J Mater Sci: Mater Electron (2023) 34:1250 (0123456789().

,-volV)
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Phase components, microstructures, and magnetic

properties of liquid-phase-sintered Li0.4Zn0.2Fe2.4O4/
Y3Fe5O12 ferrite nanocomposites
Yixing Gao1,2, Lichuan Jin1, Yong Liang2, and Tingchuan Zhou1,3,*

1
State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of
Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, People’s Republic of China
2
Institute of Electronic and Information Engineering of UESTC in Guangdong, Dongguan 523808, People’s Republic of China
3
School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, People’s Republic of
China

Received: 19 January 2023 ABSTRACT

Accepted: 14 May 2023 Li0.4Zn0.2Fe2.4O4/Y3Fe5O12-BBSZ (LiZn/YIG-BBSZ) ferrite-glass nanocompos-
Published online: ites have been fabricated using a low-temperature liquid phase sintering pro-
30 May 2023 cess. According to the XRD results, a clear signature of phase separation of
Li0.4Zn0.2Fe2.4O4 (LiZn) ferrite and Y3Fe5O12 (YIG) ferrite with a small amount of
Ó The Author(s), under YFeO3 is present. The LiZn/YIG-BBSZ exhibits a dense granular structure with
exclusive licence to Springer a porosity of 1.11% and a low average grain size of * 1.3 lm. Compared to the
Science+Business Media, LLC, Li0.4Zn0.2Fe2.4O4-BBSZ (LiZn-BBSZ) or the Y3Fe5O12-BBSZ (YIG-BBSZ) compos-
part of Springer Nature 2023 ites, the LiZn/YIG-BBSZ possesses a relatively high saturation magnetization
of * 46.4 emu/g and a relatively low coercivity of * 57.2 Oe mainly due to its
optimized porosity and grain size. Owing to the increase in intrinsic and
extrinsic damping and the dynamic magnetic inhomogeneity, high ferromag-
netic resonance (FMR) linewidth of * 1018.4 Oe has been achieved for the
LiZn/YIG-BBSZ, which is much larger than that of the LiZn-BBSZ or the YIG-
BBSZ. The enlarged FMR linewidth and tunable saturation magnetization of the
ferrite-glass nanocomposites may show promise for the electromagnetic
shielding or microwave absorbers design.

1 Introduction but are not limited to, microwave absorbers [1–5],

A vast body of knowledge on the structure and
properties of ferrites has been accumulated in the
past 70 years driven in part by their technological
significance in various applications, which include,
microwave signal processing devices [6–10], and low
temperature co-fired ceramic technologies [11–13],
etc. Today the study of nanostructured ferrites or
related composites has been an emerging research
field due to more attractive magnetic and electrical

Address correspondence to E-mail: tczhou@uestc.edu.cn

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-023-10656-8
1250 Page 2 of 9
performances compared to their bulk counterparts
[2, 7, 14–16]. These modifications are mainly deter-
mined by quantum effects and increasing specific
surface area [16, 17]. Factually, sintering tempera-
tures of ferrites can also be lowered by using nano-
sized precursors as raw materials [18].
Nano-sized spinel ferrites have attracted current
interests due to their impressive physical properties
viz., particle size dependent magnetization, low
coercivity, large resistivity [2, 16, 19], etc. The most
widely used spinel ferrites are Ni-, Zn-, Mn-, and Li-
ferrites [19]. Compared to other types of spinel fer-
rites, Li-ferrites possess higher Curie temperature
and are less sensitive to stress [20]. Zn substitution is
generally adopted for Li-ferrites due to its effective-
ness in adjusting magnetization moment, lowering
magnetocrystalline anisotropy constant, improving
grain growth and densification [6, 20]. So far, nano-
sized LiZn ferrites have been mainly synthesized for
electromagnetic shielding or microwave absorbers
[21, 22]. Various synthesis methods have been
reported in the preparation of LiZn ferrite nanopar-
ticles, like chemical route [23, 24], sol–gel method
[19–22], solution combustion [7], etc. Sol–gel
approaches have attracted much attention due to its
well-known inherent advantages to generate glass,
glass–ceramic and ceramic powders [19, 20, 25].
However, low magnetic loss and dielectric loss of
LiZn ferrites restrain them from being widely used as
microwave absorbers [26].
One alternative way to improve the electromag-
netic properties of LiZn ferrites is to form composites
with dielectric materials, such as carbon nanotubes
[21] and polymers [22]. The other way is to fabricate
LiZn ferrites hollow microspheres by self-reactive
quenching technology, which enhances the micro-
wave absorption properties in low frequencies [27].
Moreover, ferrite–glass composite is supposed to
possess competitive microwave absorption ability
compared with ferrite–polymer composites espe-
cially in low frequency range [28].
In this work, ferrite–glass nanocomposites have
been motivated to prepare based on a ceramic route.
Herein, nano-sized LiZn ferrites with a composition
of Li0.4Zn0.2Fe2.4O4 prepared by sol–gel combustion
method have been chosen because they possess high
saturation magnetization, high thermal stability, and
low density [20, 29, 30]. Meanwhile, yttrium iron
garnet (Y3Fe5O12, YIG) has also been selected to form
spinel-garnet ferrite composites, as YIG possesses
J Mater Sci: Mater Electron (2023) 34:1250
narrow magnetic resonance frequency and negative
permeability properties, which is conducive to
improving the low-frequency electromagnetic prop-
erties of the composite materials [31, 32]. H3BO3-
- Bi2O3 - SiO2 - ZnO (BBSZ) glass powders have
been added to achieve ferrite–glass nanocomposites,
considering that BBSZ glass has low soften temper-
atures and good liquidity [33, 34]. Thereafter, LiZn/
YIG-BBSZ ferrite-glass nanocomposites have been
realized though a low-temperature liquid phase sin-
tering process. We have investigated phase compo-
nents, microstructures, and magnetic properties
based on the composite materials using systematical
characterization methods and have been discussed in
detail.
2 Materials and methods
Li0.4Zn0.2Fe2.4O4–Y3Fe5O12–BBSZ three-phase com-
posites were prepared on the basis of LiZn ferrite,
YIG ferrite, and BBSZ glass powders in the following.
Here, LiZn ferrite powders were synthesized by a
sol–gel combustion method, as similarly described in
the literature [20, 22, 35]. First, lithium nitrate
[LiNO3], zinc nitrate [Zn(NO3)26H2O], iron nitrate
[Fe(NO3)39H2O], and citric acid [C6H8O7H2O] with
a molar ratio of 2:1:12:15 were dissolved in de-ionized
water (500 mL). Ammonia was slowly added to the
solution to adjust the pH value to 7. During this
process, the solution was continuously stirred using a
magnetic agitator. Thereafter, the solution was
poured into a beaker, heated to 80 °C and stirred
vigorously for 4 h to form a sol. Dried gel was
achieved after the sol was oven-dried for 24 h at
110 °C. When ignited at any point, the dried gel
burned in a self-propagating combustive manner
until all gels were burned completely out to form
loose LiZn ferrite powders. As described elsewhere
[36–39], YIG ferrite powders were synthesized using
the sol–gel combustion method starting with yttrium
nitrate [Y(NO3)36H2O], iron nitrate [Fe(NO3)39H2O],
and citric acid [C6H8O7H2O] with a molar ratio of
3:5:8 dissolved in de-ionized water (500 mL).
Ammonia was added to adjust the pH value to 3. The
following fabrication process to obtain YIG ferrite
powders was the same with that of LiZn ferrite
powders. For the BBSZ glass powders, they were
prepared as described elsewhere [33, 34]. Then the
powders of LiZn ferrite ? 2 wt. % BBSZ glass, YIG
J Mater Sci: Mater Electron (2023) 34:1250
ferrite ? 2 wt. % BBSZ glass, and LiZn ferrite ? YIG
ferrite (the mass ratio of LiZn ferrite and YIG ferrite
was 1:1) ? 2 wt. % BBSZ glass were wet-milled (iron
balls with 10 mm and 6 mm in diameter) for 6 h,
respectively. The dried compounds were then mixed
with a 10 wt% polyvinyl binder, sieved through a
mesh of 100 lm and pressed at 9 MPa to form tor-
oidal samples ([18 mm). Finally, LiZn ferrite-BBSZ
glass, YIG ferrite-BBSZ glass, and LiZn/YIG-BBSZ
glass composite samples were sintered in air at
975 °C for 4 h, respectively. The corresponding
samples are termed as LiZn-BBSZ, YIG-BBSZ, and
LiZn/YIG-BBSZ, respectively.
The ferrite phases were investigated at room tem-
perature used a Philip X’Pert Pro X-ray diffraction
with Cu Ja radiation (k = 1.5406 Å). Ultra-fine
powders of the LiZn/YIG ferrite nanocomposites
were prepared for the XRD measurements by grind-
ing the samples in an agate mortar. TEM was carried
out on a Tecnai G2 F20 S-TWIN at 200 kV. Before
imaging, the LiZn ferrite and YIG ferrite powders
prepared by the sol–gel combustion method were
dispersed in ethanol, and then the suspensions were
treated by ultrasound for * 5 min. The microstruc-
tures of the samples of LiZn-BBSZ, YIG-BBSZ, and
LiZn/YIG-BBSZ were characterized by a field emis-
sion scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM, JEOL
JSM-7600F). The magnetic hysteresis loops of liquid-
phase-sintered samples were measured using a BHV-
525 vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) in mag-
netic fields ranging from ? 5000 Oe to -5000 Oe at
room temperature. Part of the sintered toroids were
crashed and shaped to small spheres having a
diameter of * 1.0 mm for the measurement of fer-
romagnetic resonance (FMR) linewidth (DH) in a
TE106 cavity at 9.5–9.6 GHz by applying a perturba-
tion method.
3 Results and discussion
To check the nanocrystalline structures and mor-
phologies of the LiZn ferrite and YIG synthesized by
the sol–gel combustion method, XRD and TEM
analysis were performed as results shown in Fig. 1.
The XRD pattern of the LiZn ferrite nanoparticles is
shown in Fig. 1a. The corresponding XRD diffraction
peaks could be indexed to (111), (220), (311), (222),
(400), (422), (511), and (440) reflections, indicating
that only the spinel structure is presented. The
Page 3 of 9 1250
average crystallite size is 28.6 ± 0.5 nm via calcula-
tion using the Scherrer formula [40] from the main
peaks of the XRD pattern. The lattice parameter is
8.372 Å. Granular particles were obtained according
to the TEM image (see Fig. 1b). Pure spinel structure
was observed in the selected area electron diffraction
(SAED) pattern as shown in Fig. 1c, which was con-
sistent with the XRD analysis results. The XRD pat-
tern of the YIG nanoparticles is shown in Fig. 1d. The
main phase of YIG was observed as well as a small
amount of perovskite (YFeO3) and hematite (a-Fe2O3)
phases, which might be due to the fact that the sol–
gel combustion process lacks the necessary heat
treatment to obtain a pure YIG phase [36, 39]. The
lattice parameter of YIG in the nanoparticles is
12.376 Å. TEM and HR-TEM images (see Figs. 1e and
1f) indicate that mainly YIG phase is identified in the
obtained nanoparticles, in agreement with the XRD
results.
Figure 2 shows the XRD patterns of the LiZn-BBSZ,
YIG-BBSZ, and LiZn/YIG-BBSZ, respectively. As can
be seen, only spinel LiZn ferrite phase was observed
in the LiZn-BBSZ. Based on calculation from the XRD
data, the lattice parameter of LiZn ferrite in the LiZn-
BBSZ is 8.364 Å. For the YIG-BBSZ, main YIG ferrite
phase with a handful of YFeO3 was detected.
Accordingly, the lattice parameter of YIG ferrite in
the YIG-BBSZ is 12.367 Å. As for the LiZn/YIG-
BBSZ, a clear signature of phase separation of LiZn
ferrite and YIG ferrite is present while the diffraction
peaks are consistent with the standard powder
diffraction patterns of Li0.435Zn0.195Fe2.37O4 (JCPDS
No. 37-1471) and Y3Fe5O12 (JCPDS No. 43-0507). The
lattice parameters of LiZn ferrite and YIG ferrite in
the LiZn/YIG-BBSZ are 8.363 Å and 12.368 Å,
respectively. The lattice parameter of LiZn ferrite in
the LiZn-BBSZ is very close to that in the LiZn/YIG-
BBSZ but is lower than that of the LiZn ferrite
nanoparticles. Similarly, the lattice parameter of YIG
ferrite in the YIG-BBSZ or in the LiZn/YIG-BBSZ is
almost the same but both of them are lower than that
of the YIG ferrite nanoparticles or the standard
Y3Fe5O12 (JCPDS No. 43-0507). These behaviors may
be associated with oxygen deficit caused by the ball
milling procedure. Moreover, a small amount of
YFeO3 is also presented in the ferrite composites as
similarly observed in the LiZn/YIG-BBSZ.
Figure 3 shows the SEM images of the LiZn-BBSZ,
YIG-BBSZ, and LiZn/YIG-BBSZ, respectively. As
shown in Fig. 3a, a compact microstructure with an
1250 Page 4 of 9
Fig. 1 a XRD pattern of the LiZn ferrite nanoparticles prepared by
sol–gel combustion method. b TEM image of the LiZn ferrite
nanoparticles. c Selected area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern
of the LiZn ferrite obtained from the area shown in the green box
of b. d XRD pattern of the nanoparticles of Y3Fe5O12 (YIG)
Fig. 2 XRD patterns of the LiZn-BBSZ, YIG-BBSZ, and LiZn/
YIG-BBSZ
J Mater Sci: Mater Electron (2023) 34:1250
prepared by sol–gel combustion method. e TEM image of the YIG
ferrite nanoparticles. f High resolution-transmission electron
microscopy (HR-TEM) image of the YIG ferrite nanoparticles
obtained from the area shown in the red box of e (Color
figure online)
average grain size of * 8.5 lm is presented for the
LiZn-BBSZ, and the bright phase BBSZ glass is
obviously presented at the grain boundaries. It can be
seen from Fig. 3b that a porous skeleton structure is
displayed for the YIG-BBSZ, meanwhile the average
grain size is about 0.4 lm. For the LiZn/YIG-BBSZ, a
dense granular structure was obtained (see Fig. 3c).
The grain size ranges from 500 nm to 3 lm with an
average grain size of * 1.3 lm. The bulk density and
porosity for all the samples are shown in Fig. 4.
Consistent with the results observed in the
microstructures, high bulk density and low porosity
are presented for the LiZn-BBSZ or the LiZn/YIG-
BBSZ, where their porosity are as low as * 0.62%
and * 1.11%, repectively. However, much higher
porosity (* 12.80%) is exhibited for the YIG-BBSZ,
which is associated with inadequate densification
due to low sintering temperatures.
J Mater Sci: Mater Electron (2023) 34:1250 Page 5 of 9 1250

Fig. 3 SEM image of the cross section of a LiZn-BBSZ, b, YIG-BBSZ, and c LiZn/YIG-BBSZ

Fig. 4 Bulk density and porosity of the LiZn-BBSZ, YIG-BBSZ,

and LiZn/YIG-BBSZ

Figure 5a shows the magnetic hysteresis loops of

the LiZn-BBSZ, YIG-BBSZ, and LiZn/YIG-BBSZ,
respectively. Despite a soft nature of LiZn ferrites and
YIG ferrites processed by the sol–gel combustion
method [7, 20, 36, 37], all the liquid-phase-sintered
samples show a rectangular hysteresis loop. The
coercivity (Hc) and saturation magnetization (Ms)
obtained from the hysteresis loops for all the samples
are revealed in Fig. 5b. As can be seen, coercivity for
the LiZn-BBSZ, YIG-BBSZ, and LiZn/YIG-BBSZ
is * 50.9 Oe, * 67.7 Oe, and * 57.2 Oe, respec-
tively. The lowest coercivity obtained for the LiZn- Fig. 5 a Magnetic hysteresis loops of the LiZn-BBSZ, YIG-
BBSZ is mainly due to their largest grain size (see BBSZ, and LiZn/YIG-BBSZ. b Coercivity and saturation
Fig. 3), highest saturation magnetization, and lowest magnetization of the LiZn-BBSZ, YIG-BBSZ, and LiZn/YIG-
porosity (see Fig. 4) while the highest coercivity BBSZ
exhibited in the YIG-BBSZ is mostly attributed to
their smallest grain size (see Fig. 3), lowest saturation Hc ¼ 3ðjTc K1 =aMs Þð1=DÞ ð1Þ
magnetization, and highest porosity (see Fig. 4). where K1 is the first magnetocrystalline anisotropy
These can be associated with the relation [6, 41], constant, Tc is Curie temperature, Ms is saturation
1250 Page 6 of 9
Fig. 6 FMR spectrum with fitted line for a LiZn-BBSZ, b YIG-BBSZ, and c LiZn/YIG-BBSZ. d FMR linewidth (DH) values obtained
from the experimental data
magnetization, a is lattice constant and D is grain
size. Hc is inversely proportional to the grain size and
saturation magnetization. A smaller grain size gives
rise to a higher Hc owing to pinning of domain walls
caused by grain boundaries which requires a higher
energy for switching [41]. Moreover, coercivity is also
related to porosity as reported by Goldman [42].
Porosity can also increase Hc but its effect on Hc is
smaller than the grain size. Saturation magnetization
of the LiZn-BBSZ, YIG-BBSZ, and LiZn/YIG-BBSZ
is * 75.1 emu/g, * 21.6 emu/g, and * 46.4 emu/
g, respectively. Depending on crystal structure and
molecular magnetic moment, saturation magnetiza-
tion of the LiZn-BBSZ is much higher than that of the
YIG-BBSZ. Besides, YIG ferrites act as magnetic
dilution centers in the LiZn/YIG-BBSZ. This is why
the saturation magnetization of the LiZn/YIG-BBSZ
is lower than that of the LiZn-BBSZ.
J Mater Sci: Mater Electron (2023) 34:1250
Figure 6a-c show the ferromagnetic resonance
(FMR) spectra with fitted curves for the LiZn-BBSZ,
YIG-BBSZ, and LiZn/YIG-BBSZ, respectively. All the
fitting curves match well with the FMR spectra. The
FMR linewidth (DH) calculated from the experimen-
tal data is shown in Fig. 6d. Among all types of
samples, the LiZn/YIG-BBSZ possesses the largest
DH (* 1018.4 Oe), about 285% of that of the LiZn-
BBSZ (* 356.9 Oe) and * 454% of that of the YIG-
BBSZ (* 224.4 Oe). The sharp enhancement of
DH for the ferrite composites is mainly owing to the
increase in both intrinsic and extrinsic damping as
similarly reported in BaM/YIG ferrite nanocompos-
ites [43], or other nanocomposites [44]. Specifically,
the polydispersity and the dynamic magnetic inho-
mogeneity in the LiZn/YIG-BBSZ could effectively
broaden the FMR linewidth. The YIG-BBSZ exhibited
J Mater Sci: Mater Electron (2023) 34:1250
the narrowest DH due to a very low Gilbert damping
or DH of YIG ferrites in microwave region [45, 46].
4 Conclusion
Li0.4Zn0.2Fe2.4O4/Y3Fe5O12-BBSZ (LiZn/YIG-BBSZ)
ferrite-glass nanocomposites have been successfully
synthesized by a low-temperature liquid phase sin-
tering process. In the LiZn/YIG-BBSZ, a clear signa-
ture of phase separation of LiZn ferrite and YIG
ferrite is present while a handful of YFeO3 is also
existent as similarly observed in the Y3Fe5O12-BBSZ
(YIG-BBSZ) composites. Compared to the LiZn-BBSZ
or the YIG-BBSZ, the LiZn/YIG-BBSZ shows a rela-
tively dense granular structure with a porosity of
1.11% and a relatively low average grain size of *
1.3 lm. Therefore, the LiZn/YIG-BBSZ possesses a
relatively low coercivity of * 57.2 Oe and a rela-
tively high saturation magnetization of * 46.4 emu/
g. High ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) linewidth
of * 1018.4 Oe has been achieved for the LiZn/YIG-
BBSZ mainly due to the increase in intrinsic and
extrinsic damping and the dynamic magnetic inho-
mogeneity, which is much larger than that of the
LiZn-BBSZ or the YIG-BBSZ. The enhanced electro-
magnetic properties of the nanocomposites may
suggest a good candidate for electromagnetic
shielding or microwave absorbers.
Acknowledgements
This work was partly supported by the National
Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.
62171096) and the Sichuan Science and Technology
Support Project (Grant No. 2021YFG0091).
Author contribution
YG: Experiments, investigation, and writing—origi-
nal draft. LJ: Discussion, resources, review & editing.
YL: Discussion, review & editing. TZ: Supervision,
analysis, writing—review & editing.
Funding
National Natural Science Foundation of China,
62171096, Lichuan Jin, Sichuan Science and Technol-
ogy Support Project, 2021YFG0091, Lichuan Jin.
Page 7 of 9 1250
Data availability
The datasets generated during and/or analyzed
during the current study are available from the cor-
responding author on reasonable request.
Declarations
Conflict of interest The authors declare that they
have no known competing financial interests or per-
sonal relationships that could have appeared to
influence the work reported in this paper.
Consent for publication The authors declare that
this manuscript has not been submitted to, nor is
under review at, another journal or other publishing
venue.
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