MODULE 5

Case studies of Embedded system Design (Hardware and Software

Architecture)- Automated Chocolate Vending Machine, Digital camera,
Embedded system for Adaptive Cruise control system in a Car

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 Case Study Automatic Chocolate Vending machine

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 Case Study Automatic Chocolate Vending machine

• a Coin insertion slot and Keypad (on the top of the machine) to insert the
coin according to the possible denomination like 2, 5 rupees.
• after the coin is inserted, the system directs each coin to the
particular port like port 2 and port 5 (coin sorter).
• LCD unit on the top of the machine to display menus, text
entered into the ACVM and pictograms, welcome, thank and
other messages.
Graphic interactions are also available on this machine.
• The display the current time and date.
• The delivery slot to collect the chocolate and coins (if refunded).
• The internet connection port is provided so that the owner can
know the status of the ACVM sales from a remote location.
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 ACVM Hardware Requirements
• Microcontroller or ASIP (Application Specific Instruction Set Processor).
• RAM is used for storing temporary variables and the stack, and a ROM for
• application codes, and the RTOS codes for scheduling the tasks.
• flash memory for storing user preferences, contact data, user address, a user
date of birth, user identification code and answers to frequently asked
questions (FAQs).
• Timer and Interrupt controller are also needed to control the process of
ACVM.
• TCP/IP port (Internet broadband connection) for remote control and for
providing the system status reports to the owner.

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Software requirements
An interrupt is
generated at each port
after the coin is
received in the coin slot.

Each port interrupt

starts an Interrupt
Service Routine (ISR)

A notification is
generated for each
selection in the menu.

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software requirements
ISR-Ad- to display advertisement on
display
Task display- to run messages for mail
box
Task Refund- refund the money when
amount is short Send display message
to mail box

OS SemPost OSSemPend- for

synchronization of Task port read wait
for execution and till necessary
amount is collected by SemAmount

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ACVM software requirement
• Read input from keypad
• display text/graphics, control coins reader
• control delivery port (to deliver the chocolate).
• TCP/IP communication for remote control
• RTOS to run the ACVM software.

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ACVM Processes
• Task_Collect through Port_Collect- At first, the user inserts the coins for the
cost of chocolate and the machine delivers the chocolate in the delivery slot.
• Task_Refund through Port_Refund- If the coins are not inserted as per the
cost of chocolate within a reasonable amount of time, then all coins are
refunded
• Task_ExcessRefund through Port_ExcessRefund- If the inserted coins amount
is more than the cost of chocolate, the excess amount is refunded along with
chocolate
• Task_Collect- The coins for the chocolates purchased collect inside the
machine in a collector channel so that owner can get the money, again
through appropriate commands using the GUI (Task_Display).
• USB wireless modem enables communication through Internet to the ACVM
system owner.
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Requirements of ACVM- Hardware and software requirements
Requirements Description

Inputs Coins and User Commands

Signals Events and A mechanical system directs coin to appropriate port
Notification Each port generates interrupt after receiving coin and posts IPC signals for waiting task
Each selected Menu send notification to system

Design Metrics • Power dissipation

• Performance- time required to deliver the chocolate
• Process Deadline- waiting time for process (30sec)
• User Interface- LCD display, user interface commands through Keyboard
• Engineering Cost-
• Manufacturing Cost
Test and Validation to check whether all user commands function correctly and all the graphic displays and
menus appear as per the program. Then each task should be tested with test inputs, and
it should be tested for 60 users per hour
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Multiple tasks and their synchronization model

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Multiple tasks and their synchronization model
• Task start Read port- starts
action only when
SemFlag1 is posted
• Stimeout semaphore is
released by timer after
every 30sec
• Task_collect releases
SemFlag2 for Task Deliver
to provide chocolate and
to refund excess amount
for Task_Excess Refund
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Multiple tasks and their synchronization model

Task Refund waits

SemFlag3 and sends
Message MboxStr3 for
Task Display

Task Excess Refund waits

for SemFlaf2 and sends
message MboxStr4

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Scalability ?

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scalability
It should also be possible to reprogram and relocate the codes
in the system ROM or flash ROM whenever the following
happens
1. The price of chocolate increases.
2. The messages lines or menus need to be changed.
3. Machine features change.

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Case study Digital Camera

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CCD
• A CCD camera is a solid state electrical device that is
capable of converting light input into electronic signal.
• A CCD sensor breaks the image elements into pixels.
• Each pixel is converted into an electrical charge whose
intensity is related to the intensity of light captured by
that pixel.

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