a) Haemorrhoidectomy (nodes are dissected, turned outwards, then removed

to the vascular pedicle and the veins that supply the node are tied.):
Bleeding: One common complication of a haemorrhoidectomy is
postoperative bleeding. This can occur during or after the surgery and may require
further medical intervention.
Pain and Discomfort: Patients often experience significant pain and
discomfort after the procedure. This can be due to the sensitive nature of the area
and the removal of haemorrhoids.

b) Colonoscopy (The colonoscope is inserted into the rectum through the

anus and then into all parts of the large intestine; Air is supplied through a channel
in the endoscope, and excess fluid is taken out through another channel):
Perforation: A rare but serious complication is the perforation of the colon.
This can happen when the colonoscope creates a hole in the wall of the colon,
requiring immediate surgical intervention.
Bleeding: In some cases, a colonoscopy may cause bleeding, either during
the procedure or afterward. This can happen if a polyp is removed, and the
bleeding may require additional treatment.

c) Blood Test:
Bruising at the Site: After a blood test, some patients may experience
bruising or hematoma at the site where the blood was drawn. This is a common but
generally minor complication.
Fainting or Dizziness: Some people may feel faint or dizzy during or after a
blood test, particularly if they are sensitive to the sight of blood or have a fear of
needles.

d) Lumbar Puncture (insertion of a needle into the subarachnoid space of the

spinal cord at the lumbar level. It is carried out to diagnose the composition of the
cerebrospinal fluid, as well as for therapeutic or anesthetic purposes):
 Headache: A common complication of a lumbar puncture is a post-dural
puncture headache. This occurs when there is a leakage of cerebrospinal fluid
through the puncture site, leading to headaches when the patient is upright.
Infection: Although rare, there is a risk of infection at the site of the lumbar
puncture. This risk can be minimized by using sterile techniques during the
procedure.

e) Chemotherapy:
Nausea and Vomiting: Chemotherapy often causes nausea and vomiting as a
side effect. This can be challenging for patients and may require additional
medications to manage.
Suppression of Bone Marrow: Chemotherapy can lead to a decrease in the
production of blood cells in the bone marrow, increasing the risk of infection,
anemia, and bleeding.

f) Pleural Aspiration (This procedure is done by inserting a small needle or

tube in the space between the lung and chest wall, known as the pleural space, to
remove fluid that has accumulated there):
Pneumothorax: One of the complications of pleural aspiration is the
development of a pneumothorax, where air leaks into the pleural space, leading to
lung collapse.
Infection: There is a risk of introducing bacteria into the pleural space during
the aspiration procedure, leading to infection.

g) ERCP (Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography) (Endoscopic

retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is a procedure that combines upper
gastrountestinsl endiscipy and x-rays to treat problems of the bile and pancreatic
ducts.):
 Pancreatitis: One of the more serious complications of ERCP is pancreatitis,
which is inflammation of the pancreas. This can occur in a small percentage of
cases.
Bleeding: ERCP can cause bleeding, particularly if a sphincterotomy
(cutting of the muscle at the end of the bile duct) is performed during the
procedure. This may require additional intervention to control.