Ceramics International 45 (2019) 9846–9851

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Ceramics International
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ceramint

Luminescent and magnetic properties of cerium-doped yttrium aluminum T

garnet and yttrium iron garnet composites
Hyun Kyu Junga, Chang Hee Kima, A-Ra Hongb,c, Seung Han Leea, Tae Cheol Kima,
Ho Seong Jangb, Dong Hun Kima,∗
a
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Myongji University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
b
Materials Architecturing Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, Republic of Korea
c
Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Keywords: Functional materials exhibiting magnetic and luminescent properties have been recognized as an emerging class
Cerium-doped yttrium aluminum garnets of materials with great potential in advanced applications. Herein, properties of multifunctional ceramic com-
Yttrium iron garnets posites consisting of two garnets, luminescent cerium-doped Y3Al5O12 (Ce:YAG) and magnetic Y3Fe5O12 (YIG),
Luminescent are reported. On increasing the sintering temperature, both the photoluminescence and saturation magnetization
Magnetic
of the Ce:YAG-YIG composites decreased gradually because of the interdiffusion of trivalent ions such as Al3+
Composites
and Fe3+. At a constant sintering temperature of 1100 °C, the YIG contents in the composites increased, thereby
causing their luminescent properties to degrade and the saturation magnetizations to increase. For application to
electronics, Ce:YAG-YIG composite thin films were integrated on quartz substrates by sputtering the ceramic
target. The composite thin films exhibited both magnetic and luminescent properties after annealing. These
techniques facilitate the incorporation of multifunctional nanocomposites into various devices.

1. Introduction significant ferrimagnet that exhibits insulating properties [13], large

Composite materials containing more than one functional compo-
nent have been extensively studied for a wide range of technological
applications [1–4]. Among a variety of possible material combinations
using various synthesis methods, a study on oxide composites fabri-
cated through the solid state reaction process has been the object of
active research for a long time [5–7]. The solid state reaction process
using a furnace is a simple, versatile, and mass production method
through which the fundamental bulk properties of composites can be
applied to systems of nanoparticles and thin films, which show super-
paramagnetism and strain effect.
Owing to its excellent spectral conversion characteristics and high
stability under the extremely high photon flux, cerium-doped yttrium
aluminum garnet (Ce:Y3Al5O12, hereafter Ce:YAG) is an important op-
tical material and is used as a yellow phosphor for blue light emitting
diodes (LEDs) and pumped white LEDs [8–10]. YAG has a cubic
structure with Ia-3d symmetry, where Y3+ is coordinated with eight
oxygen ions, whereas Al3+ exhibit sixfold or fourfold coordination
[11]. When Ce3+ substituted Y3+, Ce:YAG displayed yellow emission
from the characteristic 5d and 4f energy levels [12].
Yttrium iron garnet (Y3Fe5O12, hereafter YIG) is a technologically
magneto-optical Faraday effect [14], spin-Seebeck effect [15], and low
magnetic damping [16]. YIG has a cubic crystal structure with the space
group of Ia-3d similar to YAG, which has a complicated unit cell
structure containing eight formula units with 160 atoms. Among them,
40 Fe3+ ions, 16 on octahedral sites and 24 on tetrahedral sites, are
antiferromagnetically aligned along the [111] direction and produce
magnetic moments [17].
Herein, we investigated composites consisting of two garnets:
Ce:YAG, which is a fluorescent material, and YIG, which is a magnetic
material. In garnets, large rare earth ions such as Y3+ and Ce3+ occupy
dodecahedral sites, whereas small and easily movable trivalent ions
such as Al3+ and Fe3+ occupy octahedral and tetrahedral sites. It has
been previously reported that emissions gradually diminished with the
increasing Fe3+ substitution with Al3+ in Ce:Gd-YAG [18]. On the
other hand, the substitution of nonmagnetic Al3+ in YIG weakened the
saturation magnetization, and magnetic phase was eventually changed
to the paramagnetic phase [19]. Therefore, the interdiffusion between
Al3+ and Fe3+ should be avoided to fabricate composites without de-
grading their unique magnetic and luminescent properties, instead of
forming a solid state. We also report the magnetic and luminescent
properties of Ce:YAG-YIG composite thin films obtained by sputtering

∗
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: dhkim@mju.ac.kr (D.H. Kim).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2019.02.023
Received 19 January 2019; Received in revised form 1 February 2019; Accepted 3 February 2019
Available online 06 February 2019
0272-8842/ © 2019 Elsevier Ltd and Techna Group S.r.l. All rights reserved.
H.K. Jung, et al.
the stoichiometric ceramic target. The growth of multifunctional com-
posite thin films should provide wide opportunities toward developing
new biological and magneto-optical applications, including in magnetic
sensors.
2. Experimental method
Ce:YAG and YIG powders were prepared from Y2O3 (Alfa Aesar,
purity: 99.9%), Al2O3 (Kojundo, 99.99%), CeO2 (Junsei, 99.9%), and
Fe2O3 (Alfa Aesar, 99.9%) through a conventional solid state reaction
method. For the Ce:YAG synthesis, a mixture of CeO2, Y2O3, and Al2O3
powders weighed with a stoichiometric composition of 6 at.% cerium-
doped YAG was wet-ball milled with zirconia balls in ethanol for 24 h.
After drying, the mixture was calcined at 1600 °C for 4 h with 5 °C/min
of heating and cooling rates. The YIG powder was synthesized in the
same way except for the calcination condition, which was done at
1300 °C for 8 h.
Ce:YAG-YIG composite pellets were fabricated by using the pre-
pared Ce:YAG and YIG powders synthesized at 1600 and 1300 °C as
mentioned. Powders with various Ce:YAG and YIG weight ratios,
0.95:0.05, 0.9:0.1, 0.7:0.3, and 0.5:0.5, were mixed by ball milling for
24 h. The mixed solution was then dried, formed into cylindrical pellets,
and finally sintered at 1000–1300 °C for 3 h in air. Sintering tempera-
tures were lower than the calcination temperatures of Ce:YAG and YIG
to suppress formation of a solid solution.
Ce:YAG-YIG composite thin films were fabricated by using RF (radio
frequency) magnetron sputtering on quartz substrates. Films were de-
posited on a substrate at the temperature of 650 °C, working pressure of
20 mTorr, and RF power of 60 W. The typical film thickness was con-
firmed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM, Hitachi, S-4800)
after the coating was approximately 60 nm. The thin films were heat
treated in a box furnace for 8 h at 1100 and 1200 °C.
Fig. 1. (a) XRD pattern, (b) SEM image, and (c) PL band for 6 at.% Ce:YAG powder calcined at 1600 °C. • in XRD data represent (111) and (220) of CeO2. (d) XRD
pattern, (e) SEM image, and (f) magnetic hysteresis loop of YIG powder calcined at 1300 °C. Inset is magnified magnetic hysteresis loop around zero field.
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Ceramics International 45 (2019) 9846–9851
The crystal structures of the Ce:YAG, YIG, and composite pellets
were examined through X-ray diffraction (XRD-7000, Shimadzu) at
wavelength λ = 1.54056 Å. The microstructures of ceramic composites
and surface morphology of thin films were imaged with SEM after Pt/
Pd coating to impart a conduction path. The composition analysis of
composites was carried out by using energy dispersive spectroscopy
(EDS) equipped in the SEM. Photoluminescence (PL) spectra of the
samples were obtained by using Hitachi fluorescence spectro-
photometer (F-7000) with 150 W Xe lamp. Excitation wavelength was
450 nm. Excitation and emission slits were set to be 5.0 and 2.5 nm,
respectively, and scan speed was 1200 nm/min. PL spectra were de-
tected at right angle to the excitation light. Magnetic hysteresis loops
were measured with the help of a vibrating sample magnetometer
(VSM) (ADE model 1660) at 20 °C, with magnetic fields from −15 kOe
to 15 kOe. Magnetic powders were wrapped using Teflon tape and
pellets and thin films were fixed using non-magnetic double sided tape.
The linear background signals from the tapes, substrate and quartz
holder were subtracted. In-plane and out-of-plane hysteresis loops were
measured by rotating sample holder for thin film. Magneto-luminescent
properties of Ce:YAG-YIG ceramics were investigated through the PL
analysis after magnetization and demagnetization by using an electro-
magnet in the VSM and a permanent magnetic supplying a 3 kOe
magnetic field.
3. Results and discussion
The XRD pattern of the 6 at.% cerium-doped YAG powder calcined
at 1600 °C for 4 h is shown in Fig. 1(a). All diffraction peaks can be
indexed to Y3Al5O12 (JCPDS #33-0040), which implies polycrystalline
phase synthesis successfully. However, additional (111) and (220)
planes of CeO2 (JCPDS # 04-0593, abulk, CeO2 = 5.411 Å) are observed
at 2θ = 28.6 and 47.6°, meaning that some cerium atoms are in an
unreacted state. The bulk lattice parameter of 6 at.% cerium-doped YAG
H.K. Jung, et al.
corresponds to 12.007 ± 0.003 Å, which is comparable to that of bulk
(abulk, YAG = 12.009 Å), though larger Ce3+ (101 pm) ions substitute
smaller Y3+ (90 pm) [20] sites owing to the low doping concentration
and the existence of undoped cerium. The shape and size of Ce:YAG
powders observed by SEM are non-spherical and non-uniform. Smaller
particles, of the range of ∼200 nm diameter, are attached to the surface
of the bigger particles, as shown in the SEM image in Fig. 1(b).
Fig. 1(c) displays the PL band of the Ce:YAG powder calcined at
1600 °C at an excitation wavelength of 450 nm. The broad emission
peak around 500–650 nm is attributed to the transitions of Ce3+ from
the excited 5d states to the ground 4f states. The asymmetric shape of
the PL band results from the spin-orbit coupling of the 4f orbital, which
causes splitting of the 4f level into 2F7/2 and 2F5/2 states [21–23]. The
PL band of the sample can be deconvoluted into two sub-bands, as
shown in Fig. 1(c). These two sub-bands are ascribed to 5d → 2F5/2 and
5d → 2F7/2 transitions. The calculated difference between the two peaks
(530 and 580 nm) of each sub-band is consistent with the theoretical
value of the difference between 2F5/2 and 2F7/2 (1500–2000 cm−1)
[23].
The wide-angle XRD pattern of the YIG powder calcined at 1100 °C
in air, shown in Fig. 1(d), reveals a single garnet phase well indexed to
Y3Fe5O12 (JCPDS # 33-0693, abulk, YIG = 12.377 Å) without additional
reflections. The lattice parameter of 12.378 ± 0.002 Å, which is con-
sistent with that of the bulk YIG, suggests that a single phase of YIG is
formed adequately. The SEM image in Fig. 1(e) displays the relatively
uniform particle size distribution of spherical YIG powders, which is
different from Ce:YAG particles.
The magnetic hysteresis loop of the YIG powder calcined at 1100 °C
and measured by the VSM at 20 °C is shown in Fig. 1(f). It can be ob-
served that a magnetic field of 15 kOe is sufficient to saturate the
magnetic YIG power. The YIG powder has a saturation magnetization of
∼29 emu/g and a coercive field of less than 5 Oe, as shown by the
magnified loops around the zero field (inset in Fig. 1(f)). The saturation
magnetization values are similar or larger compared to those of pre-
vious studies on the bulk YIG or nanopowder produced by using various
methods [19,24,25], because magnetic parameters such as saturation
Fig. 2. (a) Long-range θ-2θ XRD scans, (b)1–4 SEM images, (c) PL bands, and (d) Magnetic hysteresis loops of Ce:YAG-YIG composites sintered at 1000, 1100, 1200
and 1300 °C. (e) Magnified hysteresis loops for various temperature sintered Ce:YAG-YIG composites around zero field.
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magnetization and coercivity are strongly dependent on the particle
size, which is related to the synthesis temperature.
Ce:YAG-YIG composites, with a weight ratio of
(Ce:YAG):YIG = 0.9:0.1, were synthesized at various temperatures by
using the previously prepared Ce:YAG and YIG powders. Fig. 2(a)
shows long-range scanned XRD patterns of Ce:YAG-YIG ceramics fired
at 1000, 1100, 1200, and 1300 °C. The samples sintered at 1000 and
1100 °C exhibit both Ce:YAG and YIG phases; however, the peak in-
tensity of the YIG containing only 10 wt.% is very weak, as marked with
arrows in the figure. The peaks around 32.4 and 35.6°, corresponding to
(420) and (422) reflections of YIG, disappeared by sintering at 1200 °C,
and the YIG (400) peak at 28.7° disappeared by sintering at 1300 °C.
Simultaneously, a secondary phase of Y3Al4FeO12 was observed in a
magnified XRD scan of the composite sintered at 1300 °C (Fig. S1),
unlike the samples sintered at 1000–1200 °C. The lattice parameter of
the Ce:YAG-YIG composite sintered at 1300 °C was 12.020 ± 0.004 Å,
which was a little higher than that of Ce:YAG. It is believed that the YIG
phase was decomposed and a new impurity phase of Y3Al4FeO12 was
formed, therefore some iron atoms in YIG diffused into Ce:YAG at high
temperature sintering. Because the ionic radius of Fe3+ (64.5 pm) is
bigger than that of Al3+ (53.5 pm), the substitution of Al3+ with Fe3+
results in an increase in the lattice parameters. When all iron atoms in
the composites are replaced with Al3+, the theoretical lattice parameter
derived by using the Vegard law would be 12.037 Å. However, the
lattice parameter of the composite sintered at 1300 °C is smaller, which
implies that a small amount of iron diffuses into Ce:YAG. The lattice
parameters of the composites sintered at 1000 and 1100 °C, which re-
vealed that YIG peaks were close to that of Ce:YAG, suggest a low level
of interdiffusion.
The SEM images in Fig. 2(b)1–4 reveal the particle size distribution
of Ce:YAG-YIG composites as a function of sintering temperatures. The
composites sintered at 1000 and 1100 °C, which exhibited both Ce:YAG
and YIG peaks in XRD data, show a similar surface morphology, con-
sisting of large and small particles (Fig. 2(b)1-2); however, the particles
became rounded through ball milling to be mixed before sintering. It is
found that small particles, with an average grain size of ∼200 nm,
H.K. Jung, et al.
Fig. 3. (a) Long-range θ-2θ XRD patterns, (b)1–4 SEM images, (c) PL bands, and (d) magnetic hysteresis loops of Ce:YAG-YIG composites, with (Ce:YAG):YIG weigh
ratios = 0.95:0.05, 0.9:0.1, 0.7:0.3, and 0.5:0.5, sintered at 1100 °C. Inset in (c) shows real photo of pellets at UV. (e) Magnified hysteresis loops for nanocomposites
of various (Ce:YAG):YIG weight ratios around zero field.
originating from Ce:YAG, as shown in Fig. 1(b), are randomly dis-
tributed. In contrast, particles merge and become bigger at higher
temperature sintering at 1200 °C (Fig. 2(b)3). This is also observed in
the composite sintered at 1300 °C, displayed in Fig. 2 (b)4; but the
smaller particles there grow up to 500 nm.
The PL bands of Ce:YAG-YIG composites sintered at 1000–1300 °C,
shown in Fig. 2(c), reveal broad emission bands in the wavelength
range 500–650 nm under excitation with 450 nm blue light regardless
of the sintering temperature. Therefore, yellow light is observed from
Ce:YAG-YIG samples. The shape and intensity of the PL bands of
Ce:YAG-YIG composites sintered at 1000 °C are almost similar to those
of the Ce:YAG powder calcined at 1600 °C. However, a gradual decrease
in the PL intensity occurs as the sintering temperature is increased
despite a constant Ce:YAG:YIG ratio, which is attributed to the diffusion
of Fe3+ into Al3+. The PL intensity decreased by about 10, 45, and 70%
for the samples sintered at 1100, 1200, and 1300 °C compared to the
composite sintered at 1000 °C. The lattice parameter changes as sin-
tering temperatures increase. This was indeed verified (see Fig. S1),
because Fe3+ is greater in size than Al3+. The substitution of Al3+ with
Fe3+ at the tetrahedral and octahedral sites distinctly degraded PL
properties owing to optical absorption by Fe3+ ions.
Magnetic hysteresis loops of Ce:YAG-YIG ceramics sintered at var-
ious temperatures are shown in Fig. 2(d). Similar to the PL data, the
saturation magnetization of Ce:YAG-YIG composites exhibits a de-
creasing tendency when the sintering temperature increases from 1000
to 1300 °C. The magnetic hysteresis loops reveal a clear saturation
around the magnetic field of 2.5 kOe for all samples regardless of the
sintering temperature. Ce:YAG-YIG pellets sintered at 1000 °C exhibit a
saturation magnetization of ∼2.7 emu/g; this corresponds to 27 emu/g
for magnetic YIG, assuming no diffusion of Fe3+ into Ce:YAG. The es-
timated saturation magnetization of YIG is smaller than that of the bulk
YIG in Fig. 1(f), which is attributed to slight diffusion. The saturation
magnetization decreased slightly to ∼2.3 emu/g for the pellet sintered
at 1100 °C, which showed a small lattice parameter change and PL
degradation. However, the saturation magnetizations of composites
sintered at 1200 and 1300 °C were decreased suddenly to 1.10 and 0.44
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emu/g, respectively, because of huge interdiffusion, as shown in XRD
and PL measurements.
Combined with the saturation magnetization reduction, the coercive
fields of composites gradually increased with an increase in the sin-
tering temperature, as shown the inset in Fig. 2(d). The coercive fields
of composites sintered at 1000, 1100, 1200, and 1300 °C correspond to
60, 70, 80, and 80 emu/g, respectively. These values are much higher
than that of pure YIG in Fig. 1(f). This phenomenon can be explained by
the interdiffusion effect: Al3+ diffusion into YIG at high sintering
temperatures decreases the magnetic YIG size, which increases grain
boundaries and pinning sites.
Next, using the previously synthesized Ce:YAG and YIG powders,
composites were prepared with various (Ce:YAG):YIG weight ratios at a
constant sintering temperature of 1100 °C. Even though the pellet sin-
tered at 1000 °C showed the strongest PL intensity with saturation
magnetization owing to negligible interdiffusion, we fixed the sintering
temperature at 1100 °C because the 1000 °C sintered sample was brittle
to load for the PL measurement.
Fig. 3(a) shows the XRD patterns of Ce:YAG-YIG composites,
weighted with (Ce:YAG):YIG ratios of 0.95:0.05, 0.9:0.1, 0.7:0.3, and
0.5:0.5, sintered at 1100 °C. The strong Ce:YAG peaks with a low YIG
phase intensity are clearly observed for the (Ce:YAG):YIG = 0.95:0.05
sample, whereas YIG peaks marked “I” increase suddenly on increasing
the YIG content. However, the lattice parameters of both phases were
constant for composites with various (Ce:YAG):YIG weight ratios, as
confirmed by magnified XRD patterns in Fig. S2. It can be concluded
that interdiffusion of trivalent ions is critical at a high synthesis tem-
perature, as shown in Fig. 2; whereas the weight ratios do not affect the
interdiffusion significantly at a low synthesis temperature.
The microstructures of composites of various (Ce:YAG):YIG weight
ratios, sintered at a constant sintering temperature of 1100 °C, were
observed through SEM (Fig. 3(b)1–4). All Ce:YAG-YIG composites, re-
gardless of their ratios, consist of big and small particles, with the
former being from both Ce:YAG and YIG whereas the latter are from
only Ce:YAG. As the YIG content is increased from 5 wt.% to 50 wt.%,
the number of smaller particles decreases, which suggests the
H.K. Jung, et al.
coexistence of Ce:YAG and YIG phases instead of the solid state. This is
consistent with XRD data.
The luminescent properties of Ce:YAG-YIG composites sintered at
1100 °C are measured at 20 °C, as shown in Fig. 3(c). A distinct PL band
is observed at 500–650 nm for all the samples under 450 nm excitation.
However, the PL intensity decreased with an increase in YIG contents
because of the smaller proportion of luminescent Ce:YAG phases.
The saturation magnetizations in Fig. 3(d) displays ∼1.2, 2.3, 7.3,
and 12.6 emu/g for Ce:YAG-YIG composites with weight ratios of
0.95:0.05, 0.9:0.1, 0.7:0.3 and 0.5:0.5, respectively. A linear decrease
in magnetization is observed with an increasing YIG concentration.
Assuming no diffusion of Fe3+ into Ce:YAG, these values correspond to
24.0, 23.0, 24.3, and 25.2 emu/g for magnetic YIG; however, these
values being lower than those of pure YIG suggest slight diffusion of
Fe3+ into Ce:YAG.
The coercive field decreases with an increasing YIG ratio, as shown
the inset in Fig. 3(d), and approaches that of bulk YIG: values are 65,
55, 33 and 26 for composites with weight ratios of 0.95: 0.05, 0.9: 0.1,
0.7: 0.3 and 0.5: 0.5, respectively. This can be explained with a domain
size increase of YIG as the YIG content increases. We compared PL
bands after magnetization and demagnetization using an electromagnet
in a VSM and a permanent magnet, respectively, to that of the Ce:YAG-
YIG composites without exposure to the magnetic field to investigate
the magneto-luminescent property; however, no significant change was
observed at the bulk scale.
Finally, we transferred the bulk Ce:YAG-YIG composites onto a
quartz substrate as a thin film of 60 nm thickness, as shown in Fig. 4(b).
The bottom part of Fig. 4(a) shows a θ-2θ XRD scan of the Ce:YAG-YIG
composite thin film annealed at 1100 °C for 8 h after sputtering the
ceramic target with (Ce:YAG):YIG = 0.9:0.1 wt ratio at 650 °C for 4 h.
X-ray diffraction demonstrates that the annealed Ce:YAG-YIG film
Fig. 4. (a) XRD patterns of Ce:YAG-YIG composite thin films annealed at 1100 and 1200 °C. (b) cross-sectional SEM image, (c) top view SEM image, (d) magnified top
view SEM image, (e) PL band, and (f) magnetic hysteresis loops of Ce:YAG-YIG composite thin films grown at 650 °C and annealed at 1100 °C.
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grows as polycrystalline, exhibiting (220), (321), (400), (420), and
(422) of Ce:YAG orientations. However, low content YIG peaks are not
visible. As-grown films were amorphous, not shown here; and annealed
films at 1200 °C showed SiO2 peaks originating from the quartz sub-
strate and decomposed Al2O3 peaks.
Annealed composite thin films present grains up to ∼1 μm in dia-
meter, as shown in the SEM image in Fig. 4(c). One can see cracks
caused by the difference between the thermal expansion coefficients of
Ce:YAG (7.8 × 10−6/K) [26] and quartz (0.5 × 10−6/K) [27]. From
the magnified SEM image in Fig. 4(d), it can be confirmed that grains
consisted of two different contrasts, dark and bright regions, which
might correspond to Ce:YAG and YIG phases. However, it was hard to
distinguish each phase with EDS because of the bigger beam size than
that of grains.
As can be seen in Fig. 4(e), which is a PL band of the Ce:YAG-YIG
thin film on a transparent quartz substrate, a broad luminescent peak at
480–630 nm is observed. However, the peak is shifted toward shorter
wavelengths compared to that of PL bands of bulk composites. Owing to
the low PL signal from the thin film compared to the bulk samples,
remarkable background signals are detected around 680 nm.
Although a magnetic YIG phase was not detected with the XRD
measurement, a magnetic signal was observed for the Ce:YAG-YIG thin
film composite, as shown by the magnetic hysteresis loops measured at
room temperature (Fig. 4(f)). Compared to the hysteresis loops of pure
YIG films grown through pulsed laser deposition, sputter grown
Ce:YAG-YIG composite films were isotropic with a lower saturation
magnetization owing to the small size, as shown in the SEM image.
When the saturation magnetization is normalized to the magnetic YIG,
it corresponds to 60 emu/cm3 when the reported saturation magneti-
zations of YIG films were 129–156 emu/cm3 [28–32]. Even though the
magnetic and luminescent signals of thin films were lower than that of
H.K. Jung, et al.
the bulk or epitaxial single thin films, we have clearly proven the co-
existence of both properties. These properties will be further improved
by optimization and increasing the thickness.
4. Conclusions
Luminescent and magnetic Ce:YAG-YIG composites were success-
fully synthesized through a solid state reaction and sputtering method.
Compared to the pure Ce:YAG, an increase in the sintering tempera-
tures for the composite pellets caused an increase in their lattice
parameters, degradation of their PL intensities, and increase in sa-
turation magnetizations owing to the interdiffusion of Fe3+ and Al3+.
Furthermore, an increase in the YIG content in the composites at the
sintering temperature of 1100 °C caused an increase in their saturation
magnetizations and a decrease in their luminescent intensities. The
Ce:YAG-YIG composite thin films grown on a quartz substrate by using
the sputtering method showed both luminescent and magnetic prop-
erties after annealing. The simple and large-scale synthesis of multi-
functional oxide materials with coexisting magnetism and lumines-
cence, and their integration onto the substrate, will help in the
development of magneto-optical and/or biological devices.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by Basic Science Research Program and
Nano·Material Technology Development Program through the National
Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science,
ICT & Future Planning (NRF-2018R1D1A1B07043325 and NRF-2009-
0082580), and the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant
funded by the Korea government (MSIT) (NRF-2018R1A2B5A03023239).
Appendix A. Supplementary data
Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2019.02.023.
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