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TNTET-PAPER-I-II
PSYCHOLOGY

Mrphpah; jFjpj;Njh;Tf;fhd gapw;rp ifNaLfs; kw;Wk; khjphp tpdhf;fs;

rYif tpiyapy; fpilf;Fk; …
gapw;rp ifNaLfs; topfhf gy;yhapuf;fhdf;fhd Mrphpah;fis cUthf;fpa
epWtdk;

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1. fy;tp cstpaypd; jd;ikAk; tuk;Gk;

cstpay; vd;Dk; nrhy; fpNuf;fnkhopr; nrhw;fshd ‘i]f;fp’ capiuFwpf;Fk;

nrhy;iyAk;> ‘Nyhfy;’ mwptpaiy Fwpf;Fk; nrhy;.

cstpay; vd;gJ ‘Md;kh> kdk;‛ Nghd;wtw;iw MuhAk; ,ayhf fUjg;gl;lJ.

,f;fUj;J iftplg;gl;L eilKiwapy; elj;ijia gw;wp Kiwahf MuhAk;
JiwNa
‚cstpay;‛ vd;whapw;W.

elj;ij vd;gJ ehk; fz;$lhf ghHf;Fk; Gwr;nraiyAk;> rpe;jidahy; tpisAk;

mfr;nraiyAk; cs;slf;fpaJ.

cstpay; ,yf;Ffshf miktJ :-

o kdpj elj;ijia tpthpj;jy;
o tpsf;Fjy;
o Kd;$l;bNa fzpj;jy;
o fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy; (m) khw;wpaikj;jy;

epfo;Tfis gyKiw fz;Zw;w gpwF ,d;dJjhd; epfog;NghfpwJ vd;gij

Kd;$l;bNa $wKbAk;.

‚jj;Jt ,aypd;‛ XH cl;gphpT cstpay;.

‚kdk;‛ 3 epiyfspy; ,aq;FfpwJ.

o rpe;jpj;jy;
o czHjy;
o Gwr;nray;fisj; J}z;Ljy;

kd ,af;fr;nray; cly; ,af;fr;nray;fspypUe;J NtWgl;lJ.

kdpjNdh> tpyq;Nfh jdJ elj;ijia ntspg;gLj;Jk; NghJ cs;Nehf;fq;fs;

Gyg;gLfpd;wd vd;W `hHkpf; nfhs;if %yk; Mq;fpyehl;L mwpQH tpy;ypak;
kf;^fy;
typAWj;jpdhH.
(v.fh) xU G+id Kd; ghiy itf;Fk;NghJ G+id ghiy Nehf;fp
nry;fpwJ.
,J ,ae;jpunrayhfhJ. grp czHthy; J}z;lg;gl;L> jhd; fhZk;
nts;isepwj;jputk; ghy; vd;W mwpe;J> tpUg;gj;NjhL ghiyia
Fbf;fpwJ.

bl;rdhpd; tbtikg;Gf;Nfhl;ghLgb ‘kdk;’ mwpTrhH ,af;fKbahJ. ,jd;

$Wfs;
o Gyd; czHr;rp
o czHTfs;
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o kdgpk;gq;fs;

kd,af;fj;jpd; tbtikg;igAk;> jd;ikAk; mwpa mfNehf;F KiwNa

Vw;GilaJ.

‚cstpay;‛ vd;gJ kdpjd; czHe;J nray;gLk; elj;ijfis kl;LNk

Muha;tjhFk;.

cstpaiy elj;ijapay; vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gLgtHfs;.

o J.B. thl;rd;> Nlhy;kd;> `g;> gf;jNu> ];fpd;dH> fz;zhy; fhz Kbahj
cs;sj;ij gw;wp mwptijtplf; fz;zhy; ghHf;f $ba elj;ijia
cstpaypd; nghUshf nfhs;tNj mwpTilikahFk; vd;W ,tHfs;
$Wfpd;whHfs;.

#o;epiyNa kdpjid cUthf;Ffpd;wJ vd;wtH thl;rd;

kuGf; nfhs;ifia Vw;Wf;nfhs;shjtH thl;rd;

‚,ay;G+f;f nfhs;if‛ “ kf;^fy;

#o;epiythjpahd gHdhHl; $WtJ -

o ‚#o;epiyNa xUtDila elj;ij khw;wj;jpw;F ngUk; fhuzkhfpwJ
vd;whH‛
o ‚elj;ij Nfhl;ghl;bdhH kdpjdpd; elj;ijia kwptpid thapyhf
njspTWj;jpdH‛

J}z;ly; - Jyq;fs; ,izg;Ng elj;ij vd;W thjpl;ldH.

1912-k; Mz;L elj;ij Nfhl;ghl;Lf;F vjpHg;G njhptpf;Fk; tz;zk;

‚KOikf;fhl;rpf; Nfhl;ghL‛ vd;w Gjpa nfhs;if cstpaypy; cjakhapw;W.

KOikfhl;rp Nfhl;ghL vd;gJ vjidAk; jdpj;jdpg; ghfq;fshf ghHf;fhJ

KOikahf ghHf;fNtz;Lk; vd;w fUj;ij typAWj;JtjhFk;.
(v.fh) xU irf;fpisg; ghHf;Fk;NghJ rf;fuk;> kzp> `hz;by;ghH vd;W gphpj;J
ghHf;fhky; xU KO tbtkhf ,aq;Fk; nghUshf ghHg;gJ MFk;.

‚n`];lhy;l;‛ vd;w n[Hkhdpa nrhy;Yf;F cUtk;> tbtk; vd;W nghUs;

nfhz;L> fhl;rpg;nghUl;fis KO cUt mikg;NghL fhZjy; vd;W
tpsf;fkspf;fg;gLfpwJ.

KOikfhl;rp Nfhl;ghl;bdH kdpj elj;ij Gyd;fhl;rp mbg;gilapy;

mikfpd;wnjd;Wk;> Gyd;fhl;rp ngw rpe;jidAk;> mwpTjpwDk; mtrpak; vd;W
thjpLfpd;wdH.

‚csgFg;Gf; Nfhl;ghL‛ - rpf;kz;l; gpuha;L

‚jdp egH cstpay;‛ - Ml;yH

‚gFg;G cstpay;‛ “ A+q;

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‚kdpjNea cstpay;‛ “ fhHy; Nuh[H];> kh];Nyh>

cstpay; vd;gJ kdpj elj;ijiaAk;> mDgtq;fisAk; MuhAk; mwptpayhf

Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;bUf;fpwJ.

cstpaiy ‚capHr%ftpay;‛ vd;W miof;fpNwhk;.

kdpj elj;ij ,uz;L $Wfisf; nfhz;lJ.

o edT mDgtq;fs; - grp> typ> gzk; nfhLj;jy; .. . . . . .
o edtpyp mDgtq;fs; - rpyhplk; fhuzkpd;wp el;Gf; nfhs;Sjy;
- rpyhplk; fhuzkpd;wp Nfhgg;gLjy;

cstpay; ghpNrhjidf;F tpj;jpl;ltH “ ntgH. ,tH Gyd;EfHTfis

mstpLk; Kiwia Muha;e;J ntgHtpjpia cUthf;fpatH.

‚cs,aw;gpay;‛ vd;w E}ypid ,aw;wpatH G.T. Fechner (1860)

Gwj;J}z;ly;fSk;> Gyd; czHr;rpfSf;Fk; cs;s njhlHig mstpl;ltH G.T.
Fechner.

n[HkdpapYs;s ‚yPgPrpf;‛ vd;w ,lj;jpy; Kjy; cstpay; Ma;tfj;ij

mikj;jtH Willium Wundt (1879) (ty;fk; cz;l;L)

‚Gs;spapay; mbg;gilapy; jdpegH NtWghLfis mstpl;ltH “ Sir Francis

Galton

jdp egH NtWghLfis (fw;wy;> kdj;jpUj;jy;> ghHitj;jpwd;) cstpay;

Nrhjidfs; %yk; mstpl;ltH “ Calfell

kUj;Jt cstpay; Kiwfs; - Mesmer

mwpthHe;j cstpay; Nfhl;ghL “ Piaget

Ez;zwpTr; Nrhjid “ Alfred Binet

fUtprhH Mf;fepiyAWj;jk; - Skinner

taJ te;NjhHf;fhd Ez;zwpT msTNfhy; - Weschler

jkJ khzhf;fiug; gw;wpa ‚jpus; gjpTfis‛ njhFg;gjw;fhd tptuq;fis

Nrfhpg;gjw;F MrphpaUf;F cstpay; mwpT gad;gLfpwJ.

‚mfNehf;FKiw‛ ,J kpfTk; gz;ilaKiw ,k;Kiwapy; ‚kdNk‛ Ma;Tf;fsk;.

xUtH jdJ mDgtq;fis jhNd cs;Nehf;Fg; ghHj;J tpthpj;jYk;> mt;thW

gFj;jhuha;e;J tifg;gLj;JtNj ‚mfNehf;FKiw‛ vd;W cz;l;L vd;gtH
$WfpwhH.

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Kd;dH epfo;e;j mDgtq;fis epidTgLj;jp ghHg;gjw;F kl;LNk

mfNehf;FKiw gad;gLk;.

mfNehf;F Kiw ekJ edTepiyapy; Vw;gLk; mDgq;fis kl;LNk Muha

ty;yJ> edTepidf;F mg;ghw;gl;l edtpypNehf;fq;fSk;> mDgtq;fSk; ekJ
elj;ijia nghpJk; ghjpf;fpd;wd.

mwpT KjpHr;rp ngw;w nghpatHfshy; jhd; ‚mfNehf;F Kiw‛ ifahsKbAk;.

xUtdJ Gyd; czHr;rpfs;> mtw;Ws; Njhd;Wk; kdgpk;gq;fs;> gpd;gk;gq;fs;>

rpe;jid Kjypatw;iw Muha mfNehf;F Kiw Vw;wJ.

tuyhw;W mbg;gilapy; ghHj;jhy; ‚Ma;TKiwahf‛ Kjypy; Njhd;wpa Kiw

mfNehf;FKiw.
o (v.fh.) kUj;Jtj;Jiwapy; Nehahspaplk; mthpd; Neha;fisg;gw;wp
Nfl;lwpa
mfNehf;FKiw gad;gLfpwJ.

Kd;nray;ghLfs; gw;wp mwpaTk;> tpjpfis cUthf;fTk; mfNehf;FKiw

rpwe;jJ.

gpwuJ elj;ijia $He;J ‚ftdpj;jwpjy;‛ cw;WNehf;fy; vdg;gLk;.

khztHfspd; ,ay;Gfis mwptjw;Fk;> jpus;gjptpw;fhd tptuq;fis

jpul;Ltjw;Fk; MrphpaUf;F ‚cw;WNehf;fy;Kiw‛ gad;gLfpwJ.

xU Fwpg;gpl;l elj;ij> tiuaWf;fg;gl;l fhy ,ilntspapy;> vj;jid jlit

epfo;fpwJ vd;Wk;> Fwpg;gpl;l fhy ,ilntspapy; vd;ndd;d elj;ijfs;
ntspaplg;gLfpd;wd vd;W Muha;e;jwpa ‚cw;WNehf;fy; Kiw‛ gad;gLfpwJ.

cw;WNehf;fy; Kiwia gad;gLj;Jk; NghJ mjpy; ehd;Ftpj nray;epiyfs;

,lk; ngWfpd;wd.
o Gyd;fhl;rp
o elj;ijia Fwpj;Jf; nfhs;Sjy;
o Nrfhpf;fg;gl;l elj;ij NtW tptuq;fis gFj;J Muha;jy;
o nghJ cz;ikfisg; ngWjy;.

cw;WNehf;fy; gytifg;gLk;. mit.

o gq;Nfw;Fk; - gq;Nfw;fh cw;W Nehf;fy;.
o ,aw;ifahd “ nraw;ifahd cw;WNehf;fy;
o jpl;lkplg;gl;l “ vNjr;irahf epfo;e;j cw;WNehf;fy;.

‚tho;f;if JZf;FKiw‛ cw;WNehf;fy;KiwAld; njhlHG nfhz;lJ.

xUtuJ tho;f;ifapYk; Kf;fpakhf ,sikg;gUtj;jpy; rpy Fwpg;gpl;l

epfo;r;rpfs; eilngWfpd;wd. ,e;epfo;r;rpfs; mtuJ tho;f;if ,ay;GfisAk;>

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Mw;wy;fisAk; njspthf vLj;Jf;fhl;Lk;. ,j;jifa tho;f;if epfo;r;rpfis

njhFj;J itj;jy; ‚tho;f;if JZf;FKiw‛ vdg;gLk;.

tho;f;if epfo;r;rpfis Fwpj;J itf;Fk;NghJ ekf;F Njitg;gLtJ

o Njjp
o epiyik
o epf;or;rp gw;wpa cz;ik
o mjDld; njhlHGila NtWepfo;r;rpfs;
o epfo;r;rp Fwpg;Gfs;.

xU epfo;r;rpia mJ epfOk; ,aw;ifahd #o;epiyapy; cw;W Nehf;fp Muha;jy;

‚fs Muha;r;rpKiw‛ vdg;gLk;.

r%f cstpaypYk; fy;tp cstpaypYk; ‚fsMuha;r;rpKiw‛

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

fs Muha;r;rpKiwapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLgit
o tpdh thpirfs;
o ju msT Nfhy;
o FwpaPL gl;bay;fs;

‚ghpNrhjid‛ vd;gJ fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fl;gl;l cw;WNehf;fy;Kiw

xU Nfhl;ghL my;yJ fUJNfhspid rhpghHj;jYf;fhf XH

Muha;r;rpahsHfspdhy; Kad;W cUthf;fg;gl;l epiyia ghpNrhjidahFk;.

Nfhl;ghLfisAk;> fUj;Jf;fisAk;> cz;ik vd;W ep&gpg;gjw;F ghpNrhjid

KiwNa Jy;ypakhd Kiwapy; ,k;Kiw vy;yh mwptpaw;fiyfSf;Fk;
nghJthdJ.

Foe;ij gUtk; njhlq;fp> xUtd; KjpHr;rpaila mtDila gz;GfSk;>

elj;ijf; Nfhyq;fSk; vg;gb tsHr;rpailfpd;wd. vt;tpjq;fspy; khWghL
milfpd;wd vd;gdtw;iw mwpa ‚tsHr;rp Ma;T Kiw‛ cjTfpwJ.

tsHr;rp Ma;TKiw ,U tifg;gLk;. mit.

o ePs; Ma;T Kiw
o FWf;F Ma;T Kiw

ePs; Ma;T Kiw :-

xNu tsHr;rpg;gb epiyapYs;s gyFoe;ijfis njhlHe;J gy Mz;Lfs;
cw;W Nehf;FtJ.
(v.fh) `hHthHl; tsHr;rp Muha;r;rpapy; 3500 Foe;ijfs; 12 Mz;Lfs;
njhlHr;rpahf gy;NtW cly;-C gz;Gfis kjpg;gplg;gl;ldH.
gpahN[apd;
Muha;r;rpAk; ,k;Kiwgl;lJ.
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FWf;F Ma;T Kiw :-

gy tsHr;rp epiyfspYs;NshuJ elj;ijia ftdpj;J xg;G Nehf;fy;
FWf;F Ma;T KiwahFk;.
(v.fh.) \pHyp> yhd;> My;];ild; Nghd;NwhH> Foe;ijfs;
tpisahl;Lg;gw;wp
elj;jpAs;s Ma;Tfs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit.

jdpegH xUthplk; fhzg;gLk; gpur;ridf;Fhpa elj;ijf;fhd fhuzq;fis

mwptpay; Kiwg;gb fz;lwpe;J> mtw;iw ePf;fplTk;> me;egH njhlHghd
tptuq;fis Nrfhpj;J> mtw;iw Kiwahf Ma;T nra;J> Ma;tpd; mbg;gilapy;
jFe;j jPHtpid ghpe;Jiuj;J nraw;gLj;jplNt ‚jdpegH Ma;T‛ vdg;gLk;.

jdpahs; Ma;T Kiwia kUj;JtKiw vd;Wk; Fwpg;gLtH.

jdpahs; Ma;TKiw ,jw;nfy;yhk; nra;ag;gLfpwJ.

o fy;tpapy; gpd;jq;fpapUj;jy;
o gs;spf;F fhye;jho;e;J tUjy;
o khztHfis rPz;bf; nfhz;bUj;jy;
o tFg;giwapy; ftdkpd;ik
o gpw khztHfNshL $b gofhky; xJq;fpapUj;jy;
o njhl;ljw;nfy;yhk; ngha;NgRjy;

jw;NghJ jdpahs; Ma;TKiw tphpTgLj;jg;gl;L jpwikahf nray;gLk;

epWtdj;ijAk;> kPj;jpwk; ngw;W tpsq;FgtiuAk; tphpthf Muha;e;J>
mtw;wpypUe;J fz;lwpe;jtw;iw kw;w epWtdq;fSf;Fk;> egHfSf;Fk; topfhl;b
MNyhrid toq;Ftjhy; ,k;Kiw ‚jdpayF Ma;T Kiw‛
vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ.

jdpayFMa;tpy; tptuq;fis Nrfhpg;gjw;F gad;gLgit :-

o cw;WNehf;fy;
o Ngl;b
o jumsT Nfhy;
o Ez;zwpTr;Nrhjid
o ehl;lr;Nrhjid
o tpdhthpir
o ftHr;rp gl;bay;
o kdg;ghd;ik msT Nfhy;
o MSik Nrhjidfs;

jdpayF Ma;it ePz;l jpus; gjpNtl;L Ma;T Kiw vd;W tHzpg;gJk; cz;L.

jdpahs; Ma;tpy; ,lk; ngWk;gb epiyfs; 5. mit:-

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o gpur;ridf;Fhpa myif njhpT nra;jy;

o NjHe;njLj;j myif Fwpj;j jfty;fis> gy;NtW topfspYk; jpul;Ljy;
o gpur;ridf;fhd fhuzq;fis Cfpj;jy;.
o gpur;ridia rPH nra;Ak; Kiwfis tFj;jy;
o njhlHgzp.

jdp egH Ma;it Nkw;nfhs;NthUf;F cstpay; r%ftpaH gw;wpa Nghjpa gpd;Gy

mwpT ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

cstpay; Muha;r;rpf;F Kjd; Kjypy; ‚tpdhthpir Kiwia gad;gLj;jpatH

gpuhd;]p]; fHyld; vd;gtuhtH.

cstpay; Ma;Tfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; tpdhthpir MSik tpdhthpir>

kdg;ghd;ik tpdh thpir.

thf;nfLg;G tpdhthpir Kiwapd; xUtifahFk;.

Muha;g;gLk; gpur;ridapy; ekJ FWf;fPbd;wp ,aw;ifahfNt fhzg;gLk;. ,U

khWgl;l my;yJ NtWgl;l epiyfis xg;gpl;L Nehf;fp KbntLj;jy;
Ntw;WikKiw vdg;gLk;.

KjpHj;jpaile;j rhjhuzkhd kdpjHfspd; elj;ijia tpthpg;gJ nghJ

cstpay;> ,it jdpahs; Ntw;Wikfspd; jd;ik> mtw;wpd; msT>
mitNjhd;wf;fhuzk; Nghd;wtw;iw nghJ cstpay; Muha;fpwJ.

Foe;ijapd; tsHr;rp> ,t;tsHr;rpapy; mjd; kuGepiy #o;epiy Mfpatw;wpd;

gq;F Foe;ijfsplk; fhzg;gLk; jpwd;fs;> ,tw;iw mstpLk; Kiwfs;>
Foe;ij jdJ #o;epiyAld; nghUj;jg;ghl;il milAk; tiffs; Nghd;wtw;iw
MuhAk; kdtpaw;gphpT ‚Foe;ij cstpayhFk;‛.

Foe;ij cstpaiy Nghd;W ‚Fotp kdtpay;‛ Fkug;gUt kdtpay;‛ Mfpait

,d;W vOe;Js;sd.

rkepiyapdpd;Wk;> gpwo;e;J euk;G Neha;fs;> csj;jLkhw;wq;fs; Nghd;w

NfhshWfshy; gpbf;fg;gl;l kdpjHfspd; mrhjhuz elj;ijfis tpthpf;Fk;
gphpT ‚newpgpwo;kdtpayhFk;‛.

newpapwo;kdtpay; kUj;Jt ,aYld; ,ize;jJ.

gpuha;bd; csg;gFg;gha;T newpgpwo;kdtpay; tsHr;rpf;F nghpJk; cjTfpd;wJ.

‚clw;$W cstpay;‛ kdr;nray;Kiwfshd clypd; mbg;gilf;

Muhag;gLfpd;wd. ,g;gphptpy; euk;Gkz;lyk;> Gyd;fs;> Rug;gpfspd; nray;ghL
Kjypait ,lk;ngWk;.

kdpjdpd; elj;ijAld;> gpw tpyq;Ffspd; elj;ijfisAk; xg;gpl;L> ,tw;Ws;

fhzg;gLk; njhlHGfisAk;> NtWghLfisAk; mwpAk; gphpNt xg;gl P ;L
cstpayhFk;.

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xU FO cWg;gpduhf cs;s jdpkdpjdpd; elj;ij gw;wpAk;> FOf;fSs;

fhzg;gLk; njhlHGfs; gw;wpAk; r%f cstpay; tpthjpf;fpwJ.

njhopy; gw;wpa cstpay;> tpsk;guk; gw;wpa cstpay;> fy;tp gw;wpa cstpay;

Nghd;wtw;iw Muha;tJ eilKiw cstpay;.

njhopy; cstpay; tsHr;rpf;F cjtpatH ikaH];

cstpay; cz;ikfspd; tpisthf gy tho;f;if Jiwfs; ngUk;gad;

ngw;Ws;sd.
(v.fh) kUj;Jtj;Jiwapy; cly; kd kUj;Jtg;gphptpd; tsHr;rpapd;
gadhf
cliy rhHe;j gy Neha;fisj; jPHg;gjpy; cstpay; Kiwfs;
ifahsg;gLfpd;wd. ,jd; tpisthf kUj;Jt cstpay; vd;w
GJg;gphpT
Njhd;wpAs;sJ.

ngha; NgRjiy fz;Lgpbf;Fk; Kiwfspdhy; ‚Fw;wtpay; cstpay;‛ vd;w

GJg;gphpT Njhd;wpaJ.

njhopw;Jiwapy; jFjpahd ehl;lr;Nrhjidfs; kw;Wk; Kjyhsp> njhopyhsp

cwtpid nrk;ikg;gLj;Jtjhy; njhopy;Jiw cstpay; vd;w GJg;gphpT
Njhd;WfpwJ.

nrd;w ,uz;lhk; cyfg;NghUf;F gpwF cstpay; Muha;r;rpfspd; tpisthf

‚kdpj nghwpapay;‛ vd;w gphpT vOe;Js;sJ.

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nray;ghl;bd; tpisthf ‚fy;tp cstpay;‛ Njhd;wpaJ.

cstpaypd; XH cl;gphpT ‚fy;tp cstpay;‛

fy;tp cstpay; vd;gJ fy;tpapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; nray;KiwfspYk;>

gpd;gw;wg;gLk; topKiwfspYk;> cstpay; Nfhl;ghLfisAk;> tpjpfisAk; GFj;jp
fw;wy; fw;gpj;jiy Nkk;gLj;JjNy MFk; vd;W Nfhny];dpf; vd;w ,u\;a
mwpQH $WfpwhH.

fy;tp cstpay; vd;gJ khzhf;fhpd; fw;wy; vd;Dk; elj;ijia jpl;lkpl;lgb

nrk;ikg;gLj;jp> mtHfspd; MSikia Nkd;ikAwr; nra;jy; MFk;.

fy;tp cstpay; vd;gJ jdpj;jd;ik tha;e;j xU rpwg;Gj;Jiw. Vnddpy;

fy;tpapy; Vw;gLk; gy;NtW gpur;ridfs; ahitAk; fy;tp cstpaNy jPHg;gjdhy;.

caH fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; midj;J KOf;f KOf;f cstpay;

mbg;gilapyhdit.

Nfhy];dpf; fUj;Jg;gb fy;tp cstpaypd; cl;$Wfs; 7. mit>

o khztHfspiilNa fhzg;gLk; jdpahs; NtWghLfs;
o Cf;fk;

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o fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;
o kjpg;gpL KiwfSk; mtw;wpd; epiw FiwfSk;.
o tFg;giw Nkyhz;ik
o kdeyk;
o xOf;fj;ij cUthf;Fjy;

vr;.rp. ypz;l;fpNud; fUj;Jg;gb fy;tp cstpaypd;> fw;wy;> fw;gpj;jy;

ghlg;nghUl;fs; vd;Dk; nray;ghbd; 5 Kf;fpa $Wfs; :-
o fw;gtH
o fw;Fk; Kiwfs;
o fw;Fk; mDgtq;fs;
o fw;Fk; #o;epiyfs;
o fw;gpg;gtH

‚fw;wy;‛ vd;Dk; nray;ghl;bdpy; ,lk;ngWk; ,U Kf;fpa $Wfs; fw;gt>

fw;gpg;gtH ,tw;wpw;fpilNa tUgit fw;wy; #o;epiy kw;Wk; fw;Fk; Kiwfs;.

fhhprhDk; mtuJ rfhf;fSk; fy;tp cstpaypd; cl;gphpTfshf ehd;F

$Wfpd;whH.
o Foe;ijAk; mjd; tsHr;rpAk;
o fw;Fk; fw;gpf;Fk; Kiwfs;
o khzhf;fuJ tsHr;rpia kjpg;gpLjy;
o Foe;ijf;F topfhl;Ljy;

gPy; fUj;Jg;gb fy;tp cstpaypd; cl;$Wfs; :-

o fw;wypd; jd;ik
o kdpj MSik tsHr;rp
o jdpahs; Ntw;Wikfs;
o kdpj elj;ijia r%f #oypd; mbg;gilapy; Muha;jy;

kdpj elj;ijapy; midj;J $Wfisg; gw;wpAk; xU gue;j Ma;tpid

Nkw;nfhs;tJ ‚nghJ cstpay;‛ MFk;.

tFg;giwapy; fw;gtUf;Nf Kf;fpa ,lkspf;Fg;gLfpwJ. khztHfsplk; jdpahs;

Ntw;Wik ,Ug;gij MrphpaH czHe;J nray;gl Ntz;Lk;. kPj;jpwd;kpf;Nfhy;>
ruhrhpahdtHfs; nkJthf fw;NghH MfpNahiu cs;slf;fpaJjhd; tFg;giw.

fw;Fk;Kiwapy; ,lk;ngWk; nray;ghLfs; :-

o khztuJ Gyd;fhl;rp
o rpe;jid

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o Ma;jwpjy;
o Ez;zwpT
o epidtpypUj;jy;

fw;wy; #o;epiy vd;gij ‚tFg;giwr; #oy;‛ vd;wiof;fpNwhk;.

khztHfsJ nghUj;jg;ghlw;w elj;ijiaf; fz;lwpe;J> mjw;fhd mbg;giil

fhuzq;fis ,dk;fz;L ePf;fp MSik tsHr;rpiar; nrk;ikg;gLj;j fy;tp
cstpay; MrphpaUf;F cjTfpwJ.

2. kdpj tsHr;rpAk; Kd;Ndw;wKk;

kdpjdJ tsHr;rpiaAk; mjdpd;W vOk; mtdJ elj;ijAk; cWjp nra;Ak;

fhuzpfspy; Kf;fpakhdit ,uz;L.
1. kuGepiy “ khw;wKbahjgb gpwg;gpNyNa epHzapf;fg;gLfpwJ.
2. #o;epiy “ njhlHe;J khw;wk; ngw;Wk;> tphptile;Jk; fhzg;gLk;.

xU Foe;ijapd; kuG epiy gw;wp vdf;F ftiyapy;iy. #o;epiyapd;

cjtpf;nfhz;Nl
NguwpQHfshfNth> ngUq;Fw;wthspfshfNth mtHfis cUthFk;gb nra;J
fhl;LfpNwd; vd;W $wpatH - #o;epiy thjpahd thl;rd;.

mDgtk;> gapw;rp> fy;tp MfpatiaAk; #o;epiyapd; nry;thf;FfshFk;.

kuG epiyAk;> #o;epiyAk; ,ize;Nj kdpj tsHr;rpiaj; jPHkhdpf;fpd;wd.

tho;f;ifapy; xt;nthU epiyAk;> epfo;r;rpAk; kuG> #o;epiy Mfpa ,uz; bd;

,ize;j
nray;ghl;bNyNa mikfpwJ vd;W $wpatHfs; kf;iftH kw;Wk; Ng[;.

‘kuG’ vd;gJ xUtdplk; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s gpwg;ghy; Njhd;wpa jspj;j

jd;ikfspd;
xl;Lnkhj;j epiyjidf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

gpw;ghy; Foe;ij jdJ ngw;NwhHfspd; clw;NtW gz;Gfis Njhypd; epwk;>

jd;ik>
cly; mikg;G> Kbapd;wpAk;> fz;zpd; epwk;> mf;$Wgz;Gfshd kNdhghtk;>
Ez;zwpT ngw;W jpfo;fpwJ.

Foe;ijfs; ngw;Nwhiu xj;jpUg;gjw;F kuG topf;fhuzpfNs fhuzkhf

mikfpd;wd.

‘#o;epiy’ vd;gJ mtd; gpwe;jJ Kjy; ,wf;Fk; tiu mtid Rw;wp ,Uf;Fk;>
gy;NtW
tpjkhd J}z;ly;fspd; njhFg;ghFk;.

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xUtd; tsHr;rpapYk;> Kd;Ndw;wj;jpYk; ngUk;gq;F tfpj;J mtd; ,d;iwf;F

vg;gb
,Uf;fpwhd; vd;gij jPHkhdpf;Fk; fhuzp #o;epiy.

tpe;jZ kpfTk; Ez;ikahdJ> rpidKl;il> tpe;jZit Nghd;W 8500 klq;F

nghpaJ.

fUKl;ilapd; msT “ xU Fz;^rpapd; jiyiatpl FiwthdJ.

Xt;nthU capuZtpy; 23 N[hb Fr;rpNghd;w nghUl;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

,tw;wpw;F
‚FNuhNkhNrhk;fs;‛ vd;W ngaH.

Xt;nthU FNuhNkhNrhkpYk; 20>000 Kjy; 42>000 vz;zpf;if tiuapyhd

ghrpkzp
Nghd;w ‘[Pd;];‛ fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

ngz;zpd; capuZtpy; cs;s 23 Nfhb FNuhNkhNrhk;fSk; ‘X’ vd;w xNu

tifia
rhHe;jit.

,jd; KOj;njhFg;G my;yJ gapw;rp ifNaLfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rp ngw

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