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Jonathan Lear Aristotelian Infinity
Jonathan Lear Aristotelian Infinity
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Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society
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XII*-ARISTOTELIAN INFINITY
by Jonathan Lear
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I88 JONATHAN LEAR
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ARISTOTELIAN INFINITY I89
heat death of the universe. But then (to use a familiar phrase)
what can the intuitionists' assertion that the sentence is in prin-
ciple decidable consist in? If the intuitionists cannot show that
their claims of possibility are well founded, then they are faced
with one of two equally grave consequences. Either they must
content themselves with a small fragment of finite mathematics;
i.e. their position collapses into some variant of strict finitism.
Or they must concede to the realists that they too have an
epistemically transcendent notion of truth and that the disagree-
ment with the realists is one of degree, not of kind.
Aristotle was able to offer at least a partial solution to his
'problem of potentiality' but, unfortunately for the intuitionists,
his solution is not one of which they can take advantage. To see
this we must first recognize that a commonly accepted interpre-
tation of Aristotle is unacceptable.
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I90 JONATHAN LEAR
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ARISTOTELIAN INFINITY I9I
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192 JONATHAN LEAR
206bI 2-I6) because the actual process can only reveal the
length to be potentially infinite.
Hintikka cites a passage from Metaphysics VIII. 6 which he
thinks supports his interpretation.
The central claim of this passage is that the infinite does not
exist as a separate, individual entity. The problem for Hintikka
is to explain how the potential existence of a mental activity
could guarantee that the process of division never comes to an
end. Hintikka's response is to invoke the so-called principle of
plenitude: that, for Aristotle, no potentiality goes forever un-
actualized. Thus, Hintikka concludes, not only does Aristotle's
theory of the infinite not constitute a counterexample to the
principle of plenitude, the principle is in fact required in the
exposition of the theory. This conclusion is, I think, unjustified.
Whether or not Aristotle subscribed to the principle of plenitude
is extremely contentious. That does not mean one should never
invoke the principle. Indeed its invocation might lend the prin-
ciple support if it helped significantly to harmonize the data,
preserve the appearances. But Hintikka invokes the principle
in an instance where it is incredible that it should hold. Are
we really supposed to believe that the potential existence of a
mental activity ensures that the process of division never comes
to an end because, in the fullness of time, there will be an actual
mental activity that will ensure that the activity never comes
to an end? Hintikka acknowledges that the translation of the
second sentence quoted is disputed. The Greek sentence is:
to gar mg hypoleipein ten diairesin apodidosi to einai dunamei
tauten ten energeian, to de chorizesthai ou. (I 048b 14-17) Hintikka
has had to take to einai dunamei tauten ten energeian as the sub-
ject, while I would agree with Ross that it is more natural to take
to gar me hypoleipein ten diairesin as the subject."4 The sentence
would then be translated:
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ARISTOTELIAN INFINITY I93
II
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194 JONATHAN LEAR
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ARISTOTELIAN INFINITY 195
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I96 JONATHAN LEAR
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ARISTOTEIAN INFINITY 197
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198 JONATHAN LEAR
III
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ARISTOTELIAN INFINITY I99
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200 JONATHAN LEAR
IV
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ARISTOTELLAN INFINITY 201
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202 JONATHAN LEAR
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ARISTOTELIAN INFINITY 203
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204 JONATHAN LEAR
moment the moving body is in only one place. That the time
at which a body moved has 'perished' does not imply that
the magnitude or path it traversed has perished. Thus one is
still faced with the problem of why the path traversed by the
heavens through all past time is not infinitely extended.
I would like briefly to suggest that Aristotle developed an
anti-realist account of time, which enabled him both to show
how time could be potentially and not actually infinite and
to avoid 'spatializing' time.
To claim that Aristotle was an anti-realist with respect to
time is not say that he succumbed to the sceptical aporiai of
Physics IV.Io and concluded that time did not exist. It is only
to say that, in company with McTaggart and Dummett, Aristotle
did not believe one could give an observer-independent descrip-
tion of time.27 Time seemed to Aristotle essentially to involve
change (2i 8b2ff), and it is to this aspect of time that a static,
observer-independent description of the sequence of events can-
not do justice. The claim that Aristotle thought time unreal
amounts to no more than that he thought an adequate descrip-
tion of time must include a consciousness that is existing
through time aware of the distinction between present, past
and future. In a famous passage which, because it comes at
the conclusion of his extended discussion of time, I take to
contain his mature thoughts on the nature of time, Aristotle
says:
Time is above all a measure and, as such, could not exist were
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ARISTOTELIAN INFIMTY 205
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2o6 JONATHAN LEAR
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AMSTOTELIAN INFIMTY 207
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208 JONATHAN LEAR
NOTES
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ARISTOTELIAN INFINITY 209
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210 JONATHAN LEAR
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