Sentences

A group of words which gives complete sense, is called a

sentence Ex—Tanu is going to landon.
Kinds of sentences—
1. Assertive-- Assertive sentences is simple sentences
which give information.
i. Affirmative—sub + H.V + M.V + obj
Ex. She is writing a letter.
ii. Negative--- sub + H.V + not + M.V + obj
Ex. She is not writing a letter.
2. Interrogative— to ask questions.
 Direct interrogative--- A sentences that is a direct
question.
I. Yes/No questions--- H.V + sub + M.V + obj?
Ex. Are you going there?
II. Wh- questions--- Wh- word + H.V + sub +
M.V + obj?
Ex. Why are going there?
This wrong
Right one is – Could you tell me why you did not speak
the truth?
 Indirect Interrogative---

Ex.

worng

Right. Newton wanted to know why the apple

fallen on the ground.
3. Imperative—to express order,request,advise.

4. Exclamtory--- to express strong

feeling,emotins,reactions.

Note: optative sentences are part of exclamatory

sentences.
 Optative Sentences--- to express blessings, wish ,
cruse, pray.
 Phrase
A group of words which make sense but not complete
sense is called a phrase.
Ex. Under the tree. , At the door. , Can not go., really fast.
 Note: a phrase is a group of words without a sub-
verb combination.
 The purpose of a phrase is to complement the
overall structure of the sentence.
Ex. She sitting under the tree.

Clause
A clause is a group of words which gives complete
meaning and also has a sub-verb combination.
Ex. She is very hungry.
I am feeling very well today.
Note: A simple sentence can also be called one clause.
Some sentence may have more than a clause.
Ex. I waited for her but she did not come.
 Sonali likes me but I like tanu because I want to
marry her.

Types of clause
a) Independent clause—An independent clause is the
same as a complete sentence and can stand alone.
Ex. He ate dinner.
I was working.
b)Dependent clause--- Dependent clause cannot stand
alone , it has sub-verb combination but it could not
be a sentence by itself. It needs an independent
clause to complete the sentence.
Ex. When Rahul get home. This is a dependent clause
When Rahul get home, he ate dinner. Now this is
a sentence. In this sentence here two clause.

Narration/Speech
Speech also called word.
 Two types of narration
1.Direct speech—speaker sentences same
words we use. under inverted comma.
2.Indirect speech—speakers sentence we told
someone else in own words.
There are two parts of Direct Narration
1. Reporting verb—The part outside of inverted
comma.
2.Reported Speech—The part Inside inverted
comma.
Rule for changing Direct Narration into Indirect
Narration.
1.General Rules—Applicable on each type of
sentence.
 Change of tenses— if the reporting verb is in
present or future tense then reported
speech tense not gone change.
o If the reporting verb is in past then
reported speech tense will change.
  Change of Pronouns—

 Change of words related to time & tense

 Change of Model verbs

2.Special Rules—applicable on particular type of

sentence.
 When there is an Assertive sentence in the
reported speech.
  Exception 1 – when there is “Universal
Truth” in the reported speech then tenses
won’t not change.

 Exception 2—When two events are

happening simultaneously in the reported
speech, in this case, tenses won’t change.
He said, “while i was working ,my wife was
cooking.”
He said that while he was working , his wife was
cooking.
  Exception 3— When there is
“Hypothetical/unreal fact” in the reported
speech in this case, tenses won’t change.
She said, “ if i were a millionaire, i would help poor.”
She said that if she were a millionaire, she would
help poor.
 Exception 4—When there are “Had + v3 ,
Had + to + v1 , would , could , should , must ,
might , ought to” in the reported speech. In
this case, tenses won’t change.

 Exception 5—

 Exception 6—
 When there is an Interrogative Sentence in
the reported speech.

 Exception 1—if there is a question tag.

 Exception 2—
 When there is an Imperative sentence in
reported speech.
 Exception 1—

 Exception 2--
Ans – He proposed to his friends that we should go
to watch a movie.
 When there is optative sentence in the
reported speech .

 When there is Exclamatory sentences in

reported speech.
Transformation of Sentences