CHAPTER IV

A FIELD REPORT ON
INTERSECTION
A REPORT BY RABI SHRESTHA
-frozenrabi28@gmail.com

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Contents

1. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... 5

1.1 Background:............................................................................................................................. 5

1.2 Objective: ................................................................................................................................ 5

1.3 Scope of work: ......................................................................................................................... 5

1.3 Technical Terms: ...................................................................................................................... 5

2. METHOD........................................................................................................................................ 7

2.1 Instrument used ...................................................................................................................... 7

2.2 Area of the project ................................................................................................................... 7

2.3 Scope of work .......................................................................................................................... 7

2.4 Methodology: .......................................................................................................................... 7

2.4.1 Reconnaissance and planning ............................................................................................ 7

2.4.2 Angular measurement:...................................................................................................... 8

2.4.3 Field computation: ............................................................................................................ 8

2.4.5 Office computation: .......................................................................................................... 8

2.4.6 Source of error: ................................................................................................................. 8

3. OUTPUT....................................................................................................................................... 10

4. Conclusion and recommendation: ............................................................................................... 11

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List of Tables
Table 1: Coordinates of Unknown stations

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List of abbreviations

B.B Backbearing

Cg centigun

Ccg centicenti gun

FB ForeBearing

RO Reference Object

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 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background:
Intersection is the method of locating control points without occupying it. This method can
be used for any fourth order station, but mainly the position off inaccessible stations such as
towers, temples etc can be determined by observing the direction towards the new stations
from trigonometrical stations, whose co-ordinates are already known.

1.2 Objective:
The main Objective of the project was:

 To establish horizontal control points of fourth order by the method of intersection

The sub objectives of the project are:

 To learn about basis of intersection.

 To know the position of inaccessible points.

1.3 Scope of work:

The scope of this project is to establish horizontal control point of fourth order station,
of inaccessible station i.e. tower at top of temple.

1.3 Technical Terms:

 Latitude: Projection on north south meridian.

 Azimuth: True bearing of a line is azimuth.

 Great Triangle: The triangle formed by joining three stations.

 Great circle: The circumference of circle which join the great triangle.

 Danger circle: If the chosen station lies on the circumference of circle then it is
known as danger circle.

 Centric: If the instrument is exactly over the marked station.

 Ecentric: If the instrument is not exactly over the marked station.

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 Bearing: Horizontal angle between reference meridian and survey line which is
measured in clockwise and anticlockwise direction.

 Fore Bearing (F.B): The bearing of a line in the direction of progress of survey is
called F.B.
 Back Bearing (B.B): The bearing of a line in the direction opposite to the direction of
progress of survey is called B.B.
 Meridian: The fixed reference line about which bearing is measured is called
meridian.
 Azimuth: True bearing of a line is azimuth.

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2. METHOD

2.1 Instrument used

 Ranging rod with tripod
 Theodolite with tripod
 Wooden peg

2.2 Area of the project

The project area is located at Lalitpur-22, Pharsidol. It covers area inside Mass Nepal.

2.3 Scope of work

Order of work: Fourth order

Numbering: fourth order numbering (1004, 1005, 1006)

Angular unit: Degree, minute, second

Linear unit: meter

No. of sets: 3(000,060,120)

Least count: 1” (angle)

Angular observation: Theodolite (J2-2)

Face to face tolerance: 2 cg

Index error tolerance: 5 cg

Set to set tolerance: 60 ccg

RO to RO tolerance: 30 ccg

2.4 Methodology:

2.4.1 Reconnaissance and planning

During planning, available instrument resources, human resources, purpose of survey
was kept on the mind. The area to be surveyed was examined by walking over the

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 entire area. During the reconnaissance, the intervisibility of unknown point from
known stations was checked as well as intervisibility among stations were checked.

2.4.2 Angular measurement:

 Horizontal angle measurement: Three sets observation were taken in 000˚10’00”,

060˚10’00”, 120˚10’00”. RO was taken on previous station and interior angle was
measured between RO and next station, finally RO was closed. To eliminate
collimation error, both face left and face right observation were taken.

 Zenithal angle measurement: Only one set observation was taken in any set while
observing horizontal angle. As like in horizontal angle measurement, to eliminate
index error, both face left and face right observation were taken. The index error was
then distributed equally to both face left and face right reading to get corrected
zenithal angles.

2.4.3 Field computation:

Horizontal Angle: Mean value of face left and face right observation was calculated.
Opening and closing mean reading of RO was compared, if it lies within tolerance of 30 ccg,
necessary reduction to make 000˚10’00” to 000˚00’00” was done in each set and mean value
of three sets was taken as the observed value.

Zenithal Angle: Sum of face left and face right observation was calculated. If it was not
equal to 360˚ correction on face left and face right was applied using equal shift. Corrected
face left value and corrected face right value was noted.

2.4.5 Office computation:

Bearing of line = tan-1(∆E/∆N)

Bearing of next line= Bearing of line ± ø (where ø is the observed angle).

2.4.6 Source of error:

 Error due to inaccurate centering:-If the center of theodolite does not coincide with
the ground station mark, the horizontal angles measured at this station are affected

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 with an error, known as centering error. This error depends on the distance between
theodolite center and ground station mark. This error varies inversely with length of
the sight. It is eliminated by accurate centering.

 Error due to inaccurate leveling:-Inaccurate leveling introduces serious error in

horizontal angle and zenithal angle measurement. This error can be eliminated by
accurate leveling of both bubbles.

 Collimation error:-If the axis of telescope is not parallel to the line of collimation,
this error is introduced. This error can be eliminated by taking mean of two face left
and face right observation.

 Error due unequal graduation:- If the graduation of the lower plate are unequal ,
the observed angle on different portion will be apparently different. This error can be
minimized by measuring the angles on different zeros and taking mean of all values of
the angle.

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3. OUTPUT
The Co-ordinates of unknown station are:

Station Easting(m) Northing(m)

P 628094.6835 3055805.859
628094.6875 3055805.773
628094.674 3055805.860
Mean 628094.6816 3055805.830

Table 1: co-ordinate of unknown station

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4. Conclusion and recommendation:
Hence, using the method of theodolite intersection, coordinates of inaccessible point was
determined. The control points so obtained can further be used for several engineering
projects.

**Field books containing data calculation of intersection are attached in annexes.

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