Architecture and Nature creating the American landscape Christine Macy and Sarah Bonnemaison R feutecae.Exhibiting wilderness at the Columbian Exposition, 1893 Wie the slow-moving whess ofthe Cri sic engine were the center pee ofthe American Cantennal Exon tht wa el ia hadi a Tse he agrarian ae thatsuroanded the ane engine showed that eten afer he Civil War the United States was sil farming vce Mya Leo Mars hay sugested he Covi engine ropesened “tbe machine ithe fae oe find only seventeen yar ltrs reveal of his symbolism nthe {Worlds Claman Exposition i Chicago. How the naon changed in les than a generation! In foe ronan of he US Goverment Bag, i the iar of sm expo dicated ciation and progres, we fin! 2 at ‘lool tee: Now the "parden” was inthe “machine” ae Figure The ee mas he mow popula exh ofthe Ching fi I was coun, 2 whe suc for hw coul uch 9 large ee fe anspor tnd ep ale? Ind, vitor cowed soe 2 foun ameter eton of 2 {Janette (ome 360 fc al rom ont Grant Pak Calor’ Fala Count. The who had iver seh the ia tes of Calfoeia Were informe by the exhbion ctulog. that thi was the largest ston of edna eter moved the ih tk encore ar,» spe ti Ironght visor up the tee pnt srs of photograp showing how i had Fenielgd cen fet alove the ground nd earned exstand on fen raroad ncaa! The shige" of Calis faction 84 aymbol fe rep Inthe sal national Putorc of iperenth sentry expoion catalog ie tras done ssa fing nitiralcnbem of the power and bene FRpubic hat he ao grownup on American oi" In that reset the fact tinct was named in nor of Geer John Noble, Secretary of he Ito, tras nor itor ican, Throughout the 188, the American Forestry Rodation andthe Amer Asst forte Advance of Since ad teen arguing tha she vse tan of vig timber om bli ands should Dot fs into private wwncaip In 1891, Noble secured a amendment to the Grnenl Land aw Rerson Act which ranted te President autho eo reste fore rcres by peokmations a norng Noble, the ext ithe US CGovemment Bung remind the pele thatthe government ad acted ‘ray in preserving fost fr Fur eneratins nha ses, the bi tee” ‘hyrese the be since century opm for progres sro manage Item For tev wasn longa oer thre mee ul ae of ign Fores that were being ved fram vee omer hrogh goverment thoy“The ee was aoa testimonial othe grandeur of American wilder. A Jalie Brows up, "hin es perape te pelt exhibit aac suthe 1c, imposing, and without replication” Rherrcly, it ond in forthe wilder. AS wits clined te sie ofthe We, hey were able touch "he eel thing, sel he potent perfume of bark, snd be overaled by the Sher ste of this arboreal’ monster” Clay, the stomp didnot ae ‘rows fr intrinsic Beaty. Like re power reed ater ne Saentisy, inthe fat ha was. once three hundred ee all ih fet ‘Sroumference, and over two thousand year ol ‘As vntorsreacbed the top ofthe satease, they stepped out ont 3 ‘panoramic newing platform ner the rorind, In Keping withthe nin ‘cen century's love fr lofty vantage pois the plaform allowed the public Sh overview ofthe bung’ inerioe which extended ike» eros it the fue wing of the exibeine” On the plasform, vistors could turn thie odie tothe four compass pins and view the achievement of ciation im the new world. Brindly colored paintings om the second sory ofthe Surrounding rotunda depiced the transformation of astral uur nto manufactured produc. The catalog explained, “he respecte lading in tes of the north, south, eas and west are allpoially represented inthe ates, vz lumber and mining, coton and shipping, mauacture and a uwe”” Thus, the major American industries were comply surounding, this rei of nature. And why nature i the centr ofthe exponiion? At one Teel the redwood ee inthe US Government Bing syns reese ted the begining of government etfs to conserve narra resources snd achecturs om the ates and, wa meant to preset the sence of 3 ssi n't building types The eat ofthe Capo exposition, Raskin pub Ted "The Poy of Arciscar with the signa subi, "The Archi tcoue ofthe Nate of Europe Comite in it Asociation with Natal SGonery and National Characte"™ Joseph Ryker suggests that it his say Ruskin wc the Engh cota ad the Sis chalet the country house it Benin and inlay "as istancing national character a» expresing Fak hy turning to the compe of farmer so his search for "authentic mpresion of nana ute Raskin was following wie ah in'iteraury mas and painting of the nintonth cenary, in which the Pesan alte nly contact ith thew epcmized national vitbes and Navona deny inthis formulation, stemmed fom the very so 4 sto bul on i as tt co be found inthe eis that represented ther 2 nation's highest achievements. We Sad very much this hind of suing in edition by the plosoper Martin Heiegge about a pi ie by Van gh of pair of worn aut ses He ses pentane woman's ‘Hon cone grime and worn ot fom eo, he syebole or him the ‘Ssetalrelonsipberween he ently cements of so Mood and the Shul ofa people or a nation.” Inthe se manne, Ras erp the Sis cals athe architectural expression of he simple daily eo a family taking cae ofthe coms inthe geen Indscapes of the Swiss Alps, Likewise, the tglth paso costage mata pat of mare, Beso he peasant could Insmediney rr ths nitnal character informs he dered om nate that ate which Ruskin cominaowsly srasnized forthe way in which ‘eace evealedsrctre andthe strate the proces of making Inthe charged context of national” readings of simple cages, che shin of Hola and Roche can be seen a seperti the cena! Ame. al" character = one could speak of "Sit” char and a9 sainly one could do the same ofan “American” ra” cots the sabi. Why og eb we igh sk rather than a Cape Cod sal 1 South western abe? The adobe, unio, carn ih mostinconvenient Spanish sn nin vag, for the rsluey Eocene and Proweeamt myth mars of the siete century Untied Sates Caney. the saltbox hing on mild lumber, ton redolent of industlization. An acetal American acitetre ike the English omage of Resin had reveal surface through i stot. Frey mac of the as every the log. reveled the experince of ones bem the wilderness Ii Coury a temporary dwelling, but then thse are @ people on the pulling up rote and moving onward wit every expansion ofthe oni A Tonga the hunting and fama good, deca endares once te Imorc on th oo wl clap the os wl fl the round andro away, Sn he aechierae wil eur 0 nate "Not only does he log cabin carry ational characteris, tbo speaks of ong. hs we ave sen, the Hunter's Cabin was mean represent the Iemory ofthe frontier. was pedsted on an osiinary moment whee ‘were began to be traafonned ito canton. The log cabin ths had {orcary the sod from which ciation will grow, Ie isan archetype that ‘xpeescs the "Anercan™ charter ~ indus, courage, 30d sa ‘elanc.‘The mars for theca canbe obtained by one person (20 the ‘ory goeah i st deep in wilderness and seqies no spel echnology 0 ‘ect In that respec itis shown the onal American bug fee To explore how the log cabin might speak of origins, we carn ro the famous crating the primitive hut pbs by ANA? Lauper sx bi Fes of 1753 le Figure 18}. That age depicts 4 hut made af four wee trunks and a soot made of branches, ln the foreground, + female gue Istanding for arhtcture) calle he viewer wo sterpet hs ac ha 28 Allegory: Laugier beved that archtecture wa he a of miei of copying future Hl we that man "Teves the cave determined to compensate by hi industry forthe omisons and nolost of mare. Some branches rakes ‘ff nthe forest are mitral for this purpose. He chooses Tout of the Strongest and runs them ™ This expansion into "ew fon ties" found suppor bth in lage compan and in agaibusiness. Larie ‘Sommer firmer led by popu pare, demanded ne! mares fr thet brain, "By 1895, American trade exceeded hat of every country nthe work Eepr England’ Fam preity of eure capeclly sn the key tobacco, nt, sd wheat aess depended hea on fterational marks or thet frosperty, And inthe twenty years p10 1895, new investments by AMET En capiaa oversea reached» hilion dllars”™= Tribe following decades the new frontier would comin ix expansive west movement aerons the Pace Ocean and ito the Caribbean, with ‘Be help ofthe US Army, feshiy eleved of thle tsk of clearing the Amer ican frontier of ies native inhabitants. By the end of 1893, American marines had ivaded Havas by 1894, Nicaragua, In 1898 the US was engaged ina Allout war with Spin which by lw, kf Cbs, Paco Ric, Guam, nd the Philipines in American hands. Helped by the army, these “new fon tee” neat new consumer mashes an oped the gate 0 capital es rcs abroad governmental vena il ata os ods. ‘swe pert inm the Hunter Cabin thn, ample Rut, we find 4 Pandora's ox, wnleasing is gens and demons actss the spread ofthe be, The "toate experienc” cast ak 4s for an encounter berween lized” and “savage” beeen “man” and “bess” during ee) that shows the uly ae of American mythology. Even conservation, 2 sem inal ncaa term, caries wiht a oubleome hol legacy tha "lanorshke of, Rot to sop hee we would underewimate the power of Dope to rear, renee ad rework thse seemingly irmutale constr. one For although nature and ation, a+ Raymond Wilms as posted sare these rot in tra, inte mare father sy Bed Inthe chapersthae follow, we wl se bth eeworked. Aas rig rts thes” the “ration” wl rate new ways of representing ifm archi ture and landscape, representation tha elt the changing eas 3 com ‘ind shaping ation, Notes ini The Fl Prec, ts and Sl United Stes Cee lg Col Sa Bee 2 Ging ie floa ames pe 4 Tht Cal» Fart of hte fr he Wo Fa 4 he kar rm ei te ee Be i re ve ests et nape 5 A Bas ge ya te os oni 6 Tora rmasabe apis of te rlonsip tte fanoramas at Word ‘Spent Ere pee oe tl sng cnt Cnr os, 4 Tage ied To, rm ew of sms a epee fa dn pone ‘sSapeo es aen p tye ar tn eu aes Fr sn Rovlag eck ft tmey S {tof roar an My nea oh cea ‘tn Nw oy Dp > Roig Pe ee Te 18 [perme ot fe en cay mie NERC Sine Pcl Eames ye or nt ef1 eoetng tenes a apt, ew os el 1, nae Pelee ge he pe ay Pere yer peg tat Sects ape teria bio ain o er a eer ee Seen iets ee See a Amman Cy Se ance trond Zant hops Hs the Und Ste 192-Pr New Reeeeeeiasn See Seehof Se ee Se EE. a ey te Phe Se ny een Saag ites Sy cee ee cc Tienes ewe ieee ie a me i ere Sao ach aa rime pont recone sierra cas wis ence Sone ig Ceo Soe Sache det nN a Nad orp ana tpi of giao the fi te Res egress of mae Ss ml ae ge Se Ct te Ree ee pee ean eect Se Se er a i Sore or ere rat een sen Ce foe rene Nhe" a ee eee pomp peer cco is ey nl Wi Cy Sooners: dame ie Se (8 1 erg neat na ai pi wn cls a “iy Rai Rie Ame nl Aes Ameen ets pean st Scheie iat eh a Me ts ned creer qhrermrae ts Sane at Cnn ann en ie “Mway. This im spite of the suppart ofthe mose powerful women's clubs in oe, SEE, aw Ohne pt Fm Lande Depo, 193; at in ea nt i a es "a ai lw i 190 pln exh rn fe Con Gt sa Sup ‘Organization of the World's Columbian Exposvion,” a lecture given at che GEIR Css acts sn abel ed Ae od ROA tt tlt men Ci, Cai MA Sine eae Pe dep Dprment Shea eter a hp of he Dao Ws Spent of {inka aac el ep te cs Ti Read ian ot Se See Ge hn Peter Be Hales, Silver Citas The Photography of American Urbanization, "Sf, fp te ay ty ate We a Sti gn i jure ose reat pri. Ter aad ‘RR gran sStinA Mep 9.276. ‘ce desis tae tance pane Sen concert See ef et thet Gan Can ‘ifRae 'sy has asesCm re th ary. ghee eh Kao ene, The Hand “American Game Park, The ‘Forest and Stan's! Thied Anoual Report oa Came ean mp4 1 erate tens 40 Mary Hl tema the poet ofthe Fein wa del 0 the ec of Natal Psa bese kas he Navona a ay. See Tey Whe Kouinan Nata Parks nde amen’ Voce Mistry Al 41 BLE Black ik Stef the if yo ly ma of be Olle ‘Soya hl Jo Ge Netra (amig Rainbow's eon by Ve Daher Licata Unncty of Nata Pre 988 42 Mbt Conse Fe Columban Gallo 45 The same logic of lation and puriicain is pacer in the establish tno af wire ae toying counes,Goverames sn "ruc tom J ht heat ey seme sels hing ene ‘mone sede al cae wl ends 46 Huh War Ave You an Even Do You Work for 3 Living? ‘ona, Uncnoon Grunt 18 47 Lise fom Theaore Rose DIM Buran ate June 193. Dai nan rly WE, Rl eae 4h sd 48 ‘Molr nae by Ronse mre saree” of the Hemera ‘hpi nna oe Chaaps Espotan. 49 Rison fh Hor Camp eit ca be foe in he is pbison ite Boone tad rvkctr Chav wtih appre te oar of te Caps Fos Se There Rome md Ge ed Gea fe Amer lame Hartge Book of the Boman Crack Clay btu Band Dl 9939 3 Ramee fund the cb ti ne it New Yer cnn 87 50 Ein A Renwick, Reston, enpubed ype, 1932, p71 ‘tonto Rott Brags, Ri’ 200 pp mans hae “hen oma res whe Fon A Rani he Hoy of te Declopmet of aking Contato Chace (90) a Copy saat 51 Lene om Thsodore Roo to Evo Hofer, 15 March 1892, 5 Deco [ecinotsind 17 Novi 198 Manus, Assn no. 92-6, Yebow ‘oe Nana fark hin 52 Olay of Edvard Remy, no ator, np IMP Bra and Ryeron Ty Pampiee 1387, Aver ea, James WE foaming memo he eld Msc ad mich tnd omnes ecb ‘far he ered ae the a nd ad moe oh our sate: Se {Seer rr Wi, Basnan(Orice ofthe DsorCencral he Weds {Colman Export Iames W: Eon 10 Novrker 193, Bow 2 Flv Tt and tyme. Fewer Clon, Icom Carerpasne 48) Thome Romer Wires Hane, New Yor: Gi. Patan Sans 1883 54 The hry nose an ue gover of Fey hay Cord Pct, paler 8 Fede Reningon Ler jon the ay and te animal senor Evan eye no appte by mer dest 1907 “The Bone a race la Foret amd Sra (23 Jnaay 197), 9 6 ie imereing to otto she ori Boone sed Crochet eld ver ier ot atts the oni ad partly othe Apert Ine, Boone ‘rit tnscios Inn fier Rentk, he Croke aad hme bean to ke led th Boose’ n'a mymang proce about Indaba he enti See Rar lin fie Nation the Myo the Prom Tae Conary er, Nee Yok Nha, Neve Hae Yale Uneniy Pre 1967 6, Bone wasnt» ery Hisar” om wih hs te ten, wan at re 173 ys flo Kena Join Fon, Ck ene prt “stoners nu theca Unie Stee) Len No Pee of Graces stimaderan onthe Tamora of Amer Cae 10-1830, Cc Unry of Cap Pes 98. Shai, Guighor Naton 9. Josep Roe Or Aa’ Hoe Parade the Ke of tbe Pinte Hat tn rele sory, 2 ed, Combe, AAs MIT rs, 198 tinsel Hattwe, Te lent of Dado, Cambie Cambie Univers Pres 1983 and Beet Saderon, Imad Comat ele: ‘hom the Orn Spren of Natoln, Loon Vero, 183 Moyer Schoo masa nel ht tess mee Van os own shat, ‘om dhs many he sng mies of Hum, Heeger adn ‘Ruin and deinen Van Gop sh tg te oral ret of ono” cure Se Scape“ Tie Sil Lie av soa ‘hae Nowe on Heide al Van Cop Mare Sele) The Rew a th Mind, ag os Mawryof Kt Colt Ne York Sige amt raed eo Engh der he tale Me Pots? aM ‘pi Ueto Moet Pres 987 er, Adaws Howse 36 Ret, Adams Hoe, p49. Two er ire Laer pulse is Has Jevmlncgu, Rowena tal the Wer of the “rata man tae cyan yl he pct aes 70h God tarde ence fll es tad River, Ars Homey. 23. “Tove bin on Wale od aniher Ameri exampl of Routaitcy “Tega eof “Clambia” pred oe he Cor of Hana. ie, se ‘ree te yang os dst ren Pn’ Po Ans, ‘ich pcs ovr the Atenas cyst Sle Gann Nano. 3 Seeger li Te Pig of te Gat We te ab of Gr heooreRoncesompr by 195 lode Pom Lease We New ‘Yoru GP, Pass Son 888, The Won of he Ws New Yoke Gi ru’ Sons 184 The Widen ane New York GP. Pas ic and Hing the Gly ond Ot Skeche, New Yer The eviews Company 1887 Thanos was onal prs he Had Ca ‘Gh A 99 Publ che ta of he Ba Ser Magne 12,003 Seen fe 890, p20, troy repeat a le flo Dap” Rose and nner Bane Hag p15 From a aa cormemocting thee anaversy ote cab, Fore ond ‘Sreum hc 4(21Jamary 17. The comple cotati of te Boone fn Cronk Ca plied n Rane and Gl, American Bi Game Clty nk anh i dy hn Wa “scons wo ery, the seal klo fet Kine‘aed's Nate Aran man- Hat "Four Seon” now the Pe Muse in Cheap) te mack whic, fri scene tua and trenbaing ey cased onerty sv gmt eile for en Ticedmaton. Fr more an the ness hwo i gue ing conse {von taco sol he comurtin of Knowedge swt the nl ‘fv sc Donon Hara cur eay "Ted Bear Pach the [Gde ‘of Benin her major work om prinatly, Prat sts, (Gand, Racsond Nate the World of Maser Ser, London Roa ‘ie, 108 Tie be doesn *athing Wid Ania” ort am Sram 38, e823 Fane 199), ‘Te smidsonan Inti aced 2 sing he fo thee reste, fo Wd tom he amino fhe Pak i nei hn Bos hs apd ky te“ der codons mye thon fe ate homes posi ih “onda ro fo tte so much rom a ode ow he or” This ents on sarap agin rv he nace of he ab ‘cyte 180 nas nots cl bs nea scot th Fatal em png or ges free psec “New Yor Zoo Se et nd Sn hn. 1327 March 1897), ‘nls be oven byte Some a ew dys tr Hove, bach the jsaton and he petal momen ete the an war oly = tor oi lore eros we perma ehshd Sint P. Hays Comers aud 0 Gupel of Fie, the Prose Coma vse, 19901920, Camber, MA" Hard Uae (7 1 betaine St. Sthe a rhe Wor ae Rosle nd Gena es [iGo His he Bok of the one nd Creche Ci epi Ne ‘ons Fort end Sere Painting Ca 190, pp. Ten monument thinal spares atthe exponton cn be dcfanedy sued to Rene “haz ae the fr na the Bd nt of hee eae he “Manaus Bag vw tang dng rong nd wag tury beso the met ede sot ro busy tae ea end the ischlony Bug sod te sg poe sot a the Goro How ‘Aare nage made a af eo aed wih sy ral ar ina Wicker Ramey A. Pinter Pv see the as on he es trom Horst apd scot he Wed ln can esl th 188. Michel Richa, “aad Keres Ameria Fie Animale” Fe At 17 Hamln Gavan, “Eaed Kemeye = Suporte LAC an Wit eas” Mere Mage 02h 19S) 9.20. 88 Enero Howth, “Edward Kerns — Amer Fst Serr of Wit nia” Holand Sam 9 he 104), 9. Swstujus ani ThrWor The Grape 119 May 1890.88 30. Gals “Reneye= Sun. 26 31 rest Mote, “Edd Kemey Scot” Realy Minor 7.30 May 92 FEA kon tay pr 9%, Baa and Ror 193 Akers an Remeys coped tebe ine of caer, completing se fr ons ain he eran the Chea are and 22 rae ‘ote pea finde snd Fh exes or Hal a Recs Mange Buin, coord by srmentrr th tem be he mont ‘taser bios in Cag A ter ail clr ne eB, emesis to experience compton tonal spec Hi joe Collage inter Poor comple greupny of pth fr Bok inn rope ar and ges or Price User 535 ent Gray. Pom he Pee th re, Foe and Seam, 190, 9.1 36 Gayo ie hem the Per 97 The Boome an iach Clah” Foret and Sen (28 Janey 1897), 95 its wider the Ameri Man sare “Tepes worthy ofthe seen who shot al ss a in ‘ederim do no om whaver to pn Te en sjaoabe of {Besske othe record of ssh who lens der nd ducks pa ‘tikes wo oe sere has sl tem. The peo! mae arse ‘ho kl ue for eo for he ethers, for he met sel aes {nde wpa the mum wh at peacoat8 1 Sette tene te ch pope who ate net wo by wha they hae note sl by thee ether =the arth en who ee wel ca fe ‘Thre Rook, eres Ress repel Pl Scale (ed Old Volante Dar Road, COs Avon hem 19°, pp. Hew, “Areca Wil Animalia A” p213. Harnvay, Bits Vito pe ‘Teenbwe Ronee “The buts of Anricn Crisein” The Woks of ‘Then Rot, va 1, New Yak Te Reon Company, 1105p 28 Davo Shy ie Smpi if Pan Lag and Hah Thing Aer Chr Oxo Ostod Umer Pe 1965, 206 Many men of te Visi ea expe ee ete oder that mol Se usa ‘ols The ener af Dane! raha wh mv iin towel oe ‘somal compan the ne emphasis om acy hae neces. Stl oa vale paced om seme aed ple Hea. The work {Jack London exemplar ths Fp a Hemingway nthe ey Si Te ipl fe p19. ‘Amboy Romndn Leaning abou maths gener eas athe mide Alstyne, nL angina James Wal (el Monae nd Moray? Ab’ Ct Mate Ban amd (Goer i Ror, “Learn abo manta p40 Soin Cats Nate Haye Conard hs Gone. 267 On Rmercan enn a te ry fas se Thanss C: Dy, Their Recs and te He of Race ton Rowe: Luin Sate Wen Bes, oon Haine Tip Net York Ga Pans Sop 6-17 ‘sm cxamle he doin of rum of fli lcm in he US Goverment Bang cones tha sma an Nat Inn se ud by the sane neve peratenan "Te hace of he Anta pie ha bee ai erate ror the ptf aati The sca Ive of hs come ate a fang sy ads ay perce he son fh ovo Clan ally. 18 9-138, Bona K. key, Eup and the Papas, Nally TN: Vander ‘hon an easement se Hare, Ponte Von 937 {Emer rom Thowe Rens the Amaia ope Chars Davexpat 195, in ken, ago and he Props 168 Paes Ege 13. Pate, Emer 3 ars, Pat Vos p57. aug "Camping an Taping with Ronee Sloe Canter Nato po. rea 1 Frei Tare Reding dor aca TS {EE Howard Zin A ps try ofthe Une Ste, H92-Pre, New Nor Her Re. 1998. p 38