Basic Environmental Engineering and Pollution Abatement

Environmental quality and standards 2

DR. PRASENJIT MONDAL

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

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 CONTENTS
Ambient air quality and standards
• Air quality parameters
• Standards
Water quality and standards
• Water quality parameters
• Water quality standard
Industrial effluents and emissions and standards
Noise pollution standards
Vehicular pollution and standards

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  Water quality standard Designated-Best-Use Class of surface water Criteria
Quality
Designated best use Primary Water Quality Criteria
Class
Drinking water source •Total coliform organisms (MPN*/100 ml) shall be 50 or less
without conventional
•pH between 6.5 and 8.5
treatment but with A
chlorination •Dissolved Oxygen 6 mg/l or more, and
•Biochemical Oxygen Demand 2 mg/l or less
Outdoor bathing (organized) •Total coliform organisms(MPN/100 ml) shall be 500 or less
•pH between 6.5 and 8.5

B •Dissolved Oxygen 5 mg/l or more, and

•Biochemical Oxygen Demand 3 mg/l or less

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 Water quality standard contd. Designated-Best-Use Class of surface water Criteria
Quality
Designated best use Primary Water Quality Criteria
Class
Drinking water source •Total coliform organisms(MPN/100 ml) shall be 5000 or less
with conventional •pH between 6 and 9
treatment C
•Dissolved Oxygen 4 mg/l or more, and
•Biochemical Oxygen Demand 3 mg/l or less
Propagation of wildlife •pH between 6.5 and 8.5
and fisheries •Dissolved Oxygen 4 mg/l or more, and
D
•Free ammonia (as N) 1.2 mg/l or less

Irrigation, industrial •pH between 6.0 and 8.5

cooling, and controlled •Electrical conductivity less than 2250 micro mhos/cm,
disposal E
•Sodium Adsorption Ratio less than 26, and Boron less than 2 mg/l

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 Water quality standard contd. Designated-Best-Use Class of surface water Criteria
To evaluate the suitability of water for irrigation the Sodium Adsorption Ration (SAR) is used
as follows:

• SAR < 3 the water is suitable for irrigation use.

• 3 to 9 represent some use restrictions.
• SAR values in excess of 9 normally mean that water cannot be used for irrigation.
• In India, however, the SAR standard for irrigation water is set to 26 which reflects the fact
that sodium does not build up in the soil and cause damage because every monsoon
season the soil is thoroughly flushed and renewed.
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 Water quality standard contd. Designated-Best-Use Class of surface water Criteria

The forces that bind clay particles together are disrupted when too many large sodium ions
come between them. When this separation occurs, the clay particles expand, causing swelling
and soil dispersion

Soil dispersion causes clay particles to plug soil pores, resulting in reduced soil permeability

When soil is repeatedly wetted and dried and clay dispersion occurs, it then reforms and
solidifies into almost cement-like soil with little or no structure

The three main problems caused by sodium-induced dispersion are reduced infiltration,
reduced hydraulic conductivity, and surface crusting.

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 Water quality standard contd. Designated-Best-Use Class of surface water Criteria

• Sodium percentage (%Na)

= [Na *100/(Na + K + Ca + Mg)], where all values are expressed in meq/L.
• It is recommended that sodium percentage should not exceed 60.
• In waters where the bicarbonate content is high, there is a tendency for calcium and
magnesium if present, to precipitate out as carbonates, thus increasing SAR.

• The Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC) is defined as:

If its value exceeds 2.5 meq/L the water is not suitable, 2.5 to 1.25 is marginal and less
than 1.25 is safe.
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 Water quality standard contd. Drinking water quality standards
Characteristics Standard Remarks
Generally cause by decaying vegetation or industries
Color Colorless

Odor Unobjectionable Caused by biological reactions and sewage

Turbidity 5 NTU Due to suspended solids

Dissolved solids mg/L, Beyond this palatability decreases and may cause gastro
500
Max intestinal irritation From minerals, metals
Beyond this range, the water will affect the mucous
pH 6.5-8.5
membrane and/or water supply system
Total Alkalinity 200 mg/L Associated with hardness, bitter taste
Total hardness (as Encrustation in water supply structure and adverse effects
300
CaCO3) mg/L, Max on domestic use

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 Water quality standard contd. Drinking water quality standards
Characteristics Standard Remarks

Chlorides (as Cl) mg/L, Beyond this limit, taste, corrosion and palatability are
250 affected
max
Fluoride may be kept as low as possible. High fluoride
Fluoride (as F) mg/L, may cause fluorosis, Less than 1 mg/L help to prevent
1.0
Max dental cavities in children.

Beyond this limit, taste/appearance are affected, has

Sulphate (as SO4) adverse effect on domestic uses and water supply
200
mg/L, Max structures

Nitrate (as NO3-N) 45 as NO3 Beyond this methemoglobinemia takes place. (bluish
mg/L, Max 10 mg/L as N discoloration)

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 Water quality standard contd. Treated effluent standards
Parameter Unit Inland surface Public Sewer Irrigated land

Ammonaical nitrogen mg/l 50 75 75

Ammonia(Free ammonia) mg/l 5 5 15

Arsenic mg/l 0.2 0.5 0.2

BOD5 20oC mg/l 30 250 100
Boron (B) mg/l 2 2 2
Cadmium (Cd) mg/l 0.05 0.5 0.5
Chloride (Cl-) mg/l 600 600 600
Chromium (total Cr) mg/l 0.5 1.0 1.0
COD mg/l 250 400 400

Chromium (hexavalent Cr) mg/l 0.1 1.0 1.0

Treated effluent standards for India (in detail) 10

 Water quality standard contd. Treated effluent standards
Parameter Unit Inland surface Public Sewer Irrigated land

Copper (Cu) mg/l 0.5 3.0 3.0

Dissolved Oxygen(DO) mg/l 4.5-8 4.5-8 4.5-8

Electrical conductivity µmho/cm 1200 1200 1200

Total Dissolved Solids mg/l 2100 2100 2100
Fluoride(F) mg/l 7 15 10

Sulfide(S) mg/l 1 2 2

Iron(Fe) mg/l 2 2 2

Total Kieldahl Nitrogen mg/l 100 100 100

Lead(Pb) mg/l 0.1 0.1 0.1
Manganese mg/l 5 5 5
Mercury(Hg) mg/l 0.01 0.01 0.01
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Treated effluent standards for India (in detail)
 Water quality standard contd. Treated effluent standards
Parameter Unit Inland surface Public Sewer Irrigated land
Nickel(Ni) 1.0 1.0 1.0

Nitrate (N molecule) 10.0 - 10.0

Oil & grease 10 20 10

Phenol compounds 1.0 5 1

Dissolved phosphorus(P) 8 8 10

Total Suspended Solid 150 500 200

Cyanide (CN) 0.1 2.0 0.2

pH 6-9 6-9 6-9

Selenium(Se) 0.05 0.05 0.05

Zn 5.0 10.0 10.0

Treated effluent standards for India (in detail) 12

Industrial effluents and emissions and standards General standards
Part A. Effluent Industrial effluents emissions
Public Land for
S.no Parameter Inland surface Water Marin/coastal area
sewers irrigation
Colour and order All efforts should be made to remove colour and unpleasant odour as far as practicable.
1

Suspended solid
2 100 600 200
mg/l.max

Particle size of Shall pass 850 micron is - (a) floating solids. Solids max. 3 mm
3
suspended solid sieve (b) Settable solids. Max 865 microns
5.5 to 9.0
4 pH value 5.5 to 9.0 5.5 to 9.0 5.5 to 9.0

Shall not exceed 5 oC Shall not exceed 5 oC above the

5 Temperature above the receiving receiving water temperature
water temperature
Oil and grease 20
6 10 10 20
Mg/l max

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Industrial effluents and emissions and standards contd.. General standards
Part A: Effluent
Inland
Public Land for Marin/coast
S.no Parameter surface
sewers irrigation al area
Water
7 Total residual chlorine, mg/l max 1.0 1.0

8 Ammonical nitrogen ( as N) mg/l max 50 50 50

Total kjeldahl nitrogen (as N). mg/l max
9 100 100
.mg/l max
10 Free ammonia(as NH3)mg/L max 5.0 5.0
Biochemical oxygen demand (3 day at
11 30 350 100 100
27⁰c) mg/l max
12 Chemical oxygen demand mg/l max 250 250

13 Arsenic(as As) 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

14 Mercury (as hg) mg/l max 0.01 0.01 0.01

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Industrial effluents and emissions and standards contd.. General standards
Part A: Effluent
Inland
Public Land for Marin/coast
S.no Parameter surface
sewers irrigation al area
Water
15 Lead (as Pb ) mg/l , max 0.1 1.0 - 2.0
16 Cadmium (as cd) mg/l, max 2.0 1.0 - 2.0
Hexavalent chromium (as Cr +6), mg/l.
17 0.1 2.0 - 1.0
Max
18 Total chromium (as Cr) ), mg/l. Max 2.0 2.0 - 2.0
19 Copper (as Cu) mg/l. Max 3.0 3.0 - 3.0
20 Zinc (as Zn) mg/l. Max 5.0 15 -- 15
21 Selenium (as Se) 0.05 0.05 - 0.05
22 Nickel (as Ni) mg/l. Max 3.0 3.0 - 5.0
23 Cyanide (as CN) mg/l. Max 0.2 2.0 0.2 0.2

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Industrial effluents and emissions and standards contd.. General standards
Part A: Effluent
Inland surface Land for Marin/coastal
S.no Parameter Public sewers
Water irrigation area
24 Fluoride (as F) mg/l, max. 2.0 15 - 15
25 Dissolved phosphates (as P), mg/l, max. 5.0 - - -
26 Sulphide (as S) mg/l,max 2.0 - - 5.0
Phenolic compounds (as C₆H₅OH) mg/l,
27 1.0 5.0 - 5.0
max.
Radioactive
Materials:
10-7 10-7 10-8 10-7
(a) Alpha
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Emitters micro curie mg/l, max. 10-6 10-7 10-6
10-6
(b)Beta
Emitters micro
Bio assay test 90 % survival 90 % survival 90 % survival of 90 % survival
of fish after 96 of fish after 96 fish after 96 of fish after 96
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hours in 100 % hours in 100 % hours in 100 % hours in 100 %
effluent. effluent. effluent. effluent.
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Industrial effluents and emissions and standards contd.. General standards
Part A: Effluent
Inland
Public Land for Marin/coa
S.no Parameter surface
sewers irrigation stal area
Water
30 Manganese , mg/l 2 2 2
31 Iron (as Fe), mg/l 3 3 3
32 Vanadium (as V), mg/l 0.2 0.2 0.2
33 Nitrate nitrogen, mg/l 10 20

*These standards shall be applicable for industries, operations or processes other

than those industries, operations or process for which standards have been
specified in Schedule of the Environment Protection Rules, 1989.

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Industrial effluents and emissions and standards contd.. Part B: Wastewater generation
S.No. Industry
1 Integrated iron and steel
2 Sugar
Pulp & paper industries
(a) large pulp & paper
(i) pulp &paper
3 (ii) rayon grade pulp
(b) small pulp & paper
(i) agro-residue based
(ii) waste paper based
Fermentation industries
(a) maltry
4
(b) brewer
(c) distillery
Caustic soda
(a) membrane cell process
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(b) mercury cell process
Quantum
16 m³/tonne of finished steel
0.4 m³/tonne of cane crushed
175 of m³/tonne paper produced
150 of m³/tonne paper
150 of m³/tonne grain processed
50 of m³/tonne paper produced
3.5 of m³/tonne grain processed
0.25 of m³/KL beer produced
12 of m³/KL alcohol produced
1 m³/tonne of caustic soda produced excluding cooling
tower blow down.
4 m³/tonne of caustic soda produced (mercury
bearing).10 % below down permitted for cooling 18
tower.
Industrial effluents and emissions and standards contd.. Part B: Wastewater generation
S.No. Industry Quantum
Textile industry: man-made fibre
(i) Nylon & Polyester 120 m³/tonne of fibre produced
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(ii)viscose staple fibre 150 m³/tonne of product
(iii)viscose filament yarn 500 m³/tonne of product
7 Tanneries 28 m³/tonne of raw hide
8 Starch glucose and related product 8 m³/tonne of maize crushed
9 Dairy 3 m³/tonne of milk
10 Natural rubber processing industry 4 m³/tonne of rubber

Fertilizer industry
5 m³/tonne of urea or equivalent produced
(a) straight nitrogenous fertilizer
0.5 m³/tonne 0f SSP/TSP
(b)straight phosphatic fertilizer (SSP &TSP)
Standard of nitrogenous and phosphatic
excluding manufacture of any acid
fertilisers are applicable depending on the
(c) complex fertilizer
primary product
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Industrial effluents and emissions and standards contd..
Part-C load based standards
1. Oil refining industry
Parameter Quantum in kg/1000 tonnes of crude processed
Oil & grease 10.00
Phenol 0.70
BOD 10.50
Suspended solids 14.00
sulphide 0.35

2.Large pulp & paper, news print/rayon grade plants of capacity above 24,000
Tonne/annum
Parameter quantum
Total organic chloride (TOCI) 2 kg / tonne of products

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Industrial effluents and emissions and standards contd..
Part: D Concentration Based Standards
1. General emission standards

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Industrial effluents and emissions and standards contd..
Part D: Conc. based standards
2. Equipment based standards
For dispersion of Sulphur dioxide; a minimum stack height limit is accordingly prescribed as below :
S. No Power generation capacity /steam generation capacity Stack height
Power generation capacity:
500 MW and more 275
1. 200/210 MW and 220
Above to less than 500 MW H= Q 0.3
Less than 200/210 MW
Steam generation capacity
less than 2 tonne/hr 09
2-5 tonne/hr 12
5-10 tonne /hr 15
10-15 tonne / hr 18
2.
15 - 20 tonne /hr 21
20-25 tonne/hr 24
25-30 tonne/hr 27
More than 30 tonne/hr 30 or as per formula
Note H= physical height of the stack in meter , Q= emission rate of SO₂ in kg/hr H=14 (Q) 0.3 whichever is more

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Industrial effluents and emissions and standards contd.. Part D: Conc. based standards
3. Load/Mass based Standards
S. No Industry Parameter Standard
Fertilizer (urea)
-Commissioned prior to Particulate
1 1.1.82 matter 2kg/tonne of product
-Commissioned after Particulate 0.5kg/tonne of product
1.1.82 matter
Copper ,lead and zinc 4kg/tonne of concentrated (100%) acid
2 Sulphur dioxide
smelter produced
Oxides of 3 kg/tonne of weak acid (before
3 Nitric acid
nitrogen concentration ) produced
2 kg /tonne of concentrated (100%) acid
4 Sulphuric acid Sulphur dioxide
produced
Carbon
5 Coke oven 3kg/tonne of coke produced
monoxide
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Noise pollution standards Part –E Noise Standards

Day time shall mean from 6.00 a.m. to 10.00 p.m.

Night time shall mean from 10.00 p.m. to 6.00 a.m.
Silence zone is an area comprising not less than 100 meters around hospitals, educational
institutions, courts, religious places or any other area which is declared as such by the
competent authority.
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Vehicular pollution and standards Auto fuel quality
DIESEL SPECIFICATION
YEAR 1996 2000 2005 2010
Cetane No, Min 45 48 48 51
Sulphur % W/w, Max 0.50 0.25 0.25(metro) 0.05 0.035
Distillation T95 - 370 370 360
Poly-aromatic, % W/w - - - 11
GASOLINE SPECIFICATION
RVP at 38Deg.c,kpa 35-70 - 35-60 60
Benzene %by Vol.,max 5.0 5.0 3.0(Metro) 3.0(all) 1.0(Metro) 1.0
0.15 %(low pb) 0.013%
Lead G/m3, max 0.013 0.013 0.005
(unleaded)
Sulphur % by mass, max 0.10(unleaded) 0.20 (leaded) 0.10 0.05 0.015
Aromatics % v/v., Max - - 45 42
Oxygen %by Vol., Max - - 2.0 2.7

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Vehicular pollution and standards contd.. Vehicular emission norms
Emission norms for passenger cars Emission norms for 2/3 wheeler

Norms CO( g/km) HC+ NOx(g/km) HC+

Norms CO( g/km)
NOx)(g/km)
1991Norms 14.3-27.1 2.0(Only HC)
1991Norms 12-30 8-12 (only HC)
1996 Norms 8.68-12.40 3.00-4.36
1996 Norms 4.5 3.6
1998Norms 4.34-6.20 1.50-2.18
India stage 2000 2.0 2.0
India stage 2000 norms
2.72 0.97
norms
Bharat stage-II 1.6 1.5
Bharat stage-II 2.2 0.5
Bharat Stage-III 1.0 1.0
Bharat Stage-III 2.3 0.35(combined)
Bharat Stage-IV 1.4 0.79
Bharat Stage-IV 1.0 0.18(combined)
HC : 0.1 g/km
Bharat Stage-VI 1.0
Bharat Stage-VI 1.0 0.16 Nox: 0.09 g/km

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Vehicular pollution and standards contd..
Emission norms for Heavy Diesel vehicles

Norms CO( g/kmhr) HC (g/kmhr) NOx (g/kmhr) PM(g/kwhr)

1991Norms 14 3.5 18 -
1996 Norms 11.2 2.4 14.4 -
India stage 2000
4.5 1.1 8.0 0.36
norms
Bharat stage-II 4.0 1.1 7.0 0.15
Bharat Stage-III 2.1 1.6 5.0 0.10
Bharat Stage-IV 1.5 0.96 3.5 0.02
Bharat Stage-VI 1.5 0.13 0.4 0.01

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Thanks

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