9.3.

5 Practice: Transferring Energy Practice

Chemistry Name: Jenna Yoon
Date: 2024-2-1

Question 1: Thermodynamics (5 points)

A. What is the first law of thermodynamics? (1 point)

The total energy in an isolated system is constant, energy can be transported to

one to another but it cannot be created or destroyed.

B. Match each term to its description or definition. (4 points)

A. Heat
B. Thermal energy
C. Conduction
D. Convection
E. Radiation
F. Specific heat
G. Enthalpy
H. Entropy

__F___ Heat required to raise 1 g of a substance 1°C

__A___ The transfer of thermal energy between objects

__H___ A measure of the randomness in a system

__C___ Heat transfer through direct contact between molecules

__G___ Heat given off or absorbed in a reaction

__F___ Heat transfer by way of electromagnetic waves

__B___ Total kinetic energy of all molecules in a system

 __D___ Heat transfer through movement of liquids or gasses

Question 2: Heat (5 points)

A. Describe the following heat equations, and identify the indicated variables. (3
points)

i. Q = mcΔT; identify c. (1 point)

C= specific heat

Energy transferred: Mass of Water x Specific Heat Capacity x Temperature

Change

ii. Q = mLvapor; identify Lvapor. (1 point)

Heat Energy: Mass x Specific Latent heat of Vaporization (Liquid > gas)

I= Specific Latent Heat Vaporization

iii. Q = mLfusion; identify Lfusion. (1 point)

Heat Energy = Mass x Specific Latent Heat Fusion (solid > liquid)

I = Specific Latent Heat Fusion

 B. Describe the temperature changes that occur in ice as energy is added,
starting in the frozen state and ending in the vapor state. (2 points)

The temperature increases when the energy gets increased, so frozen to liquid
when temperature and liquid gets increased to vapor when temperature gets
increased.

Question 3: Enthalpy (7 points)

A. Explain the difference between an exothermic chemical reaction and an

endothermic chemical reaction. (1 point)

An exothermic chemical reaction is spontaneous and it releases energy when an

endothermic reaction
 B. How is the enthalpy of reaction related to the enthalpies of formation for
the products and reactants? (1 point)

The enthalpy of a reaction is like subtracting the enthalpy at the very beginning of
the reaction with the enthalpy at the end.

C. What is Hess's law? (1 point)

It says that the entropy differences of reactants and products doesn’t depend on
how reactants become products in the first place.

D. How does Hess's law use intermediate reactions to calculate the enthalpy
of a desired reaction? (2 points)

Hess’s law uses intermediate reactions that calculator enthalpy by adding all of
them together and canceling like terms on each side of the equation.
 E. Mark each description as an exothermic or endothermic reaction. (2 points)

Description Exothermic Endothermic

A + heat B x

–ΔH x

Energy diagram:

Energy of reactants
greater than energy of
products x

Question 4: Entropy (4 points)

A. What does the second law of thermodynamics say about entropy? (1 point)

The second law says that the entropy tends to increase in a system.

B. Which phase has the lowest entropy? Why? How does a change in phase
affect entropy changes in a reaction? (2 points)
Solid, because there is the least amount of randomness since moving less
entropy is atom. Entropy gets increased when it is in a change in phase and if it is
in a reaction.

C. How do reactions involving gasses affect the entropy of a system? (1

point)

If the amount of gas is larger than the left side of the equation, which means
entropy decreases. If the opposite then it has been increased.

Question 5: Spontaneity of a Reaction (4 points)

A. How do the following factors affect the spontaneity of a reaction? (2 points)

i. Enthalpy (1 point)

The smaller (negative) is in the enthalpy, the more a reaction is spontaneous, the
greater the enthalpy, the less spontaneous then it becomes (non spontaneous).
 ii. Entropy (1 point)

The greater the entropy which is positive gets more spontaneous reaction which
is negative entropy which means it’s non-spontaneous.

B. What is the equation that relates these factors? What is it called? (1 point)

Gibbs free energy: (delta)G= (delta)H-T(delta)S

C. How is Gibbs free energy used to predict the spontaneity of a reaction? (1

point)

Using the equation, if G is negative then it's spontaneous, and if it is positive then
it is non-spontaneous.

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9.3.5 Practice: Transferring Energy