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Gravity Data Analysis and Interpretation
Gravity Data Analysis and Interpretation
Abstract
The area involved in this study is north part of Libya, which is located in the
northeast part of Sirt basin within the bounds 29oN-31oN and 19oE-21oE. The study
involves analysis of gravity and magnetic data to delineate structures and faults and to
locate any major structures in the Ajdabiya trough and surrounding area. The produced
Bouguer gravity map shows prominent NW-SE and NE-SW trends. Isostatic residual map
for gravity data is characterized by a dominant NW-SE trend in the study area. This is
clearly evident in the Isostatic residual map. The main trending anomalies are in the
northern and southeastern parts of the study area with NW-SE orientation. A strong NW-
SE trend is truncated by E-W trending in the southeastern and southwestern parts of the
area. This is consistent with the change of tectonic zones. The magnetic expression in the
northern part of Ajdabiya trough is characterized by NW-SE trending structures which
coincide with late Cretaceous structures of the Sirt basin, while the southern part is
characterized by NE-SW trending features which coincide with a late Paleozoic trend. The
northern part of the Ajdabiya trough is separated from the southern part by a prominent
NE-SW lineament that is expressed in both the gravity and magnetic data. It is interpreted
as a basement fault, which separates a thicker southern crust from a thinner northern crust.
The high gravity anomaly within the northern part of the Ajdabiya trough is interpreted as a
result of mantle upwelling which caused thinning of the continental crust beneath the
northern part of the Ajdabiya trough. Total horizontal derivative of the gravity and
magnetic RTP anomalies generally reflect faults or compositional changes which can be
seen to describe structural trends. High gradient values delineate NNE-SSW and NW-SE
trends which mark the faulted southwestern and northeastern boundaries of the basin,
Interpretation of the Gravity and Magnetic Anomalies of the
Ajdabiya Trough in the Sirt Basin, Libya 317
respectively. Strong N-S lineaments occur over the Central part of study area and are well
indicated by the horizontal derivative. From this study, the horizontal derivative provides
very useful information of the rift structures.
Keywords: Sirt basin; Ajdabiya trough; gravity data; magnetic data; Total horizontal
derivative.
1. Introduction
The Sirt basin is one of the youngest sedimentary basins in Libya and covers an area of approximately
500.000 Km2 in north central Libya (Fig.1). The study area is called Ajdabiya trough area, it is located
on the northern margin of the Sirt basin, with approximate coordinates (29o- 31oN) and (19o- 21oE).The
study area margin of the Sirt basin was affected by a series of tectonic activities due to interaction of
the African and Eurasian plates that formed the structural features of the Sirt basin. The formation of
the Sirt basin was associated with series of subsidence events which caused number of troughs along
E-W trending basement faults during the Early Cretaceous and NW-SE trending basement faults
during the late Cretaceous. The troughs are separated by a series of platforms. These structures are
obscured by a thick sedimentary cover.
Even though petroleum exploration activity in Libya started more than 55 years ago, little is
known about the structure of this basin. The present study employed the gravity and magnetic data
provided by the Libyan Petroleum Institute (LPI), Shell Oil Company license (NC213) and Geodetic
Survey Department of Libya (SDL).
A total of 85,692 gravity points and 2000 magnetic lines were used in the current study. The
main purpose of this study was to compile the available geology, gravity and magnetic data in the
Ajdabiya trough in order to gain better understanding of the structural framework, basement
configuration, sediment thickness and eventually, construct a tectonic map of the study area.
Figure 1: Location Map of the Basins in Libya (after Shah et al., 1993).
318 Ahmed Salem Saheel, Abdul Rahim Bin Samsudin and Umar Bin Hamzah
Figure 2: Major structural elements of the Study area in the Sirt basin, (Modified after, Roohi. M., 1996).
Figure 3: Stratigraphic section in central Sirt Basin (modified after Barr and Weegar, 1972; Montgomery,
1994).
reservoirs in the Sirt Basin (Thomas, 1995).The Hagfa Formation overlain by succession of carbonate,
shale, dolomite and evaporate.
Figure 4: Showing Generalized Stratigraphy and Tectonic Phases in the Sirt Basin (nomenclature after Barr
and Weegar, 1972).
(Fig.5). They were recalculated by using a density 2.67g/cm3 and using 1980 gravity formula to
produce a Bouguer gravity map of the study area. Rock densities used in the gravity analysis were
taken from different number of sources (Sahil, A., 1995, Suleiman, A., 1994 and Essed, A., 1978),
determined from borehole logs and from more than 750 core samples taken from 31 drilled wells
measured by Shell Oil Company.
Figure 5: Gravity station map in the Ajdabiya trough and surrounding region.
anomaly was between Aljahamah Platform and Zaltan Platform (Fig.6). The negative anomaly covered
in the Amal Platform, Zaltan Platform, Hameimat Trough and part of Ajdabiya Trough, had gentle
gradient between the values -1 to -21 mGal. Two extensions of this negative zone extended southward
in the western part of study area with NW-SE orientation, was superposed by smaller N-S oriented
anomalies, indicating the presence of thick sediment in study area. The Ajdabiya trough was
characterized by irregular high-gravity anomalies that suggested the deposition of relatively dense
sedimentary rocks. Variations of high and low positive Bouguer anomalies were observed inside the
trough indicate horst and graben blocks, respectively. The highest anomalies noticed in the central
could be interpreted to be intrusive bodies into the sedimentary rocks (F.ig.6).
Figure 6: Bouguer Gravity Map of the Ajdabiya trough and adjacent area.
Filters used for Gravity and Magnetic Data in the Study Area.
The interpretation of gravity and magnetic data can be aided by the application of several advanced
processing, total horizontal derivative and Isostatic residual, regional for Bouguer gravity map. These
techniques were applied in this study with the principle aim of adding to the understanding of the
regional tectonics and structures. The success of the various techniques can vary often from area to
another area dependent on a number of factors such as data quality and coverage, and the type of
geological features being imaged. The results were presented throughout this paper where appropriate.
anomalies. The north, northeastern and southern part of study area showed NW-SE strong gradient. In
the central part of the study area illustrated many short anomalies of NW-SE orientation. The eastern
part of study area depicted NNE-SSW trending which was truncating by the E-W orientation.
Figure 7: Total horizontal derivative map from gravity data in the study area.
resolutions, vintages and types, were merged into a unified 1km grid at a constant 1km elevation above
terrain (Fig.10). International Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF) was removed from the original
data using a computer program supplied by Geosoft package software; 2009.The Total Magnetic
Intensity (TMI) map (Fig.11) reflected the major tectonic features in the study area. The study areas
which were Ajdabiya Trough, Hameimat trough and Al Jahamah Platform were marked by negative
anomaly (Fig.11, NM1, NM2, NM3, low values) a regional positive anomaly (Fig.11, PM1, PM2,
PM3, high values).
Figure 10: Map showing magnetic station Location in the Study area.
Figure 11: Map depicting the Total Magnetic Intensity in Study area.
326 Ahmed Salem Saheel, Abdul Rahim Bin Samsudin and Umar Bin Hamzah
Figure 12: Map showing the Reduction to the pole in study area.
Figure 13: Map showing total horizontal derivative for RTP in Sirt basin and adjacent area.
by the horizontal derivative. From this study the horizontal derivative provided very useful information
of the rift structures.
6. Conclusion
Generally, the low gravity anomaly expressions are normally associated with low trends features
(troughs), while the high gravity anomaly expressions are associated with high features (platforms).
However, some of the geological features within the study area are characterized by reverse gravity
expressions. The platforms are having low gravity expressions and the troughs are having high gravity
expressions. For example, the Ajdabiya trough is characterized by high gravity expression. On the
other hand, the Zaltan platform is characterized by low gravity expressions.
Ajdabiya trough is characterized by two gravity anomaly indication high gravity anomaly
expressions in the north part, which is characterized by long wavelength and low anomaly expressions
on the southern part of trough. The northern part is showed by NW trend on both gravity and magnetic
data. These two areas are separated by a pronounced ENE trending lineament, which is recognized on
both gravity and magnetic data, and is interpreted as basement fault. The final conclusion is that both
sides of the Ajdabiya trough represent different basement structure.
7. Acknowledgments
The authors express their gratitude to the National Oil Corporation in Libya (NOC), the Libyan
Petroleum Institute (LPI), the Shell Exploration teams in Tripoli and Rijswijk for providing gravity,
magnetic data and the information needed for this Paper. We would like to thank the School of
Environment and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti
Kebangsaan Malaysia for giving us the opportunity to use the facilities.
Interpretation of the Gravity and Magnetic Anomalies of the
Ajdabiya Trough in the Sirt Basin, Libya 329
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