The question below is based on the following passage.

Supply chain weaknesses were brought to the forefront during the COVID-19 pandemic, especially for
industries relying on electronics, as the flow of raw materials slowed or sometimes stopped. On top of that,
shifting consumer values and tougher environmental regulations have resulted in more people buying hybrid
vehicles. The batteries in these cars require rare metals that, depending on their supplies, can have volatile and
unpredictable prices. However, there are other scarce elements and materials that may be used in smaller
amounts in hybrid models versus conventional gas vehicles, raising the question of how these vehicles really
compare with regard to supply chain vulnerabilities. Randolph Kirchain and colleagues wanted to develop a
comprehensive comparison of the elements and compounds that go into all the parts in gas-powered, self-
charging hybrid and plug-in hybrid cars, calculating each of the three vehicles’ materials cost vulnerability.
The researchers collected information on the compounds in the more than 350,000 parts used to build
seven vehicles from the same manufacturer with different levels of electrification, including four sedans and three
sport utility vehicles (SUVs). Then, they calculated the amount of the 76 chemical elements present, as well as a
few other materials, in each car type. To develop a monetary metric for vulnerability, the team considered the
weight of each component, along with its average price and price volatility between 1998 and 2015. The results
showed that self-charging hybrid and plug-in hybrid vehicles have twice the raw material cost risks. The largest
contributors to the increase in cost risks were battery-related elements, such as cobalt, nickel, graphite and
neodymium. The researchers say that as manufacturers ramp up electric vehicle production to meet demand,
reducing raw material cost risks with long-term supplier contracts, substituting some materials or recycling others
will be a good idea.
American Chemical Society. (2021). Hybrid cars are twice as vulnerable to supply chain issues as gas-powered
models. Taken on August 16, 2021 from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/07/210728105731.htm.

1. The author would apparently agree that the relationship between environmental regulations and the
purchase of hybrid vehicles in paragraph 1 is similar to the phenomenon of ….
a. cars and traffic
b. oil and gas stations
c. people and vehicles
d. gasoline and transportation
e. modern life and electric cars

The next question is based on the following text.

Exercise is painful. As the cliché goes, “No pain, no gain.” When the body exerts itself, pumping action out
of muscles to tear them down and build their mass, it’s left with a soreness. Doctors, coaches, and mothers all
recommend heat for tense sore muscles—warm baths, moist towels, hot-water bottles, or heated pads as
thermotherapy techniques. But how exactly does applying this heat help the pain and relax the muscles?
While exercising, the body requires more energy than it can produce through aerobic respiration, or the
intake of oxygen. To create enough energy for vigorous movement, the body goes through another process:
anaerobic respiration. This type of energy production burns sugars without oxygen, producing lactic acid within
exerted muscles. Overworked muscles and a buildup of lactic acid are what cause the pain associated with
exercising. When heat is applied to a sore area of the body, blood vessels widen and blood flow increases to
transport excess lactic acid and other toxins away from tired muscles. These muscles are also made more elastic by
the heat, and nerve endings are stimulated to block pain signals.
Hogeback, J. (n.d). Why Does Heat Relax Your Muscles? Taken on July 14, 2021 from
https://www.britannica.com/story/why-does-heat-relax-your-muscles.
2. What is the purpose of the underlined sentence in paragraph 1?
a. highlight the process of muscle building during exercise
b. illustrate the cliché related to exercise and pain
c. explain the sources of pain while exercising
d. show the process of soreness on muscles
 e. define the cliché “No pain, no gain”

Read the text below to answer the next question!

A team led by UC Riverside geologists has discovered the first ancestor on the family tree that contains
most familiar animals today, including humans. The tiny, wormlike creature, named Ikaria wariootia, is the earliest
bilaterian, or organism with a front and back, two symmetrical sides, and openings at either end connected by a
gut. The paper is published today in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
For 15 years, scientists agreed that fossilized burrows found in 555 million-year-old Ediacaran Period
deposits in Nilpena, South Australia, were made by bilaterians. However, there was no sign of the creature that
made the burrows, leaving scientists with nothing but speculation. Then, Scott Evans, a recent doctoral graduate
from UC Riverside; and Mary Droser, a professor of geology, noticed miniscule, oval impressions near some of
these burrows. With funding from a NASA exobiology grant, they used a three-dimensional laser scanner that
revealed the regular, consistent shape of a cylindrical body with a distinct head and tail and faintly grooved
musculature. The animal ranged between 2-7 millimeters long and about 1-2.5 millimeters wide, with the largest
the size and shape of a grain of rice — just the right size to have made the burrows.
“We thought these animals should have existed during this interval, but always understood they would be
difficult to recognize,” Evans said. “Once we had the 3D scans, we knew that we had made an important
discovery.”
University of California – Riverside. (2020). Ancestor of all animals identified in Australian fossils: A
wormlike creature that lived more than 555 million years ago is the earliest bilaterian. Taken on
March 25, 2020, from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/03/200323152108.htm.
3. What is the main idea of the passage?
a. the descendant on the family tree of familiar animals found in Australia
b. a team led by UC Riverside geologists
c. Australian geologists finding most animals
d. the small ancestor of familiar animals identified in Australia
e. the geologists’ discovery of a worm in Australia

Read the text below to answer the next question!

A team led by UC Riverside geologists has discovered the first ancestor on the family tree that contains
most familiar animals today, including humans. The tiny, wormlike creature, named Ikaria wariootia, is the earliest
bilaterian, or organism with a front and back, two symmetrical sides, and openings at either end connected by a
gut. The paper is published today in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
For 15 years, scientists agreed that fossilized burrows found in 555 million-year-old Ediacaran Period
deposits in Nilpena, South Australia, were made by bilaterians. However, there was no sign of the creature that
made the burrows, leaving scientists with nothing but speculation. Then, Scott Evans, a recent doctoral graduate
from UC Riverside; and Mary Droser, a professor of geology, noticed miniscule, oval impressions near some of
these burrows. With funding from a NASA exobiology grant, they used a three-dimensional laser scanner that
revealed the regular, consistent shape of a cylindrical body with a distinct head and tail and faintly grooved
musculature. The animal ranged between 2-7 millimeters long and about 1-2.5 millimeters wide, with the largest
the size and shape of a grain of rice — just the right size to have made the burrows.
“We thought these animals should have existed during this interval, but always understood they would be
difficult to recognize,” Evans said. “Once we had the 3D scans, we knew that we had made an important
discovery.”
University of California – Riverside. (2020). Ancestor of all animals identified in Australian fossils: A
wormlike creature that lived more than 555 million years ago is the earliest bilaterian. Taken on
March 25, 2020, from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/03/200323152108.htm.
4. The purpose of the passage is ….
a. to announce how great a team of geologists is
b. to deliver the information about several ancestors
 c. to advertise an ancient animal found in Australia
d. to inform the readers about the important discovery
e. to reveal the sophisticated new science technology
The text below is for the following question.
Television was once the newest technology in our homes, and then came videos and computers. Today’s
children are growing up in a rapidly changing digital age that is far different from their parents. A variety of
technologies are all around us in our homes, offices, and schools. When used wisely, technology and media can
support learning children’s relationships both with adults and their peers.
Based on some evidence by research, there has never been a more important time to apply principles of
development and learning when considering the use of cutting-edge technologies and new media as the so-called
interactive media. Interactive media refers to digital and analog materials, including software programs,
applications (apps), some children’s television programming, e-books, the Internet, and other forms of content
designed to facilitate active and creative use by young children and to encourage social engagement with other
children and adults.
When the integration of technology and interactive media in early childhood programs is built upon solid
developmental foundations, and early childhood professionals are aware of both the challenges and the
opportunities, educators are positioned to improve program quality by intentionally leveraging the potential of
technology and media for the benefit of every child.
This statement provides guidance for early childhood educators about the use of technology and interactive
media in ways that can optimize opportunities for young children’s development. In this statement, the definition
of technology tools encompasses a broad range of digital devices such as computers, tablets, multi-touch screens,
interactive whiteboards, mobile devices, cameras, audio recorders, electronic toys, games, e-book readers, and
older analog devices still being used such as tape recorders, record and cassette players, projectors, and
microscopes.
By appropriately and intentionally using the technology of his day—broadcast television—to connect with
each individual child and with parents and families, it demonstrated the positive potential of using technology and
media in ways that are grounded in principles of child development.
NAEYC and Fred Rogers Center. (2012). Technology and Interactive Media as Tools in
Early Childhood Programs Serving Children from Birth through Age 8 [PDF]. Accessed
and adapted on 11 July, 2022 from https://www.naeyc.org/sites/default/files/globally-
shared/downloads/PDFs/resources/position-statements/ps_technology.pdf.

5. How does the second sentence relate to the first sentence in paragraph 2?
a. It shows the importance of interactive media to children’s lives.
b. It argues that interactive media include digital materials only.
c. It explains the definition and examples of interactive media.
d. It states that the children and adults nowadays are familiar with digital technology.
e. It shows that interactive media can support social engagement among adults.

This text below is for the following question.

Television was once the newest technology in our homes, and then came videos and computers. Today’s
children are growing up in a rapidly changing digital age that is far different from their parents. A variety of
technologies are all around us in our homes, offices, and schools. When used wisely, technology and media can
support learning children’s relationships both with adults and their peers.
Based on some evidence by research, there has never been a more important time to apply principles of
development and learning when considering the use of cutting-edge technologies and new media as the so-called
interactive media. Interactive media refers to digital and analog materials, including software programs,
applications (apps), some children’s television programming, e-books, the Internet, and other forms of content
designed to facilitate active and creative use by young children and to encourage social engagement with other
children and adults.
 When the integration of technology and interactive media in early childhood programs is built upon solid
developmental foundations, and early childhood professionals are aware of both the challenges and the
opportunities, educators are positioned to improve program quality by intentionally leveraging the potential of
technology and media for the benefit of every child.
This statement provides guidance for early childhood educators about the use of technology and interactive
media in ways that can optimize opportunities for young children’s development. In this statement, the definition
of technology tools encompasses a broad range of digital devices such as computers, tablets, multi-touch screens,
interactive whiteboards, mobile devices, cameras, audio recorders, electronic toys, games, e-book readers, and
older analog devices still being used such as tape recorders, record and cassette players, projectors, and
microscopes.
By appropriately and intentionally using the technology of his day—broadcast television—to connect with
each individual child and with parents and families, it demonstrated the positive potential of using technology and
media in ways that are grounded in principles of child development.
NAEYC and Fred Rogers Center. (2012). Technology and Interactive Media as Tools in
Early Childhood Programs Serving Children from Birth through Age 8 [PDF]. Accessed
and adapted on 11 July, 2022 from https://www.naeyc.org/sites/default/files/globally-
shared/downloads/PDFs/resources/position-statements/ps_technology.pdf.
6. The author would apparently agree on the idea that ….
a. digital media can harm learning and relationships
b. technology provides children with enjoyable experiences
c. technology may bring more good than harm when it is used wisely
d. technology can influence the relationships between children and their friends
e. technology minimizes the potential for children’s learning and engagement with others

The text below is for the following question.

Television was once the newest technology in our homes, and then came videos and computers. Today’s
children are growing up in a rapidly changing digital age that is far different from their parents. A variety of
technologies are all around us in our homes, offices, and schools. When used wisely, technology and media can
support learning children’s relationships both with adults and their peers.
Based on some evidence by research, there has never been a more important time to apply principles of
development and learning when considering the use of cutting-edge technologies and new media as the so-called
interactive media. Interactive media refers to digital and analog materials, including software programs,
applications (apps), some children’s television programming, e-books, the Internet, and other forms of content
designed to facilitate active and creative use by young children and to encourage social engagement with other
children and adults.
When the integration of technology and interactive media in early childhood programs is built upon solid
developmental foundations, and early childhood professionals are aware of both the challenges and the
opportunities, educators are positioned to improve program quality by intentionally leveraging the potential of
technology and media for the benefit of every child.
This statement provides guidance for early childhood educators about the use of technology and interactive
media in ways that can optimize opportunities for young children’s development. In this statement, the definition
of technology tools encompasses a broad range of digital devices such as computers, tablets, multi-touch screens,
interactive whiteboards, mobile devices, cameras, audio recorders, electronic toys, games, e-book readers, and
older analog devices still being used such as tape recorders, record and cassette players, projectors, and
microscopes.
By appropriately and intentionally using the technology of his day—broadcast television—to connect with
each individual child and with parents and families, it demonstrated the positive potential of using technology and
media in ways that are grounded in principles of child development.
NAEYC and Fred Rogers Center. (2012). Technology and Interactive Media as Tools in
Early Childhood Programs Serving Children from Birth through Age 8 [PDF]. Accessed
 and adapted on 11 July, 2022 from https://www.naeyc.org/sites/default/files/globally-
shared/downloads/PDFs/resources/position-statements/ps_technology.pdf.
7. The author holds the assumption that ….
a. any forms of content designed to facilitate creative children to learn will challenge them
b. interactive media are any kind of media that include hardware and artifacts of education
c. the integration of technology and interactive media in childhood programs leads to improved program
quality
d. applying principles of development and learning of children is secondary in the use of the interactive
media
e. technology and media can be used to facilitate learning and establish better relationships with other
children and adults

The next question is based on the following passage.

Around 2.8 million Indian students sat university examinations from the end of August to September 13 as
the country approached the grim milestone of 5-million total COVID-19 cases. Despite pleas from civil society to
defer examinations, including by Swedish climate activist Greta Thunberg, a Supreme Court ruling on August 17
gave the government the green light to keep the original schedule for the engineer and medical colleges entrance
exams.
The JEE and the NEET, how university exams for those two careers are called, are India’s most competitive
— they sprawl industries of their own, with preparation courses generating millions of dollars annually. The court
bench headed by Justice Ashok Bhushan said that “the career of the students cannot be put on peril for long, and a
full academic year cannot be wasted.” The court will not hear any further petitions regarding postponing future
exam dates.
According to the Ministry of Education, 74 percent of the students registered to the first of the JEE took the
exam, while an above 80-percent attendance was observed for the NEET exam. Students are now gearing up for
the second stage of the JEE (the JEE Advanced), which will take place on September 27. Protests against the exam
date have dwindled since the Supreme Court decision.
Manve, Vishal Yashoda. (2020). Millions of Indian Students Sit University Entrance Exams After Government Disregards
Protests to Postpone Them. Accessed on July 18, 2020 from https://globalvoices.org/2020/09/15/millions-of-indian-
students-sit-university-entrance-exams-after-government-pushes-back-protests-to-postpone-them/.

8. What can be inferred from the passage?

a. Indian students were reluctant to join university preparation courses.
b. Indian students were forced to sit the JEE and the NEET exam.
c. The JEE and the NEET are annually held by the Supreme Court.
d. The Supreme Court considered the pleas from society.
e. The university entrance tests were finally rescheduled.

The next question is based on the following passage.

Around 2.8 million Indian students sat university examinations from the end of August to September 13 as
the country approached the grim milestone of 5-million total COVID-19 cases. Despite pleas from civil society to
defer examinations, including by Swedish climate activist Greta Thunberg, a Supreme Court ruling on August 17
gave the government the green light to keep the original schedule for the engineer and medical colleges entrance
exams.
The JEE and the NEET, how university exams for those two careers are called, are India’s most competitive
— they sprawl industries of their own, with preparation courses generating millions of dollars annually. The court
bench headed by Justice Ashok Bhushan said that “the career of the students cannot be put on peril for long, and a
full academic year cannot be wasted.” The court will not hear any further petitions regarding postponing future
exam dates.
 According to the Ministry of Education, 74 percent of the students registered to the first of the JEE took the
exam, while an above 80-percent attendance was observed for the NEET exam. Students are now gearing up for
the second stage of the JEE (the JEE Advanced), which will take place on September 27. Protests against the exam
date have dwindled since the Supreme Court decision.
Manve, Vishal Yashoda. (2020). Millions of Indian Students Sit University Entrance Exams After Government Disregards
Protests to Postpone Them. Accessed on July 18, 2020 from https://globalvoices.org/2020/09/15/millions-of-indian-
students-sit-university-entrance-exams-after-government-pushes-back-protests-to-postpone-them/.

9. Which statement is CORRECT based on the passage above?

a. The first stage of the JEE Advanced was held after September 27.
b. The exams may be postponed due to the protests against the exam date.
c. NEET is an entrance university test for both medical and engineering colleges.
d. Justice Ashok Bhushan wasn’t concerned about students’ academic and future careers.
e. Many Indians demanded rescheduling the exams because of the high rate of COVID-19 cases.

The following question is based on the passage below.

Around 2.8 million Indian students sat university examinations from the end of August to September 13 as
the country approached the grim milestone of 5-million total COVID-19 cases. Despite pleas from civil society to
defer examinations, including by Swedish climate activist Greta Thunberg, a Supreme Court ruling on August 17
gave the government the green light to keep the original schedule for the engineer and medical colleges entrance
exams.
The JEE and the NEET, how university exams for those two careers are called, are India’s most competitive
— they sprawl industries of their own, with preparation courses generating millions of dollars annually. The court
bench headed by Justice Ashok Bhushan said that “the career of the students cannot be put on peril for long, and a
full academic year cannot be wasted.” The court will not hear any further petitions regarding postponing future
exam dates.
According to the Ministry of Education, 74 percent of the students registered to the first of the JEE took the
exam, while an above 80-percent attendance was observed for the NEET exam. Students are now gearing up for
the second stage of the JEE (the JEE Advanced), which will take place on September 27. Protests against the exam
date have dwindled since the Supreme Court decision.
Manve, Vishal Yashoda. (2020). Millions of Indian Students Sit University Entrance Exams After Government Disregards
Protests to Postpone Them. Accessed on July 18, 2020 from https://globalvoices.org/2020/09/15/millions-of-indian-
students-sit-university-entrance-exams-after-government-pushes-back-protests-to-postpone-them/.

10. The author’s attitude towards the civils’ protest regarding the exam schedule is ….
a. Critical
b. Positive
c. Objective
d. subjective
e. informative