PLANCKs QUANTUM THEORY

According to planck's quantum theory :

1. The radiant energy emitted or absorbed by a body not continuously but discontinuously in the form
of small discrete packets of energy and these packets are called quantum.
2. In case of light, the smallest packet of energy is called as photon' but in general case the smallest
packet of energy called as quantum.
3. The energy of each quantum is directly proportional to frequency of the radiation i.e.
hc
E«v E= hv E=

Proportionality constant or Plank's constant (h)

h= 6.626 x 10-37 kJ sec.
6.626 x 1034 Jsec (lerg = 10-J)
or 6.626 x 10-27 erg sec.
4. Total amount of energy transmitted from one body to another will be some integral multiple of
energy of a quantum.
E= nhv
Where n is an integer and n = number of quantum
hc
E= hv = =hev
Ex. Calculate the energy of a photon of sodium light of wave length 5.862 10 -l6 m in Joules.
Sol. )=5.886 x 10-l6 m
c=3x 108 msec-1
E= nhv or nh (:n= 1)
hc
E=1
r lx6.6x 10" Jules x3x 10"msec-!
5.862 x10m
6.6x3
=5.862 x10" Joules 3.38 x 10-10 Joules.

Ex. Calculate the frequency &energy of a photon of wave length 4000 E

Sol. (a) Calculation of frequency :
= 4000E
= 4000 x 10-10 m

3x10°m/sec
4x10m
0.75 x 1015 sec-l
7.5 x 1014 sec-l
(b) Calculation of energy :
E hv
6.626 x 10-34 Joule x 7.5 x 1014 sec-l
4.96 x 10-19 Joule
Ex. Calculate the à and frequency of a photon having an energy of 2 electron volt
Sol. lev = 1.602 x 10-19,J
2ev = 3.204 x 10-19 J = E
(a) Calculation of wavelength (2) :
hc ho
E= or A=E
6.626x 104 Js x3 x10 m sec
3.204 x 10-19J
= 6.204 × 10- m
Calculation of frequency (v):
3x10°msec-!
v
6.204 x 10-m
= 0.48 x 1015 sec-l
= 4.8 x 1014 sec-l
Ex. Which has a higher energy ?
(a) A photon of violet light with wave length 4000 E
or

(b) A photon of red light with wave length 7000 E

Sol. (a) Violet light :
hc
Ejolet =

6.626x 104 Jsecx3x10° msec

4000 x 10-1m

= 4.97 x 10-19 Joule

Red light:
hc

6.626 x104J secx 3x 10 msec1

7000x 10-°m
- 2.8 x 10-19 Joule
So,
Ex. How many photons of lights having awave length of 5000E are necessary to provide 1 Joule of energy.
nhc
Sol. E =

n: Ex
hc

1Joule x 5000x 101°m

6.626x 10-" Joule secx3 x 10°msec-!
2.5 x 1018 photons
Ex. Calculate the energy associated with the photon passing through vacuum with wavelength 9900 E.
Sol. For vacuum, velocity of photon = 3 4 108 m/sec
h =6.6 4 10-34 Joule sec
2= 9900 4 10-10 meter

6.6x 10J. secx 3 x 10m sec 19.8x 10-16

E= hy =h = 2 4 10-19 Joule
6600 x 10°m 9900

BOHR'S ATOMIC MODEL

Some Important formulae :

Kqi42
Coulombic force =2
mv
Centrifugal force = r

Angular momentum = mvr

It is a quantum mechanical model. This model was based on quantum theory of radiation and Classical law
of physics.
The important postulates on which Bohr's Model is based are the following :
1t Postulate :

Atoms has a nucleus where all protons and neutrons are present.
The size of nucleus is very small and it is present at the centre of the atom.
2nd Postulate
Negatively charged electron are revolving around the nucleus in the same way as the planets are revolving
around the sun.

The path of electron is circular.

The attraction force (Coulombic or electrostatic force) between nucleus and electron is equal to the centrifugal
force on electron.

i.e. Attraction force towards nucleus = centrifugal force away from nucleus.
3rd Postulate :
h
Electrons can revolve only in those orbits whose angular momenturn (mvr) is integral multiple of

nh
i.e. myr
2

n = Whole number

Where h = Plank's constant,

TI= Constant

4, 5
Angular momentum can have values such as 2T

h
32 .but can not have frac

tional values such as 1.5,: 1.2,5

 4th Postulate :
The orbits in which electron can revolve are known as stationary Orbits because in these orbits energy of
electron is always constant.
5th Postulate :
Each stationary orbit is associated with definite amount of energy therefore these orbits are also called as
energy levels and are numbered as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,... or K, L, M, N, O, ... from the nucleus outwards.
6th Postulate
The emission or absorbtion of energy in the form of photon can only occur when electron jurnps from one
stationary state to another & it is AE= Enal stale -Einitial state
Energy is absorbed when electron jumps from inner to outer orbit and is emitted when electron moves from
outer to inner orbit.
Shell 5
Shell 4
Shell 3
Shell 2
Shell 1

Nucleus

Shell K
Shell L
Shell M
Shell N
Shell O

Radii of various orbits of hydrogen atom

Consider, an electron of mass 'm' and charge 'e' revolving around a nucleus of charge Ze (where, Z = atomic
number and e is the charge of the proton) with a tangential velocity v. r is the radius of the orbit in which
electron is revolving.
By Coulomb's law, the electrostatic force of attraction between the moving electron and nucleus is Coulombic
KZe?
force =
1 r a i s

K= 4 e (where ¬, is permittivity of free space)

K=94 10° NmC-2
In C.G.S. units, value of K = 1 dyne cm² (esu2
mv
The centrifugal force acting on the electron is r
Since the electrostatic force balance the centrifugal force, for the stable electron orbit.
mv'_ KZe .....(1))
2
KZe?
(or) =

mr
...(2)
According to Bohr's postulate of angular momentum quantization, we have
nh
mvT = 2

nh
V=
2amr
 n'h
4n'm' .....3)

Equating (2) and (3)

KZe² n'h
mr 4n'm'2
n'h?
Solving for r we get r =
41'mkZe?
where n = 1,2, 3, ....... o
Hence, only certain orbits whose radii are given by the above equation are available for the electron. The
greater the value of n, i.e., farther the energy level from the nucleus the greater is the radius.
The radius of the smallest orbit (n = 1) for hydrogen atom (2 = 1) is To:

To
n'h²
4me'K
1 x(6.626 x10"} = 5.29 4 10-11 m = 0.529 E
4x(3.14)x9x 10-" x(1.6 x10-9} *9x10°
Radius of nth orbit for an atom with atomic number Z is simply written as

,= 0.529 s

CALCULATION OF ENERGY OF AN ELECTRON :

The total energy (E) of the electron is the sum of kinetic energy and potential energy.
Kinetic energy of the electron = my2
-KZe
Potential energy =columbic force.dr =
-KZe?
Total energy = 1/2 my2 .....4)
r
From equation (1) we know that
my KZe

KZe
Substituting this in equation (4)
KZe? KZe? KZe?
Total energy (E) = 2r 2r

Substituting for r, gives us

2r'mZ²e'K²
E = where n = 1, 2, 3, .....
n'h²
This expression shows that only certain energies are allowed to the electron. Since this energy expression
consist of so many fundamental constant, we are giving you the following simplified expressions.
E=-21.8 410-12 s erg per atom

72
= -21.8 y 10-19 4 Jper atom = -13.6 4 eV per atom
(1 eV = 3.83 4 10-23 Kcal)
1eV = 1.602 4 10-12 erg
(1 eV = 1.602 4 10-19 J)
(E = -313.6 4
n Kcal/mole (1 cal = 4.18 J))
 The energies are negative since the energy of the electron in the atom is less than the energy of a free
electron, i.e. the electron is at infinite distance from the nucleus which is taken as zero. The lowest energy
level of the atom corresponds to n = 1, and as the quantum number increases, E becomes less negative.
When n = o, E = 0, which corresponds to an ionized atom, i.e. the electron and nucleus are infinitely
separated.
H ’ H + e (ionization)
Calculation of velocity :
We know that
nh hn
V 2xmr
By substituting for r we are getting
2nKZe²
nh
where excepting n and Z all are constants
V= 2.18 4 108 2 cm/sec.
QUESTIONS BASED ON BOHR'S MODEL
Ex. Calculate the radius of 1,2nd,3rd,4th Bohr's Orbit of hydrogen.
Sol. Radius of Bohr's orbit
n?
r= 0.529
(a) Radius of 1 orbit
1
r= 0.529 x = 0.529E
1
(b) Radius of 2nd orbit
2
T0.529 x4
r= 0.529

= 2.116E
Radius of 3rd orbit:
r= 0.529: 3 = 0.529 x9
1
= 4.761E
Radius of 4th orbit :
r=0.529 >
4²
1
=0.529 x16
= 8.464E
Ex. Calculate the radius ratio of 3rd & 5th orbit of Het
r= 0.529
E
At. Number of He = 2

Sol. r = 0.529 x
9
= 0.529 x
2

I5 = 0.529 x
(5)
25
= 0.529
2
 0.529 x (3
2
Therefore
0.529,(5)
2
9
25 r3I, = 9: 25
Ex. Calculate the radius ratio of 2nd orbit of hydrogen and 3rd
orbit of Li+2
Sol. Atomic number of H=1
Atomic number of Li = 3

2nd orbit radius of hydrogen

(ry= 0.529 x 1
3rd orbit radius of Li+2
3
(r)Li2 = 0.529 3

0.529> 2
: (): ( =4:3
(shue o.529 x3
The ratio of the radius3of two Bohr's orbit of Lit² is 1:9. what Would be their nomenclature.
Ex.
1. K&L 2. L& M 3 K& M 4 K&N

0.529x n
1 3
Sol. 9
0.529 x n
3

n1 K Shell
n 3 M Shell
Ex. Calculate the radius of 2nd excited state of Lit2,
Sol. 2xd excited state, means e is present in 3rd shell so,
3x3
0.529:
3
= 0.529 x 3 E
1.587 E
Ex. Calculate the radius ratio of 2rd excited state of H & 1 excited state of Lit2.
Sol. 2d excited state. means e is present in 3rd shell of hydrogen
T3 = 0.529 (3'1 0.529 x 9

1t excited state, means e exist in 2nd shell of Li+2

0.529 × (2)
3
9
0.529 x
4
= 0.529
3 (r2)u 0.529 x4
radius of 2nd excited state of hydrogen (s)a27
radius of 1st excited state of Lit+2 (2h 4
Ex. Calculate the energy of Li+2 atom for 2nd excited state.
Sol. E=-13.6 x n
Z=3 and e exist in 2nd excited state, means e present in 3rd shell i.e. n =3

E= -13.6x3)
(3'
=- 13.6 eV/atom
Ex. Calculate the ratio of energies of Het for 1 & 2nd excited state.
Sol. (Het) 14 Excited state (He), 2d Excited state
i.e. (Het)2nd shell (He')3rd shell

(2) (2
-13.6 (2 - 13.6 x
(3)
4 4
:
4
1

9
Ex. If the P.E. of an electron is 6.8 eV in hydrogen atom then find out K.E., E of orbit where electron exist &
radius of orbit.
Sol. 1. P.£. = -2K.E.
-6.8 = -2K.E.
6.8
= K.E. K.E. = 3.4 eV
2
2. E - K.E.
3.4 eV
3. Orbit = 2nd

: E=- 13.6 x
n

.:. 3.4 =- 13.6 1'

-13.6
n²=
-3.4
i.e. n = 2

4 r =0.529 xE

r 0.529 x
=0.529 x 4E
= 2.16 E
Ex. The ionization energy for the hydrogen atom is 13.6 ev then calculate the required energy in ev to excite it
from the ground state to 1% excited state.
Sol. lonization energy = 13.6 eV
 i.e. 1st energy state =- 13.6 eV
Energy of 1# excited state
i.e 2nd orbit =-3.4 eV
SO.
E -E, =-3.4 + 13.6 = 10.2 eV
Ex. If the total energy of an electron is -1.51 ev in hydrogen atom then find out K.E, P.E, orbit radius and velocity
of the electron in that orbit.
Sol. Given E=-1.5 eV
() E=-KE
K.E =-E |:Z =1}
= 1.51 eV
(ii) PE = - 2 x 1.51
=-3.02 eV
(iüil Orbit = 3rd
1
E=-13.6 x n? ev -1.51 = -13.6 x
n?
-13.6
n=51=9
n =3

(iy) r = 0.529 x 3x3

1
0.529 x9 = 4.761 E

V = 2.188 x 108x cm/sec

2.188 x 108
0.729 x 10 cm/ sec
3

Ex. Calculate the velocity of an electron placed in the 3rd orbit of the Li2+ ion. Also calculate the number of revolutions
per second that it makes around the nucleus.
Sol. Radius of 2nd orbit = r;x (n

= 0.529 s 10-8 y (S) = 1.587 4 10-8 cm

3

Velocity of electron in 2nd orbit,

2.18x 10 x3 = 2.18 s 108 cm/sec
V= 2.18 y108 cm/sec = 3

1 2.18× 10° cm/sec

No. of revolutions/sec = r lv2r2x3.14x 1.587 x10*cm 0.2187 41016

= 2.187 4 1015 rev/sec