Benchwork and fitting pdf

How to do a press fit.

The bench work and fitting play an important role in every engineering workshop to complete and finish the job to the desired accuracy. The work carried out by hand at the bench is called bench work, whereas fitting is the assembling of parts together by filing, chipping, sawing, scraping, tapping etc., necessary after the machine operation. The
various tools used in fitting practice are as follows:1. Holding tools:The holding tools or vices are required to hold the work firmly. The various types of vices for different purposes are bench vice, hand vice, pipe vice, leg vice and pin vice.2. Striking tools:The striking tools or hammers are used to strike the job or tool. The various types of hammers in
common use are ball-peen hammer, cross-peen hammer, straight-peen hammer, double-faced hammer, and soft hammer.3. Cutting tools:The chief cutting tools used in fitting are cold chisels, hacksaws and files. These tools are discussed, in brief, as follows:(a) Cold chisels. These are used to cut the cold metal and are made by forging from cast tool
steel of octagonal cross-section. The cutting edge is ground to an angle suited to the material being worked upon. After forging to shape and roughly grinding, the cutting edge should be hardened and tempered. The most commonly used cutting angle is 60°, but this varies according to the type of material cut. The various types of chisels commonly
used for fitting are flat chisel, cross-cut chisel or cape chisel, half-round chisel, diamond pointed chisel and side chisel.(b) Hacksaws. The hacksaw is the chief tool used by the fitter for cutting rods, bars, and pipes into desired lengths.
The cutting blades of hacksaw are made of carbon or high-speed steel. The blades are specified by its length and the point or pitch. The length of the blade is the distance between the outside edges of the holes which fit over the pins. The point or pitch is measured by the number of teeth per 25 mm length. The points of the teeth are bent to cut a
wide groove and prevents the body of the blade from rubbing or jamming in the saw cut. This bending of the teeth to the sides is called the setting of the teeth. Usually, alternate teeth are set to right and left, every third or fifth tooth left straight to break up the chips and help the teeth to clear themselves.(c) Files. A file is a hardened piece of high-
grade steel with slanting rows of teeth. It is used to cut, smooth or fit metal parts.
The size of the file is indicated by its length. It may be noted that coarseness or pitch of the file varies directly as the length of the file. Thus, larger the length of the file, coarser will be the pitch and smaller the file, finer will be the pitch.4. Marking, Measuring and Testing tools:The various marking, measuring and testing tools are Engineer's steel
rule, outside and inside calipers, divider, surface plate, scriber, universal surface gauge, punch, V-block, angle plate, try square, combination set etc. BENCHWORK AND FITTING Bench work is the production of an article or component by hand on the bench. Fitting is the assembling together of parts and removing metals to secure the necessary fit,
and may or may not be carried out at the bench. Bench and fitting work also plays a significant role for completing and finishing a job to the desired accuracy. Fitting involves removal of unwanted material with the help of hand tools and its done for mating, repair and manufacturing purposes. One who works in a fitting shop is called a fitter. Both
bench work and fitting requires the use of a large number of hand tools and other devices or equipment that involve a number of operations for accomplishing the work to the desired shape and size. Operations commonly used in bench and fitting work may be classified as: Chipping Filing Marking Drilling Shaing Grinding Reaming Tapping Dieing
Tools used in bench and fitting shop are classified under: 1. Marking and measuring tools Marking tools are sub classified as steel rule, circumference rule, straight edge, flat steel square, scriber, semi-circular protractor, divider, trammel, prick punch, centre punch, try square, bevel square, vernier protractor, combination set and surface gauge.
Commonly used measuring devices and instruments are fillet and radius gauge, screw pitch gauge, surface plate, try square, dial gauge, feeler gauge, plate gauge and wire gauge. Commonly used Measuring instruments are divided into 3 groups: linear, angular and surface measurement. Linear measurements e.g. Steel rule, Calipers, Dividers,
Micrometers, Vernier calipers, Slip gauges Angular measurements e.g. Protector, Engineers square, Adjustable bevel, Combination set, Bevel protector, Angle gauges, Clinometers, Autocollimators Surface measurement e.g. Straight edge, Surface gauge, Surface table, Optical flat, Profilo-meter Try Square It is better known as engineer’s try square
and is a very common tool used for scribing straight lines at right angles to a true surface or testing the trueness or flatness of normal surfaces. It consists of a blade and stock, the blade is made of steel and stock made of cast iron and both attached at 90˚. They are made in different sizes from the steel pieces.