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Electrical Engineering Principlesand
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Solutions Manual
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CHAPTER 10
Exercises
E10.1 Solving Equation 10.1 for the saturation current and substituting values,
we have
iD
Is 
exp(vD / nVT )  1
10 4

exp(0.600 / 0.026)  1
 9.502  10 15 A
Then for vD  0.650 V, we have

iD  I s exp(vD / nVT )  1  9.502  1015  exp(0.650 / 0.026)  1
 0.6841 mA
Similarly for vD  0.700 V, iD  4.681 mA.
E10.2 The approximate form of the Shockley Equation is iD  Is exp(vD / nVT ) .

Taking the ratio of currents for two different voltages, we have
iD 1 exp(vD 1 / nVT )
  exp (vD 1  vD 2 ) / nVT 
Solving for the difference in the voltages, we have:
vD  nVT ln(iD 1 / iD 2 )
Thus to double the diode current we must increase the voltage by
vD  0.026ln(2)  18.02 mV and to increase the current by an order of
magnitude we need vD  0.026ln(10)  59.87 mV
E10.3 The load line equation is VSS  RiD  vD . The load-line plots are shown on
the next page. From the plots we find the following operating points:
(a) VDQ  1.1 V IDQ  9 mA

(b) VDQ  1.2 V IDQ  13.8 mA
(c) VDQ  0.91 V IDQ  4.5 mA
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1
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E10.4 Following the methods of Example 10.4 in the book, we determine that:
(a) For RL  1200 , RT  600 , and VT  12 V.
(b) For RL  400 , RT  300 , and VT  6 V.
The corresponding load lines are:
2
At the intersections of the load lines with the diode characteristic we
find (a) vL  vD  9.4 V ; (b) vL  vD  6.0 V .
E10.5 Writing a KVL equation for the loop consisting of the source, the
resistor, and the load, we obtain:
15  100(iL  iD )  vD
The corresponding load lines for the three specified values of iL are
shown:
At the intersections of the load lines with the diode characteristic, we

find (a) vo  vD  10 V; (b) vo  vD  10 V; (c) vo  vD  5 V. Notice that
the regulator is effective only for values of load current up to 50 mA.
E10.6 Assuming that D1 and D2 are both off results in this equivalent circuit:
Because the diodes are assumed off, no current flows in any part of the
circuit, and the voltages across the resistors are zero. Writing a KVL
equation around the left-hand loop we obtain vD 1  10 V, which is not
consistent with the assumption that D1 is off.
3
E10.7 Assuming that D1 and D2 are both on results in this equivalent circuit:
Writing a KVL equation around the outside loop, we find that the voltage
across the 4-kΩ resistor is 7 V and then we use Ohm’s law to find that
iD1 equals 1.75 mA. The voltage across the 6-kΩ resistance is 3 V so ix is
0.5 mA. Then we have iD 2  ix  iD 1  1.25 mA, which is not consistent
with the assumption that D2 is on.
E10.8 (a) If we assume that D1 is off, no current flows, the voltage across the
resistor is zero, and the voltage across the diode is 2 V, which is not
consistent with the assumption. If we assume that the diode is on, 2 V
appears across the resistor, and a current of 0.5 mA circulates clockwise
which is consistent with the assumption that the diode is on. Thus the
diode is on.
(b) If we assume that D2 is on, a current of 1.5 mA circulates

counterclockwise in the circuit, which is not consistent with the
assumption. On the other hand, if we assume that D2 is off we find that
vD 2  3 where as usual we have referenced vD 2 positive at the anode.
This is consistent with the assumption, so D2 is off.
(c) It turns out that the correct assumption is that D3 is off and D4 is
on. The equivalent circuit for this condition is:
4
For this circuit we find that iD 4  5 mA and vD 3  5 V. These results
are consistent with the assumptions.
E10.9 (a) With RL = 10 kΩ, it turns out that the diode is operating on line
segment C of Figure 10.19 in the book. Then the equivalent circuit is:
We can solve this circuit by using the node-voltage technique, treating vo

as the node voltage-variable. Notice that vo  vD . Writing a KCL
equation, we obtain
vo  10 vo  6 vo
  0
2000 12 10000
Solving, we find vD  vo  6.017 V. Furthermore, we find that
iD  1.39 mA. Since we have vD  6 V and iD  0, the diode is in fact
operating on line segment C.
(b) With RL = 1 kΩ, it turns out that the diode is operating on line
segment B of Figure 10.19 in the book, for which the diode equivalent is
an open circuit. Then the equivalent circuit is:
Using the voltage division principle, we determine that vD  3.333 V.

Because we have 6  vD  0, the result is consistent with the assumption
that the diode operates on segment B.
5
E10.10 The piecewise linear model consists of a voltage source and resistance in
series for each segment. Refer to Figure 10.18 in the book and notice
that the x-axis intercept of the line segment is the value of the voltage
source, and the reciprocal of the slope is the resistance. Now look at
Figure 10.22a and notice that the intercept for segment A is zero and
the reciprocal of the slope is (2 V)/(5 mA) = 400 Ω. Thus as shown in
Figure 10.22b, the equivalent circuit for segment A consists of a 400-Ω
resistance.
Similarly for segment B, the x-axis intercept is +1.5 V and the reciprocal
slope is (0.5 mA)/(5 V) = 10 kΩ.
For segment C, the intercept is -5.5 V and the reciprocal slope is 800 Ω.
Notice that the polarity of the voltage source is reversed in the
equivalent circuit because the intercept is negative.
E10.11 Refer to Figure 10.25 in the book.
(a) The peak current occurs when the sine wave source attains its peak
amplitude, then the voltage across the resistor is Vm VB  20  14  6 V
and the peak current is 0.6 A.
(b) Refer to Figure 10.25 in the book. The diode changes state at the
instants for which Vm sin(t ) VB . Thus we need the roots of
20 sin(t )  14. These turn out to be t1  0.7754 radians and
t2    0.7754 radians.
1.591 1.591T
The interval that the diode is on is t2  t1    0.2532T .
 2
Thus the diode is on for 25.32% of the period.
E10.12 As suggested in the Exercise statement, we design for a peak load

voltage of 15.2 V. Then allowing for a forward drop of 0.7 V we require
Vm  15.9 V. Then we use Equation 10.10 to determine the capacitance
required. C  (ILT ) /Vr  (0.1 /60) / 0.4  4167 F.
E10.13 For the circuit of Figure 10.28, we need to allow for two diode drops.
Thus the peak input voltage required is Vm  15 Vr /2  2  0.7  16.6 V.
6
Because this is a full-wave rectifier, the capacitance is given by Equation
10.12. C  (ILT ) /(2Vr )  (0.1 /60) / 0.8  2083 F.
E10.14 Refer to Figure 10.31 in the book.
(a) For this circuit all of the diodes are off if 1.8  vo  10 . With the
diodes off, no current flows and vo  vin . When vin exceeds 10 V, D1 turns
on and D2 is in reverse breakdown. Then vo  9.4  0.6  10 V. When vin
becomes less than -1.8 V diodes D3, D4, and D5 turn on and
vo  3  0.6  1.8 V. The transfer characteristic is shown in Figure
10.31c.
(b) ) For this circuit both diodes are off if 5  vo  5 . With the diodes
off, no current flows and vo  vin .
When vin exceeds 5 V, D6 turns on and D7 is in reverse breakdown. Then

v 5
a current given by i  in (i is referenced clockwise) flows in the
2000
circuit, and the output voltage is vo  5  1000i  0.5vin  2.5 V
When vin is less than -5 V, D7 turns on and D6 is in reverse breakdown.

v 5
Then a current given by i  in (still referenced clockwise) flows in
2000
the circuit, and the output voltage is vo  5  1000i  0.5vin  2.5 V
E10.15 Answers are shown in Figure 10.32c and d. Other correct answers exist.
E10.16 Refer to Figure 10.34a in the book.
(a) If vin (t )  0, we have only a dc source in the circuit. In steady state,

the capacitor acts as an open circuit. Then we see that D2 is forward
conducting and D1 is in reverse breakdown. Allowing 0.6 V for the
forward diode voltage the output voltage is -5 V.
(b) If the output voltage begins to fall below -5 V, the diodes conduct
large amounts of current and change the voltage vC across the capacitor.
Once the capacitor voltage is changed so that the output cannot fall
7
below -5 V, the capacitor voltage remains constant. Thus the output
voltage is vo  vin  vC  2sin(t )  3 V.
(c) If the 15-V source is replaced by a short circuit, the diodes do not
conduct, vC = 0, and vo = vin.
E10.17 One answer is shown in Figure 10.35. Other correct answers exist.
E10.18 One design is shown in Figure 10.36. Other correct answers are possible.
E10.19 Equation 10.22 gives the dynamic resistance of a semiconductor diode as

rd  nVT / IDQ .
IDQ (mA) rd (Ω)
0.1 26,000
1.0 2600
10 26
E10.20 For the Q-point analysis, refer to Figure 10.42 in the book. Allowing for
a forward diode drop of 0.6 V, the diode current is
V  0.6
IDQ  C
RC
The dynamic resistance of the diode is
nVT
rd 
IDQ
the resistance Rp is given by Equation 10.23 which is
1
Rp 
1 / RC  1 / RL  1 / rd
and the voltage gain of the circuit is given by Equation 10.24.
Rp
Av 
R  Rp
Evaluating we have
VC (V) 1.6 10.6
IDQ (mA) 0.5 5.0
rd (Ω) 52 5.2
Rp (Ω) 49.43 5.173
Av 0.3308 0.04919
8
Problems
P10.1 A one-way valve that allows fluid to flow in one direction but not in the
other is an analogy for a diode.
P10.2
P10.3
P10.4 The Shockley equation gives the diode current iD in terms of the applied
voltage vD :
 v  
iD  I s exp  D   1
  nVT  
where I s is the saturation current, and n is the emission coefficient
which takes values between 1 and 2. The voltage VT is the thermal
voltage given by
kT
VT 
q
where T is the temperature of the junction in kelvins, k  1.38  1023
joules/kelvin is Boltzmann's constant, and q  1.60  1019 coulombs is the
magnitude of the electrical charge of an electron.
P10.5 VT  kT / q  (1.38  10 23T ) /(1.60  10 19 )

Temperature C Absolute temperature VT (mV)
20 293 25.3
175 448 38.6
9
P10.6 For vD  0.6 V, we have
iD  0.5  10 3  I s [exp(v D / nVT )  1]
 Is exp vD nVT 
Thus, we determine that:
iD
Is   4.874  10 9 A
exp(v D / nVT )
Then, for vD  0.65 V, we have
iD  I s [exp(v D / nVT )  1]  1.308 mA
Similarly, for vD  0.700 V, we find iD  3.421 mA.
P10.7* The approximate form of the Shockley Equation is iD  Is exp(vD / nVT ) .

Taking the ratio of currents for two different voltages, we have
  exp (vD 1  vD 2 ) / nVT 
Solving for n we obtain:
vD1  vD 2 0.600  0.680
n   1.336
VT ln(iD 1 / iD 2 ) 0.026 ln(1 / 10)
Then, we have
iD 1
Is   3.150  10 11 A
exp(v D 1 / nVT )
P10.8*
or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, 10
recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to:
P10.9
P10.10 At T  175 K , we have:

v D  0.65  0.002(150  25)
 0.40 V
P10.11 VT  kT / q  (1.38  10 23  373) /(1.60  10 19 )  32.17 mV

iD 1
Is   421 .9  0 9 A
[exp(v D 1 / nVT )  1]
iD 2  I s [exp(v D 2 / nVT )  1]  4.733 mA
P10.12 Using the approximate form of the Shockley Equation, we have

103  Is exp  0.600 nVT  (1)
102  Is exp  0.700 nVT  (2)
Dividing the respective sides of Equation (2) by those of Equation (1), we
have
I exp  0.700 nVT 
10  s  exp  0.100 nVT 
I s exp  0.600 nVT 
ln 10   0.100 nVT
n  0.100 VT ln 10   1.670
P10.13 For part (a), Equation 10.3 gives the diode voltage in terms of the current
as
vD  nVT ln iD / Is   1
For part (b) with a 100-Ω resistance in series, the terminal voltage is
v  v D  100iD
A MATLAB program to obtain the desired plots is:
log10_of_id = -5:0.01:-2;
id = 10.^log10_of_id;
vd = 2*0.026*log((id/20e-9) + 1);
v = vd + 100*id;
semilogy(v,id)
hold
semilogy(vd,id)
(Note in MATLAB log is the natural logarithm.) The resulting plots are
shown:
The plot for part (a) is a straight line. The series resistance is relatively
insignificant for currents less than 0.1 mA and is certainly significant for
currents greater than 1 mA.
P10.14*
With the switch open, we have:

iD 1  103  Is exp v nVT   1
 Is exp v nVT 
Thus, we determine that:
103 103
Is    9.5  1014 A
exp v VT  exp  0.6 0.026
With the switch closed, by symmetry, we have:
iD 1  iD 2  0.5 mA
0.5  103  Is exp v VT 
0.5  103
v  nVT ln  582 mV
Is
Repeating the calculations with n  2 , we obtain:
Is  9.75  109 A
v  564 mV
P10.15* (a) By symmetry, the current divides equally and we have

IA  IB  100 mA
(b) We have
iD  Is exp v nVT   1
 Is exp v nVT 
Solving for I s , we obtain
iD
Is 
exp v nVT 
For diode A, the temperature is TA  300 K , and we have
kTA 1.38  1023  300
VTA    25.88 mV
q 1.6  1019
0.100
I sA   1.792  1013 A
exp  0.700 0.02588
For diode B, we have T  305 K , and

IsB  2IsA  3.583  1013 A
VTB  26.31 mV
Applying Kirchhoff's current law, we have
0.2  IA  IB
0.2  1.792  1013  exp v 0.02588  3.583  1013  exp v 0.02631 
Solving for v by trial and err, we obtain v  697.1 mV , IA  87 mA , and

IB  113 mA .
P10.16* The load-line equation is

Vs  Rs ix  v x
Substituting values, this becomes
3  ix  v x
Next, we plot the nonlinear device characteristic equation
ix  exp(v x )  1 /10
and the load line on the same set of axes.
The MATLAB commands are:
clear
%plot load line
vx=0:0.01:3;
ix= 3-vx;
plot(vx,ix)
hold
%plot nonlinear device characteristic
ix=(exp(vx)-1)/10;
plot(vx,ix)
grid minor
ylabel('ix (A)')
xlabel('vx (V)')
Finally, the solution is at the intersection of the load line and the
characteristic as shown:
P10.17 The load-line equation is

Substituting values this becomes
4  ix  v x
Next we plot the nonlinear device characteristic equation
i x  v x  2v x2
and the load line on the same set of axes. The MATLAB commands are:
clear
%plot load line
vx=0:0.01:4;
ix= 4-vx;
plot(vx,ix)
hold
ix=vx+2*(vx.^2);
plot(vx,ix)
grid minor
axis([0 4 0 5])
ylabel('ix (A)')
xlabel('vx (V)')
P10.18 The load-line equation is

Substituting values, this becomes
15  3i x  v x
in which ix is in milliamperes and vx is in volts. Next, we plot the nonlinear
device characteristic equation and the load line on the same set of axes
using the commands:
clear
%plot load line
vx=0:0.01:15;
ix= 5-vx/3;
plot(vx,ix)
hold
ix=0.01./(1-vx/4).^3;
plot(vx,ix)
axis([0 5 0 5])
grid minor
ylabel('ix (mA)')
xlabel('vx (V)')
P10.19 The load line equation is

Substituting values’ this becomes

8  2i x  v x
Next we plot the nonlinear device characteristic equation i x  v x3 / 4 and
the load line on the same set of axes.
The MATLAB commands are:
clear
%plot load line
vx=0:0.01:3;
ix= 4-vx/2;
plot(vx,ix)
hold
ix=(vx.^3)./4;
plot(vx,ix)
grid minor
ylabel('ix (A)')
xlabel('vx (V)')
P10.20 (a) In a series circuit, the total voltage is the sum of the voltages across
the individual devices. Thus, we add the characteristics horizontally. The
overall volt-ampere characteristic is
(b) In a parallel circuit, the overall current is the sum of the currents
through the individual devices. Thus, we add the characteristics
vertically. The overall volt-ampere characteristic is
P10.21 The load-line construction is:
At the intersection of the characteristic and the load line, we have

v  1.8 V and i  2.64 mA.
P10.22 A Zener diode is a diode intended for operation in the reverse breakdown
region. It is typically used to provide a source of constant voltage. The
volt-ampere characteristic of an ideal 5.8-V Zener diode is:
P10.23* The circuit diagram of a simple voltage regulator is:
P10.24 Refer to Figure 10.14 in the book. As the load resistance becomes
smaller, the reverse current through the Zener diode becomes smaller in
magnitude. The smallest load resistance for which the load voltage
remains at 10 V corresponds to zero diode current. Then, the load
current is equal to the current through the 100- resistor given by
iL  (15  10) / 100  50 mA. Thus, the smallest load resistance is
RL  vo / iL  200 .
P10.25 We need to choose Rs so the minimum reverse current through the Zener
diode is zero. Minimum current through the Zener occurs with minimum
Vs and maximum iL. Also, we can write:
V v L
iZ  s  iL
Rs
Substituting values, we have
85
iZ  0   0.15
Rs
Solving for the resistance we find Rs  20 .
Maximum power dissipation in the resistance occurs for maximum Vs.
(V  v ) 2 (12  5) 2
Pmax  s max L   2.45 W
Rs Rs
P10.26 The diagram of a suitable regulator circuit is
or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,20
We must be careful to choose the value of R small enough so I z remains
positive for all values of source voltage and load current. (Keep in mind
that the Zener diode cannot supply power.) From the circuit, we can
write
V V
Iz  s L  IL
R
Minimum I z occurs for IL  100 mA and Vs  8 V . Solving for the
maximum value allowed for R, we have
V V 85
Rmax  s L   30 
Iz  I L 0  0.1
Thus, we must choose the value of R to be less than 30  . We need to
allow some margin for component tolerances and some design margin.
However, we do not want to choose R too small because the current and
power dissipation in the diode becomes larger as R becomes smaller.
Thus, a value of about 24  would be suitable. (This is a standard value.)
With this value of R, we have
V 5
IR max  s max  208 mA
R
IZ max  IR max  208 mA
PR max  IR max  R  1.04 W
2
PZ max  5IZ max  1.04 W
P10.27 Refer to the solution to Problem P10.26. In the present case, we have
Rmax  10  , and we could choose R  8.2  because this is a standard
value and we need to provide some design margin. With this value, we
have
IR max  IZ max  610 mA
PR max  PZ max  3.05 W
P10.28 Refer to the solution to Problem P10.26. In the present case, we have
Rmax  3.0  , and we would choose R  2.4  because this is a standard
value and we need to provide some design margin. With this value, we
have
IR max  IZ max  2.08 A
PR max  PZ max  10.4 W

P10.29 First, find the Thévenin equivalent for the circuit as seen looking back
from the terminals of the nonlinear device:
Then, write the KVL equation for the equivalent circuit:
Vt  Rt iD  vD
Next, plot this equation on the device characteristics and find the value
of vD and iD at the intersection of the load line and the device
characteristic. After the device current and voltage have been found,
the original circuit can be solved by standard methods.
P10.30* The Thévenin resistance is Rt Voc / Isc  10 /2  5 . Also the Thévenin

voltage is Vt Voc  10 V. The load line equation is 10  5iab  vab . We plot
the load line and nonlinear device characteristic and find the solution at
the intersection as shown:
P10.31 If we remove the diode, the Thévenin equivalent for the remaining circuit
consists of a 5-V source in series with a 1-k resistance. The load line is
At the intersection of the characteristic and the load line, we have the
device current i1  3.0 mA. Then, applying KCL to the original circuit, we
have i2  10  i1  7.0 mA.
consists of a 10-V source in series with a 5-k resistance. The load line
is

v  1.65 V and i  1.67 mA.
consists of a 4-V source in series with an 800- resistance. The load line
is

v  1.80 V and i  2.75 mA.
P10.34 An ideal diode acts as a short circuit as long as current flows in the
forward direction. It acts as an open circuit provided that there is
reverse voltage across it. The volt-ampere characteristic is shown in
Figure 10.15 in the text. After solving a circuit with ideal diodes, we
must check to see that forward current flows in diodes assumed to be on,
and we must check to see that reverse voltage appears across all diodes
assumed to be off.
P10.35 The equivalent circuit for two ideal diodes in series pointing in opposite
directions is an open circuit because current cannot flow in the reverse
direction for either diode.
The equivalent circuit for two ideal diodes in parallel pointing in opposite
directions is a short circuit because one of the diodes is forward
conducting for either direction of current flow.
P10.36* (a) D1 is on and D2 is off. V  10 volts and I  0.

(b) D1 is on and D2 is off. V  6 volts and I  6 mA.
(c) Both D1 and D2 are on. V  30 volts and I  33.6 mA.
10
P10.37 (a) The diode is on, V  0 and I   2 mA.
5000
(b) The diode is off, I  0 and V  5 V.
6
(c) The diode is on, V  0 and I   2 mA.
3000
(d) The diode is on, I  3 mA and V  6 V.
P10.38 (a) D1 is on, D2 is on, and D3 is off. V  7.5 volts and I  0.
(b) Vin D1 D2 D3 D4 V I
0 on on on on 0 0
2 on on on on 2V 2 mA
6 off on on off 5V 5 mA
10 off on on off 5V 5 mA
The plot of V versus Vin is:
P10.39 (a) The output is high if either or both of the inputs are high. If both
inputs are low the output is low. This is an OR gate.
(b) The output is high only if both inputs are high. This is an AND gate.
P10.40
P10.41 When the sinusoidal source is positive, D2 is on and D1 is off. Then, we

have vo (t )  2.5 sin(2t ).
When the source is negative, D1 is on and D2 is off. Then, we have
vo (t )  2.5 sin(2t ).
P10.42 If a nonlinear two-terminal device is modeled by the piecewise-linear

approach, the equivalent circuit of the device for each linear segment
consists of a voltage source in series with a resistance.
P10.43
v  Rai Va
P10.44 We know that the line passes through the points (2 V, 5 mA) and (3 V, 15
mA). Thus, the slope of the line is -1/R = (-10 mA)/(1 V), and we have R =
100 . Furthermore, the intercept on the voltage axis is at v = 1.5 V.
Thus, the equivalent circuit is
10.45* The equivalent circuits for each segment are shown below:
For the circuit of Figure P10.45a, we can determine by trial and error (or
by a load-line analysis) that the device operates on the middle line
segment. Thus, the equivalent circuit is:
15  0.756
i   4.68 mA
3000  44.4
v  0.756  44.4i  0.964 V
For the circuit of Figure P10.45b, we can determine by trail and error
that the device operates on the upper right-hand line segment. Thus, the
equivalent circuit is:
2  6.8
i   10.4 mA
50  800
v  800i  6.8  1.48 V
P10.46 In the forward bias region (iD > 0), the equivalent circuit is a short
circuit. Thus in the equivalent circuit, the voltage source is zero and the
resistance is zero.
In the reverse bias region (0 > vD > -10 V) the equivalent circuit is an open
circuit. Thus in the equivalent circuit, the voltage is indeterminate and
the resistance is infinite.
In the reverse breakdown region (0 > iD), the equivalent circuit consists
of a 10-V voltage source in series with zero resistance.
P10.47* For small values of iL, the Zener diode is operating on line segment C of
Figure 10.19, and the equivalent circuit is
Writing a KCL equation at node A, we obtain:

v L  13 v L  6
  iL  0
100 12
Solving we obtain
vL  6.75  10.71iL
This equation is valid for vL  6 V. When 0  vL  6 V, the Zener diode
operates on line segment B, for which the Zener is modeled as an open
circuit and we have
vL  13  100iL
Plotting these equations results in
P10.48 (a) Assuming that the diode is an open circuit, we can compute the node
voltages using the voltage-division principle.
200 300
v 1  16  8V v 2  16  12 V
200  200 300  100
Then, the voltage across the diode is v D  v 1  v 2  4 V. Because vD is
less than Vf  0.7 V, the diode is in fact operating as an open circuit.
(b) Assuming that the diode operates as a voltage source, we can use KVL
to write:
v1  v 2  0.7
Placing a closed surface around the diode to form a super node and
writing a KCL equation gives
v 1  16 v 1 v  16 v 2
  2  0
200 200 100 300
Solving these equations, we find v 1  10.686 V and v 2  9.986 V. Then,
writing a KCL equation at node 1 gives the diode current.
16  v 1 v
iD   1  26.86 mA
200 200
Because the diode current is negative, the diode operation is not
consistent with the model.
P10.49 Half-wave rectifier with a capacitance to smooth the output voltage:
Full-wave circuits:
P10.50 The peak value of the ac source is Vm  15 2  21.21 V. Thus the PIV is
21.21 V and the peak current is 21.21/50 = 424.3 mA.
P10.51 The dc output voltage is equal to the peak value of the ac source, which is
v L  15 2  21.21 V. The load current is i L  v L / RL  424 .3 mA. The
charge that passes through the load must also pass through the diode.
The charge is Q  i LT  0.4243 / 60  7.071 mC. The peak inverse voltage
is 42.42 V. The charge passes through the diode in a very short interval,
thus the peak diode current is much larger than the load current.
P10.52 The diode is on for VB Vm sin(t ) . Substituting values and solving, we
find that during the first cycle after t = 0 the diode is on for
arcsin(12 / 24)   / 6  t    arcsin(12 / 24)  5 / 6
The current is given by
24 sin(t )  12
i (t )   48 sin(t )  24 A
0.5
The charge passing through the circuit during the first cycle is
5 / 6 5 / 6
 48  48 3  16
Q1   [ 48 sin(t )  24]dt   cos(t )  24t  
 / 6     / 6 
The average current is the charge passing through the circuit in 1 second
(or 60 cycles). Also, we have   120 Thus
48 3  16 48 3  16 24 3
I avg  60  60   8  5.232 A
 120 
Then, the time required to fully charge the battery is
100
T   19.1 hours
5.232
P10.53 (a) The integral of Vm sin(t ) over one cycle is zero, so the dc voltmeter
reads zero.
t T / 2
 Vm Vm
T /2 T
1   1 
(b) Vavg  V
  m sin(t )dt   0dt    cos(t ) 
T  0 T /2  T  t 0 
1 
T /2 T
 2V
(c) Vavg   Vm sin(t )dt   Vm sin(t )dt   m
T  0 T /2  
P10.54* For a half-wave rectifier, the capacitance required is given by Equation

10.10 in the text.
I T 0.25 1 60 
C  L   20833 F
Vr 0.2
For a full-wave rectifier, the capacitance is given by Equation 10.12 in the
text:
I T 0.25 1 60 
C  L   10416 F
2Vr 2  0.2
P10.55* The output voltage waveform is:
The peak voltage is approximately 10 V. Assuming an ideal diode, the ac

source must have a peak voltage of 10 V. The circuit is:
The capacitance required is given by Equation 10.10 in the text.

I T 0.1 1 60 
C  L   833 F
Vr 2
P10.56 As in Problem P10.55, the peak voltage must be 10 V. For a full-wave

rectifier, the capacitance is given by Equation 10.12 in the text:
I T 0.1 1 60 
C  L   417 F
2Vr 2 2 
The circuit diagram is:
P10.57 As in Problem P10.55, the peak voltage must be 10 V. For a full-wave

rectifier, the capacitance is given by Equation 10.12 in the text:
I LT 0.1 1 60 
C    417 F
2Vr 2 2 
The circuit diagram is:
P10.58 If we allow for a forward diode drop of 0.8 V, the peak ac voltage must
be 10.8 V. Otherwise, the circuit is the same as in the solution to
Problem P10.55.
P10.59 (a) The current pulse starts and ends at the times for which
vs (t ) VB
20 sin(200t )  12
Solving we find that
sin1 (0.6) T
tstart   1.024 ms and tend   tstart  3.976 ms
200 2
Between these two times the current is
20 sin(200t )  12
i (t ) 
80
A sketch of the current to scale versus time is
(b) The charge flowing through the battery in one period is
tend tend
20 sin(200t )  12
Q  i (t )dt   dt
tstart t
start
80
t
 1 12t  end
  cos(200t ) 
 800 80 tstart
Q  194 C
Finally, the average current is the charge divided by the period.
Q 194  106
Iavg    19.4 mA
T 10  103
P10.60 (a) With ideal diodes and a large smoothing capacitance, the load voltage
equals the peak source voltage which is Vm = 12 V. Then the PIV is 2Vm =
24 V.
(b) Here again with ideal diodes and a large smoothing capacitance, the
load voltage equals the peak source voltage which is Vm = 12 V. However,
the PIV is only Vm = 12 V.
P10.61 (a) The circuit operates as three full-wave rectifiers with a common load
and shared diodes. Thus, the load voltage at any instant is equal to the
largest source-voltage magnitude. The plot of the load voltage is
T is the period of the sinusoidal sources.
(b) The minimum voltage occurs at t T / 12 and is given by
Vmin Vm cos T / 12 Vm cos( / 6)  0.866Vm . Thus the peak-to-peak ripple
is 0.134Vm.
The average load voltage is given by
1 T
Vavg   v L t dt
T 0
However, since v L (t ) has 12 intervals with the same area, we can write:
1 T / 12 12 T /12
Vavg   v L t dt   Vm cos(t )dt
T / 12 0 T 0
6 sin( / 6)
Vavg Vm  0.955Vm

(c) To produce an average charging current of 30 A, we require
Vavg  12  0.1  30  15 V
(d) In practice, we would need to allow for forward drops of the diodes,
drops across the slip rings, and resistances of the stator windings and
wiring.
P10.62 A clipper circuit removes or clips part of the input waveform. An

example circuit with waveforms is:
We have assumed a forward drop of 0.6V for the diode.
P10.63
P10.64 Refer to Figure P10.64 in the book. When the source voltage is positive,
diode D3 is on and the output vo(t) is zero. For source voltages between 0
and 5 V, none of the diodes conducts and vo(t) = vs(t). Finally, when the
source voltage falls below -5 V, D1 is on and D2 is in the breakdown region
so the output voltage is 5 V. The waveforms are:
P10.65
P10.66
P10.67
P10.68 A clamp circuit adds or subtracts a dc component to the input waveform

such that either the positive peak or the negative peak is forced to
assume a predetermined value. An example circuit that clamps the
positive peak to +5 V is shown below:
We have allowed a forward drop of 0.6 V for the diode.

P10.69* Refer to the circuit shown in Figure P10.69 in the book. If the output
voltage attempts to become less than -5 V, the Zener diode breaks down
and current flows, charging the capacitance. Thus, the negative peak is
clamped to -5 V. The input and output waveforms are:
P10.70* A suitable circuit is:
P10.71 A suitable circuit is:
P10.72 This is a clamp circuit that clamps the positive peaks to zero.
P10.73
The capacitor C1 and diode D1 act as a clamp circuit that clamps the
negative peak of vA t  to zero. Thus, the waveform at point A is:
Diode D2 and capacitor C2 act as a half-wave peak rectifier. Thus, the
voltage across RL is the peak value of vA t  . Thus, vL t   2Vm . This is
called a voltage-doubler circuit because the load voltage is twice the peak
value of the ac input. The peak inverse voltage is 2Vm for both diodes.
P10.74* A suitable circuit is:
We must choose the time constant RC >> T, where T is the period of the
input waveform.
P10.75 A suitable circuit is:
We must choose R1 to ensure that the 5.6-V Zener is in the breakdown

region at all times and choose the time constant R2C T , where T is the
period of the input waveform.
P10.76 (a) A suitable circuit is:
We choose the resistors R1 and R2 to achieve the desired slope.
1 R2
Slope  
3 R1  R2
Thus, choose R1  2R2 . For example, R1  2 k and R2  1 k.
(b) A suitable circuit is:
Other resistor values will work, but we must make sure that D2
remains forward biased for all values of vin , including vin  10 V .
To achieve the desired slope (i.e., the slope is 0.5) for the transfer
characteristic, we must have R1  R2 .
P10.77 IDQ represents the dc component of the diode current with no signal
applied to the circuit, and id(t) represents the changes from the Q-point
current when the signal is applied. Furthermore, iD(t) is the total diode
current. Thus, we have
iD (t )  IDQ  id (t )  4  0.5cos(200t ) mA
P10.78 The small signal equivalent circuit of a diode is a resistance known as the
dynamic resistance. The dynamic resistance is the reciprocal of the slope
of the iD versus vD characteristic at the operating point.
P10.79 Dc sources voltage sources are replaced by short circuits in a small-signal

equivalent circuit. By definition the voltage across a dc voltage source is
constant. Thus, even if there is ac current flowing through the dc source
the ac voltage across it is zero as is the case for a short circuit.
P10.80 We should replace dc current sources by open circuits in a small-signal

equivalent circuit. The current through a dc current source is constant.
Thus, the ac current must be zero even if we apply an ac voltage. Zero
current for a non-zero applied voltage implies that we have an open
circuit.
P10.81* A plot of the device characteristic is:
Clearly this device is not a diode because it conducts current in both
directions. The dynamic resistance is given by:
1
 di  8
rD   D   2
 dvD  3vD
A plot of the dynamic resistance versus vD is:
P10.82 We are given
 10 6
iD  for  7 V  v D  0
1  vD 7 2
A plot of this is:

The dynamic resistance is:
rD  (dv D / di D ) 1  3.5  10 6 (1  v D / 7) 3
To find the dynamic resistance at a given Q-point, we evaluate this

expression for vD VDQ .
For I DQ  0.5 mA, we have VDQ  6.68695 V and rD  22.7 .
For I DQ  10 mA, we have VDQ  6.930 V and rD  3.5 .
P10.83 We are given vD(t) = 4 + 0 .02cos(t) V and iD(t) = 7 + 0.2cos(t) mA.

The dynamic resistance is the ratio of the ac voltage amplitude to the ac
current amplitude.
vd 0.02
rD    100 
id 0.2  10 3
The Q-point results if we set the ac signals to zero. Thus, we have
VDQ  4 V and I DQ  7 mA
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Inhoudsopgave
VOORWOORD. VII
GEBEZIGDE LITTERATUUR. XI
INHOUD. XIII
LIJST VAN ILLUSTRATIES. XV
VERBETERINGEN. XVI
I. INDIANEN-BEVOLKING VAN WEST-INDIË. 1
Inleidende beschouwingen. 1
Inhoud der verhalen 7
Lijst der in dezen bundel opgenomen mondelinge
overleveringen der Indianen. 14
Indianen-Vertellingen. 66
1. De sage van Haboeri (W.) 66
2. De oorsprong der eerste menschen (C.) 73
3. De oorsprong van het menschdom (W.) 75
4. De oorsprong der Caraïben. (C.) 76
5. Hoe de Caraïben gekweekte planten leerden
kennen. (C.) 77
6. De dochter van den geestenbezweerder. 79
7. Hoe lichaamspijnen, dood en ellende in de wereld
kwamen. (C.) 81
8. Het hoofd van den Boschgeest en de nachtzwaluw.
(A.) 83
9. De vrouw, die een Boschgeest nabootste. (A.) 84
10. De Geest van een schimmelplant* redt een 86
Indiaansch meisje. (C.)
11. Een jagoear, die in een vrouw veranderde. (A.) 89
12. De man met een Baboen-vrouw. (A.) 91
13. Schildpad, die Boschrat er in liet loopen. (C.) 94
14. De bedrieger bedrogen. (C.) 95
15. Tijger en Miereneter. (C.) 96
16. Hariwali en de Wonderboom. (A.) 98
17. De legende van den Ouden man’s val. 103
18. Amanna en haar praatzieke man. (C.) 105
19. De zon en zijn beide tweelingzoons. (C.) 107
20. De Legende van den Vleermuis-berg. (M.) 111
21. De Uil en zijn schoonbroeders vleermuis. (W.) 112
22. De Lichtkever en de verdwaalde Jager. (C.) 114
23. De bina, de weder in het leven geroepen vader en de
slechte vrouw. (W.) 116
24. Hoe een jong Warrau-Indiaantje uit de handen der
Caraïben ontkwam. (W.) 119
25. Sluit de oogen en doe een wensch. (C.) 121
26. De gelukspot. (W.) 122
27. De honigbij en de zoete drank. (W.) 124
28. De piaiman en de stinkvogels*. (A.) 125
29. Hoe het ongeluk over de menschen kwam. De
geschiedenis van Maconaura en Anoeannaïtoe. (A.) 131
30. De kolibri, die tabak brengt aan den eersten piaiman.
(W.) 140
31. Het ontstaan der vrouwennaties. 145
32. Het gebroken ei. 146
33. De geest van den pasgeborene. 146
34. De huid van den Reuzenslang of Hoe de vogels hun 147
tegenwoordig gevederte kregen.
35. Een waarschuwing voor de vrouwen. (A.) 148
36. Hoe een man van zijn luiheid genezen werd. (W.) 155
37. Zwarte Tijger, Wau-oeta en de gebroken boog. (W.) 157
38. De Legende van Letterhoutstomp. 162
39. De Legende van Arimoribo en Jorobodie. (C.) 165
40. Uitdrijven van een priester uit den Indiaanschen
hemel. 170
41. Uitdrijving der Indianen uit den Hemel der Paters. 174
42. Bezoek van Caraïben aan Macoesiland. (C.) 178
43. Legende van Paramaribo. 179
44. De Legende van Post Sommelsdijk. 180
45. Einde van den Indiaanschen broederoorlog. (A.) 182
46. De groote bloedzuigende vleermuis. (A.) 183
47. Legende van Mapajawari of de uitroeiing der
menscheneters. (C.) 184
48. Migratie-legende van den Kasi’hta-stam der Creek-
Indianen, 189
II. West-Indische neger-folklore. 197
Inleidende beschouwingen. 197
De Surinaamsche Anansi-tori’s en hare oorsprong. 203
LIJST DER NEGERVERTELLINGEN. 235
Inhoud der Surinaamsche Negervertellingen. 237
De anansi-tori en het bijgeloof. 246
VERTELLINGEN DER SURINAAMSCHE
STADSNEGERS. 258
1. Anansi, die een half dorp verovert. 258
2. Spin en de Prinses. 266
3. Het huwelijk van Heer Spin. 271
4. Anansi, Tijger en de doode Koe. 273
5. Anansi en zijn kinderen. 276
6. Hoe Spin zijn schuldeischers betaalt. 277
7. Een feest bij de Waternimf. 281
8. Anansi en Kat. 282
9. Spin en Krekel. 285
10. Heer Spin als Geestelijke. 286
11. Heer Spin als roeier. 287
12. Spin neemt Tijger gevangen. 289
13. Heer Spin en Hond. 291
14. Tijger’s verjaardag. 293
15. Spin voert den Dood in. 295
16. Spin wedt, Tijger te berijden. 297
17. Verhaal uit het leven van vriend Spin. 299
18. Anansi als Amerikaan verkleed. 303
19. Heer Spin en de Waternimf. 305
20. Anansi, Hert en Kikvorsch. 306
21. Heer Spin als landbouwer. 308
22. Anansi en de Bliksem. 310
23. Ieder volwassen man moet een rood zitvlak hebben. 315
24. Hoe Anansi aan schapenvleesch wist te komen. 318
25. De geschiedenis van Fini Foetoe, Bigi bere en Bigi
hede. 321
26. Legende van Leisah I. 323
27. Legende van Leisah. II. 325
28. Verhaal van het land van „Moeder Soemba”. 327
29. Boen no habi tangi. 330
30. Geschiedenis van Kopro Kanon*. 332
31. De Meermin of Watramama. 335
32. De Boa in de gedaante van een schoonen jongeling. 337
33. Het huwelijk van Aap. 339
DE ANANSI-TORI DER SURINAAMSCHE
BOSCHNEGERS. 342
Hoe Heer Spin door zijn bekwaamheid als
geneesheer de mooie dochter van den Landvoogd
wist te krijgen. 345
NEGER-VERTELLINGEN UIT HET WEST-INDISCHE
EILANDENGEBIED. 350
Curaçaosche Negervertellingen. Cuenta di Nansi. 350
Nansi en Temekóe-Temebè. 354
Creoolsche folk-lore van St.-Eustatius. 360
Braha- Nanci en Braha-Toekema. 362
Neger-vertellingen van Jamaica. Nancy-Stories. 367
1. Annancy in Krabbenland. 371
2. Reiger. 373
3. Annancy, Poes en Rat. 377
BIJVOEGSELS. 379
I. NEGER-SPREEKWOORDEN. 379
Suriname. 379
West-Afrika. 381
II. AVOND OP HET WATER in Sierra Leone 384
Spin, Olifant en Hippopotamus. 389
III. DIEREN-FABEL, 393
Wie zijn Krokodil’s verwanten? 393
VERKLAREND REGISTER. 396
A. 396
B. 397
C. 399
D. 400
E. 400
F. 400
G. 401
H. 401
I. 402
J. 402
K. 403
L. 406
M. 407
N. 408
O. 408
P. 409
R. 411
S. 411
T. 413
V. 414
W. 415
Y. 416
Z. 416
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Metadata
Titel: Mythen en
sagen uit
West-Indië
Auteur: Herman Info https://viaf.org/viaf/45474713/
van
Cappelle
Jr. (1857–
1932)
Illustrator: Willem Info
Antonius https://viaf.org/viaf/3295167202597667930008/
Josef
Backer
(1901–
1971)
Aanmaakdatum 2023-11-14
bestand: 20:38:53
UTC
Taal: Nederlands
(Spelling
De Vries-
Te Winkel)
Oorspronkelijke 1926
uitgiftedatum:
Codering
Dit boek is weergegeven in oorspronkelijke schrijfwijze. Afgebroken

woorden aan het einde van de regel zijn stilzwijgend hersteld.
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356, 403,
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Passim. [Niet in bron] „ 1
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122 verweringsprodukten verweeringsprodukten 1
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124, 364,
391 „ [Verwijderd] 1
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159 ”* *” 2
162 niet [Verwijderd] 5
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164 Marorvijne Marowijne 2
166 slotten slotte 1
170, 340 ” [Verwijderd] 1
183 Nu nu 1
184 uitroeiïng uitroeiing 1/0
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188 vluchtten vluchten 1
189 kanibalen kannibalen 1
189 achtiende achttiende 1
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189 Giorgia Georgia 1
196 Ogletherpe Oglethorpe 1
198 dède hóso déde-hóso 2/1
201 negervertelingen negervertellingen 1
202 - [Verwijderd] 1
207 Neger-engelsche Neger-Engelsche 1
210 [Niet in bron] in 3
212 lostte loste 1
212, 239 Jamaïca Jamaica 1/0
220 Boesi-gramman Boesi-granman 1
229 Python’s Pythons 1
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230 Aequtoriaal Aequatoriaal 1
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256, 256,
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319 korsten kortsten 1
320 huigelachtige huichelachtige 2
322 broertjes broêrtjes 1/0
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326 schuim Schuim 1
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331 uit uit uit 4
332 ! : 1
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338 wij Wij 1
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340 gebruike gebruikelijke 5
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390 houdt houd 1
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396 Amalavica Amalivaca 2
399 [Niet in bron] : 1
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401 NE. N.E. 1
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Electrical Engineering Principlesand

Applications 6th Edition Hambley

Then for vD  0.650 V, we have

Similarly for vD  0.700 V, iD  4.681 mA.

E10.2 The approximate form of the Shockley Equation is iD  Is exp(vD / nVT ) .

(a) VDQ  1.1 V IDQ  9 mA

At the intersections of the load lines with the diode characteristic, we

(b) If we assume that D2 is on, a current of 1.5 mA circulates

We can solve this circuit by using the node-voltage technique, treating vo

Using the voltage division principle, we determine that vD  3.333 V.

E10.11 Refer to Figure 10.25 in the book.

E10.12 As suggested in the Exercise statement, we design for a peak load

E10.14 Refer to Figure 10.31 in the book.

When vin exceeds 5 V, D6 turns on and D7 is in reverse breakdown. Then

When vin is less than -5 V, D7 turns on and D6 is in reverse breakdown.

E10.16 Refer to Figure 10.34a in the book.

(a) If vin (t )  0, we have only a dc source in the circuit. In steady state,

E10.19 Equation 10.22 gives the dynamic resistance of a semiconductor diode as

P10.5 VT  kT / q  (1.38  10 23T ) /(1.60  10 19 )

Similarly, for vD  0.700 V, we find iD  3.421 mA.

P10.7* The approximate form of the Shockley Equation is iD  Is exp(vD / nVT ) .

P10.10 At T  175 K , we have:

P10.11 VT  kT / q  (1.38  10 23  373) /(1.60  10 19 )  32.17 mV

P10.12 Using the approximate form of the Shockley Equation, we have

With the switch open, we have:

P10.15* (a) By symmetry, the current divides equally and we have

For diode B, we have T  305 K , and

Applying Kirchhoff's current law, we have

Solving for v by trial and err, we obtain v  697.1 mV , IA  87 mA , and

P10.16* The load-line equation is

P10.17 The load-line equation is

P10.18 The load-line equation is

P10.19 The load line equation is

Substituting values’ this becomes

At the intersection of the characteristic and the load line, we have

P10.26 The diagram of a suitable regulator circuit is

PZ max  5IZ max  1.04 W

PR max  PZ max  3.05 W

PR max  PZ max  10.4 W

Then, write the KVL equation for the equivalent circuit:

P10.30* The Thévenin resistance is Rt Voc / Isc  10 /2  5 . Also the Thévenin

At the intersection of the characteristic and the load line, we have

At the intersection of the characteristic and the load line, we have

P10.36* (a) D1 is on and D2 is off. V  10 volts and I  0.

(b) The diode is off, I  0 and V  5 V.

(d) The diode is on, I  3 mA and V  6 V.

P10.38 (a) D1 is on, D2 is on, and D3 is off. V  7.5 volts and I  0.

The plot of V versus Vin is:

P10.41 When the sinusoidal source is positive, D2 is on and D1 is off. Then, we

P10.42 If a nonlinear two-terminal device is modeled by the piecewise-linear

Writing a KCL equation at node A, we obtain:

P10.49 Half-wave rectifier with a capacitance to smooth the output voltage:

P10.54* For a half-wave rectifier, the capacitance required is given by Equation

P10.55* The output voltage waveform is:

The peak voltage is approximately 10 V. Assuming an ideal diode, the ac

The capacitance required is given by Equation 10.10 in the text.

P10.56 As in Problem P10.55, the peak voltage must be 10 V. For a full-wave