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Statistics and
Probability
Fourth Quarter
Module3: The Test Statistic

1
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 11

Statistics and
Probability
Fourth Quarter
Module3: The Test Statistic

3
 INTRODUCTION

This module is written in support of the K to 12 Basic Education

Program to ensure attainment of standards expected of you as a learner.

This aims to equip you with essential knowledge on Test Statistic.

This includes the following activities/tasks:

■ Expected Learning Outcome — This lays out the learning outcome that
you are expected to have accomplished at the end of the module.

■ Pre-test — This determines your prior learning on the particular lesson

you are about to take.

■ Discussion of the Lesson —This provides you with the important

knowledge, principles and attitude that will help you meet the expected
learning outcome.

■ Learning Activities — These provide you with the application of the

knowledge and principles you have gained from the lesson and enable you
to further enhance your skills as you carry out prescribed tasks.

■ Post-test/Assessment— This evaluates your overall understanding about

the module.

With the different activities provided in this module, may you find this
material engaging and challenging as it develops your critical thinking
skills.

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 What I Need To Know

At the end of this lesson, you will be able to:

➢ identify the appropriate form of the test statistic when

a. the population variance is assumed to be known;
b. the population variance is assumed to be unknown;
c. the central limit theorem is to be used.

What I Know

To find out what you already know about the topic in this module,
answer the following. Write your answer in your notebook.

Directions: Identify the following data from the given problem, Write NONE
if no data is provided.
a. population mean (𝜇)
b. population variance (standard deviation) (𝜎)
c. sample mean (𝑥̅ )
d. sample size (n)
e. test statistic
1. A manufacturer of a certain brand of wristwatch claims that the mean
life expectancy of the battery of the watch is 48 months. A researcher
wants to validate this claim so he chose a sample of 64 watches and
noted that their mean life expectancy is 45 months with a standard
deviation of 2 months. At 𝛼 =0.05, can you conclude that the mean life
expectancy is less than 48 months?
a. _______________________________________________
b. _______________________________________________
c. _______________________________________________
d. _______________________________________________
e. _______________________________________________
2. A sociologist wants to study about the average time children play
outdoors nowadays. Tentatively, he guesses a mean that is less than 3
hr. The population variance is assumed to be 0.64 hr. To prove his
claim, he selected a sample of 16 children from a normally distributed
population and found a sample mean of 2.5 hour of outdoor playtime. At
𝛼 =0.05, will the sociologist prove his claim?

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 a. _______________________________________________
b. _______________________________________________
c. _______________________________________________
d. _______________________________________________
e. _______________________________________________
3. Benjamin collects a sample with size 16 from a normally distributed
population. The sample gives a mean of 30.4 and a standard deviation of
6.2. At 𝛼=0.01, can Benjamin conclude that the mean of the population
is greater than 28.5.
a. _______________________________________________
b. _______________________________________________
c. _______________________________________________
d. _______________________________________________
e. _______________________________________________

What’s In

Can you still remember what we did on the previous module?

Write the null hypothesis, and the alternative hypothesis, for the given
problem below.

Perpetrators of a crime who have been given the maximum sentence of

10 years are believed by a fiscal to have been sentenced to more than 7
years on the average. A random sample of 20 of these crime offenders
reveals a mean sentence of 7.6 years with a standard deviation of 2.4 years.
Is the fiscal correct in his suspicions at the 0.05 level of significance?

Ho: ___________________________________________

Ha: __________________________________________

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 What’s New

Previously, you have dealt with the process of hypothesis testing and
some related terminologies that helped you understand better the language
of hypothesis testing. In this module, you will continue to deepen your
understanding of these test procedures as you focus on specific tests about
the population mean.

What Is It
In many instances when we are testing the hypothesis, we want to
find out if the mean difference is statistically significant or not. We can use
the test statistic z-test and t-test if we want to test if the sample mean (𝑥̅ )
differ significantly from a population mean or hypothesized mean (𝜇). As to
what test will be used will depend on the following cases:

Case 1: The population variance (standard deviation) is known or

given.

Case 2: The population variance (standard deviation) is unknown but

the sample size is sufficiently large (greater than or equal to
thirty, n≥30). In this case, we will be using the Central Limit
Theorem.

Case 3: The population variance (standard deviation) is unknown or

not given.

For cases 1 and 2, the z-test will be used. T-test will be used for case 3.

Study the following examples:

Example 1. Weight Reduction Drugs

A new drug on the market is claimed by its manufacturers to reduce

overweight women by 4.55 kg per month with standard deviation of 0.91 kg.
Ten women chosen at random have reported losing an average of 4.05 kg
within a month. Does this data support the claim of the manufacturer at
0.05 level of significance?

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Given : Ho: 𝜇 = 4.55

The population mean (𝜇) is 4.55 kg

The population standard deviation(𝜎) is 0.91 kg

The sample size (n) is 10

The sample average or mean (𝑥̅ ) is 4.05 kg.

Since the population standard deviation is known, we will be using the z-

test as our test statistic as describe in case 1.

Example 2. The Cost of Raising a Child

A sociologist believes that it costs more than Php 90 000 to raise a

child from birth to age one. A random sample of 49 families, each with a
child is selected to see if the figure is correct. The average expenses for these
families reveal a mean of Php 92 000 with a standard deviation of Php 4
500. Based on these sample data, can it be concluded that the sociologist is
correct in his claim? Use 0.05 level of significance.

Given: Ho: 𝜇 = 90 000

The population mean (𝜇) is Php 90 000

The sample size (n) is 49

The sample average or mean (𝑥̅ ) is Php 92 000

The sample standard deviation (s) is Php 4 500

Notice that there is no population standard deviation, but the sample size is
49 which is more than 30. Using the central limit theorem, we can use the
z-test as our test statistic.

Example 3. Typing Job

The director of a secretarial school believes that its graduates can type
more than 75 words per minute. A random sample of 12 graduates has been
found to have an average of 77.2 words per minute with a standard
deviation of 7.9 words per minute in a typing test. Using 0.05 level of
significance, test the claim of the director.

Given:Ho: 𝜇 = 75

The population mean (𝜇) is 75 words per minute

The sample size (n) is 12

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 The sample average or mean (𝑥̅ ) is 77.2 words per minute.

The sample standard deviation (s) is 7.9 words per minute

As you can see, there is also no population standard deviation but the
sample size is only 12 which is less than 30, therefore, we will be using
t-test as our test statistic

Example 4. The Making of a Movie

It is hypothesized that the cost of making a movie is Php 24.6 million.

This year, a random sample of 15 movies has shown an average production
cost of Php 28.3 million with a standard deviation of Php 9.5 million. At 0.01
level of significance, is the hypothesized cost true?

Given : Ho: 𝜇 = 24.6

𝜇 = Php 24.6 million

n = 15

𝑥̅ = Php 28.3 million

s = Php 9.5 million

Since there is no population standard deviation and the sample size

(n) is less than 30, the test-statistic that we will use is t-test.

In the later modules, we will compute for the test statistic using the
following formula:

𝑋̅−𝜇
z-test: z= 𝜎
√𝑛

If we are using the central limit theorem, instead of population

standard deviation (𝜎), we will use the sample standard deviation (s) since
as sample size increases, the standard deviation s gets closer to 𝜎.

So the z-test formula will become,

𝑋̅−𝜇
z= 𝑠 ,where s is the sample standard deviation.
√𝑛

𝑋̅−𝜇
The t-test formula is also t= 𝑠 but remember the sample size should
√𝑛
be less than 30.

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 What’s More

Directions: Identify the following data and write NONE if there is no given in
the problems below. Write your answers in your notebook.

a. population mean
b. population standard deviation
c. sample size
d. sample mean
e. sample standard deviation
f. test statistic
1. In a certain city, a researcher wishes to determine whether the average
income of the residents is Php 13 000. Using a sample of 19 residents,
he found a mean income of Php 13 561.25 with standard deviation Php
2 500. At 𝛼=0.01, can the researcher conclude the average income of
the population is indeed Php 13 000?

a. 𝜇 = __________________

b. 𝜎 = __________________

c. n = __________________

d. 𝑋̅ = __________________

e. s = ___________________

f. test statistic is ______________________________

2. A workout program states that there is an average weight loss of 12
pounds (lb) for those who enroll in the program for two months.
Another workout program advertises greater weight loss and was tested
with a group of 30 volunteers who averaged 13 lb weight loss after two
months, with standard deviation 2.5 lb. Does the second workout
program offer a high average weight loss effect?

a. 𝜇 = __________________

b. 𝜎 = __________________

c. n = __________________

d. 𝑋̅ = __________________

e. s = ___________________

f. test statistic is ______________________________

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 What I Have Learned
I learned that:

The test statistic in testing the hypothesis will depend on the

following:

1. If the population variance or standard deviation is known or given,

use z-test.

2. If the population variance or standard deviation is unknown or

not given but the sample size is greater than or equal to 30, use
z-test

3. If the population variance or standard deviation is unknown or

not given but the sample size is less than 30, use t-test

What I Can Do
Directions: Identify the appropriate test statistic by giving the necessary
data.

According to the norms established for a history test, grade eight

students should have an average 81.7 with standard deviation of 8.5. If 100
randomly selected students are chosen from your school average 79.6 in
this test, can we conclude at the 5% level of significance that grade 8
students from your school can be expected to average less than the norm of
81.7?

Given: a. 𝜇 = __________________

b. 𝜎 = __________________

c. n = __________________

d. 𝑥̅ = __________________

e. test statistic is ______________________________

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 Assessment
Direction: Identify the given data below and write NONE if there is no given
in the problems.

1. An anthropologist believes that the diameter of the skull of a primitive

man is more than 7 inches. After many years of search, 6 skulls of
this type are found. The mean diameter of these is found to be 6.8
inches with standard deviation of 1.2 inches. Can it be concluded that
the anthropologist is correct at 0.05 level of significance?

a. 𝜇 = __________________

b. 𝜎 = __________________

c. n = __________________

d. 𝑥̅ = __________________

e. s = ___________________

f. test statistic is ______________________________

2. Prince Hypermart Larena boasts that checkout times for costumers

are never more than 15 minutes. A random sample of 36 customers
reveals a mean checkout time of 17 minutes with a standard deviation
of 3 minutes. What can you conclude about the supermarket’s boast
at the 0.05 level?

a. 𝜇 = __________________

b. 𝜎 = __________________

c. n = __________________

d. 𝑥̅ = __________________

e. s = ___________________

f. test statistic is ______________________________

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 References
Calaca, Ninia I., Chin Uy, et. al. Statistics and Probability. Manila,
Philippines: Vibal Group Inc., 2016

Canlapan, Raymond B., Statistics and Probability. Makati City, Philippines:

DIWA Learning Sytems Inc., 2016

Ocampo, Jose M. and Wilmer G. Marquez. Senior High Conceptual Math and
Beyond, Statistics and Probability. Novaliches, Quezon City: Brilliant
Creation Publishing, Inc., 2016

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