PREPARACIÓ PER A LA PROVA

D'ACCÉS A UIB

ANGLÈS

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:English_wikipedia_map.png

DEPARTAMENT DE COMUNICACIÓ

CURS 2022- 2023

Curs 2023/24

1
 BASIC STRUCTURE OF ENGLISH SENTENCES

1. In English the normal structure of an affirmative sentence is subject, verb,

object. The adjective(s) goes before the noun.
I play football.
I kick a big red ball.
2. a. In negative sentences the word “not” is added and the auxiliary verb “do” is
normally added.
I play football. I do not play football / I don’t play football.
b. If the verb is “be” or a modal verb, the verb “do” is not added.
He is not stupid. She may not come to the party.
3. a. In questions the normal order is verb, subject, object. Normally the auxiliary
verb “do” is used.
Do you play football?
Do we eat pepperoni pizza?
b. If the verb is “be” or a modal verb, the verb “do” is not added.
Is he stupid? May she come to the party?
4. The verbs are conjugated but adjectives do not have a different form for the
singular and the plural.
I kick two big red balls.
He kicks two big red balls.

1. He has two _____________ .

a. green shirt b. greens shirts c. shirts green d. green shirts
2. _________ eat pasta?
a. Do you b. - c. You d. Do
3. She is _____ stupid.
a. do not b. not c. not be d. don't
4. They ____ eat ______.
a. -, potatoes fried b. do, potatoes fried c. - , fried potatoes d. not, fried
potatoes

Practice
https://www.rong-chang.com/writing/ exercises 6, 7, 8, 9
https://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/word_order/sentences10.htm

2
 SIMPLE PRESENT
FORM
Regular verbs in the affirmative form add an “s” for the 3rd person singular. The
rest of the forms are the same as the infinitive.
For the verb “do”, the conjugation is “does”. “Do” or “does” and “not” can be
combined “don't”/ ”doesn't” when they are used as an auxiliary verb.
I play football. Pat plays football.
I do not play football / I don't play football.
Pat does not play football. / Pat doesn't play football.
Do I play football? Does Pat play football?
USE
Present simple is used for situations which are normally true.
My friend eats pizza..
The students study English.
Certain verbs are used in the present simple for temporary situations.
I need water.
She has twenty euros.

Exercise 1
1.1 Put the words in the correct order.
a. Pat pizza pepperoni eats
b. I television watch
c. cars Lee sees
1.2 Put the words in the correct order.
a. cars not Lee does see
b. I television watch not do
c. Pat pizza pepperoni eat does
1.3 Put the words in the correct order to make questions
a. Pat pizza does eat pepperoni
b. cars Lee does see
c. I television watch do
1.4 Mark the incorrect sentences.
a. He eats bigs pizzas.
b. Pat doesn't play with red balls.
c. Do I have three modern books?
d. Lee and Pat don't not drink glasses of water.
1.5 Put the correct form of the verb in parenthesis.
a. Pat (eat) pepperoni pizza.
b. (Do) you live in Ibiza?
c. I (do) not drink vodka.

Practice
http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/word_order/sentences3.htm
http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/word_order/sentences8.htm

3
http://first-
english.org/english_learning/english_tenses/simple_present/60_english_questions_to_d
o_exercises.htm
http://www.esolcourses.com/content/exercises/grammar/presentsimple/multichoice/test
2.html

IRREGULAR VERBS

1. There are a few irregular verbs which are very important: Do and does appeared in
the previous section. The other very important irregular verbs in present:
Person 1st sing (I) 2nd sing 3rd sing 1st plural 2nd plural 3rd plural
(you)
Be am are is are are are
Do do do does do do do
Go go go goes go go go
Have have have has have have have

Notice that normally only 3rd singular changes.

2. There is a group of verbs that never changes in present tense: can, may, might, must,
should, ought to. These are modal verbs.
3. Other verbs conjugate in 3rd singular by adding “es”, (to make pronunciation easier).
These verbs end in -tch, -ss, -sh, -zz: watches, kisses, pushes, buzzes.
4. Verbs that end consonant + y conjugate by changing the y to I and adding ES
study – studies, marry – marries, party – parties

Exercise 2
1. Jay and Peri _______ to the adult school in Ibiza.
a. go b. goes c. is d.are
2. Rashid _______ go to the adult school in Ibiza.
a. don't b. do c. doesn't d. does
3. We _____ ten years old.
a. are b. is c. have d.has
4. I _______ blue eyes.
a. am b. is c. have d. has
5. _______ you my teacher?
a. am b, are c. do d. has

Practice
https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/present-simple-exercise-16.html
https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/present-simple-exercise-7.html
https://www.english-4u.de/en/tenses-exercises/present-tense.htm

4
 A, An, The, No article

COUNTABLE NOUNS UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

Rule #1
a, an (no article)
Specific identity not known
Rule #2
the the
Specific identity known
Rule #3
All things or things in (no article) (no article)
general
Rule # 4
(no article)/the (no article)/the
Specific identity and name

Exercises 3
1. I want to study at ____ University of the Balearic Islands.
a. a b. the c. - d. an
2. He has _____ blue shirt. a. a b. the c. - d. an
3. She drinks _____ milk. a. a b. the c. - d. an
4. They buy ____ cheese. a. a b. the c. - d. an
5. Do you want _____ hamburger? a. a b. the c. - d. an
6. Do you want my ____ hamburger? a. a b. the c. - d. an

Practice
https://www.englishpage.com/articles/articles_11.htm
://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/story.php?title=multiple-choice-articles
https://www.grammarbank.com/a-an-the-exercise.html
https://englishsupersite.com/a-an-the-exercises-2/
https://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/nouns_articles/a_the.htm

Instead of an article, the noun can also be preceded by a determiner such as this, that,
some, many or my, his, our, etc.
That man visited our house and entered my room.

Exercises 4
Select a word to fill in the blank or leave it empty.

1. _____ man I spoke to was _____ manager of _____ bank in Boston.

2. My _____ son says he wants _____ dog for _____ Christmas and we said we might
buy him one.
3. Sitting at _____ kitchen table, _____ mother was speaking to _____ man dressed in
_____ gray.

5
4. If you don't know _____ answer, you can use _____ dictionary and find _____ word.
5. Doug isn't _____ British. He's _____ Irishman, he's from _____ Dublin.

Practice
https://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/various/this_that.htm
https://agendaweb.org/exercises/grammar/possessive/determiners-multiple
https://www.grammar.cl/Games/Possessive_Adjectives.htm
https://www.focus.olsztyn.pl/en-english-possessive-adjectives-exercises.html

PRESENT CONTINUOUS

FORM – Subject + “to be” + verb + ing.

He is eating. We are sleeping.
I am not having lunch. They aren’t arguing.
Is she doing the housework? No, she isn’t.

USE
It is used for actions in progress. - Shh! I'm watching television.
It is used for temporary actions. - This year I'm preparing for the UIB exam.
Actions different from the normal. – You aren't studying this summer, you're going to
parties.

Exercises 5
Put the verbs into present progressive.
1. My sister (to clean) the bathroom.
2. Look! They (to go) inside.
3. I (to wait) in the car now.
Write questions in present progressive.
4. Robin / to ride / his bike -
5. where / she / to go -
6. what / your mother / to do / now -
Rewrite the sentences using the negative forms.
7. She's selling fruit. -
8. We are travelling in an old van. -
9. I'm getting ready for school. -

Practice
http://www.agendaweb.org/verbs/present-continuous/index.html
http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/present-continuous-exercise-6.html
https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/present-continuous-exercise-1.html

6
https://www.grammarbank.com/present-continuous-tense-exercises.html
https://elt.oup.com/student/solutions/elementary/grammar/grammar_04_012e?cc=global
&selLanguage=en

Verbs not normally used in continuous form

Non actions – know, forget, notice, remember, recognize, understand
Feelings – love, hate, like, want, dislike
Other verbs – be, cost, fit, hear, include, mean, need, own, matter, prefer

Reading 1
My name is Bond, James Bond. I am a secret agent with a license to kill. This
doesn’t mean that I kill often, but if it is necessary, I am allowed to kill. Normally I don’t
kill people. If you watch my films you know that I drink martinis, romance beautiful
women, visit interesting places and fight bad people. It’s amazing but true; I fight people
and I may be hurt but you never see a mark on my face. Sometimes it is necessary to
comb my hair, but that’s the limit.
If you want to be a secret agent like me, it’s very easy. You only have to be
incredibly handsome and sophisticated, very talented in all forms of conflict and
extremely intelligent. Then send your application to MI5 and wait for an answer.

1. James Bond has a

a. martini b. girlfriend c.license to kill d. scars
2. A secret agent must be
a. intelligent b. strong c. sexy d. tall
3. When he fights people he
a. kills them b. is hurt c. has no scars d. always combs his hair
4. The word amazing mans
a. hard to believe b. very happy c. stupid d. normal
5. All forms of conflict means
a. physical fighting b. debate c. use of weapons d. all of the above

Key words for present simple and present continuous tense

SIMPLE
CONTINUOUS
● every ...
● at the moment
● often
● at this
● normally
moment
● usually
● today
● sometimes
● now
● seldom
● right now
● never
● Listen!
● first
● Look!
● then

7
EXERCISE 6
Put the verbs in the correct form, present simple or present continuous.
1. The lesson (start) at 9 o'clock.
2. He often (wear) a black cap.
3. My birthday (be) in September.
4. She (not / ride) her bike right now.
5. I (not / eat) bananas this week.
6. They (not / know) the answer.
7. I (not / sit) in the garden at the moment.
8. When (arrive / the plane) ?
9. What time (get up / you) in the mornings?
10. Why (cry / she) now?
11. (swim / they) in the pool at the moment?
Complete the sentences. Use Simple Present or Present Progressive.
12. I (live) in London. This is for one month, then I return to Ibiza.
13. The train to Brighton (leave) London at 6.45 in the morning.
14. In the evening, we (go) to a concert. We go every evening.
15. The game (start) now.

Practice
http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/tenses/simple_present_progressive2.htm
https://www.learnclick.com/mchoice/show/849
https://elt.oup.com/student/solutions/preint/grammar/grammar_01_012e?cc=global&sel
Language=en
https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/present-simple-present-continuous-1.html
https://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbs1.htm
https://www.engelsgemist.nl/present-continuous-3/

PAST SIMPLE
FORMS
With most verbs the past tense is formed by adding -ed:
call >> called; like >> liked; want >> wanted; work >> worked
But there are a lot of irregular past tenses in English.

8
 https://i.pinimg.com/564x/48/17/e7/4817e71f6326805ed0f4606673f2cd0d.jpg

We often add “did” for questions “did not” for negative

Did she eat pizza? He didn't drink gasoline.
USE
We use the past tense to talk about:
● something that happened once in the past:
I met my wife in 1983.
We went to Spain for our holidays.
They got home very late last night.
● something that happened again and again in the past:
When I was a boy I walked a mile to school every day.
We swam a lot while we were on holiday.
They always enjoyed visiting their friends.

9
 ● something that was true for some time in the past:
I lived abroad for ten years.
He enjoyed being a student.
She played a lot of tennis when she was younger.
● we often use phrases with ago with the past tense:
I met my wife a long time ago.
EXERCISE 7
Make the past simple, positive, negative or question:
1. I _________________ (shop) in a store yesterday.
2. Where _________________ (you / live) last year?
3. She _________________ (not / study) English at university.
4. He _________________ (eat) in a Middle Eastern restaurant last week.
5. _________________ (they / visit) the museum in Santa Monica?

Practice
https://www.grammarbank.com/simple-past-irregular-verbs.html
https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/irregular-verbs-exercise-1.html
http://www.elt-els.com/2013/12/the-simple-past-tense-online-multiple.html
https://www.englishexercises.org/makeagame/viewgame.asp?id=2030
https://agendaweb.org/exercises/verbs/past-simple/irregular-affirmative-forms-quiz-3

READING
Two sisters and the cat
Mrs. Wilson and Mrs. Smith are sisters. Mrs. Wilson lives in a house in Duncan and Mrs.
Smith lives in a condominium in Victoria. One day Mrs. Wilson visited her sister. When
her sister answered the door, Mrs. Wilson saw tears in her eyes. "What's the matter?" she
asked. Mrs. Smith said "My cat Sammy died last night and I have no place to bury him".

She began to cry again. Mrs. Wilson was very sad because she knew her sister loved the
cat very much. Suddenly Mrs. Wilson said "I can bury your cat in my garden in Duncan
and you can come and visit him sometimes." Mrs. Smith stopped crying and the two
sisters had tea together and a nice visit.

It was now five o'clock and Mrs. Wilson said it was time for her to go home. She put on
her hat, coat and gloves and Mrs. Smith put the dead Sammy into a shopping bag. Mrs.
Wilson took the shopping bag and walked to the bus stop. She waited a long time for the
bus so she bought a newspaper. When the bus arrived, she got on the bus, sat down and
put the shopping bag on the floor beside her feet. She then began to read the newspaper.
When the bus arrived at her bus stop, she got off the bus and walked for about two
minutes. Suddenly she remembered she had left the shopping bag on the bus.

[Story by Laurie Buchanan]

10
EXERCISES 8

1. Where does Mrs. Smith live?

a) in a condominium in Duncan
b) in a condominium in Victoria
c) in a house in Duncan
2. Why is Mrs. Smith upset?
a) because her sister came to see her cat
b) because her cat died
c) because Mrs. Wilson was sad
3. What did Mrs. Wilson do?
a) take the cat with her on the bus
b) put her gloves in the shopping bag
c) prepare dinner for her sister
4. Who did Sammy the cat live with?
a) Mrs. Wilson
b) Mrs. Smith
c) Mrs. Wilson and Mrs. Smith
5. What time did Mrs. Wilson go home?
a) when the bus arrived
b) at 5 p.m.
c) after she walked for two minutes
6. How did Mrs. Wilson go home?
a) walked for two minutes before she caught the bus
b) read a newspaper on the bus
c) took a bus
7. What did Mrs. Wilson forget?
a) the newspaper
b) her handbag
c) the shopping bag
8. Where did Sammy die?
a) in Mrs. Smith's house in Duncan
b) in Mrs. Wilson's garden
c) in Victoria

PAST SIMPLE OR PAST CONTINUOUS

FORM
Past continuous is formed the same way as present-continuous.

11
He was drinking gasoline at 5 o'clock. She wasn't reading in English.
USE
Interrupted Action in the Past
Use the Past Continuous to indicate that a longer action in the past was interrupted. The
interruption is usually a shorter action in the Simple Past. Remember this can be a real
interruption or just an interruption in time.
● I was watching TV when she called.
Action at a specific time
● Last night at 6 PM, I was eating dinner.
Atmosphere
In English, we often use a series of parallel actions to describe the atmosphere at a
particular time in the past.
The boss was yelling directions, and customers were waiting to be helped.

EXERCISE 9
1. I ________ - I didn't hear you come in.
a) was sleeping b) slept
2. I ________ to see her twice, but she wasn't home.
a) was coming b) came
3. What ________? I was watching TV.
a) did you do b) were you doing
4. Robin Hood was a character who ________ from the rich and gave to the poor.
a) stole b) was stealing

Practice
https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/past-simple-past-continuous-exercise-1.html
https://www.grammarbank.com/simple-past-vs-past-continuous.html
https://www.englishgrammar.org/simple-or-continuous-tense-exercise-2/
http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbs4.htm
http://www.eslcafe.com/quiz/past1.html
https://taalhulp-engels.com/en/exercises/past-simple-or-past-continuous-exercise-1/
https://www.focus.olsztyn.pl/en-past-simple-past-continuous-exercises.html

PRESENT PERFECT
FORM
The verb is substituted by have or has + the past participle
● You have seen that movie many times.
● Have you seen that movie many times?
● You have not seen that movie many times.

12
USE
We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before
now. The exact time is not important. Normally it is for an action which began in the
past and continues to this moment.
● People have not traveled to Mars.
● Have you read the book yet?
● Nobody has ever climbed that mountain.
Signal Words of Present Perfect
● already, ever, just, never, not yet, since, so far, until now, up to now , since

EXERCISE 11
Put the verbs into the correct form (present perfect simple).
1. I (not / work) today.
2. We (buy) a new lamp.
3. We (not / plan) our holiday yet.
4. Where (be / you) ?
5. He (write) five letters.

READING
Loch Ness is a lake between the Scottish towns of Inverness and Fort Augustus. The
word loch is Scottish for lake. Loch Ness is about 37 km long and extremely deep, the
deepest part is 226 m.
Loch Ness is famous for its friendly monster, Nessie. Most people think that this is only
a legend, but every year tourists from all over the world come to Loch Ness and hope
that they will see the monster.
Write the verbs in present perfect simple.
1. Tourists from all over the world (be) _________ to Loch Ness.
2. Most of them (see / not) _________ Nessie, however.
3. Only very few people say that the Loch Ness Monster (appear) _________ in
front of them.
4. Even scientists (come) _________ to Loch Ness to find the monster.
5. And the boss of the Guinness brewery (promise) _________ to pay 500,000
Pounds to the person who catches Nessie.

Practice
http://www.elt-els.com/2014/09/present-perfect-tense-multiple-choice.html
https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/present-perfect-exercise-4.html
https://www.really-learn-english.com/present-perfect-exercises.html
https://english.lingolia.com/en/grammar/tenses/present-perfect-simple/exercises

13
 PRESENT PERFECT OR PAST SIMPLE

FORM Many past participles are irregular. Reference list at the end of the dossier.
USE – Past simple- the action is finished.
Present perfect – the action may continue. If it is finished, it is very recent.

READING
Tom has been retired for ten years. He was a computer technician when
computers were huge. The first computer he worked on in 1960 filled a room. He's seen
many changes in technology. At first he programmed with cards and repaired machines
with a screwdriver. He travelled around the world fixing computers and heps visited
over fifty countries.
He loved his work and it continues to provide surprises. Tom's met many
famous people. He went to Potrzebie University where the university president, Alfed
Neuman invited him to dinner. They ate seaweed soup. Tom's eaten it before, but this
soup was the best he's ever eaten.
Life is great. People think that computer people have boring lives, but I've had
more fun than most movie stars I know!

1. What was Tom's job?

2. Where did he work?
3. Did he like the seaweed soup at Potrzebie University?
4. What famous people has he met?
5. Have computers changed in the past 50 years?

READING
The Grand Canyon is one of the most spectacular natural features on earth. It is listed as
one of the Seven Natural Wonders and became a United States national park in 1919. The
park covers an area of nearly 5,000 km².
Carved by the Colorado River, the Grand Canyon slices deep into the Colorado Plateau
and forms one of the most scenic landscapes in the world. Up to 1963, when the Glen
Canyon Dam was built, the Colorado river moved 143 million tons of stones each year.

1. How long has the Grand Canyon been a national park?

2. How big is Grand Canyon national park?

EXERCISE 15
Put the verbs into the correct form (simple past or present perfect).
1. My friends (visit) the Grand Canyon National Park last year.
2. I (be / never) to the Grand Canyon National Park.
3. But I (see) lots of wonderful pictures.
4. And yesterday I (buy) a book about the Grand Canyon.

14
 5. I (read) 30 pages already. It's really interesting.
EXERCISE 16
Correct the following sentences if necessary.
1. Have you ever been to Thailand?
2. I´ve had sausages for lunch at half past one.
3. She´s enjoyed herself at the party last night.
4. I’ve read that book but I didn't like it much.
5. Tom has left school one year ago.
6. My cousins have lived in Dublin since they´ve been children.
7. We have worked here for a year and a half.
8. My parents lived in Britain for a couple of years.
9. James has made a cake yesterday.
10. I´ve washed the car. It looks great now.

Practice
http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/tenses/simple_past_present_perfect.htm
http://www.impact-english.com/members/Grammar_Practice/Always/test-
grammar/gr_prac_use-PPrf.htm
https://www.grammarbank.com/present-perfect-exercises.html
https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/simpas-preper/tests?test3
https://english.lingolia.com/en/grammar/tense-comparison/simple-past-present-perfect-
simple/exercises

QUESTION WORDS

FORM
Questions with question words and be
Question word Verb Subject Rest Answer
I am from Stuttgart.
Where are you from?
I'm from Stuttgart.
What is your name? My name is Peter.
They are fine.
How are Pat and Sue?
They're fine.

Questions with question words in the Simple Present (Quasm)

Question
Auxiliary Subject Verb Rest Answer
word
I play games on my
What do you play on your computer?
computer.
She goes to work at 6
When does your mother go to work?
o'clock.

15
USE
WHO is only used when referring to people. (= I want to know the person)
● Who is the best football player in the world?
● Who are your best friends?
● Who is that strange guy over there?
WHERE is used when referring to a place or location. (= I want to know the place)
● Where is the library?
● Where do you live?
● Where are my shoes?
WHEN is used to refer to a time or an occasion. (= I want to know the time)
● When do the shops open?
● When is his birthday?
● When are we going to finish?
WHY is used to obtain an explanation or a reason. (= I want to know the reason)
● Why do we need a nanny?
● Why are they always late?
● Why does he complain all the time?
WHAT is used to refer to specific information. (= I want to know the thing)
● What is your name?
● What is her favourite colour?
● What is the time?
WHICH is used when a choice needs to be made. (= I want to know the thing between
alternatives)
● Which drink did you order – the rum or the beer?
● Which day do you prefer for a meeting – today or tomorrow?
● Which is better - this one or that one?
WHOSE is used to identify the “owner” of something. It can be used for people
(always) or objects (in affirmative sentences)..
Whose book is on the table?
Whose son is eating ice cream?
Whose answer is correct?
HOW is used to describe the manner that something is done. (= I want to know the
way)
● How do you cook paella?
● How does he know the answer?
● How can I learn English quickly?
With HOW there are a number of other expressions that are used in questions:

16
How much – refers to a quantity or a price (uncountable nouns)
● How much time do you have to finish the test?
● How much is the jacket on display in the window?
● How much money will I need?
How many – refers to a quantity (countable nouns)
● How many days are there in April?
● How many people live in this city?
● How many brothers and sisters do you have?
Read more about How much vs. How many.
How often – refers to frequency
● How often do you visit your grandmother?
● How often does she study?
● How often are you sick?
How far – refers to distance
● How far is the university from your house?
● How far is the bus stop from here?

1. _____ sings opera in the shower?

2. _____ kind of music do you like?
3. _____ can you find used cars at good prices?
4. _____ does the class begin?
5. _____ did I sign up for this class?
6. _____ book do you prefer, Moby Dick or Harry Potter?
7. _____ people are in the class?
8. _____ sugar should I buy?
9. _____ do I have to walk to get to school?
10. _____ book do I have? It´s not mine.

Practice
https://lingua.com/english/exercises/question-words/
https://www.englishexercises.org/makeagame/viewgame.asp?id=2066
https://www.liveworksheets.com/worksheets/en/English_as_a_Second_Language_(ESL
)/Question_words/Question_words_fc139qx
https://www.grammarbank.com/wh-questions.html
http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/questions/question_words2.htm
http://www.xtec.cat/~fromeu/english/segon/whwords.htm

17
 QUANTITIES – COUNTABLE OR UNCOUNTABLE

FORM
Some nouns are for things which can be counted (tables, ideas, students). These can be
singular or plural, with the resulting change in the verb.
The student doesn't like Dan. The students don't like Dan.
Other nouns are uncountable (water, wine, money, etc.). They are always used in
singular.
The water is cold.
Note – We often change units, and change from uncountable to countable.
Money is uncountable but euros are countable. I have money. I have ten euros.
Water is uncountable, bottles or glasses of water are countable. She drinks water. She
drinks three glasses of water.
Bread is uncountable but pieces or slices of bread are countable.
We cut the bread to make sandwiches. We cut six slices of bread to make sandwiches.
USE
Countable – A specific number or... Uncountable
No No
A few/few A little
Some Some
Many Much
A lot of A lot of

18
http://mirincondeinglesfp.blogspot.com/p/vocabulary.html

1. I went to the store. I wanted to buy ______ eggs and ______ potato but there
weren't ______.
2. Do you have ______ books I can read. I read ______ book yesterday.
3. My brother doesn't want ______ beer. He prefers ______ apple cider?
4. Can I have ______ salt? I'm sorry. I don't have ______.

Practice
http://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/grammar-exercise-many-lot.php
https://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/story.php?title=oduymdk2uhex
https://www.englishexercises.org/makeagame/viewgame.asp?id=5271
https://test-english.com/grammar-points/a1/a-some-any-countable-uncountable/
https://www.liveworksheets.com/worksheets/en/English_as_a_Second_Language_(ESL
)/There_is_-_there_are/There_is_-_There_are_%5E_a,_an,_some,_any_gy25424bs
https://www.englishexercises.org/makeagame/viewgame.asp?id=3246

PAST PERFECT

FORM
Simple: HAD + past participle

( had lived, had sung …).

19
He had played basketball before the accident.

She had never danced at a disco until she visited Pachà.

Had we eaten pizza during the summer?

USE

An action occurred before another action in the past.

I had lived in New York City before I lived in Miami, Florida.

An action began in the past and continued to a specific later moment in the past.
She had never loved work until she started teaching.

EXERCISE 23
Put the verbs in the correct form of the past

1. Jill (phone) Dad at work before she (leave) for her trip.
2. Susan (turn on) the radio after she (wash) the dishes.
3. When she (arrive) the match already (start).
4. After the man (come) home he (feed) the cat.

Practice
https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/past-perfect-exercise-1.html
https://www.grammarbank.com/simple-past-vs-past-perfect-tenses.html
https://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/tenses/past_perfect_simple_past.htm
http://www.really-learn-english.com/past-perfect-exercises.html
http://www.esl-classroom.com/grammar/pastsperf3.html

Reading
Dave had never been to Las Vegas before. He had saved his money for years,
because he wanted to have at least $10,000 for gambling. Finally he was ready. He got
on the plane and went to Las Vegas. His plan was to stay in one of the fancy hotels and
investigate for a day or two before he went to the casino. He enjoyed the food and the
shows. The meals were excellent.
After two days, Dave thought he was ready. He had observed the roulette
wheels, the slot machines and the blackjack dealers. He decided to start with roulette.
He had noticed that red appeared slightly more often than black. He bet on red every
time, and although he lost sometimes, by the end of the night he was $5000 ahead. The
next night he tried blackjack at a table where the dealer seemed to have all high cards.
He won and he lost, but for the night he had $8000 profit. He had set $10,000 as his
limit, and now had $13,000, so he quit and went home.

20
When did Dave win more money a. the first night b. the second night c. the
same both nights d. he lost money
When did Dave play the slots? a. the first night b. the second night
c.both nights d. neither
The word fancy means a. elegant b. expensive c. five star d. good
The word ahead means a. losing b. first c. more than before d. last
This story is mostly about a. roulette b. Las Vegas c. Dave d. hotels

FUTURE: WILL, GOING TO

FORM
[subject + will + verb + ...]
Examples:
● You will help him later.
● Will you help him later?
● They will not (won’t) participate in the competition.
Subject + (be) + going to + verb + ...
Examples:
● You are going to meet Jane tonight.
● Are you going to meet Jane tonight?
● He is not (isn’t) going to study English tomorrow.
USE
“Will" often suggests that a speaker will do something voluntarily and decided at the
moment. A voluntary action is one the speaker offers to do for someone else. Often, we
use "will" to respond to someone else's complaint or request for help. We also use "will"
when we request that someone help us or volunteer to do something for us. Similarly,
we use "will not" or "won't" when we refuse to voluntarily do something.
Examples:
● I will send you the information when I get it.
● I will translate the email, so Mr. Smith can read it.
● Will you help me move this heavy table?
● Will you make dinner?
"Will" is usually used in promises.
● Don't worry, I'll be careful.
● I won't tell anyone your secret.
“Will” is used to present factual information:
Tomorrow will be a holiday.
School will end on June 20th.

21
 “Will” is used in conditional structures.
If you pass the examI will be happy.
When winter comes it will be cold.

EXERCISE 26
Complete the sentences with the future simple (will) and the verbs in the box.
1. Next week I (be) in Ibiza.
2. We (watch, no) the film tomorrow.
3. Who (help) him with this job?
4. On Thursday they (meet my mother).

"Be going to" expresses that something is a plan. It expresses the idea that a person
intends to do something in the future. It does not matter whether the plan is realistic or
not. It is decided before the moment it is said.
Examples:
● He is going to spend his vacation in Hawaii.
● She is not going to spend her vacation in Hawaii.
Both "will" and "be going to" can express the idea of a general prediction about the
future.
● John Smith will be the next President.
● John Smith is going to be the next President.

EXERCISE 27
Complete the sentence with the future “going to”
1. Eli (design) jewelry.
2. you (buy) a new phone?
3. I (leave) school next year.
4. She (listen) to a podcast this afternoon.

EXERCISE 28
Put in ‘will’ or ‘be going to’.
1. A: We don’t have any bread.
B: I know. I __________________ get some from the shop.
2. A: We don’t have any bread.
B: Really? I __________________ get some from the shop then.
3. A: Why do you need to borrow my suitcase?
B: I __________________ visit my mother in Scotland next month.
4. A: I’m really cold.
B: I __________________ turn the heating on.

22
Practice
http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/tenses/will_going_to_future.htm
http://www.eltbase.com/quiz/154_01.htm
https://www.ejerciciosinglesonline.com/new-exercises/ex2-will-vs-going-to/
https://elt.oup.com/student/solutions/preint/grammar/grammar_06_012e?cc=global&sel
Language=en
https://es.liveworksheets.com/worksheets/en/English_as_a_Second_Language_(ESL)/
Will_vs_going_to/Will_v_Going_to_mz1387uv
https://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbs18.htm
https://www.grammarbank.com/will-vs-going-to-exercises.html

FUTURE: PRESENT, PRESENT CONTINUOUS

FORM
The simple present or present continuous is used as the verb.
● The plane leaves in ten minutes.
● I'm leaving on the plane.
USE
The simple present is used to make statements about events at a time later than now,
when the statements are based on present facts, and when these facts are something
fixed like a time-table, schedule, calendar.
● The plane arrives at 18.00 tomorrow.
● She has a yoga class tomorrow morning.
The present continuous is used to talk about arrangements for events at a time later than
now. There is a suggestion that more than one person is aware of the event, and that
some preparation has already happened. e.g.
● I'm meeting Jim at the airport = Jim and I have discussed this.

● I am leaving tomorrow. = I've already bought my train ticket.

EXERCISE 29

1. The 3 pm train _____ at 4:30 pm. a) returns b) is returning

2. The girls and I _____ out tonight. a) go b) are going

Practice

https://www.e-grammar.org/present-tense-be-going-to-future/test2-exercise1/
https://www.flo-joe.co.uk/preliminaryenglish/grammar/present-simple-and-continuous-
as-future-tenses.htm
http://www.esl-lounge.com/student/grammar/2g21-present-continuous-simple-for-
future.php

23
https://www.esl-lounge.com/student/grammar/2g21-present-continuous-simple-for-
future.php

Practice - FUTURE Mixed

https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/future-mix/exercises
https://www.english-4u.de/en/tenses-exercises/future.htm
https://www.english-4u.de/en/tenses-exercises/future-tenses.htm
https://www.ecenglish.com/learnenglish/lessons/future-time
https://kfrclasses.pbworks.com/f/mixed%20future%20tenses%20exercise.pdf
https://www.eltbase.com/quiz/154_02.htm
https://test-english.com/grammar-points/b2/future-forms-expressing-future-time/

PREPOSITIONS - TIME
FORM
The preposition goes before the word that indicates the time:
We meet at 4.30 every day. I entered university in 2016.
USE

Preposi
tion of Explanations Example
time
● Many shops don't open on
● days Sundays.
on
● weekend (American English) ● What did you do on the
weekend?
● I visited Italy in July, in
spring, in 1994
● months / seasons / year
● In the evenings, I like to
in ● morning / evening / afternoon
relax.
● period of time
● This is the first cigarette I've
had in three years.
● It gets cold at night.
● night
● What did you do at the
● weekend (British English)
at weekend?
● used to show an exact or a
● There's a meeting at 2.30 this
particular time:
afternoon / at lunch time.
● from a particular time in the ● England has not won the
since past until a later time, or until World Cup in football since
now 1966
● used to show an amount of ● I'm just going to bed for an
for
time. hour or so.

24
 ● back in the past; back in time ● The dinosaurs died out 65
ago
from the present: million years ago.
before ● at or during a time earlier than ● She's always up before dawn.
after ● at or during a time later than ● She's always up after dawn.
● used when saying the time, to
to ● It's twenty to six.
mean before the stated hour
past ● telling the time ● five past ten
● until a particular time, marking ● It's only two weeks to
to
end of a period of time Christmas.
● The museum is open from
● used to show the time when
from 9.30 to 6.00 Tuesday to
something starts
Sunday.
● We waited for you until half
until ● up to (the time that)
past six.
●She had promised to be back
by ● not later than; at or before
by five o'clock.
Certain prefixes: to (today, tomorrow...), yester (yesterday...) and words (last,
every) before the time eliminate the need for a preposition.

EXERCISE 31
Put in the correct preposition (at, in, on, or no preposition).
1. ____ Thursday I was awake ____ midnight.
2. Do you usually have a cake ____ your birthday?
3. What are you doing ____ the weekend?
4. ____ last week, I worked until 9pm ____ every night.

Practice
https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/time-prepositions-exercise-1.html
https://www.english-4u.de/en/grammar/prepositions-time.htm
https://www.englishgrammar.org/prepositions-time-exercise/
http://www.fiestaesl.com/gramtimeprep.html
http://www.englishpage.com/prepositions/time_prepositions_1.htm

Reading
Until I was 26, I had never considered university. I left school when I was sixteen
because going out with my friends was more fun than listening to a teacher. I didn’t need
money because I lived with my parents. Every year my grades were worse. Finally, the
school expelled me. My parents told me to get a job.
I liked my job. I loaded and unloaded trucks for a big shop. The work was tiring,
but I liked getting money. After a few years I was bored with the job. I asked the boss if
there was a chance for promotion. He told me that without a school degree, all I could do
was load and unload trucks. So I went to the adult school and got my secondary education

25
certificate and could work planning the orders and organizing the storage. That was fine
for several years, but then it got monotonous. I asked about more options, and my boss
told me that all the promotions required a university degree. So here I am.

1. A good title for this is

a. My life b. My work day c. The value of education d. Promotions
2. The writer was a
a. good student b. a bad student c. hard working d. not enough
information
3. Expelled means
a. told to leave for a day b. told to leave permanently c. required to do extra hours
d. given a bad report
4. Grade means
a. academic result b. age group c. attendance d.quality
5. In the end the writer
a. wants to go back to school b. wants a better job c. has finished the university d. is
rich

CONDITIONAL
FORM
If/When + clause + clause.
Conditional If/when Result
0th Present Present
1st Present Future
2nd Past simple Conditional
3rd Past perfect Perfect conditional

0th If you heat ice it melts.

1st If you invite me I'll go with you.
2nd If he studied he would pass.
3rd If he had studied he would have passed.

USE
The zero conditional: the condition is true or possible, the consequence is always or
almost always true based on the condition. The zero conditional is often used to refer
to general truths. The condition is indicated with if or when.
If today is Wednesday we don't have class.
When you sneeze you close your eyes.

The 1st conditional:the condition is possible for some time in the future. The
consequence is possible (a prediction) based on the condition. The condition can
be indicated with “when” if it is true in the future.

26
If I pass the exam I will study chemistry.
When I begin the exam I will be nervous.

The 2nd conditional: the condition is not true now and hypothetical in the future.
The consequence is used to refer to a time that is now or any time, and a situation that
is hypothetical. The consequence is possible (a prediction) based on the condition.
If they were famous they would have many fans.

The 3rd conditional : the condition is an action that was not true in the past. The
consequence is a possible result in the past if the past were different.
If we had eaten the rotten fruit we would have been sick.

EXERCISE 33
1st conditional
1. If I (to study), I (to pass) the exams.
2. If the sun (to shine), we (to walk) into town.
3. If he (to have) a temperature, he (to see) the doctor.
4. If my friends (to come), I (to be) very happy.
2nd conditional
5. If I (to come) home earlier, I (to prepare) dinner.
6. If we (to live) in Rome, Francesco (to visit) us.
7. If Tim and Tom (to be) older, they (to play) in our hockey team.
8. If he (to be) my friend, I (to invite) him to my birthday party.
3rd conditional
9. If the weather (to be) nice, they (to play)football.
10. If we (to go) to a good restaurant, we (to have) a better dinner.
11. If John (to learn) more words, he (to write) a good report.
12. If the boys (to take) the bus to school, they (to arrive) on time.

Practice
https://www.usingenglish.com/quizzes/226.html
https://elt.oup.com/student/solutions/advanced/grammar/grammar_04_022e?cc=global
&selLanguage=en
http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/if_clauses/mix3.htm
http://first-
english.org/english_learning/if_clauses_conditional/67_if_conditional_multiple_choice.
htm
https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/tests/conditional-sentences-3
https://www.english-4u.de/en/grammar-exercises/conditional-sentences2.htm
https://www.examenglish.com/grammar/mixed_conditionals.htm

27
READING
Mystery of the Red Truck
By Sally Nicholls, a local reporter
It has been confirmed that late on the night of the sixth of July, a large red truck
ran into the bakery on Maryland Street. After an initial investigation by police, it is now
clear that the truck had no driver at all. The locals are asking a simple question: “Where
was the driver?” If the police want to solve this mystery, they will need the CCTV footage
from the street. One of the locals said: “We’re all quite worried about a truck with no
driver. This truck has never been seen in the neighbourhood before. If we’d seen that
truck before, we’d have solved this mystery by now.” Many locals share the same
concerns. They want to know what’s happening in their town.
A witness at the crime scene told police: “There was a loud noise coming from
the truck while it was going towards the building and its speed.... it was unbelievable. If
it had been going slower, I would’ve had a chance to see the driver. But all I saw was the
truck speeding into the bakery as fast as it could. ’’
The police have already spoken with eleven other residents but no one knows any
further details about the incident. Superintendent Amanda Slippers remarked: “This is a
tough case. The truck licence plate belongs to this town, but nobody has seen it here.
According to the town records, the owner of the truck moved away from here years ago.
No one knows where he moved. If we can locate the owner, we'll probably solve this
mystery.’’
If a truck moves, then it has a driver. Well, maybe we should change this basic
assumption on account of this mysterious red truck.

EXERCISE 36
Decide if the statements are true or false according to the text.
1. The locals knew that the red truck had an old driver. _____
2. The police have investigated all the people in the town. _____
3. The CCTV footage of the street will help the police._____
4. The locals haven’t seen the truck in the town before. _____
5. The truck ran into the building very slowly. _____

PHRASAL VERBS

A phrasal verb is a verb combined with a preposition or adverb (or both) that means
something different than any of the words that make up the verb. There are two types of
phrasal verbs. Separable phrasal verbs can be broken up by other words, while inseparable
phrasal verbs cannot be separated by other words.
Separable Phrasal Verbs
You can insert other words into the middle of a separable phrasal verb. Consider the
following example, using the phrasal verb take back:

28
The fridge doesn’t work. Take it back.

The store won’t give back the money. They only give credit for a future purchase.

Inseparable Phrasal Verbs

Inseparable phrasal verbs can be transitive (i.e., they can take a direct object), but you
can’t insert that direct object into the middle of the phrasal verb. In other words, they
can’t be separated, thus their name. Consider the following examples:

We have to fall back on our savings. (We can’t say fall our savings back on)

Very often phrasal verbs which end in prepositions are inseparable.

Transitivity
Phrasal verbs can be intransitive (i.e. they have no object):
We broke up two years ago.
They set off early to miss the traffic.
He pulled up outside the cottage.

or transitive (i.e. they can have an object):

The police were called to break up the fight.
When the door is opened, it sets off an alarm.
They pulled the house down and redeveloped the site.

With transitive verbs,if the direct object is a noun, you can say:
✓ They pull the house down.
[direct object]

✓ They pull down the house.

If the object is a pronoun (such as it, him, her, them) , then the object always comes
between the verb and the adverb:
✓ They pull it down.
[direct object]

✗ They pull down it.

Particle Related words/meanings

Up Upward movement, increase, improvement, completing, ending, approaching.

29
In/Into Inward movement, Inclusion
On Continue, on a surface, attachment, happening
Away Out of sight, leave, distance
Out Outward movement, finishing, exclusion
Down Downward movement, decrease, completing, ending, negativity
Over On top, above but not touching
Back Return, reciprocation, reverse
Through Doing something completely, by means of, connected by phone.
Off Not including, away, separating/separated, stopped

USE
The addition of a particle changes the meaning of the verb. Notice that some verbs can
go with many different particles; they have many different meanings. Unfortunately,
there is no simple rule for forming, using or understanding phrasal verbs.

THIS IS THE MOST DIFFICULT UNIT IN THIS COURSE AND NORMALLY

THERE ARE ONLY A FEW QUESTIONS RELATED TO IT, SO THERE ARE
MANY EXERCISES BUT WE WON’T SPEND MUCH TIME ON IT.

PRACTICE
https://www.english-grammar.at/online_exercises/phrasal_verbs/pv008-phrasal-
verbs.htm
https://www.myenglishpages.com/english/grammar-exercise-phrasal-verbs.php
https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/phrasal-verbs/exercises?18
http://digitalcampus.free.fr/Level3/Unit34/SubUnit342/PhrasalVerbsQCM.jqz.htm
http://www.learnenglishfeelgood.com/mixed-phrasal-verbs1.html

MODAL VERBS
FORM
Here's a list of the modal verbs in English:
can could may might will
would must shall should ought to needn't

Modal verbs are unlike other verbs.

They do not conjugate with the subject.
They do not have different tenses or a participle (past/present).
They combine with a second verb without to or -ing.

have to and be able to have the function of modal verbs, but they can conjugate

USE OF MODAL VERBS– express: probability, possibility, ability, permission,

obligation, recommendation

CAN – ability to do something or permission do do something

30
Ability - He can speak French. I can't walk to Formentera.
Permission - I can't drive a car (no driver's license), Can I use this table?
COULD – ability (as past for can), possibility
Ability -Last week I couldn't come to the party.
Possibility – It could be the last elephant in the world.
MAY – permission, possibility (negative is only may not)
Permission – May I eat the pastry?
Possibility – He may not be at home now.
MIGHT – Possibility
Dan might be the worst teacher in the school.
WILL – future, can indicate obligation
You will turn off the television immediately.
WOULD – conditional, recommendation
You would like the book; it is very well written.
MUST – obligation, probability
Obligation - You must not smoke in the school. You must be 18 to drive a car.
Probability They must be from Ibiza because they like flaó.
SHOULD/OUGHT TO – recommendation (ought to not used in negative)
We should study English today. They ought to go home now, it's late.
NEEDN'T – No obligation
You needn't dress formally for the party.
HAVE TO – In affirmative it is equivalent to must. In negative it is equivalent to
needn't
He has to go to school. I have to be home at 5:30.
Today class is optional so I don't have to go. She doesn't have to wake up early.
BE ABLE TO – equivalent to can, but it can conjugate both in person and in time
Were you able to open the door? He will be able to pass the exam.

1. He ____ speak Greek perfectly. He lived in Athens for ten years.

2. She ____ come to the party. She hasn’t decided yet.
3. The police ____ prepare a report for every accident. It is required.
4. My father ____ lose weight. He’s too fat.

Practice
https://www.english-grammar.at/online_exercises/modal-verbs/m015.htm
https://www.myenglishpages.com/english/grammar-exercise-modals.php
http://www.englishpage.com/modals/interactivemodal1.htm
http://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/grammar-exercise-modals.php
http://esl.fis.edu/grammar/multi/modal1.htm
http://www.learnenglish-online.com/grammar/modals/tests/modaltest2.html
https://elt.oup.com/student/solutions/advanced/grammar/grammar_08_022e?cc=global
&selLanguage=en
https://www.english-4u.de/en/grammar-exercises/modal-verbs3.htm

31
READING
Reading comprehension shouldn’t be difficult. It’s mostly a question of
concentration. If you read the text carefully and are sufficiently intelligent, you will be
able to understand the text. You might not grasp the meaning of every word, but the gist
of the reading ought to be clear. You can probably understand most of the missing words
from the context.
A good way to see if you understand a text is to explain it to another person. If
you can do that, and the other person understands, then you truly understand the text.
maybe you don’t have anyone to explain it to; try to rewrite the main ideas in your own
words. If you can do that, then everything is okay. If you can't, read the text again. Talk
it over with someone. You can do it!

1. The key to reading comprehension is a. patience b. rereading c.

explaining d. concentration
2. To see if you understand a text a. copy it b. read it aloud to another person
c. reread it d. none of the above
3. The word grasp means a. understand b. hold in your hand c. touch
d. see
4. Talk it over means a. argue b. talk at a table c. discuss d. reread

PASSIVE
FORM
Subject + form of to be + Past Participle (3rd column of irregular verbs)
Example: A letter was written.
When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:
● the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence
● the tense of the original sentence is maintained.
● the form of the verb BE changes according to the tense we want to use (are sent,
were done, are going to be built, should be discussed, etc.)
● the subject of the active sentence can be added with a by phrase in the passive
sentence or it can be omitted.

active passive
The lion was killed by the
The hunter killed the lion. >>
hunter.
Someone has cleaned the windows >> The windows have been cleaned

They called off the meeting. >> The meeting was called off.
His grandmother looked after him. >> He was looked after by his grandmother.

32
They will send him away to
>> He will be sent away to school.
school.

USE Passive voice is used to change the emphasis from the subject to the object. In
some cases the subject can be eliminated.
Trump insulted Clinton. Clinton was insulted by Trump. Clinton was insulted.

In cases of negatives and questions we use the auxiliary verb do in the active voice and
be in the passive voice.
Did Kim love Pat? → Was Pat loved by Kim?
Kim didn't love Pat. → Pat wasn't loved by Kim.
With modal verbs the structure is maintained.
He should do his homework. → His homework should be done (by him).

EXERCISE 41
Change the sentences to passive voice.
1. Many people begin new projects in January

2. You must wash that shirt for tonight’s party.

3. Mum is going to prepare the food.

4. Nobody can beat Tiger Woods at golf.

Practice
https://www.englishgrammar.org/active-passive-voice-worksheet-2/
https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/passive-exercise-5.html
https://www.english-4u.de/en/grammar-exercises/passive5.htm
https://www.englishgrammar.org/active-passive-voice-exercise-3/
https://www.english-grammar.at/online_exercises/passive-voice/pa011-active-
passive.htm

EXERCISE 42.
Change from Passive into Active voice.

1. "Murder on the Nile" was written by Agatha Christie.

2. Everything has been written down.

3. Electricity was discovered by Thomas Edison.

4. A new law will be introduced by the government.

33
Practice
http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/active_passive/word_order.htm
https://www.englishpractice.com/quiz/active-passive-voice-quiz-2/
https://www.esl-lounge.com/student/grammar/3g20-passive-active-exercise.php
http://guidetogrammar.org/grammar/quizzes/passive_quiz.htm

COMBINING VERBS
Gerunds
Gerunds can appear at the beginning of a sentence when used as a subject:
1. Jogging is a hobby of mine.
Gerunds can act as an object following the verb:
1. Daniel quit smoking a year ago.

Gerunds can serve as an object after a preposition:

1. I look forward to helping you paint the house.

Note: The same spelling rules that apply to the progressive tenses also apply to gerunds.
Some verbs and verb phrases are directly followed a gerund:
1. Paul avoids using chemicals on the vegetables he grows.

Some verbs can be followed by a gerund or an infinitive without causing a change in

meaning:
1. Some people prefer getting up early in the morning.
2. Some people prefer to get up early in the morning

Some verbs can be followed by a gerund or infinitive but with a change in meaning:
1. He remembered sending the fax. (He remembered the act of send the fax)
2. He remembered to send the fax. (He remembered the fax and sent it.)

Infinitives
Infinitives can be used as:
an object following the verb: Jim always forgets to eat
a subject at the beginning of a sentence: To travel around the world requires a
lot of time and money.
an adverb modifying a verb: You promised to buy me a diamond ring.
an adjective modifying a noun: Tara has the ability to succeed.

Modal Verbs – Combine with the second verb but without the word “to”
I can understand the teacher.
After a personal pronoun the infinitive is used. I asked him to meet me.

After certain adjectives (easy, necessary, fantastic) the infinitive is used.

After prepositions (except for except and but) you usually use the gerund. He asked me
about eating in a restaurant.

34
 Reference Lists – Gerunds and Infinitives
Common verbs and phrases that are followed by a gerund
I advise selling your house.
Admit advise avoid be used to can’t help can’t stand
consider deny discuss dislike end up enjoy
feel like finish forget get used to give upgo on
have difficulty have problems have trouble imagine
it’s no use keep look forward to mention mind
miss recommend remember quit spend time stop
suggest understand waste time work at

Common verbs that can be followed by either a gerund or an infinitive without

causing a change in meaning
She hates studying English. She hates to study English.
Begin continue hate intend like love
prefer start

Common verbs followed by a gerund or infinitive but with a change in meaning

Stop eating candy. Stop to eat candy.
forget remember stop

Common verbs that are followed by an infinitive

He can't afford to buy a house.
afford agree appear arrange ask care
decide demand expect fail forget hope
learn manage mean offer plan
preparepretend promise refuse remember seem
stop volunteer wait want wish

Common verbs that are directly followed by a noun or pronoun and then by an infinitive
I advise you to buy a house.
advise allow ask cause challenge command
convince expect forbid force hire instruct

invite order pay permit program remind

teach tell urge want warn

Common verbs that are followed by an infinitive without “to”

I can buy a house.

Can May Might Must Ought to Rather Should Will

Combine the verbs using the gerund or the infinitive or nothing, as needed-

I dislike (drink) water in the morning.

They volunteered (help) clean the house.

35
We must (finish) the report by tomorrow.

Do you prefer (read) in Greek or Arabic?

Practice

http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/gerunds-and-infinitives-exercise-1.html
https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/gerunds-and-infinitives-exercise-2.html
https://www.englishpage.com/gerunds/gerunds_infinitives_10.htm
https://www.english-grammar.at/online_exercises/gerund-infinitive/gi022.htm
https://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/structures/gerund_infinitive2.htm
https://www.grammarbank.com/gerunds-infinitives-exercises.html
https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/infinitive-gerund/exercises?09

READING
Genealogy is the exploration of a family’s background over a long period of time.
The people who do this are called genealogists. There are professional genealogists who
help people do this for a fee. Many genealogists are hobbyists who also trace their own
family’s history. This takes a long time and usually involves plenty of research.
Genealogists might access government or company archives to find out more
information about ancestors. Birth certificates, marriage licenses, and adoption records
can show when events happened in the family. Genealogists might also examine military
service forms, criminal records, and newspaper articles to find details about a person’s
life. A government census can also give clues about a family’s history.
Current technology also plays an important part in genealogy work. Genealogists
commonly use special software that can store huge amounts of information about family
histories. It can display different graphics that show various relationships, such as
national origin, religion, and birth order. This can help genealogists understand better
where a family comes from and how people in the family were related. It can also provoke
some questions about changes in a family. Why, for example, would a family’s religion
suddenly alter over the course of a generation? This would strongly hint that a major
event occurred in the family. What was the event? These kinds of questions create more
questions and genealogists are always working to find the answers.
Dreamreader.net Friends and Family – Intermediate Level
This text is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial NoDerivatives 4.0
International License. You may copy or use this material for personal classroom use. You must not alter or
adapt it for sale or commercial profit.

EXERCISE 44
1. According to the article, a genealogist is:
a) a person who explores a family’s background
b) a person who explores different countries
c) a person who discovers a family’s garden

36
d) a person who improves a family’s health
2. The word “records” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to:
a) achievements b) performances c) albums d) reports
3. According to the article, what would a genealogist’s job be most similar to?
a) a doctor b) detective c) a government official d) a therapist
4. The word “it” in paragraph 3 refers to:
a) histories b) families c) information d) software
5. The word “graphics” in paragraph 3 refers to:
a) images b) people c) ideas d) times
6. The word “alter” in paragraph 3 could be replaced with:
a) remain b) succeed c) change d) continue
7. The word “provoke” in paragraph 3 can be replaced with:
a) prove b) stop c) write d)produce

REPORTED SPEECH
FORM
Changes – Pronouns, tense, place and time expressions. Basically, you take the original
sentence, backshift the tense, adjust pronouns and time/place.

She said: "I'm visiting Paris next She said that she was visiting Paris the
weekend" following weekend.

Types of questions Direct speech Reported speech

With question word (what, "Why" don’t you He asked me why I didn’t
why, where, how...) speak English?” speak English.
Without question word (yes “Do you speak He asked me whether / if I
or no questions) English?” spoke English.
IMPERATIVE
He told me to clean my
Command Clean your room
room.
They asked me to help
Request Please help us.
them

USE
We want to say what we heard from a different person:
John: Ibiza is a great island. John said that Ibiza was a great island. You inform who
made the statement and what the person said.

37
EXERCISE 46 - affirmative
Change this direct speech into reported speech:
1. “He works in a bank”
She said ___________________________________________________________
2. “We went out last night”
She told me________________________________________________________
3. “I’m coming!”
She said ___________________________________________________________
4. “I was waiting for the bus when he arrived”
She told me ________________________________________________________

EXERCISE 47 - questions
Change these direct questions into reported speech:
1. “Where is he?”
She asked me ______________________________________________________
2. “What are you doing?”
She asked me ______________________________________________________
3. “Why did you go out last night?”
She asked me ______________________________________________________
4.“Who was that beautiful woman?”
She asked me ______________________________________________________

EXERCISE 48 imperative
Change the direct speech into reported speech. Choose the past simple of ‘ask’,
‘say’ or ‘tell’:
1. “Don’t do it!”
She ______________________________________________________________
2. “Please get me a cup of tea”
She ______________________________________________________________
3. “Be quick!”
She ______________________________________________________________
4. “Please don’t go.”
She ______________________________________________________________

Practice
http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/reported-speech-exercise-1.html
https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/reported-speech-exercise-5.html
https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/reported-speech/exercises?10
https://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/reported_speech/sentences.htm
https://www.english-grammar.at/online_exercises/reported-speech/rs002-reported-
speech.htm
https://www.examenglish.com/grammar/B1_reported_speech.htm

38
 PREPOSITIONS – PLACE, MOTION

https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-
Ri2vE72XNt0/XZTSAehL66I/AAAAAAAAAB8/OoavYmwDpgAwfOjwG3BMCIwtbfc31NqngCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/PREP
OSITIONS%2BPICTURE%2B1.jpg

FORM
The preposition goes before the word that indicates the place or motion:
We meet at the restaurant everyday. I entered the university in Boston.

39
USE - Be careful to not mix place and movement prepositions. In some cases more
than one answer is possible, but the meaning changes. Look for context clues.

EXERCISE 50
1.He’s swimming ______ the river.
2.Where’s Julie? She’s ______ school.
3.The plant is ______ the table.
4.There is a spider ______ the bath.

Practice
http://www.englishservice.cz/download/Prepositions%20of%20Place%20and%20Move
ment.pdf
http://academic.uprm.edu/ggriggs/Preps/Practice-
Prepositions%20of%20Time%20and%20Place.pdf
http://www.elt-els.com/2014/05/prepositions-of-movement-place.html
https://www.englishcoursemalta.com/learn/time-place-motion-exercises/
https://www.englishexercises.org/makeagame/viewgame.asp?id=8944
http://www.englishservice.cz/download/Prepositions%20of%20Place%20and%20Move
ment.pdf

WHO, WHICH, THAT, WHOSE

FORM
Who, which or that can combine two ideas; they are placed between the two parts.
Who - John is a man. John loves Mary.
John is the man who loves Mary.
That – John is in love. His love changed his life.
John's love is the thing that changed his life.
Which – He quit his job. His job interfered with his time with Mary.
He quit the job which interfered with his time with Mary.
Whose is used to indicate possession. Mary is the woman whose husband quit his job.
USE
Rule 1. Who and sometimes that refer to people. Which and sometim that refer to groups
or things.
Examples:
Anya is the one who rescued the bird.
"The Man That Got Away" is a great song with a grammatical title.

Lokua is on the team that won first place.

She belongs to a great organization, which specializes in saving endangered species.
Rule 2a. That normally introduces what is called an essential clause (also known as a
restrictive or defining clause). Essential clauses add information that is vital to the
point of the sentence.

40
Example: I want the dog that is black and white.
Could you bring me the cup that is on the table?
Rule 2b. Which introduces a nonessential clause (also known as a nonrestrictive or
non defining clause), which adds supplementary information.
Example: Lisa, who takes ballet with Jan, is my best friend.
The school library, which is next to the cafeteria, is my favorite place in the school!
If that has already appeared in a sentence, writers sometimes use which to introduce the
next clause, whether it is essential or nonessential. This is done to avoid awkward
formations.
Whose indicates possession.
He is the one whose dog ate my chickens. Whose indicates that the dog is his.
Whose pen is this? We ask for the owner of the pen.

EXERCISE 52
Write who/that/which in the blanks.
a. I met a woman ____ can speak six languages.
b. What’s the name of the man _____________lives next door?
c. What’s the name of the river ____________goes through the town?
d. Everybody _____________went to the party enjoyed it very much.

Correct the errors in these sentences.

a. Joan won the prize, that surprised me a lot.
b.The children, that were playing football, broke one of my windows.
c.The house in that I was born has just been demolished.
d.Fred is the man who he lives next door.
e.The books which they are on the table are mine.
f.I can’t remember the name of the person who pen I borrowed .
g. Marilyn Monroe, that real name is Norma Jean, was an actress.

Practice
https://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/pronouns/relative_pronouns.htm
http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/pronouns/relative_pronouns2.htm
http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/quizzes/which_quiz.htm
https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/relative-clauses-exercise-1.html
https://www.focus.olsztyn.pl/en-relative-pronouns-who-which-that-exercise.html
http://guidetogrammar.org/grammar/quizzes/which_quiz.htm
https://speakspeak.com/english-grammar-exercises/intermediate/relative-pronouns-who-
which-that-whose-when-where

41
 ADVERBS
FORM
Regular adverbs have the form Adjective + -ly. Normally adverbs go after the verb.
She works carefully.
Adverbs of frequency: usually, always, often, never... normally appear immediately
before the verb.
Irregular forms: there are more, but these are the most common ones
adjective adverb adjective adverb adjective adverb
good well early early late late*
fast fast daily daily wrong wrong
hard hard straight straight straight straight

ADVERBS OF PLACE, TIME

Everywhere, Here, Inside, There, Underground, Upstairs, After, Always, Before, Later,
Now, Today, Yesterday
Many adverbs tell us the extent of the action.
Almost Enough So Too Quite Rather Very

USE
3.1. to modify verbs
The handball team played badly last Saturday.
3.2. to modify adjectives
It was an extremely bad match.
3.3. to modify adverbs
The handball team played extremely badly last Wednesday.
3.4. to modify quantities
There are quite a lot of people here.
3.5. to modify sentences
Unfortunately, the flight to Dallas had been cancelled.

EXERCISE 55
Fill in the blank with the correct form of the word in parentheses.
1. My cousin helped me paint the walls. He’s done it very _______________. (nice)
2. Mum always dresses ________________. (beautiful)
3. He types much more ________________ (quick) than I do.

42
EXERCISE 56
Adverbs Mix
Rewrite the sentences and put the adverbs in correctly.
1. We were in London. (last week) →
2. He walks his dog. (rare) →
3. She waited. (patient) →
4. My father goes fishing. (always) →

Practice
https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/adjectives-adverbs/adverbs/exercises
https://elt.oup.com/student/solutions/elementary/grammar/grammar_02_012e?cc=global
&selLanguage=en
https://www.myenglishpages.com/english/grammar-exercise-adverbs.php
http://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/grammar-exercise-adverbs.php
https://www.englishpractice.com/quiz/adverbs-exercise-4/
http://www.bbc.co.uk/skillswise/quiz/en26adve-e1and2-quiz
https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/adverbs-or-adjectives-exercise-1.html

EQUALITY, COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE

FORM
Equality
Noun (subject) + verb + as + comparative adjective + as + noun (object).
My friend is as intelligent as Einstein.
Science is as easy as English.
Comparative is used in sentences where two nouns are compared, in this pattern:
Noun (subject) + verb + comparative adjective + than + noun (object).
The second item of comparison can be omitted if it is clear from the context (final
example below).
Examples
● My house is larger than hers.
● The rock flew higher than the roof.
● Jim and Jack are both my friends, but I like Jack better. ("than Jim" is
understood)
Superlative adjectives are used to describe an object which is at the upper or lower limit
of a quality (the tallest, the smallest, the fastest, the highest). They are used in sentences
where a subject is compared to a group of objects.
Noun (subject) + verb + the + superlative adjective + noun (object).

43
The group that is being compared with can be omitted if it is clear from the context
(final example below).
Examples
● My house is the largest one in our neighborhood.
● We all threw our rocks at the same time. My rock flew the highest. ("of all the
rocks" is understood)
Forming regular comparatives and superlatives
Forming comparatives and superlatives is easy. The form depends on the number of
syllables in the original adjective.
One syllable adjectives
Add -er for the comparative and -est for the superlative. If the adjective has a consonant
+ single vowel + consonant spelling, the final consonant must be doubled before adding
the ending.
Adjective Comparative Superlative
tall taller tallest
fat fatter fattest
Two or more syllables
Adjectives with two syllables can form the comparative either by adding -er if they end
in -y or by preceding the adjective with more. These adjectives form the superlative
either by adding -est or by preceding the adjective with most. There are exceptions,
however.
Adjective Comparative Superlative

happy happier the happiest

modern more modern the most modern
tired more tired the most tired
beautiful more beautiful the most beautiful
Irregular comparatives and superlatives
These very common adjectives have completely irregular comparative and superlative
forms.
Adjective Comparative Superlative
good better best
bad worse worst
little less least
much more most
far further / farther furthest / farthest

44
USE
Equality shows that two things have the same value. Inequality shows that they are not
equal.
McDonald’s hamburgers are as good as Burger King’s hamburgers.
No team is as good as UD Salamanca.

Comparative is to compare two things. You must specify both unless one is understood.
● The rock flew higher than the roof.
● Jim and Jack are both my friends, but I like Jack better. ("than Jim" is
understood)
Superlative selects the extreme case in a group. You must specify the group unless it is
understood.
● My house is the largest one in our neighborhood.
● We all threw our rocks at the same time. My rock flew the highest. ("of all the
rocks" is understood)

EXERCISE 58
Use the equality form.
1. We’re (happy) a kid in a candy store.
2. They run (fast) Usain Bolt.
3. I can’t eat (much) my father.
4. Can you play the piano (well) Elton John?

COMPLETE THE SENTENCES USING THE COMPARATIVE FORM

1. It's hotter here than in London. (hot)
2. She's more imaginative than her brother. (imaginative)
3. He's _________________ than all the other students. (old)
.Do you think Pat is _________________ than Brian? (intelligent)

WRITE THE SUPERLATIVES OF THE WORDS GIVEN

1 This is the biggest building in the world, (big building)
2 This is _________________________ here. (comfortable chair)
3 He bought _________________________ in the shop. (expensive flowers)
4 I think she's _________________________ of the group. (good singer)

Practice
https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/adjectives-adverbs/adjectives/exercises
http://anthonyhalderman.com/english/compsup.htm
https://www.montsemorales.com/gramatica/compar-superl.htm
https://elt.oup.com/student/solutions/preint/grammar/grammar_04_012e?cc=global&sel
Language=en

45
http://kfrclasses.pbworks.com/f/Comparatives%20Superlatives%20worksheet%20with
%20answers.pdf
https://padletuploads.blob.core.windows.net/prod/142097386/5618824083604efd5d18b
4d2c63e16f0/88_Equative_Comparative_and_Superlative_Adjectives_Can.pdf

So, such, too, enough

Too means there is a lot of something. It shows a negative opinion.

It’s too hot = It is very hot and I don’t like it.
Form
You can use too before an adjective.
It’s too cold. My trousers are too small.
You can also use it before an adverb,
You walk too fast. James speaks too quietly.
Before a noun, use too much (uncountable nouns) or many (countable nouns).
I ate too much food. I ate too many sandwiches.
You can also use too much after a verb.
I ate too much. Paul drinks too much.

Enough means you have what you need.

We have enough food for everyone = everyone has some food.
We don’t have enough food for everyone = some people don’t have chairs.
Form:
Write enough before a noun.
We have enough chairs.
But write it after an adjective or verb.
Are you warm enough? He’s qualified enough. She isn’t tall enough to be a model.
You don’t work hard enough. Are you sleeping enough?
Sentences with enough are sometimes followed by to + verb infinitive.
I’m not tall enough to reach the book.
I haven’t got enough money to buy that coat.

So means very.
It’s so hot!

Form:
So is generally used before an adjective or an adverb.
He’s so funny! He plays the piano so well!
So can be used with a that clause, to show a result of the first clause.
I was so hot that I couldn’t sleep.

46
Such also means very. Such is used before an adjective and noun.
They are such nice children.

Form:
A / an, if necessary, go after such, not before.
That’s a such pretty dress. => That’s such a pretty dress!
Like So, Such can be used with a that clause, to show a result of the first clause.
I was such a nice day that we decided to go to the park.

EXERCISE 59
Fill the gaps with the suitable form: so / such / too / enough

1. He’s __________ excellent worker! He deserves to get promoted

2. Mmm… This pizza is _________ tasty. I think I’ll have another piece.
3. That wall is _________ high for me to climb. I need a ladder.
4. They had __________ terrible weather in England that they came back in two days.

Practice
http://www.learn-english-today.com/lessons/lesson_contents/exercises/linking-
words_print-ex.html
https://www.inglesconcambridge.com/so-such-too-enough-very
https://www.english-grammar.at/online_exercises/adjective_adverb/ad029-
intensifiers.htm
https://www.englishexercises.org/makeagame/viewgame.asp?id=2483
http://www.english-in-chester.co.uk/e-learning/lesson/linking-words/
https://www.ecenglish.com/learnenglish/lessons/linking-words
https://phoneenglish.es/blog/2017/08/intensifiers-so-such-too-enough/

PRONUNCIATION

Sounds Letters Examples Notes

been [i];
e, ee be, eve, see, meet, sleep,
bread, deaf [e];
ea meal, read, leave, sea, team,
[i:]
great, break [ei];
ie, ei field, believe, receive
friend [e]

47
 i it, kiss, tip, pick, dinner, machine, ski,
[i]
y system, busy, pity, sunny liter, pizza [i:]

e let, tell, press, send, end, meter [i:]

[e]
ea bread, dead, weather, leather sea, mean [i:]

a late, make, race, able, stable,

ai, ay aim, wait, play, say, day,

said, says [e];
[ei]
ei, ey eight, weight, they, hey,
height, eye [ai]
ea break, great, steak

cat, apple, land, travel, mad;

[æ] a AmE: last, class, dance, castle,

half

army, car, party, garden, park, war, warm [o:]

ar
father, calm, palm, drama;
[a:]
a
BrE: last, class, dance, castle, half

i, ie ice, find, smile, tie, lie, die,

[ai]
y, uy my, style, apply, buy, guy

ou out, about, house, mouse, group, soup [u:]

[au]
ow now, brown, cow, owl, powder know, own [ou]

[o] o not, rock, model, bottle, copy

or more, order, cord, port,
work, word [ər]
o long, gone, cost, coffee,

aw, au law, saw, pause, because,

[o:]
ought bought, thought, caught,

al, wa- hall, always, water, war, want

48
[oi] oi, oy oil, voice, noise, boy, toy
o go, note, open, old, most, do, move [u:]
[ou]
oa, ow road, boat, low, own, bowl how, owl [au]

u use, duty, music, cute, huge, tune,

ew few, dew, mew, new,

[yu:]
eu euphemism, feud, neutral,

ue, ui hue, cue, due, sue, suit

u rude, Lucy, June,

o, oo do, move, room, tool,

ew crew, chew, flew, jewel,

[u:]
ue, ui blue, true, fruit, juice, guide, quite [ai];

ou group, through, route; build [i]

AmE: duty, new, sue, student

oo look, book, foot, good,

u put, push, pull, full, sugar,

[u]
ou would, could, should

u, o gun, cut, son, money, love,

Also:
ou tough, enough, rough,
stressed, [ʌ];
neutral sound [ə]
a, e about, brutal, taken, violent,
unstressed, [ə].
o, i memory, reason, family

er, ur, ir serve, herb, burn, hurt, girl, sir,

or, ar work, word, doctor, dollar,

[ər]
heart, hearth [a:]
ear heard, earn, earnest, earth

49
WARNING: NO PRONUNCIATION RULES IN ENGLISH ARE ABSOLUTE

A Vowel Followed by a Single Consonant at the End of a Word Is

Pronounced as a Short Vowel
Pup has a cup. Man has ham. . CVC.
A Vowel Followed by Two Consonants at the End of a Word Is
Pronounced as a Short Vowel
CVCC. Some examples include the following: stops, want, hand, wish, and bark.
If a Vowel Is the Final Letter in a Word, It Is Pronounced as a
Long Vowel
Some examples of single syllable words which follow this rule are go, pi, be, and he.
Multiple syllable examples include ago and ego. You might see these words represented
like this CV.
If an E Appears at the End of a Word, It Is Silent. The Preceding
Vowel (Separated from the E by a Consonant) Will Be Pronounced
as a Long Vowel. CVCe. hate, care, note, flute, bite, nice, and ape.
If Two Vowels Appear next to Each Other in One Syllable, the
Second Vowel Is Silent and the First Vowel Is Pronounced as a
Long Vowel
CVVC. English examples include true, beat, train, leaf, and load.

EXERCISE 64
Select the word with a different vowel sound
1) meet seat meat sit
2) take name eight back
3) pen bean me eat
4) ow! house show town
5) art cat are father
6) mother up took bus
7) table pay wall say
8) bread easy pet said
9) ouch! cover mouth now
10) meet ate pay take
11) own phone toast soft
12) tax path bat flag
13) pig Pete feet meat

50
 14) smile my hill ice
15) took moon foot put
16) post got box clock
17) straight wait white mate
18) feet tonight white bite
19) ball hole small crawl
20) when ten again pain
21) go though mow flew
22) laws grows froze toes
23) one moon sun son
24) seen teen men clean

Exercise 65
Match the words with the same vowel sound.

1. sheet fix 1. got voice

2. pit book 2. lip stuck
3. line clean 3. home lean
4. two my 4. fuss clock
5. foot soon 5. sheep phone
6. clown south 6. third stick
7. poor guard 7. crime mine
8. path north 8. noise word

Exercise 66

51
52
Here are a huge number of multiple-choice questions. We will use these in the
review process.
https://www.bhamcityschools.org/cms/lib5/AL01001646/Centricity/Domain/131/Gram
mar%20Tests.pdf

RESOURCES

A few websites with both theory and practice:

http://www.myenglishpages.com/
http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com
http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en
http://www.agendaweb.org
https://www.englishgrammar.org/
http://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en/
http://www.learnenglishfeelgood.com/esl-printables-worksheets.html

53