope in the future and the
preservation of their race. The natives began
forgetting who they were – their valued
beliefs, religion, songs, poetry, and other
forms of customs and traditions.
3.) PASSIVITY AND SUBMISSIVENESS
TO THE SPANISH COLONIZERS
One of the most powerful forces that
influenced a culture of silence among the
natives were the Spanish friars. Because of
the use of force, the Filipinos learned to
submit themselves to the will of the
foreigners.
EFFECTS OF THE SPANISH
COLONIZATION
Poverty became rampant.
the life of the Filipino were retarded.
The Filipinos lost their indigenous
traditions and culture.
The Filipino spirit was broken.
WHAT WILL THE FUTURE BE?
Will the Philippine Islands continue to be
a Spanish colony, and if so, what kind of
colony?
Will they become a province of Spain,
with or without autonomy? To reach this
stage what kind of sacrifices will have
to be made?
Will they be separated from the mother
country to live independently, to fall into the
hands of other nations, or to ally themselves
with neighbouring powers?
II
What will become of the Philippines
within a century? Will they
continue to be a Spanish
Colony?
For those who have strong spirit over the
liberty of the country, independence was
assured. But for those who are discouraged
and dillusioned by sad experiences shall be a
prison of the colony forever.
OLICIA & SALOMON I BSN 4B
 GEC 19 LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL

Now then, are the Philippines in the
same condition they were three
centuries ago?
For the liberal Spaniards: the ethical
condition of the people remains the same
For the friars and their followers: they
have progressed
For many Filipino ethics: they have
retrograded
Main Predictions and Reflections in
Parts 3 and 4:
Part 3: "Filipinas dentro de Cien Años"
(The Philippines a Century Hence)
Political Landscape:
Prediction: Rizal envisions a politically
autonomous Philippines, liberated from
colonial influences.

A. Spaniards were able to take hold of the Impact: Foresees a governance model based
Philippines for three centuries because on reason and justice, laying the
Filipinos remained faithful, their groundwork for the nation's
independence, in exchange of all the self-determination. This prediction fosters
promises given to them. discussions on political identity and
B. Filipinos sees the Spaniards as protectors but sovereignty.
soon realizes that they are its exploiters and
executioners. Social Progress:
C. Enlightenment is spreading and the
persecution it suffers quickens it. Prediction: Anticipates societal
advancements, emphasizing the
If this state of affairs should continue, transformative role of education and cultural
what will become of the Philippines enlightenment.
within a century?
People start to awaken and if the Impact: Advocates for progress, reason, and
government doesn’t change its acts, a cultural development as integral
revolution will occur. components for the nation's future success.
What do the people like? This prediction influences discussions on
A. A Filipino representative in the Cortes and national identity and social evolution.
an authorized voice to cry out against all
kinds of abuses. Economic Development:
B. To practice their human rights.
Prediction: Foresees economic growth with
Possible outcomes: progress in various economic aspects.
The Philippines will remain under Spanish
domination, but with more law and greater Impact: Positions economic development as
liberty. a crucial factor for the Philippines'
They will declare themselves independent prosperity, influencing economic policy
discussions and strategies for national
progress.

OLICIA & SALOMON I BSN 4B

 GEC 19 LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL
Part 4: "La Ultima Morada"
(The Last Home)
Philosophical Reflections:
Patriotism: Rizal reflects deeply on
patriotism, expressing a profound emotional
connection to the enduring spirit of the
Filipino people.
Challenges: Depicts the challenges faced by
the nation with a blend of hope and despair,
providing a poignant portrayal of the
Filipino struggle for identity.
Impact: These reflections contribute to a
narrative of resilience and patriotism,
influencing discussions on national
character and the ongoing journey towards
freedom.
Themes in Part 4:
Exploration of Themes: Part 4 delves into
themes of patriotism, resilience, and the
ongoing struggle for independence.
Impact: The thematic elements contribute
to the overarching narrative of resilience
and the enduring spirit of the Filipino
people, shaping discussions on the nation's
character and determination.
Connection to Rizal's Life:
Personal Experiences: Rizal's life
experiences, including his dedication to
education and sacrifice for the nation, add
authenticity to his reflections.
Influence on Sentiments: His personal
experiences significantly shape the
emotional depth of his contemplations on
the destiny of the Philippines.
Impact: Rizal's personal connection
influences discussions on the intersection of
personal sacrifice, national identity, and the
struggle for freedom.
Emphasizing the Impact of Rizal's
Insights on the Narrative of the
Philippines
Historical Significance:
Rizal's insights hold historical significance,
providing a lens through which to
understand the Philippines' evolution from
colonial rule to self-governance.
Cultural Identity:
The emphasis on cultural enlightenment and
enduring patriotism contributes to shaping
the Filipino cultural identity, fostering unity
and a sense of shared purpose.
Contemporary Relevance:
Rizal's ideas remain relevant, particularly in
contemporary discussions around
governance, education, and the ongoing
pursuit of socio-economic progress in the
Philippines.
Legacy and Inspiration:
Rizal's foresight and reflections continue to
inspire Filipinos, serving as a guiding
narrative for the nation's continued journey
towards progress, resilience, and
self-determination.
OLICIA & SALOMON I BSN 4B
 Republic of the Philippines
BICOL UNIVERSITY POLANGUI
NURSING DEPARTMENT
Polangui, Albay
https://bicol-u.edu.ph/

JOSE RIZAL AND PHILIPPINE NATIONALISM:

BAYANI AND KABAYANIHAN
TOPIC OUTLINE
JOSE RIZAL AND PHILIPPINE
NATIONALISM:
BAYANI AND KABAYANIHAN
A. Outlining Jose Rizal as a Bayani
B. Jose Rizal as our National Hero
C. On Bayani and Kabayanihan:
Views and Definitions
Outlining Jose Rizal as a Bayani
Dr. Jose Rizal Mercado y Alonso
“Jose Rizal” (1861-1896)
- is the greatest hero and martyr of our
nation.
1. He fought and sacrificed
himself for the freedom of
our nation.
2. He was brave enough to
write and express his
thoughts against the abusive
Spanish Colonials that
enlightened the minds of the
Filipino people
- resulting in the
Philippine Revolution
- and later acquiring
our independence and
freedom.
Ideals and Philosophies
❖ Rizal's achievements secured him a
status unparalleled by any other
Filipino, not in his time and at
present.
❖ His greatness can be seen in the
different ideals and philosophies he
wanted his generation and the future
generations to live by.
Listed below are some of his ideals and
philosophies:
1. His social philosophy deals with man
in society, influential factors in
human life, racial problems, social
conflicts, and social justice.
➔ This also includes poverty
and wealth, social ideals,
reforms, youth and greatness,
history and progress, and the
future Philippines.
2. Colonies should not be abused but
instead trained for self-governance.
3. He did not agree with the sale of
religious items
★ For example: cross, medals,
rosaries, and the like
➔ Contrary to what the
Spaniards taught, Rizal held
that salvation was not only
for the Catholics; that fasting
is not a sacrifice.
4. People should aim for the study of
human behavior and the tendencies
of being good and evil.
5. The body of knowledge that a person
should acquire includes the wisdom
of humanhood developed through
people's experiences in society.
EDUCATION
- was foremost for Rizal
- He believed that
education is vital in
national development as
it frees people from
ignorance.
- Education can save the
country from domination.
The First Filipino
❖ Jose Rizal was the central figure of
the revolutionary movement
❖ He was a poet, novelist,
ophthalmologist, historian, doctor,
polemical essayist, and moralist.
He was the "first Filipino" as evidenced
to his novels, especially Noli Me Tangere
● In this novel, Rizal picture the
Philippines as a nation even though
those who lived in it had no common
name yet to refer to themselves,
apart from the pejorative terms indio
and mestizo that the Spanish
colonizers called them.
● Rizal then was the first to imagine
this social whole which explains why

Prepared: Amaranto, Julienne C. and Inun Pardeño BSN IV - B

 Republic of the Philippines
BICOL UNIVERSITY POLANGUI
NURSING DEPARTMENT
Polangui, Albay
https://bicol-u.edu.ph/

he is remembered today as the first - Rizal was a polymath and a

Filipino. prolific writer.
- He penned two of the most
He was also the first one to use the term influential novels in
"Filipino." Philippine literature: "Noli
● To prove that the Filipino natives Me Tangere" (Touch Me Not)
had a culture of their own prior to and "El Filibusterismo" (The
colonization, and that they were not Subversive).
inferior to the white man, he studied - These novels exposed the
Philippine history. abuses of the Spanish
● His interest in this aspect of our colonial administration and
nationhood was what compelled him the clergy, sparking a sense
to annotate Antonio de Morga's of national identity and
Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas. awakening a desire for
● Rizal shattered the myth of the independence among
indolence of the Filipinos because he Filipinos.
believed that the Filipino is a worthy 2. Advocacy for Reform
race. - Rizal was an advocate for
● He likewise intensively studied social and political reforms
Tagalog and attempted to produce a in the Philippines.
comprehensive Tagalog dictionary - His writings called for equal
to slam the Filipinos who belittle rights and opportunities,
their native tongue. education reforms, and an
● He still embraced the term indio end to oppressive Spanish
despite all the negative connotations, rule.
and turned it to a term of dignity and 3. Peaceful Resistance
nobility. - Rizal promoted the idea of
achieving reforms through
Rizal's Foremost Dream peaceful means rather than
through violent revolution.
❖ For the Philippines to be known as a - He believed in the power of
nation of writers and intellectuals. education, enlightenment,
and diplomacy to bring about
★ He aimed at making the Filipino positive change.
race known in the world. - This approach influenced
★ Rizal's constant effort to improve later leaders of the Philippine
himself showed how much he valued independence movement.
his own education. 4. Inspiration for Nationalism
○ He even took sculpting and - Rizal's life and sacrifices
painting aside from the became a symbol of the
prescribed academic subjects. Filipino people's struggle for
○ To further improve his craft, freedom.
he learned other languages - His execution by the Spanish
including German, which authorities served as a
enabled him to translate catalyst for a stronger sense
Friedrizh Schiller's Wilhelm of nationalism and resistance
Tell into Tagalog. against colonial rule.
★ He constantly kept himself updated 5. He took an “admirable part” in
on the current trends in science and the Propaganda Campaign from
philosophy by reading and attending 1882-1896
scholarly dialogues. - Rizal was part of the
★ Rizal hoped that his achievements Propaganda Movement, a
would influence all Filipinos to group of Filipino intellectuals
build a legacy. in Europe who sought
political reforms and
representation for the
Jose Rizal as our National Hero
Philippines.
- Through their writings and
1. Literary Contributions advocacy, they aimed to

Prepared: Amaranto, Julienne C. and Inun Pardeño BSN IV - B

 Republic of the Philippines
BICOL UNIVERSITY POLANGUI
NURSING DEPARTMENT
Polangui, Albay
https://bicol-u.edu.ph/

influence Spanish authorities the Philippine Revolution,

and raise awareness about the including Rizal.
situation in the Philippines. 1900
6. He embodied the qualities of a true - American governor general
hero and chairman of the 2nd
- Both his struggles and Philippine Commission,
triumphs inspired and ignited William Howard Taft,
the Katipunan-led revolution, suggested revere Rizal as a
making the Philippines the national hero.
first independent republic in
Asia. 1996
- Up to this day, it is still what - was declared as the "Year of
Rizall fought for that leads the Filipino Heroes" in time
this generation to continue for the centennial anniversary
realizing his dream of a of the Philippine Revolution
nation where every Filipino is marked by the Cry of Pugad
truly free. Lawin in 1896.
August 30
Rizal’s Title is often Questioned - was declared as the
"National Heroes Day."
★ Unfortunately, however, there are
still some Filipinos who entertain the
belief that our Rizal is a
“made-to-order” national hero, and
that the maker or manufacturer in On Bayani and Kabayanihan: Views
this case were the Americans, and Definitions
particularly Civil Governor William
Howard Taft. Definition of Hero
★ In an article entitled, “Who Made
Rizal Our Foremost National Hero
and Why?,” the author, Esteban A. 1. Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
de Ocampo, denies the claim that ● Mythological or legendary
Rizal is a made-to-order national figure often of divine
hero. descent endowed with great
- He defended Rizal as the strength or ability
country’s foremost hero. This ● an illustrious warrior
was done, allegedly, in the ● a person admired for
following manner: achievements and noble
qualities
“And now, gentlemen, you must have a ● one who shows great courage
national hero". These were supposed to be the
words addressed by Gov. Taft to Messrs. Definition of Bayani
Pardo de Tavera, Legarda and Luzurriaga,
Filipino members of the Philippine
Commission, of which Taft was the chairman. 1. Vicassan's Dictionary (Santos, 1978)
It was further reported that "in the subsequent
● hero, patriot (“taong
discussion in which the rival merits of the
revolutionary heroes (Marcelo H. del Pilar,
makabayan”)
Graciano Lopez Jaena, Gen. Antonio Luna, ● cooperative endeavor
Emilio, Jacinto were considered, the final ● mutual aid
choice—now universally acclaimed wise one - ● volunteers or offers free
was Rizal. And so history was made." service or labor
● to be victorious, to prevail
(“mamayani”)
December 30
● leading man in a play
- In 1898, General Emilo
("bida")
Aguinaldo issued a decree
> "bida" from Spanish word
that declared December 30 as
"vida" - who is contrasted
a day of national mourning
with the villain or
for the heroes and victims of
“kontrabida” from the

Prepared: Amaranto, Julienne C. and Inun Pardeño BSN IV - B

 Republic of the Philippines
BICOL UNIVERSITY POLANGUI
NURSING DEPARTMENT
Polangui, Albay
https://bicol-u.edu.ph/
Spanish “contra vida,”
against life
> word for the lifesaver, the
inflatable rubber tube or
“salbabida”, from the Spanish
“salvar vida, “to save life
2. UP Diksiyonaryong Filipino (2001)
● person of extraordinary
courage and ability
● a person considered to
possess extraordinary talents
or someone who did
something noble (“dakila”)
● a leading man in a play
3. Vocabulario de la lengua Tagala by
the Jesuits Juan de Noceda and Pedro
de Sanlucar
● someone who is brave or
valiant, someone who works
toward a common task or
cooperative endeavor
(“bayanihan”)
4. Ambeth Ocampo (History Professor)
● Bayani comes a few words
under bayan, which is also
defined as: “the space
between here and the sky"
● Bayan is also a town,
municipality, pueblo, or
nation, and can refer to
people and citizens
(mamamayan) who live in
those communities, or to
those who originate or come
from the same place
(kababayan).
● Bayan also refers to the day
(araw) or a time of day
(malalim ang bayan) or even
to the weather, good or bad
(masamang bayan).
The Changing Forms and Definitions of
Bayani and Kabayanihan
Ang Salitang Bayani sa Pilipinas ni
Ricardo Nolasco hango sa Lipunan at
Kasaysayan.
The Heroes are warriors in which they
are the first to defend the community
against the common enemies and danger.
Prepared: Amaranto, Julienne C. and Inun Pardeño BSN IV - B
Some of the personalities of the word hero
is bajani, majani, bahani. In our Filipino
culture, heroism is measured by the
bravery of an enemy killed. It has
different levels.
3 LEVELS:
1. Maniklad - the lowest type of hero
who kills one or two fights, usually
wears a crown of red and yellow.
2. Hanaganto- being called in the
second level, he is undergoing a
ritual in which he must be joined by
Tagbusaw, the god of war and to eat
the liver and heart of the enemy
usually wearing a red crown.
3. Kinaboan- the killer is called
twenty to twenty-seven and usually
wears red pants.
4. It is also called to Luto to 100
enemies and usually wears a red
jacket.
5. Luugum, in particular, is pleased
that he can show his bravery in battle
where he has killed his enemy in his
own home. Black is usually worn.
Cultural and Historical Perspective
BAYANI
➔ Represents a heroic figure, an
individual who personifies
remarkable attributes like bravery,
altruism, and a resolute sense of
responsibility.
Example: Jose Rizal, Andres
Bonifacio, Heneral Luna,
Melchora Aquino
KABAYANIHAN
➔ Spirit of collective heroism or
community solidarity. It's the idea
that everyday people can come
together and achieve remarkable
feats for the common welfare,
especially in times of adversity.
Example: EDSA People Power
Revolution
Individual vs. Collective Heroism
BAYANI
 Republic of the Philippines
BICOL UNIVERSITY POLANGUI
NURSING DEPARTMENT
Polangui, Albay
https://bicol-u.edu.ph/

➔ A "bayani'' is someone who EXAMPLE: Medical Professionals

distinguishes themselves through
extraordinary deeds, frequently
amidst moments of crisis or discord.
These actions might involve risks to
their own life and hold the potential
to be transformative, influencing
society on a significant scale.

EXAMPLE: Frontliners during

COVID-19 Pandemic

KABAYANIHAN
➔ Centers on the combined endeavors
of a community of individuals
collaborating for a common purpose.
This notion underscores the
significance of unity and teamwork
in attaining favorable transformation.

EXAMPLE: NGOs

Modern Interpretations

BAYANI
➔ Individuals who excel in various
fields, such as arts, science, sports,
and public service
➔ Inspires and impacts society
positively

EXAMPLE: Lea Salonga

KABAYANIHAN
➔ Seen in modern contexts, like
disaster relief efforts, charitable
initiatives, and grassroots
movements aimed at addressing
social issues.
➔ Unity and compassion in times of
crisis

Example: Collaboration of local

volunteers and organizations in
times of disaster

Personal Sacrifice and Empathy

● Heroism, whether individual or

collective, often involves personal
sacrifice for the greater good.
● Both "bayani" and "kabayanihan"
require a strong sense of empathy
and a willingness to put the needs of
others before one's own.

Prepared: Amaranto, Julienne C. and Inun Pardeño BSN IV - B

Gec 19: Life and Works of Rizal
CHAPTER 11: JOSE RIZAL AND PHILIPPINE
NATIONALISM: NATIONAL SYMBOL
Prepared by:
Jianee Ma. Addiele C. Diaz
Jon Philip Delrosario Llamas
A. National Symbols of the Philippines
B. Criteria for National Heroes: Executive Order No. 75,
1993
C. Choosing Rizal as our National Hero and Symbol
D. Jose Rizal’s Life Values: His Perpetual Legacy
A. NATIONAL SYMBOLS OF THE PHILIPPINES
National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA)
- The official symbols of the Philippines represent the
country’s traditions and ideals and convey the
principles of Philippine sovereignty and national
solidarity.
Republic Act 8491 - Heraldic Code of the Philippines
- known as the Flag and Heraldic Code of the
Philippines
- National language is Filipino
- AN ACT PRESCRIBING THE CODE OF THE
NATIONAL FLAG, ANTHEM, MOTTO,
COAT-OF-ARMS AND OTHER HERALDIC ITEMS
AND DEVICES OF THE PHILIPPINES.
Philippine Flag:
BLUE- represents peace, freedom, and justice
RED- representing courage and patriorism
WHITE- represents liberty, equality, fraternity
THREE STARS: represents the 3 major island of the
Philippines (LUZON, VISAYAS, MINDANAO)
GOLDEN SUN WITH 8 RAYS: represents unity, freedom,
people’s democracy, sovereignty
- The 8 rays represent the 8 regions that started
revolting against the Spain (Manila, Bulacan, Cavite,
Pampanga, Morong, Laguna, Batangas, Nueve Ecija)
Official National Symbols:
1. Sampaguita - national flower
2. Narra - national tree
3. Philippine Eagle - national bird
4. Philippine Pearl - national gem
5. Arnis - national sport
Other Symbols:
1. Carabao (national animal)
2. Mango (natonal fruit)
3. Anahaw (national leaf)
B. Criteria for National Heroes: Executive Order No. 75,
1993
1900
- Official recognition of heroes in the Philippines when
Philippine Comission (Pardo de Tavera, Legarda,
Luzurriaga (Filipino members) and headed by William
Howard Taft) approved Act No. 137 combining the
districts of Morong and Manila to be named as
“Province of Rizal,” in honor of the most illustrious
Filipino.
During Ferdinand marco’s presidency There are several reasons why Dr. Jose Rizal was chosen as
- March 28, 1993 - thru the President’s Executive Order our National Symbol and Hero. The following are some of the
No. 75 under the former President Fidel V. Ramos, the factors that have made him distinct than other recognized
National Heroes Committee (NHC) was created. heroes of the country:
- The Committee composed of worthy members , with a
series of discussions came up with 152 The Life and 1. Highly learned man.
Works of Jose Rizal Jose Rizal and Philippine 2. Excellence in Literature
Nationalism: National Symbol the new criteria. The 3. Strong will for Reforms
criteria is composed of 10 standards and they are as 4. Martyrdom
follows: 5. Morality
1. The extent of a person’s sacrifices for the welfare of the 6. Icon of Solidarity
country 7. Cultural Icon
2. The motive and methods employed in the attainment of 8. Global Perspective
the ideal 9. Influence on Education
3. The moral character of the person concerned 10. Humanitarian Reasons
4. The influence of the person concerned on his age and 11. Icon of Peaceful Revolution
or the succeeding age. 12. Historical Significance
5. Heroes are those who have a concept of nation and 13. Non Violent Approach
thereafter aspire and struggle for the nation’s freedom
6. Heroes are those who define and contribute to a Life Values of Jose Rizal
system of life of freedom and order for a nation
7. Heroes are those who contribute to the quality of life 1. Nationalism
and destiny of a nation. 2. Patriotism
8. A hero is part of the people’s expression 3. Faith in God
9. A hero thinks of the future, especially the future 4. Love of Felowmen
generations 5. Love of Parents
10. The choice of a hero involves not only the recounting of 6. Devotion to Truth
an episode or events in history, but of the entire 7. Purity and Idealism
process that made this particular person a hero 8. Noble Thought and Conduct
9. Charity
Choosing Rizal as our National Hero and Symbol 10. Dedication to Duty
11. Moral Courage
12. Will Power
 Republic of the Philippines
BICOL UNIVERSITY POLANGUI
NURSING DEPARTMENT
Polangui, Albay
The Life and works of Rizal: “Mi Ultimo Adios”
by Hannah Cruz & Kerby Rosas
BSN-IV Block B
Introduction:
➢ "Mi Último Adiós" (My Last
Farewell” is a poem written by Dr.
José Rizal.
➢ Wrote this poem on the eve of his
execution on December 30, 1896.
➢ Considered one of the greatest
literary works in the Spanish
language and a masterpiece in
Philippine literature.
➢ The poem expresses Rizal's deep
love for his country, the Philippines,
and his acceptance of his impending
death.
Why did he write this poem?
➢ He was a proponent of peaceful
reform, education, and civic
engagement.
➢ "Mi Último Adiós" was his farewell
poem, a heartfelt and eloquent
expression of his love for his
country, his acceptance of his fate,
and his hope for a better future for
the Philippines.
➢ The poem reflects his patriotism,
resilience, and determination to
inspire his fellow Filipinos to
continue the struggle for
independence.
What was his goal in writing this poem?
➢ To leave behind a legacy, a testament
to his ideals and a rallying cry for
those who would carry on the fight
for freedom.
➢ The poem serves as both a personal
farewell to his loved ones and a
public call to action, urging his
countrymen to persist in the quest for
Philippine independence and
justice.
Who published “Mi Ultimo Adios”?
➢ It was not published during Jose
Rizal's lifetime.
➢ Instead, it was discovered among his
personal belongings after his
execution and was found hidden
inside an alcohol lamp.
➢ The poem gained public attention
when it was published posthumously
in 1897 by Rizal's friend and
biographer, Mariano Ponce.
➢ Ponce included "Mi Último Adiós"
in the collection of Rizal's writings
entitled "Marcelo H. del Pilar and
Jose Rizal: Their Friendship and
Correspondence."
➢ This publication helped to
disseminate Rizal's farewell poem
and contributed to its recognition as
one of the most significant literary
works in Philippine history.
5 Thematic Sections of “Mi Ultimo Adios”
1. Farewell to Loved Ones:
- Rizal bids farewell to his parents,
siblings, and other loved ones. He
expresses gratitude for their love and
support and asks for prayers for the
repose of his soul.
2. Farewell to the Country:
- Rizal addresses his beloved
Philippines, expressing his love and
patriotism. He encourages the people
to continue the struggle for freedom
and justice. The poem reflects Rizal's
hope for a better future for the
Philippines, free from oppression.
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 Republic of the Philippines
BICOL UNIVERSITY POLANGUI
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3. Call for Unity: Verse 9

- Rizal calls for unity among Filipinos,
emphasizing the importance of
solidarity and collective action. He
urges his compatriots to set aside
differences and work together for the
common good.
4. Acceptance of Fate:
- The poem reflects Rizal's acceptance
of his fate and impending death. He
faces his execution with dignity and
courage, acknowledging that he is
offering his life for the cause of
Philippine independence.
5. Legacy:
- Rizal's "Mi Último Adiós" serves as
a literary and emotional legacy. It
encapsulates his ideals, hopes, and
sacrifices, leaving a profound impact
on the hearts and minds of Filipinos.
The poem became a rallying cry for
those who continued the fight for
independence in the years that
followed.
“Mi Ultimo Adios”
Highlighted Verses
Verse 1
Farewell, dear Fatherland, clime of the sun
caress’d,
Pearl of the Orient seas, our Eden lost!
Gladly now I go to give thee this faded life’s
best,
And were it brighter, fresher, or more best,
Still would I give it thee, nor count the cost.
Verse 5
Dream of my life, my living and burning
desire,
All hail! cries the soul that is now to take
flight;
All hail! And sweet it is for thee to expire,
To die for thy sake, that thou mayst aspire,
And sleep in thy bosom eternity’s long
night.
Pray for those that hapless have died,
For all who have suffered the unmeasured
pain;
For our mother that bitterly their woes have
cried,
For widows and orphans, for captives by
torture tried;
And then for thyself that redemption thou
mayst gain.
Verse 13
My Fatherland ador’d that sadness to my
sorrow lends,
Beloved Filipinas, hear now my last
good-bye!
I give thee all; parents and kindred and
friends;
For I go where no slave before the oppressor
bends,
Where faith can never kill, and God reigns
ever on high!
Verse 14
Farewell to you all, from my soul torn away,
Friends of my childhood in the home
dispossessed!
Give thanks that I rest from the wearisome
day!
Farewell to thee, too, sweet friend, that
lightened my way;
Beloved creatures all, farewell! In death
there is rest!
References
Jose Rizal: Life, Works, and Writings of
Genius Writer, Scientist, and National Hero
Second Edition by Gregorio F. Zaide and
Sonia M. Zaide

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