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BL - En.u4ece22033 - M Bhanu Charan
BL - En.u4ece22033 - M Bhanu Charan
BL - En.u4ece22033 - M Bhanu Charan
Submitted by
NOVEMBER-2023
a) Create a row vector x with elements 1, 2, 9, -2, 4, 3, -6, and a column vector y with the same
sequence of elements.
d) Find x.*x.
close all
x'
ans = 7×1
1
2
9
-2
4
3
-6
y'
ans = 1×7
1 2 9 -2 4 3 -6
Create two 3×3 matrices A and B with elements (1 4 1; 2 3 4; -1 6 7) and (7 4 2;3 5 6; -1 2 1) and
a) A + B
b) A.*B
c) A*B
d) A(:, 3)
e) B(1:2, : )
f) AT + 2BT
A=[1,4,1;2,3,4;-1,6,7];
B=[7,4,2;3,5,6;-1,2,1];
%2.a)
a=A+B
a = 3×3
8 8 3
5 8 10
-2 8 8
%2.b)
b=A.*B
b = 3×3
7 16 2
6 15 24
1 12 7
%2.c)
c=A*B
c = 3×3
18 26 27
19 31 26
4 40 41
%2.d)
d=A(:, 3)
d = 3×1
1
4
7
%2.e)
e=B(1:2, : )
e = 2×3
7 4 2
3 5 6
%2.f)
f=transpose(A)+2*transpose(B)
f = 3×3
15 8 -3
12 13 10
5 16 9
QUESTION 3
Explore the in-built functions sqrt, sin, cos, exp, log10, log, in MATLAB and use them:
clc
close all
p= 5.0821
q= 7
disp("r= "+(sin(pi/6)*sin(pi/6))+(cos(pi/6)*cos(pi/6)));
r= 0.250060.74994
disp("s= "+(1+5*sqrt(-1))/(1-5*sqrt(-1)));
s= -0.92308+0.38462i
disp("w= "+(exp(1).^sqrt(-1)*pi/4));
w= 0.42441+0.66098i
disp("u= "+(exp(1).^pi/2*sqrt(-1)));
u= 0+11.5751i
QUESTION 4
a) Plot the signals x1 and x2 versus t in two figure windows. (Hint: Use commands plot, xlabel,
ylabel)
b) Plot the signals x1 and x2 versus t in the same figure window. (Hint: Use commands subplot,
plot)
clc
close all
t=0:0.001:2;
x1=sin(2*pi*10*t);
x2=cos(2*pi*20*t);
figure(1);
plot(t,x1);
xlabel('Time(t)');
ylabel('Signal x1');
figure(2);
plot(t,x2);
xlabel('Time (t)');
ylabel('x2');
QUESTION 5
Explore the working following built-in functions in MATLAB (submit code showing how each of the
clc
close all
x=10.23;
disp("abs:"+ abs(x));
abs:10.23
disp("cos:"+ cos(x));
cos:-0.69295
disp("sin:"+ sin(x));
sin:-0.72098
disp("tan:"+ tan(x));
tan:1.0405
disp("ceil:"+ceil(x));
ceil:11
disp("fix:"+ fix(x));
fix:10
disp("floor:"+floor(x));
floor:10
disp("roumd:"+round(x));
roumd:10
disp("char:"+char(x));
char:
disp("eye:"+eye(10));
Columns 1 through 3
Columns 4 through 6
Columns 7 through 9
Column 10
"eye:0"
"eye:0"
"eye:0"
"eye:0"
"eye:0"
"eye:0"
"eye:0"
"eye:0"
"eye:0"
"eye:1"
disp("ones:"+ones(5));
Columns 1 through 3
Columns 4 through 5
"ones:1" "ones:1"
"ones:1" "ones:1"
"ones:1" "ones:1"
"ones:1" "ones:1"
"ones:1" "ones:1"
disp("zeros:"+zeros(2,2));
"zeros:0" "zeros:0"
"zeros:0" "zeros:0"
disp("real:"+real(x));
real:10.23
disp("mag:"+imag(x));
mag:0
B. Generation of Sequences - I
b. A discrete-time sinusoidal signal with a fundamental period N=10, for -20 ≤ n ≤ 20.
d. A triangular waveform with a time-period of 0.5 sec for -2 ≤ t ≤ 2, with peak value occurring at
p = 0.8.
%(a)
t=0:0.001:4;
xt=2*sin(2*pi*t+0);
plot(t,xt);
xlabel('t');
ylabel('2sin(2πt+φ)');
title('continuous-time sinusoidal for φ=0 ');
grid on;
xt2=2*sin(2*pi*t+pi);
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(t,xt2);
xlabel('t');
ylabel('2sin(2πt+φ)');
title('continuous-time sinusoidal for φ=π');
grid on;
%(b)
N=10;
n=-20:20;
xn=sin(2*pi*n/N);
figure;
stem(n,xn);
title('Discrete time sinusodial signal')
xlabel('n');
ylabel('xn');
grid on ;
%(c)
t=-2:0.01:2;
rect_pulse= rectpuls(t,2);
figure;
plot(t,rect_pulse)
title('Rectangular pulse');
xlabel('t');
ylabel('Rect_pulse');
%(D)
T=0.5
T = 0.5000
P=0.8
P = 0.8000
t = -2:0.1:2;
tri_pulse=P* sawtooth(2*pi/T * t,0.8);
figure;
plot(t,tri_pulse);
title('Triangular pulse');
xlabel('t');
grid on;
ylabel('Tri_pulse');
%(E)
t=0:0.001:5;
e=2.71828;
x=e.^(-t);
figure(1);
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(t,x);
xlabel('t');
ylabel('x');
title('Continuous-time exponential waveform');
n=0:25;
a=0.8;
y=a.^n;
subplot(2,1,2);
stem(n,y);
xlabel('n');
ylabel('y');
title('Discrete time exponential waveform');
grid on;
C. Generation of Sequences - I
Generate impulse, step, and ramp signals (continuous time & discrete time) using:
a. Logical operations
b. Function files.
%(a)
%continuous impusule signal
t = -1:0.001:1;
delta_t = (t == 0);
figure;
subplot(3,1,1)
plot(t, delta_t, 'LineWidth', 2);
title('Impulse Signal');
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('\delta(t)');
grid on;
%continuous unit step signal
u_t = heaviside(t);
subplot(3,1,2);
plot(t, u_t);
title('Unit Step Signal');
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('u(t)');
%continuous ramp signal
r_t = t .* (t >= 0);
subplot(3,1,3);
plot(t, r_t);
title('Ramp Signal');
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('r(t)');
n = -10:10;
delta_n = (n == 0);
%DIsctrete impusle signal
figure;
subplot(3,1,1);
stem(n, delta_n);
title('Unit Impulse Signal');
xlabel('n');
ylabel('\delta[n]');
grid on;
%discrete Unit step signal
u_n = heaviside(n);
n = -10:10;
u_n = zeros(size(n));
u_n(n >= 0) = 1;
subplot(3,1,2)
stem(n, u_n, 'LineWidth', 2);
title('Unit Step Signal');
xlabel('n');
ylabel('u[n]');
grid on;
%Discrete ramp signal
r_n = n .* (n >= 0);
subplot(3,1,3);
stem(n, r_n);
title('Ramp Signal');
xlabel('n');
ylabel('r[n]');
%(b)
t_cont = -5:0.01:5;
n_discrete = -5:5;
impulse_cont = signals(t_cont,'impulse');
step_cont = signals(t_cont, 'step');
ramp_cont = signals(t_cont, 'ramp');
impulse_discrete = signals(n_discrete, 'impulse');
step_discrete = signals(n_discrete, 'step');
ramp_discrete = signals(n_discrete, 'ramp');
figure;
subplot(3,2,1); plot(t_cont, impulse_cont); title('Continuous Time Impulse Signal');
subplot(3,2,2); plot(t_cont, step_cont); title('Continuous Time Step Signal');
subplot(3,2,3); plot(t_cont, ramp_cont); title('Continuous Time Ramp Signal');
subplot(3,2,4); stem(n_discrete, impulse_discrete); title('Discrete Time Impulse Signal');
subplot(3,2,5); stem(n_discrete, step_discrete); title('Discrete Time Step Signal');
subplot(3,2,6); stem(n_discrete, ramp_discrete); title('Discrete Time Ramp Signal');
D. Basic operations on signals
Question 1
1. Generate a signal x(t) = 3sin(10πt)e-5t for 0 ≤ t ≤ 2, and perform the following operations:
%(A)
t=0:0.001:2;
pi=3.142;
e=2.71828;
T=t;
xt=3*sin(10*pi*T)*e.*(-5*T);
figure;
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(T,xt);
title('X(t)');
xlabel('t');
ylabel('x(t)');
grid on;
T=-t;
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(T,xt);
title('y1(t) = x(–t)');
xlabel('t');
ylabel('y1(t)');
grid on;
T=t+3;
figure;
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(T,xt);
title('y2(t) = x(t–3)');
xlabel('t');
ylabel('y2(t)');
T=t-2;
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(T,xt);
title('y3(t) = x(t+2)');
xlabel('t');
ylabel('y3(t)');
T=t*2;
figure;
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(T,xt);
title('y4(t) = x(t/2)');
xlabel('t');
ylabel('y4(t)');
T=t/2;
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(T,xt);
title('y5(t) = x(2t)');
xlabel('t');
ylabel('y5(t)');
QUESTION 2
Verify whether the following signals are even, odd or neither even nor odd, by decomposing the signals into
their even and odd components. For each signal, generate a figure window and plot the signal, it’s even and odd
%(a)
t=linspace(-10,10,1000);
x1t=5*cos((pi/8)*t);
figure(1);
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t,x1t);
xlabel('t');
ylabel('X1(t)');
xe=0.5*(x1t+fliplr(x1t));
subplot(3,1,2) ;
plot(t,xe);
xlabel('t');
ylabel('Xe');
title('Even components');
xo=0.5*(x1t-fliplr(x1t));
subplot(3,1,3);
plot(t,xo);
xlabel('t');
ylabel('Xo');
title('Odd components');
sgtitle('x1(t) = 5cos[(π/8)t]');
%(B)
t=linspace(-10,10,1000);
x2t=4*sin((pi/6)*t);
figure(1);
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t,x2t);
xlabel('t');
ylabel('X2(t)');
xe=0.5*(x2t+fliplr(x2t));
subplot(3,1,2) ;
plot(t,xe);
xlabel('t');
ylabel('Xe');
title('Even components');
xo=0.5*(x2t-fliplr(x2t));
subplot(3,1,3);
plot(t,xo);
xlabel('t');
ylabel('Xo');
title('Odd components');
sgtitle('x2(t) = 4sin[(π/6)t]');
%(C)
e=2.71828;
t=0:0001:2;
x3t=e.*(-2*t);
figure;
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t,x3t);
xlabel('t');
ylabel('X3(t)');
xe=0.5*(x3t+fliplr(x3t));
subplot(3,1,2) ;
plot(t,xe);
xlabel('t');
ylabel('Xe');
title('Even components');
xo=0.5*(x3t-fliplr(x3t));
subplot(3,1,3);
plot(t,xo);
xlabel('t');
ylabel('Xo');
title('Odd components');
sgtitle('x3(t) = e^(-2t)');
E. Convolution
QUESTION 1
Find the output of an LTI system characterized by impulse response h[n] = [1, 2, -1, 2, 3, -4,],
when the input signal is x[n] = [1, 0.5, -1, 3, -6, 4, 3, 5]. Numbers in bold are signal values at the
time origin n = 0. Use subplot to plot the input signal x[n], impulse response h[n], and output
signal y[n].
xn=-3:4;
x=[1, 0.5, -1, 3, -6, 4, 3, 5];
hn=-2:3;
h=[1, 2, -1, 2, 3, -4,];
figure(1);
subplot(3,1,1);
stem(xn,x,'b');
xlabel('n');
ylabel('x');
title('Input Signal-X(n)');
grid on;
subplot(3,1,2);
stem(hn,h,'r');
xlabel('n');
ylabel('h');
title('Impulse Signal-h(n)');
grid on;
yn = hn(1) + xn(1):hn(end) + xn(end);
y=conv(x,h);
subplot(3,1,3);
stem(yn,y,'g');
xlabel('n');
ylabel('y');
title('Output Signal-Y(n)');
grid on;
sgtitle('Convolution of signals')
QUESTION 2
Find y(t) = x(t) * h(t) with x(t) = u(t) – u(t-4) and h(t) = u(t+2) – u(t-2),
t = -10:10. Use subplot to plot the input signal, impulse response of the system, and output signal.
t=-10:0.1:10;
x =(t>= 0)-((t-4)>=0);
h=(t>=-2)-(t>=2);
figure(1);
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t,x,'b');
xlabel('t');
ylabel('x');
title('Input Signal-X(t)');
grid on;
subplot(3,1,2);
plot(t,h,'r');
xlabel('t');
ylabel('h');
title('Impulse Signal-h(t)');
grid on;
y=conv(x,h,'same');
subplot(3,1,3);
plot(t,y,'g');
xlabel('t');
ylabel('y');
title('Output Signal-Y(t)');
grid on;
sgtitle('Convolution of signals')
QUESTION 3
Find y(t) = x(t) * h(t) where x(t) and h(t) are as shown below. Use subplot to plot input
signal x(t), impulse response of the system h(t) and output signal.
t=-0.5:0.01:0.5;
x=abs(t)<=0.5;
figure(1);
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t,x,'b');
xlabel('t');
ylabel('x');
title('Input Signal-X(t)');
grid on;
t1=-1:0.01:1;
h=1-abs(t1);
subplot(3,1,2);
plot(t1,h,'r');
xlabel('t');
ylabel('h');
title('Impulse Signal-h(t)');
grid on;
y=conv(x,h,'same');
subplot(3,1,3);
plot(t,y,'g');
xlabel('t');
ylabel('y');
title('Output Signal-Y(t)');
grid on;