UES AND

SS

IN
L I

EQUALIT
OBA
LESSON NO. 7

GL
HUMAN RIGHTS

E
A.Y. 2023 - 2024 ES

I
TH
DISCUSSION OUTLINE
What to Expect For Today

Human Rights
Principles of Human Rights
Human Rights Issues
Gender Equality
Labor Migration
Education
Threats to Human Rights
HUMAN RIGHTS
Human rights are rights inherent
to all human beings, regardless of
race, sex, nationality, ethnicity,
language, religion, or any other
status.
INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW

International human rights law lays down

the obligations of Governments to act in
certain ways or to refrain from certain
acts, in order to promote and protect
human rights and fundamental freedoms
of individuals or groups.
UNITED NATIONS
As the world’s only truly universal global
organization, the United Nations has
become the foremost forum to address
issues that transcend national boundaries
and cannot be resolved by any one
country acting alone.
UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights

(UDHR) is a milestone document in the
history of human rights.
Drafted by representatives with different
legal and cultural backgrounds from all
regions of the world,
PRINCIPLES OF
HUMAN RIGHTS
UNIVERSAL AND INALIENABLE
The principle of universality of human rights is the
cornerstone of international human rights law. This
means that we are all equally entitled to our
human rights.
Human rights are inalienable. They should not be
taken away, except in specific situations and
according to due process.
INDIVISIBLE AND INTERDEPENDENT

All human rights are indivisible and

interdependent.
This means that one set of rights
cannot be enjoyed fully without the
other.
EQUAL AND NON-DISCRIMINATORY

Article 1 of the UDHR states: “All human beings are

born free and equal in dignity and rights.” Freedom
from discrimination, set out in Article 2, is what
ensures this equality.
Non-discrimination cuts across all international
human rights law. This principle is present in all
major human rights treaties.
BOTH RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS
This means that States have obligations and
duties under international law to respect, protect
and fulfill human rights.
Meanwhile, as individuals, while we are entitled to
our human rights – but, we should also respect
and stand up for the human rights of others.
HUMAN RIGHTS ISSUE:
GENDER EQUALITY
WOMEN
GENDER EQUALITY
Gender inequality has been a human
rights issue for hundreds of years.
Even with decades of progress, the World
Economic Forum believes it could take
the world another century to realize
gender equality.
GENDER EQUALITY
Millions of women and girls suffer
disproportionately from violence both in
peace and in war, at the hands of the
state, in their homes and communities.
Across the globe, women are beaten,
raped, mutilated, and killed with impunity.
GENDER EQUALITY
More than 5 women or girls are killed
every hour by someone in their family.
In 2021, nearly 1 in 5 women aged 20-24
were married before turning 18
One in three women have been subjected
to violence at least once in their lifetime.
GENDER EQUALITY
Most violence against women is
perpetrated by current or former husbands
or intimate partners.
More than 640 million or 26 per cent of
women aged 15 and older have been
subjected to intimate partner violence.
GENDER EQUALITY
Less than 40 per cent of the women who
experience violence seek help of any sort.
In the majority of countries with available data
on this issue, among women who do seek help,
most look to family and friends and very few
look to formal institutions, such as police and
health services.
GENDER EQUALITY
At least 200 million women and girls aged 15–
49 have undergone female genital mutilation in
31 countries where the practice is concentrated.
There are still countries where female genital
mutilation is almost universal, where at least
nine in 10 girls and women, aged 15–49 years,
have been cut.
 DOE v. CONSTANT
Emmanuel “Toto” Constant was
the leader of one of Haiti’s most
feared death squads — a group
that used rape, mutilation, and
murder to crush opposition to
Haiti’s military regime. Constant
fled to the United States in 1994
when a Haitian court issued a
warrant for his arrest. He began
life anew in New York as a real
estate agent.
Emmanuel “Toto” “The Devil” Constant
 A story of violence: 16
objects show the reality
of gender-based violence
around the world
LGBTQ+
GENDER EQUALITY
LGBT+ rights are human rights that all lesbian,
gay, bisexual, transgender and other people
outside traditional sexuality and gender
categories have.
How we approach LGBTQ+ rights and gender
identity may change, but standing against
discrimination will remain necessary.
GENDER EQUALITY

LGBT+ rights include:

physical integrity rights
social rights
economic rights
political rights
GENDER EQUALITY
One in eight LGBT people (13%) have experienced
some form of unequal treatment from healthcare
staff because they’re LGBT.
Only half of lesbian, gay and bi people (46 per
cent) and trans people (47 per cent) feel able to be
open about their sexual orientation or gender
identity to everyone in their family.
GENDER EQUALITY
More than one in ten LGBT people (11 per
cent) have faced domestic abuse from a
partner in the last year.
More than a third of LGBT staff (35%) have
hidden that they are LGBT at work for fear
of discrimination.
GENDER EQUALITY
Almost one in five LGBT people (18%) who were
looking for work said they were discriminated
against because of their identity while trying to
get a job.
Two in five LGBT students (42%) have hidden
their identity at university for fear of
discrimination.
GENDER EQUALITY
Two-thirds (64%) of LGBTQ+ people had experienced
anti-LGBT+ violence or abuse.
Of these, 9 in 10 (92%) had experienced verbal abuse,
3 in 10 (29%) had experienced physical violence and 2
in 10 (17%) had experienced sexual violence.
Only 1 in 3 respondents who wanted or needed
support were able to access it.
GENDER EQUALITY
42% of LGBT+ school pupils have been bullied
in the past year, double the number of non-
LGBT+ pupils (21%).
Two in five LGBT pupils (40%) are never taught
anything about LGBT issues at school.
70 countries criminalize same-sex relationships.
GENDER EQUALITY
The death penalty for same-sex relationships is either
‘allowed’, or evidence of its existence occurs, in 11 of
these countries.
Most governments deny trans people the right to legally
change their name and gender from those that were
assigned to them at birth.
A quarter of the world’s population believes that being
LGBT should be a crime.
The Dark Side of
the Rainbow
[The police] took me to the “morality ward” and kept
me until 4 a.m. in a tiny room with no food or water.
They took my phone and belongings. When they
came back with a police report, I was surprised to see
the guy I met on Grindr is one of the officers. They
beat me and cursed me until I signed papers that said
I was “practicing debauchery” and publicly
announcing it to fulfill my “unnatural sexual desires.”
— Yazid, 27-year-old gay man from Egypt, July 17, 2021
[The police] searched all our phones. They took my
phone and started sending messages to each other
from my phone, then they took screenshots of those
conversations and screenshots from my photo gallery.
They took photos and videos where I have makeup or
a dress on, and they used them as evidence against
me. They went through my WhatsApp chats and took
contact details so they could entrap my friends as well.

— Amar, 25-year-old transgender woman from Jordan, September 24, 2021

[The police] searched all our phones. They took my
phone and started sending messages to each other
from my phone, then they took screenshots of those
conversations and screenshots from my photo gallery.
They took photos and videos where I have makeup or
a dress on, and they used them as evidence against
me. They went through my WhatsApp chats and took
contact details so they could entrap my friends as well.

— Amar, 25-year-old transgender woman from Jordan, September 24, 2021

MEN
GENDER EQUALITY
About 1 in 3 men experienced contact sexual
violence, physical violence, and/or stalking by an
intimate partner during their lifetime.
Nearly 56% of men who were victims of contact
sexual violence, physical violence, and/or stalking by
an intimate partner first experienced these or other
forms of violence by that partner before age 25.
GENDER EQUALITY
Abuse against men include:
Physical abuse
Emotional abuse
Financial abuse
GENDER EQUALITY
Made-to-Penetrate (MTP)
MTP is a form of sexual violence that some in
the practice field consider similar to rape.
Being MTP occurs when the victim was made
to, or there was an attempt to make them,
sexually penetrate someone without consent.
GENDER EQUALITY
Determining the rate of intimate
partner violence (IPV) against males
can be difficult, as men may be
reluctant to report their abuse or
seek help.
GENDER EQUALITY
IPV against men is generally less recognized
by society than IPV against women.
Some male victims fear people assuming
that the woman is the real victim, and must
have been acting in self-defense or
retaliating for abuse.
HUMAN RIGHTS ISSUE:
LABOR MIGRATION
RIGHTS OF MIGRANT WORKERS
An estimated 281 million people,
approximately 3.6% of the world’s
population, currently live outside their
country of origin, many of whose
migration is characterized by varying
degrees of compulsion.
RIGHTS OF MIGRANT WORKERS
It is increasingly clear that a lack of human
rights-based migration governance at the
global and national levels is leading to the
routine violation of migrants’ rights in
transit, at international borders, and in the
countries they migrate to.
HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATION AGAINST MIGRANTS

The denial of migrants’ rights is

often closely linked to
discriminatory laws and to deep-
seated attitudes of prejudice or
xenophobia .
CHALLENGES FACED BY MIGRANTS

1. Unfair recruitment practices, such

as charging fees, requiring migrants
to put up a bond, or giving misleading
or incorrect information about a
promised job.
EXAMPLES OF IMMIGRATION SCAMS
Notario or immigration consultant scams
Fake Immigration Websites
Diversity Lottery Scams
Scams Against Refugees
Employment Schemes
Marriage Schemes
CHALLENGES FACED BY MIGRANTS

2. Trafficking or smuggling workers

across borders for work, and/or
entering the worker into forced labour
in the new destination
FORCED LABOR: MODERN SLAVERY

Forced labour can be understood

as work that is performed
involuntarily and under the
menace of any penalty.
FORCED LABOR: MODERN SLAVERY
49.6 million people were living in modern slavery
in 2021, of which 27.6 million were in forced
labour and 22 million in forced marriage.
Women and girls account for 4.9 million of those
in forced commercial sexual exploitation, and for
6 million of those in forced labour in other
economic sectors.
CHALLENGES FACED BY MIGRANTS

3. Unequal access to employment rights,

remuneration, social security, trade union rights,
employment taxes or access to legal proceedings
and remediation

4. Workplace racism or discrimination

HUMAN RIGHTS ISSUE:
EDUCATION
 EDUCATION IS NOT
A PRIVILEGE.
IT IS A HUMAN RIGHT.
RIGHTS TO EDUCATION
Education as a human right means:
the right to education is legally guaranteed for all
without any discrimination
states have the obligation to protect, respect, and
fulfil the right to education
there are ways to hold states accountable for
violations or deprivations of the right to education
EDUCATIONAL CHALLENGES

1. Budget Cuts
A UNESCO study shows that, in the
hundred least advanced countries,
the education budget has been
more than halved over 10 years.
EDUCATIONAL CHALLENGES

2. Exploitation of child labor

Abuse of child labour creates and perpetuates
the miseries of poverty, illiteracy, and sickness
and a class of persons whose later social
assistance needs can only cause the imposition
of greater taxes on their former employers.
EDUCATIONAL CHALLENGES

3. Limitations on school admission

A large number of adults are illiterate,
having been forced to leave school by
their families in order to work; often the
formal education they have received is
inappropriate.
EDUCATIONAL CHALLENGES

3. Socio-economic and cultural

discrimination in education
Some school systems may operate on the
premise that intelligence and educational
achievement are innately connected to a
student's social class.
EDUCATIONAL CHALLENGES

4. Ineffective educational policy

decisions
Groups which determine educational
priorities operate on a very local level from
a perspective too narrow to include broad
social issues.
EDUCATIONAL CHALLENGES

5. Lack of standards
Groups which determine educational
priorities operate on a very local level
from a perspective too narrow to include
broad social issues.
WHAT DOES THE RIGHT TO EDUCATION ENTAIL?

Primary education that is free, compulsory and

universal
Secondary education, including technical and
vocational, that is generally available, accessible to
all and progressively free
Higher education, accessible to all on the basis of
individual capacity and progressively free
WHAT DOES THE RIGHT TO EDUCATION ENTAIL?

Fundamental education for individuals who have

not completed education
Professional training opportunities
Quality teaching and supplies for teachers
Adequate fellowship system and material condition
for teaching staff
Freedom of choice
 THANK YOU
ANY QUESTIONS?
 REFERENCES
https://www.ohchr.org/en/what-are-human-rights
https://www.unwomen.org/en/what-we-do/ending-violence-against-women/facts-
and-figures
https://www.humanrightscareers.com/issues/human-rights-issues-of-the-future/
https://www.un.org/en/global-issues/gender-equality
https://www.stonewall.org.uk/cy/lgbtq-facts-and-figures
https://ourworldindata.org/lgbt-rights
https://www.ohchr.org/en/migration/about-migration-and-human-rights
https://www.statista.com/chart/15434/the-countries-spending-the-most-on-
education/
https://policytoolbox.iiep.unesco.org/policy-option/socio-cultural-barriers-to-
schooling/
https://blog.noplag.com/standards-do-not-improve-education-in-schools/
http://encyclopedia.uia.org/en/problem/denial-right-education
https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/what-you-need-know-about-right-education