Prof. Dr.

Hafzullah Aksoy

Fluid Mechanics Week 07

Basic Equations of 1-D Flows

Numerical Examples

Conservation of mass
𝑐𝑚
Flow velocity at section (1) with diameter 𝐷1 = 20 mm in the circular pipe below is 𝑢1 = 40 .
𝑠

Calculate discharge and velocity ate sections 2 and 3 with diameters 𝐷2 = 15 mm and 𝐷3 = 10 mm.

Solution

𝑚
𝐷1 = 0,020 𝑚 and 𝑢1 = 0,40 𝑠

𝜋𝐷12
𝐀1 = ( ) = 𝟑, 𝟏𝟒𝟏𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝑚2
4
Discharge is constant.
𝑚 𝑚3
𝒅𝑸 = 𝒅𝑨𝟏 . 𝒖𝟏 = (𝟑, 𝟏𝟒𝟏𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝑚2 ) (0,40 ) = 𝟏, 𝟐𝟓𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎 −𝟒
𝑠 𝑠

Continuity equation:

𝑑𝑄 = 𝑑𝐴1 . 𝑢1 = 𝑑𝐴2 . 𝑢2 = 𝑑𝐴3 . 𝑢3

Velocity at sections (2) and (3):

𝑑𝑄 𝑑𝑄 𝟏, 𝟐𝟓𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝑚
𝐮𝟐 = = 𝜋 𝐷2 = 𝜋 𝟎,𝟎𝟏𝟓2
= 𝟎, 𝟕𝟏
dA2 ( 2 ) ( 4 ) 𝑠
4

𝑑𝑄 𝑑𝑄 𝟏, 𝟐𝟓𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝑚
𝐮𝟑 = = 𝜋 𝐷2 = 𝜋 𝟎,𝟎𝟏𝟎2
= 𝟏, 𝟔
dA3 ( 3 ) ( 4 ) 𝑠
4
 Prof. Dr. Hafzullah Aksoy

Conservation of energy
Question:
Consider a steady-state flow. Show energy of unit weight fluids of two points (1 and 2) on the
same streamline. Show how energy changes from point 1 to point 2.

dS
u12 ൬ ൰
Energy Line γ. dQ. dt
2g u22
2g

þ2
þ1 ρg
ρg U2

This pipe-like volume is indeed a

U1 streamline (that small)
z2
z1
Horizontal datum

Question:
In the circular pipe below with orientation given at the vertical plane below, there is a flow of fluid of 2,4655 N
𝑘𝑔
weight. The fluid arrives from point 1 to 2 in 2 seconds. Specific mass of the fluid is 𝜌 = 1000 𝑚3 , pressure at
𝑁
section (1) is 𝑝1 = 19620 𝑃𝑎 and at section (2) is 𝑝2 = 9810 𝑚2.
 Calculate the discharge of the pipe
 Calculate total energy of at both sections for unit weight of fluid.
 Calculate work done against friction (dS).

𝑢12 𝒅𝑺
=? ൬ ൰
2𝑔 Energy Line 𝑢22
𝜸. 𝒅𝑸. 𝒅𝒕
2𝑔
=?

þ2
þ1 =?
𝜌𝑔
=?
𝜌𝑔
u2
Stream tube
D1=15mm
D2=22mm
u1
z2=2 m
z1=1 m

Horizontal Datum
 Prof. Dr. Hafzullah Aksoy

Solution
(𝛒. 𝐠. 𝐝𝐐. 𝐝𝐭) = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 . 𝟗, 𝟖𝟏 . 𝒅𝑸 . 𝟐 = 𝟐, 𝟒𝟔𝟓𝟓 𝑵
−𝟒
𝑚3
𝑑𝑄 = 𝟏, 𝟐𝟓𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎
𝑠
From continuity equation;
𝐷1 = 0,015𝑚
𝒅𝑸 𝑑𝑄 𝟏, 𝟐𝟓𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝑚
𝐮𝟏 = = 𝜋𝐷2 = 𝜋 𝟎.𝟎𝟏𝟓2 = 𝟎, 𝟕𝟏𝟏
𝐝𝐀 𝟏 ( 1 ) ( 4 ) 𝑠
4

𝐷2 = 0,022𝑚
𝒅𝑸 𝑑𝑄 𝟏, 𝟐𝟓𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝑚
𝐮𝟐 = = 𝜋𝐷2 = 𝜋 𝟎,𝟎𝟐𝟐2 = 𝟎, 𝟑𝟑𝟏
𝐝𝐀 𝟐 ( 2 ) ( ) 𝑠
4 4

𝒖𝟐 þ
𝑯𝟏 = (𝟐𝒈𝟏 + 𝝆𝒈𝟏 + 𝒛𝟏 ) = 𝟑, 𝟐𝟓𝟖 𝒎 ; total energy of unit weight of fluid at section (1)
𝒖𝟐𝟐 þ𝟐
𝑯𝟐 = ( + + 𝒛𝟐 ) = 𝟑, 𝟎𝟎𝟔 𝒎 ; total energy of unit weight of fluid at section ( 2
𝟐𝒈 𝝆𝒈
𝑑𝑆
𝒉𝒌 = ( ) ;total energy loss at section (2) (energy transformed into heat)
𝛾.𝑑𝑄.𝑑𝑡

𝒖𝟐𝟏 þ𝟏 𝒖𝟐𝟐 þ𝟐 𝑑𝑆
( + + 𝒛𝟏 ) = ( + + 𝒛𝟐 ) + ൬ ൰
𝟐𝒈 𝝆𝒈 𝟐𝒈 𝝆𝒈 𝛾. 𝑑𝑄. 𝑑𝑡

Work done by shear stress (Energy converted into heat)

𝒅𝑺 = 𝟎, 𝟔𝟐𝟏 𝑁. 𝑚

Question: (Impuls-Momentum equation)

𝑚
At the horizontal pipe (with circular crosssection) below, velocity at section (1) is 𝐮𝟏 = 𝟎, 𝟑𝟑 and sprecific mass of
𝑠
𝑘𝑔
fluid is 𝜌 = 1000 . Calculate external force exerted on the fluid in the pipe due to contrction in the pipe.
𝑚3

u2

D1=22mm D2=15mm

u1 Stream tube

Solution
 Prof. Dr. Hafzullah Aksoy
𝑚
𝐷1 = 0,022𝑚 and 𝑢1 = 0,33 𝑠

𝜋𝐷12
dA1 = ( ) = 𝟑, 𝟖𝟎𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝑚2
4
−𝟒 2
𝑚 −𝟒
𝑚3
𝑑𝑄 = 𝑑𝐴1 . 𝑢1 = (𝟑, 𝟖𝟎𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎 𝑚 ) (0,33 ) = 𝟏, 𝟐𝟓𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎
𝑠 𝑠

Continuity equation:
dQ = dA1 . u1 = dA2 . u2
Velocity at section 2 on the stream tube

𝐷2 = 0,015𝑚
𝜋𝐷12
dA2 = ( ) = 𝟏, 𝟕𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝑚2
4

𝑑𝑄 𝑑𝑄 𝟏, 𝟐𝟓𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝑚
𝐮𝟐 = = 𝜋𝐷2 = 𝜋 𝟎,𝟎𝟏𝟓 2 = 𝟎, 𝟕𝟏
dA2 ( 2 ) ( 4 ) 𝑠
4