ES 81 Math Methods in Engineering 1

(Differential Equations)

Answers to Problem Set 3

#1  
7 x  x  y  dy  2 x 2  6 xy  5 y 2 dx; with x  1, y  0.

Solution: Rearrange the equation so that

dy 2 x 2  12 xy  10 y 2  homogeneous since each of the terms

dx 7 x 2  7 xy on the right hand side is of degree 2.

Let y  vx, such that dy  vdx  xdv. The DE becomes

7x 2
  
 7 xy dy  2 x 2  12 xy  10 y 2 dx  0


7 x 2  7 x  vx    vdx  xdv   2 x 2  12 x  vx   10  vx 
2
0
Simplifying and then separating the variables gives

7  7v dx
dv 
2  5v  3v 2
x
#1  
7 x  x  y  dy  2 x 2  6 xy  5 y 2 dx; with x  1, y  0.

Solution: Integrating both sides (using partial fractions)

7  7v dx
 2  5v  3v 2 dv   x
4
 ln 1  3v   ln  2  v   ln x  C
3
y
Replacing v  gives,
x
4  3y   y
 ln 1    ln  2    ln x  C
3  x   x
4
When x  1, y  0, thus ln1  ln 2  ln1  C  C  ln 2.
3
4  3y   y
Therefore, ln 1    ln  2    ln x  ln 2
3  x   x
#1  
7 x  x  y  dy  2 x 2  6 xy  5 y 2 dx; with x  1, y  0.

Solution: Simplify using the laws of logarithms from algebra,

the solution becomes

4  3y   y
ln 1    ln  2    ln x  ln 2
3  x   x
 x  3y   2x  y 
43

     2x
 x   x 
#2  3sin y  5 x  dx  2 x 2
cot ydy  0.

Solution: Using substitution, let t  sin y. Then dt  cos ydy. The DE becomes
cos y
 3 sin y  5 x  dx  2 x 2 dy  0
sin y
dt
 3t  5 x  dx  2 x 2  0
t
Using algebra and rearranging terms, we get
dt 3t 2  5 xt 
dt 5
  
3 2  Bernoulli in t with
 0 t 2
t
dx 2x 2 dx 2 x 2x 5 3
P  x   , Q  x   2 , n  2
2x 2x

Therefore, u  x   e 
 1 n  P  x  dx 
 

  5  5 
u  x   exp   1  2    dx    exp  ln x 
  2 x  2 
 exp ln x 5 2   x 5 2
#2  3sin y  5 x  dx  2 x 2
cot ydy  0.

Solution:
The solution is u  x   y 1n    1  n   Q  x   u  x  dx
 3 
x 5 2t 1   1  2    2  x5 2 dx
 2x 
Using integration and algebra, we get
t2
x t
2
C 3
x
By substituting back the original variables,

t2
x t
2
C 3
x
x 3  x  sin y   C sin 2 y
2
#3    
3 xy  2 y 2 dx  2 x 2  3 xy dy  0.

Solution: M  3 xy  2 y 2 N  2 x 2  3xy
M N
 3x  4 y   4x  3y  DE is not EXACT!
y x
M N
  x  y This is CASE 3.  validate!
y x

Thus, to get the integrating factor, u  x m y n

M y  Nx =
mN nM
-  x  y 

m 2 x 2  3 xy   n  3xy  2 y 
2

x y x y
Simplify and using algebra,  x  y   2m  3n  x   3m  2n  y
 m  1, n  1

The integrating factor, therefore is, u  x1 y1  xy.

 #3  
3 xy  2 y 2 dx  2 x 2  3 xy dy  0. 
Solution:
Applying the integrating factor to the original DE, the new DE becomes
 
xy 3 xy  2 y 2 dx  xy 2 x 2  3 xy dx  0  
 working with  M  x, y  dx  M  3x 2 y 2  2 xy 3 N  2 x 3 y  3x 2 y 2

 Mdx   3 x y
2 2
 2 xy 3
dx 
3 2 2 3
g  y    g '  y  dy
3x y 2x y
   x3 y 2  x 2 y 3
3 2   0dy
  Mdx 0
 2 x3 y  3x 2 y 2
y
F  x, y    Mdx  g  y   c
  Mdx
 g ' y   N c  x3 y 2  x 2 y 3  0
y
2 x y  3x y  g '  y   2 x y  3x y
3 2 2 3 2 2 x3 y 2  x 2 y 3  c
g ' y   0
 dy  x  1
 x  2  3 y  1 given that when x  1, y  5.
#4 dx x 1
Solution:
Using algebra and rearranging terms, we get

dy 3  x  1 1  Linear in y with
 y
dx  x  1 x  2   x  2 3  x  1 1
P  x  , Q  x 
 x  1 x  2  x2

Thus, the integrating factor u  x  is

 3  x  1 
u  x  e 
 P  x  dx 
 
 exp  
  x  1 x  2  
dx
 
By integrating (hint: using partial fraction expansion), we get
 3  x  1    2 1  
u  x   exp   dx   exp      dx 
  x  1 x  2     x  1 x  2  
 

 
2

 
 exp  2 ln  x  1  ln  x  2    exp ln  x  1  x  2     x  1  x  2 
2
 dy  x  1
 x  2  3 y  1 given that when x  1, y  5.
#4 dx x 1
Solution:

Thus, the solution is u  x   y   Q  x   u  x  dx

1
 x  1  x  2  y     x  1  x  2  dx
2 2

x2
 x  1  x  2  y    x  1
2 2
dx

1
 The general solution is  x  1  x  2  y    C
2 2
x  1
3
Since y  5 when x  1, then substituting into the general solution,
1
 1  1  1  2  5   1  1
2 2
C
3
C 0
 By simplifying, 1 x 1
 x  1  x  2  y   x  1  y 
2 3

3 3 x  2