5.

7 Inverse Trigonometric Functions: Integration 375

5.7 Inverse Trigonometric Functions: Integration

Integrate functions whose antiderivatives involve inverse trigonometric functions.
Use the method of completing the square to integrate a function.
Review the basic integration rules involving elementary functions.

Integrals Involving Inverse Trigonometric Functions

The derivatives of the six inverse trigonometric functions fall into three pairs. In each
pair, the derivative of one function is the negative of the other. For example,
d 1
关arcsin x兴 
dx 冪1  x 2

and
d 1
关arccos x兴   .
dx 冪1  x 2

When listing the antiderivative that corresponds to each of the inverse trigonometric
functions, you need to use only one member from each pair. It is conventional to use
arcsin x as the antiderivative of 1兾冪1  x 2, rather than arccos x. The next theorem
gives one antiderivative formula for each of the three pairs. The proofs of these
integration rules are left to you (see Exercises 75–77).

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION THEOREM 5.17 Integrals Involving Inverse Trigonometric

For a detailed proof of rule 2 of Functions
Theorem 5.17, see the article Let u be a differentiable function of x, and let a > 0.
“A Direct Proof of the Integral
Formula for Arctangent” by
Arnold J. Insel in The College
1. 冕 du
冪a2  u2
u
a
C  arcsin
2. 冕 du 1 u
 arctan  C
a2  u2 a a
Mathematics Journal. To view this
article, go to MathArticles.com. 3. 冕 du 1
 arcsec
u冪u2  a2 a
u
a
C ⱍⱍ

Integration with Inverse Trigonometric Functions

a. 冕 dx
冪4  x 2
x
 arcsin  C
2

b. 冕 dx

1 3 dx
2  9x2 3 共冪2 兲2  共3x兲2 冕 u  3x, a  冪2

1 3x

arctan C
3冪2 冪2

c. 冕 dx
x冪4x  9
2

2 dx
2x冪共2x兲2  32
冕 u  2x, a  3

1
 arcsec
2x
C ⱍ ⱍ
3 3

The integrals in Example 1 are fairly straightforward applications of integration

formulas. Unfortunately, this is not typical. The integration formulas for inverse
trigonometric functions can be disguised in many ways.

Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
376 Chapter 5 Logarithmic, Exponential, and Other Transcendental Functions

Integration by Substitution

Find 冕 dx
冪e2x  1
.

Solution As it stands, this integral doesn’t fit any of the three inverse trigonometric
formulas. Using the substitution u  ex, however, produces
du du
u  ex du  ex dx dx   .
ex u
With this substitution, you can integrate as shown.

冕 dx
冪e  1

2x 冕 冪共e
兲 1
dx
x 2
Write e2x as 共e x兲2.

 冕du兾u
冪u2  1
Substitute.

 冕 du
u冪u2  1
Rewrite to fit Arcsecant Rule.

 arcsec ⱍ ⱍ  C
u
Apply Arcsecant Rule.
1
 arcsec e x  C Back-substitute.

TECHNOLOGY PITFALL A symbolic integration utility can be useful for

integrating functions such as the one in Example 2. In some cases, however, the
utility may fail to find an antiderivative for two reasons. First, some elementary
functions do not have antiderivatives that are elementary functions. Second, every
utility has limitations—you might have entered a function that the utility was not
programmed to handle. You should also remember that antiderivatives involving
trigonometric functions or logarithmic functions can be written in many different
forms. For instance, one utility found the integral in Example 2 to be

冕 冪e2x  1
dx
 arctan 冪e2x  1  C.

Try showing that this antiderivative is equivalent to the one found in Example 2.

Rewriting as the Sum of Two Quotients

Find 冕 x2
冪4  x2
dx.

Solution This integral does not appear to fit any of the basic integration formulas.
By splitting the integrand into two parts, however, you can see that the first part can be
found with the Power Rule and the second part yields an inverse sine function.

冕 x2
冪4  x 2
dx 
x
冕
冪4  x 2
dx 
2
冪4  x 2
dx 冕

1
2 冕
共4  x 2兲1兾2共2x兲 dx  2 冕 冪4  x 2
1
dx

1 共4  x 2兲1兾2
冤 冥
x
  2 arcsin  C
2 1兾2 2
x
  冪4  x 2  2 arcsin  C
2

Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 5.7 Inverse Trigonometric Functions: Integration 377

Completing the Square

Completing the square helps when quadratic functions are involved in the integrand.
For example, the quadratic x 2  bx  c can be written as the difference of two squares
by adding and subtracting 共b兾2兲2.

冢b2冣  冢b2冣 冢 冣  冢b2冣

2 2 b 2 2
x 2  bx  c  x 2  bx  c x c
2

Completing the Square

See LarsonCalculus.com for an interactive version of this type of example.

Find 冕 dx
x 2  4x  7
.

Solution You can write the denominator as the sum of two squares, as shown.
x 2  4x  7  共x 2  4x  4兲  4  7  共x  2兲2  3  u2  a2
Now, in this completed square form, let u  x  2 and a  冪3.

冕 x2
dx
 4x  7
 冕 dx
2

1
共x  2兲  3 冪3
arctan
x2
冪3
C

y
When the leading coefficient is not 1, it helps to factor before completing the
square. For instance, you can complete the square of 2x 2  8x  10 by factoring first.
f(x) = 1
3 3x − x 2 2x 2  8x  10  2共x 2  4x  5兲
 2共x 2  4x  4  4  5兲
2
 2关共x  2兲2  1兴
To complete the square when the coefficient of x 2 is negative, use the same factoring
process shown above. For instance, you can complete the square for 3x  x 2 as shown.
1
3x  x 2   共x 2  3x兲   关x 2  3x  共32 兲  共32 兲 兴  共32 兲  共x  32 兲
2 2 2 2

x
1x= 3 2 x=
9 3
2 4 Completing the Square
The area of the region bounded by the
Find the area of the region bounded by the graph of
graph of f, the x-axis, x  32, and x  94
is 兾6. 1
Figure 5.28 f 共x兲 
冪3x  x 2
3 9
the x-axis, and the lines x  2 and x  4.
TECHNOLOGY With
definite integrals such as the one Solution In Figure 5.28, you can see that the area is
given in Example 5, remember
that you can resort to a numerical Area  冕 9兾4

3兾2
1
冪3x  x 2
dx

冕
solution. For instance, applying 9兾4
Simpson’s Rule (with n  12) dx
 Use completed square form derived above.
3兾2 冪共3兾2兲  关x  共3兾2兲兴
2 2
to the integral in the example,
you obtain x  共3兾2兲 9兾4
 arcsin 冥
冕 3兾2
9兾4
1
冪3x  x 2
dx ⬇ 0.523599.
 arcsin
3兾2 3兾2

1
 arcsin 0
2
This differs from the exact
value of the integral 

共兾6 ⬇ 0.5235988兲 by less 6
than one-millionth. ⬇ 0.524.

Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
378 Chapter 5 Logarithmic, Exponential, and Other Transcendental Functions

Review of Basic Integration Rules

You have now completed the introduction of the basic integration rules. To be efficient
at applying these rules, you should have practiced enough so that each rule is committed
to memory.

BASIC INTEGRATION RULES 冇a > 0冈

1. 冕 k f 共u兲 du  k f 共u兲 du 冕 2. 冕 关 f 共u兲 ± g共u兲兴 du  冕 f 共u兲 du ± 冕 g共u兲 du

3. 冕 du  u  C 4. 冕 un du 
un1
n1
 C, n  1

5. 冕 du
u
 ln u  C ⱍⱍ 6. 冕 e u du  eu  C

7. 冕 au du  冢ln1a冣a u
C 8. 冕 sin u du  cos u  C

9. 冕 cos u du  sin u  C 10. 冕 tan u du  ln cos u  C ⱍ ⱍ

11. 冕 cot u du  ln sin u  C ⱍ ⱍ 12. 冕 ⱍ

sec u du  ln sec u  tan u  C ⱍ

13. 冕 csc u du  ln csc u  cot u  Cⱍ ⱍ 14. 冕 sec2 u du  tan u  C

15. 冕 csc2 u du  cot u  C 16. 冕 sec u tan u du  sec u  C

17. 冕 csc u cot u du  csc u  C 18. 冕 du

冪a2  u2
 arcsin
u
a
C

19. 冕 a2
du 1
 u2 a
u
 arctan  C
a
20. 冕 du
u冪u  a
2 2
1
 arcsec
a
u
a
C ⱍⱍ

You can learn a lot about the nature of integration by comparing this list with the
summary of differentiation rules given in the preceding section. For differentiation, you
now have rules that allow you to differentiate any elementary function. For integration,
this is far from true.
The integration rules listed above are primarily those that were happened on
during the development of differentiation rules. So far, you have not learned any rules
or techniques for finding the antiderivative of a general product or quotient, the natural
logarithmic function, or the inverse trigonometric functions. More important, you
cannot apply any of the rules in this list unless you can create the proper du
corresponding to the u in the formula. The point is that you need to work more on
integration techniques, which you will do in Chapter 8. The next two examples should
give you a better feeling for the integration problems that you can and cannot solve with
the techniques and rules you now know.

Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 5.7 Inverse Trigonometric Functions: Integration 379

Comparing Integration Problems

Find as many of the following integrals as you can using the formulas and techniques
you have studied so far in the text.

a. 冕 dx
x冪x 2  1

b. 冕 x dx
冪x 2  1

c. 冕 dx
冪x 2  1

Solution
a. You can find this integral (it fits the Arcsecant Rule).

冕 dx
x冪x 2  1
 arcsec x  C ⱍⱍ
b. You can find this integral (it fits the Power Rule).

冕 x dx
冪x 2  1

1
2 冕
共x 2  1兲1兾2共2x兲 dx

1 共x 2  1兲1兾2

2 冤
1兾2
C 冥
 冪x 2  1  C
c. You cannot find this integral using the techniques you have studied so far. (You
should scan the list of basic integration rules to verify this conclusion.)

Comparing Integration Problems

Find as many of the following integrals as you can using the formulas and techniques
you have studied so far in the text.

a. 冕 dx
x ln x

b. 冕 ln x dx
x

c. 冕 ln x dx

Solution
a. You can find this integral (it fits the Log Rule).

冕 dx
x ln x
 冕 1兾x
ln x
dx

ⱍ ⱍ
 ln ln x  C
b. You can find this integral (it fits the Power Rule).

REMARK Note in 冕 ln x dx
x
 冕冢 冣
1
x
共ln x兲1 dx
Examples 6 and 7 that the
共ln x兲2
simplest functions are the ones  C
2
that you cannot yet integrate.
c. You cannot find this integral using the techniques you have studied so far.

Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
380 Chapter 5 Logarithmic, Exponential, and Other Transcendental Functions

5.7 Exercises See CalcChat.com for tutorial help and worked-out solutions to odd-numbered exercises.

Finding an Indefinite Integral In Exercises 1–20, find the

indefinite integral. 39. 冕 2
3
2x  3
冪4x  x 2
dx 40. 冕 1
共x  1兲冪x 2  2x
dx

1. 冕 dx
冪9  x2
2. 冕 dx
冪1  4x2
41. 冕 x
x 4  2x 2  2
dx 42. 冕 x
冪9  8x 2  x 4
dx

3. 冕 1
x冪4x 2  1
dx 4. 冕 12
1  9x2
dx Integration by Substitution In Exercises 43–46, use the

冕 冕
specified substitution to find or evaluate the integral.

冕
1 1
5. dx 6. dx
冪1  共x  1兲2 4  共x  3兲2 43. 冪et  3 dt

7. 冕 冪1  t 4
t
dt 8. 冕 1
x冪x 4  4
dx u  冪e t  3

9. 冕 t
t4  25
dt 10. 冕 1
x冪1  共ln x兲2
dx
44. 冕 冪x  2
x1
dx

u  冪x  2
11. 冕 e 2x
4  e4x
dx 12. 冕 2
x冪9x2  25
dx
45. 冕 3
dx
冪x共1  x兲

冕 冕
1
sec2 x sin x
13. dx 14. dx u  冪x
冪25  tan2 x 7  cos2 x

15. 冕 1
冪x冪1  x
dx 16. 冕 3
2 x共1  x兲
冪
dx
46. 冕 0
1
dx
2冪3  x冪x  1

17. 冕 x3
x2  1
dx 18. 冕 x2  3
x冪x2  4
dx
u  冪x  1

19. 冕 x5
冪9  共x  3兲2
dx 20. 冕 x2
共x  1兲2  4
dx
WRITING ABOUT CONCEPTS
Comparing Integration Problems In Exercises 47–50,
determine which of the integrals can be found using the
Evaluating a Definite Integral In Exercises 21– 32, basic integration formulas you have studied so far in the
evaluate the definite integral. text.

21. 冕 冪
1兾6

1
3
 9x 2
dx 22. 冕冪4
冪2
1
 x2
dx 47. (a) 冕 1
冪1  x 2
dx 48. (a) 冕 2
e x dx

冕 冕
0 0

冕 冕
冪3兾2 3
1 1 (b)
x
dx (b) xe x dx
2
23. dx 24. dx
0 1  4x 2 冪3 x冪4x  9
2 冪1  x 2

25. 冕
3
6
1
25  共x  3兲2
dx 26.
1
4

x冕
冪
1
16x 2  5
dx (c) 冕 1
x冪1  x 2
dx (c) 冕 1 1兾x
x2
e dx

27. 冕
0
ln 5
ex
1  e2x
dx 28. 冕 ln 4

ln 2
ex
冪1  e2x
dx 49. (a) 冕 冪x  1 dx 50. (a) 冕 1
1  x4
dx

29. 冕
兾2


1 
sin x
cos2 x
dx 30. 冕 0
兾2
cos x
1  sin2 x
dx (b) 冕 x冪x  1 dx (b) 冕 x
1  x4
dx

31. 冕
0
1兾冪2
arcsin x
冪1  x 2
dx 32. 冕 0
1兾冪2
arccos x
冪1  x 2
dx (c) 冕 x
冪x  1
dx (c) 冕 x3
1  x4
dx

Completing the Square In Exercises 33 –42, find or 51. Finding an Integral Decide whether you can find the
evaluate the integral by completing the square. integral

33. 冕
0
2
dx
x 2  2x  2
34. 冕 2

2
dx
x2  4x  13
冕 2 dx
冪x2  4

35. 冕 2x
x 2  6x  13
dx 36. 冕 2x  5
x 2  2x  2
dx using the formulas and techniques you have studied so far.
Explain your reasoning.
37. 冕 冪x 2  4x
1
dx 38. 冕 冪x2  4x
2
dx

Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 5.7 Inverse Trigonometric Functions: Integration 381

Area In Exercises 61–66, find the area of the region.

52. HOW DO YOU SEE IT? Using the graph, 2 1
which value best approximates the area of the 61. y  62. y 
冪4  x2 x冪x2  1
region between the x-axis and the function over
the interval 关 12, 12 兴 ? Explain. y y

y 3
2
2 2

3 1
2 x= 2
x 2
1 −2 −1 1 2 x
f(x) =
1 1 − x2 −1 1 2
2

x 1 2
−1 63. y  64. y 
−1
2
1
2
1 x2  2x  5 x2  4x  8
y y
1
(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 2 (e) 4
0.4 0.5
0.3

Differential Equation In Exercises 53 and 54, use the 0.2

differential equation and the specified initial condition to find y. 0.2

x 0.1
dy 1 dy 1 −2 − 1 1 2 3 4
53.  54.  x
dx 冪4  x2 dx 4  x2 − 5 −4 − 3 − 2 −1 1
−0.2
y共0兲   y共2兲  
3 cos x 4e x
Slope Field In Exercises 55 and 56, a differential equation, 65. y  66. y 
1  sin2 x 1  e 2x
a point, and a slope field are given. (a) Sketch two approximate y y
solutions of the differential equation on the slope field, one of
which passes through the given point. (b) Use integration to 3 3
find the particular solution of the differential equation and use
x = ln 3
a graphing utility to graph the solution. Compare the result 1
with the sketches in part (a). To print an enlarged copy of the x 1
graph, go to MathGraphs.com. π π π
−
4 4 2 x
dy 2 dy 2 −2 −2 −1 1 2
55.  , 共0, 2兲 56.  , 共5, 兲 −1
dx 9  x2 dx 冪25  x2 −3
y y

5 67. Area
5
(a) Sketch the region whose area is represented by

x
冕 0
1
arcsin x dx.
x −5 5
−4 4 (b) Use the integration capabilities of a graphing utility to
approximate the area.
−3 −5 (c) Find the exact area analytically.
68. Approximating Pi
Slope Field In Exercises 57–60, use a computer algebra
system to graph the slope field for the differential equation and (a) Show that
graph the solution satisfying the specified initial condition.
dy 10 dy 1
冕 0
1
4
1  x2
dx  .
57.  58. 
dx x冪x2  1 dx 12  x2 (b) Approximate the number  using Simpson’s Rule (with
y 共3兲  0 y 共4兲  2 n  6) and the integral in part (a).
dy 2y dy 冪y (c) Approximate the number  by using the integration
59.  60. 
dx 冪16  x2 dx 1  x2 capabilities of a graphing utility.
y共0兲  2 y共0兲  4

Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
382 Chapter 5 Logarithmic, Exponential, and Other Transcendental Functions

69. Investigation Consider the function 79. Numerical Integration

F共x兲 
1
2 冕
x
x2

t2
2
1
dt.
(a) Write an integral that represents the area of the region in
the figure.
(b) Use the Trapezoidal Rule with n  8 to estimate the area
(a) Write a short paragraph giving a geometric interpretation of the region.
of the function F共x兲 relative to the function
(c) Explain how you can use the results of parts (a) and (b) to
2 estimate .
f 共x兲  2 .
x 1
y
Use what you have written to guess the value of x that will 2
make F maximum.
3
(b) Perform the specified integration to find an alternative 2
y= 1
form of F共x兲. Use calculus to locate the value of x that will 1 + x2
make F maximum and compare the result with your guess 1
in part (a). 2

70. Comparing Integrals Consider the integral x

−2 −1

冕
1 2
1
dx. 80. Vertical Motion An object is projected upward from
冪6x  x 2
ground level with an initial velocity of 500 feet per second. In
(a) Find the integral by completing the square of the radicand. this exercise, the goal is to analyze the motion of the object
during its upward flight.
(b) Find the integral by making the substitution u  冪x.
(a) If air resistance is neglected, find the velocity of the object
(c) The antiderivatives in parts (a) and (b) appear to be
as a function of time. Use a graphing utility to graph this
significantly different. Use a graphing utility to graph each
function.
antiderivative in the same viewing window and determine
the relationship between them. Find the domain of each. (b) Use the result of part (a) to find the position function and
determine the maximum height attained by the object.
True or False? In Exercises 71–74, determine whether the (c) If the air resistance is proportional to the square of the
statement is true or false. If it is false, explain why or give an velocity, you obtain the equation
example that shows it is false.

冕
dv
dx 1 3x   共32  kv 2兲
71.  arcsec C dt
3x冪9x2  16 4 4

72. 冕 dx

25  x2 25
1
arctan
x
25
C
where 32 feet per second per second is the acceleration
due to gravity and k is a constant. Find the velocity as a

冕
function of time by solving the equation
dx x

冕 冕
73.  arccos  C
冪4  x2 2 dv
  dt.
74. One way to find
2e 2x
冪9  e 2x 冕
dx is to use the Arcsine Rule.
32  kv 2

(d) Use a graphing utility to graph the velocity function v共t兲 in

part (c) for k  0.001. Use the graph to approximate the
Verifying an Integration Rule In Exercises 75–77, verify
time t0 at which the object reaches its maximum height.
the rule by differentiating. Let a > 0.
(e) Use the integration capabilities of a graphing utility to
75. 冕 du
冪a2  u2
u
 arcsin  C approximate the integral

冕
a

冕
t0
du 1 u v共t兲 dt
76.  arctan  C
a2  u2 a a 0

77. 冕 du 1
 arcsec
u冪u2  a2 a
u
a
C
ⱍⱍ where v共t兲 and t0 are those found in part (d). This is the
approximation of the maximum height of the object.
(f) Explain the difference between the results in parts (b) and
78. Proof Graph (e).
x FOR FURTHER INFORMATION For more information
y1  , y2  arctan x, and y3  x
1  x2 on this topic, see the article “What Goes Up Must Come Down;
on 关0, 10兴. Prove that Will Air Resistance Make It Return Sooner, or Later?” by John
Lekner in Mathematics Magazine. To view this article, go to
x MathArticles.com.
< arctan x < x for x > 0.
1  x2

Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises A49
y y
73. 75. 43. 2冪et  3  2冪3 arctan共冪et  3兾冪3兲  C 45. 兾6
π
( −1,
2
π ( 47. a and b 49. a, b, and c
π π 51. No. This integral does not correspond to any of the basic
2 ) )
2,
2
(1, 0)
x π
integration rules.
−1
π
1 2 3 2
53. y  arcsin共x兾2兲  
−
2 )0, − π2 ) ( 12 , 0(
x 55. (a) y 2 x
(b) y  arctan  2
−π −2 −1 1 2
4
3 3
5


Maximum: 2,
2 冢 冣 Maximum:  , 
1
2 冢 冣 x

冢 冣 1
冢 冣
4
Minimum: 0,  Minimum: ,0 −4
2 2 4

 −1
Point of inflection: 共1, 0兲 Asymptote: y  −4
2
77. y  2 x兾共  8兲  1   2兾共2  16兲 57. 4 59. 3

79. y  x  冪2
−6 12
81. If the domains were not restricted, then the trigonometric
functions would have no inverses, because they would not be −3 3

one-to-one.
−8 −1
83. (a) arcsin共arcsin 0.5兲 ⬇ 0.551
arcsin共arcsin 1兲 does not exist. 61. 兾3 63. 兾8 65. 3兾2
(b) sin共1兲  x  sin共1兲 67. (a) y
(b) 0.5708
85. False. The range of arccos is 关0, 兴. (c) 共  2兲兾2
2
87. True 89. True
91. (a)  arccot共x兾5兲
1
(b) x  10: 16 rad兾h; x  3: 58.824 rad兾h
93. (a) h共t兲  16t 2  256; t  4 sec
x
(b) t  1: 0.0520 rad兾sec; t  2: 0.1116 rad兾sec 1 2

95. 50冪2 ⬇ 70.71 ft 97. (a) and (b) Proofs

99. (a) y
69. (a) F共x兲 represents the average value of f 共x兲 over the interval
(b) The graph is a horizontal 关x, x  2兴. Maximum at x  1
2
 (b) Maximum at x  1

1
line at .
(c) Proof
2 71. False. 冕 dx
3x冪9x 2  16 12

1
arcsec
3x
4
C
ⱍ ⱍ
73. True 75–77. Proofs
−1 1
x
79. (a)
0
冕
1

1 
1
x2
dx (b) About 0.7847
101. c  2 103. Proof
(c) Because
1 1
0 1  x
冕
2

dx  , you can use the Trapezoidal
4
Section 5.7 (page 380) 
Rule to approximate . Multiplying the result by 4 gives
4
x an estimation of .
1. arcsin
3
C 3. arcsec 2x  C ⱍ ⱍ
5. arcsin共x  1兲  C 7. 12 arcsin t 2  C
2
1 t 1
9. arctan  C 11. arctan 共e 2x兾2兲  C
10 5 4
13. arcsin
5 冢
tan x
C 冣
15. 2 arcsin冪x  C
1
2 ln共x  1兲  3 arctan x  C
17. 2

19. 8 arcsin关共x  3兲兾3兴  冪6x  x 2  C 21. 兾6

23. 兾6 25. 15 arctan 35 ⬇ 0.108
1 2
27. arctan 5  兾4 ⬇ 0.588 29. 兾4 31. 32  ⬇ 0.308
33. 兾2 ⱍ
35. ln x 2  6x  13  3 arctan关共x  3兲兾2兴  C ⱍ
37. arcsin关共x  2兲兾2兴  C 39. 4  2冪3  16  ⬇ 1.059
41. 12 arctan共x2  1兲  C