TUGAS OMICS REVIEW JURNAL

Anggota Kelompok :

Adelia Anggreny (D3401211054)

Dewi Sintianingsih (D3401211055)
Dewinta Aristia W. (D3401211057)
Femina Novianita S. (D3401211058)
Rikah Fuziah (D3401211059)
Aurellia Rahma D. P. (D3401211064)
Muhammad Arya R. (D3401211067)
Dhiya Fadhilah A. (D3401211068)
Farida Luthfiyah (D3401211070)
Zacky Abrar Azhari (D3401211072)
Alya Jauza (D3401211079)
Khalisha Naja Imara P. (D3401211084)
Wildan Abdillah F. (D3401211085)

DEPARTEMEN ILMU PRODUKSI DAN TEKNOLOGI PETERNAKAN

FAKULTAS PETERNAKAN
INSTITUT PERTANIAN BOGOR
BOGOR
2022
 INTRODUCTION

Prior to domestication, domesticated ancestors had coat colors that provided camouflage
against potential predators. Wild species usually have a uniform phenotype with species-specific
coat color and markings. Due to domestication, large variations in phenotype arise due to
adaptation to different habitats and climatic conditions. Pigmentation changes are the result of
differences in the size, shape, and transport of melanocytes to specific areas of the skin. Another
contributing factor refers to differences in the amount and type of melanin synthesized (i.e.
eumelanin or phaeomelanin). Coat color is linked to genetic, often fatal diseases that not only
cause death or disease of livestock but also cause economic losses. Although the same disorder
and similar coat color phenotypes may have different genetic origins, it has been observed that
mutations in the same gene often result in identical coat color and expression, exhibiting
comparable systemic effects in different species. Roan's coat color is found in many different
species. Roans are described as a mixture of white and colored plumage, while the specific
phenotype and underlying genetic background vary between species. In this review, we aim to
compare roan phenotypes in cattle, including horses, and demonstrate similarities and differences
in phenotypes and genetic backgrounds. Next, we describe the potential impact of coat color on
health.

MAIN

Roan in cow
In cattle, roan is frequently present in the Shorthorn and Belgian Blue breeds, where roan
is called ‘blue’. The popularity of roan differs between breeds: while roan in general is preferred
over black in Belgian Blue, the roan in Shorthorn is undesired in some countries. Following a
co-dominant inheritance, there are several phenotypes present in both breeds: (i) spotted-black in
the Belgian Blue and solid red in Shorthorn, when the r allele is present in a homozygous state;
(ii) a white phenotype, when the animals are homozygous for the alternative R allele; and (iii)
roan, respectively blue, with white hair intermingling colored hair for the Rr genotype. A
missense mutation (c.654C>A) within the KITLG as the causative mutation for roan in Belgian
Blue and Shorthorn. This mutation located in exon 7 of the gene leads to an amino acid
substitution (alanine to asparagine) in the protein sequence, which potentially changes the
hydrophobicity and modifies the α-helix structure of this protein region. Roan is associated with
the White Heifer Disease (WHD) comprising a range of anomalies of the female genital tract.
The disorder includes a missing or underdeveloped vagina, cervix, or uterus as well as one or
even both uterine horns, abnormal development of the Müllerian ducts, and posterior vaginal
occlusion. The majority of the affected heifers suffering from WHD carry the alternative
homozygous genotype (RR; >90%), the other WHD heifers (<10%) are heterozygous (Rr).
Roan in pig
Pigs exhibit solid red or black pigmented phenotypes in addition to the predominately
white coat color, as well as colorful spots or patches, belts, and roan. Roan is a breed that crosses
with the landrace brees and is distinguished by its mixed. KIT and its ligand (KITLG) were
identified as major candidate genes for roan in pig based on the striking similarities of the roan
phenotype in cattle and horses. There is a lot of allelic diversity for KIT in populations of
𝑟𝑛
commercial pigs. Dominant white allele (I) is dominant over the roan allele. 𝐼 is dominant over
the wild type gene I and results in a roan phenotype. Therefore, animals with a dominant white
allele and a roan allele ara entirely white. Different breeds with either a roan coat color or a
belted pattern (a white belt across the shoulders and front legs against a solid black or red
background) were thought to have genetic variations that were close to or even caused by the
same gene. No other pleiotropic effect of roan is described, despite the dominant white (I) allele
at the KIT gene showing an impact on hematological parameters in addition to the coat color.

Roan in sheep
It is explained that the coat color of roan black (gray) or roan brown (gray brown) , is
caused by a mixture of colored and white fibers. Coat color is mainly found in breeds used to
produce gray fur and is most common in Karakul sheep. The amount of white fiber can vary
greatly between animals and even within the individual itself: the shoulders, face, ears, tip of the
tail, and lower legs often appear lighter. Homozygous roan sheep are especially lighter in color.
Roan coat color is inherited in dominant males. In the homozygous condition, roan coloration is
sublethal in sheep. These animals often die relatively young, suffering from digestive system
dysfunction that causes problems in the rumen, abomasum, and intestines. Homozygous white
karakul sheep (WW) exhibit similar symptoms to gray sheep, due to reduced abomasum and
rumen size, but these sheep often survive longer than homozygous roan sheep. The lack of
homozygous diseased animals can also be explained by the low allele frequency of the defective
allele, making mating of two heterozygous gray sheep impossible. Both homozygous roan cattle
and sheep are lighter in color and may suffer from disease, but the symptoms of the defect are
very different.

Roan in alpaca
Like sheep, alpacas have been bred for fiber and meat. In addition to fiber diameter and
length, color is a quality-determining property. Although several colors are described in the
literature, there is no standard nomenclature for fiber color in alpaca. Among these colors, roan is
characterized by a mixture of white fibers and colored fibers in black-skinned alpacas. Similar to
roan in horses, the body displays the most mixed fibers while the fibers in the head, neck and
distal legs are darker. Most noticeable is the mingling of the goat's body and neck, while the head
and legs usually remain colored. Roan can also be equated with gray, as there is no clear
distinction between this coat color and the term is often used synonymously.
Roan in goat
Despite the similarities with the coat color of sheep, the genetics of coat color in goats
differ significantly. White wool in sheep has economic importance, so knowledge of its genetic
background is relevant. Compared to other species. Despite the similarities with the coat color of
sheep, the genetics of coat color in goats differ significantly. With the increasing interest in the
production of cashmere fibres, especially the truly white fibres, due to their higher market prices,
attention has been directed to the genetics of coat color in goats.Despite the lack of segregation
studies, Sponberg observed mating pairs and proposed roans to be dominant alleles, due to
similarities with other species. In particular, an SNP, located within the gene, appeared to be
monomorphic among the roan groups compared to other breeds. With goats belonging to the
Bovidae family, similarities to cows in genetics of roan coat color make sense; Therefore,
KITLG is a potential gene candidate for roan in goats.In addition, there is no unified
nomenclature for all languages, countries and races.

Roan in horse
Roan coat color in horses is characterized by a mixture of white and colored hairs
throughout the body, whereas the distal head and legs are unaffected. This seasonal change in
coat color is produced by white and colored hair belonging to different hair types. Especially in
breeds known for uniform coat color, such as Friesians and Norwegian Fjord Horses, roan does
not occur. Since gray also indicates a mixture of white hair and colored hair at a certain age, coat
colors may be confused with one another. In contrast to gray foals, foals are born roan and the
amount of white fur remains unchanged with age. Gray horses are born dense and become lighter
with age as the number of white coats increases until the coat turns to an almost solid white. To
distinguish roan from `roaned', a pattern with thin white hair in the base color of all horses and of
unknown genetic cause, the phenotype is sometimes called 'true' or 'classic roan'.

CONCLUSION

Roan is a coat color that can be found in many farm animals such as cows, pigs, goats
etc. Roan is described as a mixture of white and colored hair. Examples of roan in
livestock are cattle, pigs, and sheep. Roan cattle are called blue in the Shorthorn and
Belgian Blue breeds. In pigs, Roan is characterized by white, black, and red colors. The
coat color in sheep is black-roan (gray) or brown-roan (gray brown). Knowing the
genetics of this color pigment gene can prevent hereditary diseases that can be deadly,
carry diseases to animals, and also cause economic losses.