Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Aliyu Hamisu Project CH 1-5
Aliyu Hamisu Project CH 1-5
INTRODUCTION
areas throughout the world particularly in the rapidly growing cities of the
and human health (Sigdha, 2015). Access to sanitation services and clean
the people.
has made of the types and kids of solid waste very diverse and their
management much more complex. The complex nature of diseases our break,
solid waste is not only increase in composition but also changing in quality
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the Government started privatization Solid Waste Collection (SWC) in order
believed to have taken place in the mid-1990s (Band and Posts, 2002).
Even though, the government privatized SWC, the public sector still collect
cannot afford to pay proper garbage disposal and therefore dumps domestic
garbage in uncompleted houses, just to reverse into sewage, drains and other
of waste was from low income residents and three 3% of waste was from
higher income groups, most of the waste generated from the low-income
Before, 1995 (60 percent of waste was collected by the waste management
department. According to Post, et-al, (2003) by 1999, about five years after
privatizing of the ratio of waste collection by the public and private sector
increase up to (70 percent, ten years down the lane, even with the
the local government, there is a poverty of published data on the solid waste
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greater gap to fill by looking at the impact of socio-economic indicators, such
public health through solid waste collection and management in the area.
Area of Kano State where hundred and fifty (150) respondents were used as a
sample for the study. It was finally reported that cultural influence, ignorance
as well as lack of public waste disposal sites are the leading factors to
Within the last few years, high number of households have spring up Mashi
and the large volumes of solid waste being generated and has left the Mashi
once well organized and neat residential areas of Mashi. Moreover, many
households have only had the team opportunity of choosing between the
account for 7% of all death in 2010 and (60) percent of waste was collected
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by the waste management department (Babangida, 2013). According to Post
et-al (2003) by 1999, about five years after privatization of (SWC) the ratio of
waste collection by the public and private proliferation of more private sector
increase of 10-70 percent, ten years down the lane even with the proliferation
Government Area of Kaduna state. Hundred and fifty (150) youths were used
as a sample for the study. He finally reported that majority of the respondents
revealed that it's culturally acceptable to disposed waste inside or just outside
the compound.
Ethically, the beauty of any environment lies on its good sanitary condition,
this is so because, when an environment is clean the lives of citizen are not
involves the dumping of waste (Solid liquid or gas) from our homes,
industries and public outfits for example hotels, hospital and schools etc. at
removal of refuse from places where they are hazardous to rural communities
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present a horrifying pictures, the neglected of filter refuse bins. In recent, it
has its effect on inhabitants, many areas around the home are littered with
domestic refuse, sewage, garbage and other waste from industrial operations,
solid, liquid or gaseous state, etc. some of the waste are toxics with negative
Local Government Area of Katsina State; two hundred household heads were
used as a sample for the study and researcher's developed questionnaire was
used as instrument for data collection. It was finally reported that majority of
health implications.
The aim of this study is to assess the sociocultural factors affecting effective
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and ways of correcting them.
environmental health.
1. What are the various ways in which socio-economic and cultural factors
environmental health?
in rural communities?
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sanitation for human and environmental health?
environmental health.
public.
The findings of this study will contribute to the existing knowledge on waste
and cultural factors that affect waste management practices. The study will
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management and offer recommendations on how to address these challenges.
practices. Finally, the study will serve as a basis for future research in the
Cultural Factors: Beliefs, customs, values, and traditions that shape the
life.
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factors that affect human health, including air and water pollution,
Waste: Is the left over, used product whether liquid or solid no economic
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CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Introduction
Cities in Nigeria, as in the most of the developing nation, are among the most
rapidly urbanization and the rapid growth while western societies organized
of comparatively leisure par, this is a marked contrast with what obtains in the
and economic development however needed to earth the high urban mortality
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rates previously prevalent in Europe (Baniroch 1998).Once waste was
critical concern and tackle it in order to avoid pollution to a large extent and
has made the type or kinds of solid waste are very diverse and problems of
Furthermore, poor institutional frame work and low capability as well as lack
of research in both humans and capital has put waste management and
in jeopardy (NEH4, 2005). For instance, the high demand for plastic and
self-control and lack of willingness to pay for solid waste management are
contributing factors to trigger the recycling a big hurdle. In summer solid and
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gaseous forms are increasingly a menace to the society.
day much less the average of value of percentage of the various compound of
The problem of waste in most part of Mashi Local Government has been
collect waste and sets chocked gutters free after a flood disaster, for a special
that male prescribed answers, with single issue interest groups promoting a
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especially in recent times will clearly attest to the fact that these mishaps
result general due to open dumps and wetlands contaminating surface and
Waste: Is the left over used product whether liquid or solid having no
Hazardous waste water (such as sewage which contain body wastes (faeces
material waste, material that is product through human being activity. This
material is managed its adverse effort over human health and environmental.
(Wikipedia, 2022)
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wastes from its inception to its final disposal. Waste is produced by human
developing countries, waste generation rates are much higher than most
developed countries and the industrials waste generation rate are also very
Technology, 2009).
Human nature is such that waste generation cannot be avoided, the value of
waste generation is also defendant on the economic status of the people. This
generate more waste through new items purchases as well as probably yards’
waste that could be generated from the trumping landscaping the waste when
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presentation on world energy in London on November 9 th 2011, the report
revealed that the percentage of people (about 20% of the global population)
Developing countries have solid waste management problem that affect those
differ from that of developing nations not withstanding in low - income waste
energy is only 0.4 to 0.6 kg/ person/ day opposed to 0.7 to 1.8kg person/day
thousands of tons of solid wastes is generated daily. Most of this waste ends
The waste generation rate available only for selected cities and region, are
term basis only and prevent the waste from being spread to the environment.
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MEFN (2000) outline certain critical steps that should be taken in to account
when establishing and maintaining storage facilities for solid waste which
include.
c. Storage facilities should be easy to operate and designed for easy handling
capacity this is in fact due to rapid urban population growth, while 35% of
franchise and contract basis. The volume of waste generation and estimated
percentage collected is not known due to the cities poor documentation on the
other hand the house to house collection service is provided in the high
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income area where contractors charge stipulated storage (Anomanyo 2004).
On the other hand, the department manages both solid and liquid and has
about 30% contractors for solid waste management, each contractor with not
less than ten laborers. Some of the contractors include Stan Owasa and co.
The department officers assigned to various, street drains, public toilets etc.
assigned to the places. This however seems quiet in adequate. The department
in equipped with side loader track, a pray refuse collection or crafts to door
i. Solid waste.
i. Solid Waste: Is a type of waste that comprised e.g. broken bottles empty
ii. Liquid Waste: Is type of waste that generate from house, industries, and
- Sewage
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- Sullage
- Insecticide chemical
- Detergent chemical
- Storm water
iii. Gaseous Waste: Is any waste inform of smoke generation or arises from
house or industries that pollute the atmosphere and cause air pollution and
Example
i. Ozone
Types of Wastes
1) Degradable Waste
act on it.
Example
a. Cloths
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b. Papers
c. Dead body
d. Plant
e. Garbage (Wikipedia, 2022)
Non Degradable Waste: Is any waste that cannot breakdown by natural
Example
a. Broken bottle
The major components of municipal solid waste are food waste, paper,
plastic, rags, metal, and glass, although demolition and construction debris is
This refers to as any garbage or refuse from a water treatment plant, water
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In the word of Misra and Pandy (2005) “a material became waste when it is
discovered without expecting to composited to the far its inherent value solid
combustible material include paper, plastic, yard and rubber, found waste
wood, textile disposal disperse and other dynamic from ceramics (Zerbock
2003).
Solid Waste
Processing and Recovery: Solid waste is not only rising in quantity but also
Industrialized Nations are grappling with the problems of exploration and safe
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human health if not strategically disposed. Though waste disposal has been a
though same advancement is being made in waste disposal method, they are
still not adequate the challenge is to detect new or any non-hazardous method
of waste disposal and put these methods in to use. (Barton and Medina 2019)
formation. The rapid population growth makes it imperative to use the second
hand or judiciously use the currently yielding ill effect of toxic wastes.
2. Recycling
3. Incineration
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component with the generation being trapped for deriving energy assorted
gases and inert ash are common by product population is caused by varied
of filter check pollution it is rather in expensive to born waste and the waste
The nutrient rich ash derived at of burning organic waste can facilitate
hydroponic solution. Hazardous and toxic waste can be easily bored by using
these methods the energy extracted can because for cooking, heating, and
supplying power to turbines however strict vigilance and due diligence should
1. Composting
waste to stay accumulated in a pit for a long period time. The nutrient rich
compost can be used as plant manure. However, the process is slow and
This involves the dumping of waste in to a land fill the base is prepared of a
protective lining which serve as a barrier between waste and ground water
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and prevent separation of toxic chemicals in to the water zone, waste layers
are subjected to compaction and subsequently coated with an earth layer. Soil
should be created in places will low ground water level and perform source of
Waste generally of radioactive nature are dumping in the ocean far from
action is believed to spell down for aquatic life by depriving the ocean water
of its inherent nutrient. Effect of waste disposal call for concerted effort from
(Wikipedia, 2022)
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CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.0 Introduction
This chapter focuses on research design, population of the study, sample and
Descriptive survey was used for this study. According to Nwana (2005)
suitable for this type of, since the study attempts to find out the knowledge of
with the Republic of Niger. Its headquarters are in the town of Mashi in the
southwest of the area at12°59′00″N 7°57′00″E. It has an area of 905 km2 and
a population of 173,134 at the 2006 census. The postal code of the area is
823.
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Mashi local government is domiciled in Katsina state, North-west Nigeria and
has its headquarters in the town of Mashi. Mashi LGA is bordered by parts of
the Niger Republic and is made up of 11 wards which are Bamble, Doguru
‘A’, Doguru ‘B’, Gallu, Jigawa, Karau, Mashi, S/Rijiya, Tamilo ‘A’, and
inhabitants with the vast majority of the area’s dwellers being members of the
Fulani ethnic groups. The Fufulde and Hausa languages are commonly
spoken in the LGA with the religion of Islam widely practiced in the area.
Geography of Mashi
Mashi LGA occupies a total area of 905 square kilometres and has an average
seasons which are the dry and the rainy seasons. The LGA has an average
humidity level of 19 percent while the average wind speed in the area is put at
11 km/h.
Economy of Mashi
Mashi LGA is a hub for agricultural activities with the area known for the
cultivation of a number of crops. Also, the rearing and sales of animals such
as cows and goats is popular in Mashi LGA. Trade also flourishes in Mashi
LGA with the area hosting a number of markets such as the Mashi town
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Market which attracts several buyers and sellers. Other important economic
randomly selected from the five (5) wards selected within the area of study.
Sample of hundred (100) respondents were drawn for this study. However,
multistage random sampling technique was used to select the sample. In the
randomly selected. The selected wards include Mashi, Bamble, Doguru ‘A’,
Doguru ‘B’ and Jigawa. The same technique was used to draw twenty (20)
households from each of the five (5) selected wards to make the total number
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concerns with demographic information of the respondents, while Section B
asked information about factors responsible for poor waste management and
disposal.
In order to determine the contents validity of the instrument, three (3) copies
corrections, suggestions and advices were merged in the final draft of the
District Heads of area of the study to seek permission to conduct the study.
assistants. Due to the time factor, the respondents were requested to fill the
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3.8 Data Analysis
an item was divided by the total number of responses per item and multiplied
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CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Introduction
collected from the respondents during this study were presented in the tables
below:
respondents and ninety-three (93) copies were correctly filled and returned to
the researcher. Therefore, the analysis is done best on the number of the
returned questionnaires.
were within age range of 18-25 years old, 50 respondents which are the
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majority representing 53.8% of responses were 26-35 years old, and 8
The above table reveals that, 38 respondents which were the majority
The table above shows that, 8 respondents representing 8.6% have non-formal
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secondary schools, 29 respondents representing 31.2% of the responses were
Table 5 above reveals that 75 respondents which are the majority representing
80% of responses indicated that yes, they have awareness on the public health
representing 20% of responses are not aware of the public health implications
Government Area believed that is part of their culture to dispose waste inside
responses indicated that, yes they dispose their waste inside the house, while
67 respondents identified that, no they do not dispose their waste inside the
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Government do not dispose their waste inside their houses.
Table 8: If yes above, do you usually dispose your waste in the house to
be used later as organic manure for Agriculture?
Variable Frequency Percentage
Yes 21 23%
No 72 77%
Total 93 100%
Table 8 above reveals that 21 respondents which are the minority representing
23% of responses answered that yes, the disposed their waste in the house to
representing 77% of responses answered with no and they are the majority.
Table 9 above reveals that 53 respondents which are the majority representing
disagree with the question above. This means the majority of the households
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done by uneducated people.
waste disposal site is the reason for indiscriminate waste disposal, while 52
with the question. This means the majority of the households in Mashi Local
waste disposal sites is the reason for indiscriminate disposal of waste in their
community.
Disposal
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Table 11: Are you aware that indiscriminate waste disposal can
contaminate sources of domestic water thereby leading to outbreak of
diseases such as cholera?
Variable Frequency Percentage
Yes 61 65.5%
No 31 34.5%
Total 93 100%
do not believe. This means the majority of the households in Mashi Local
Table 12: Are you aware that indiscriminate disposal of waste can attract
disease vectors such as flies and mosquitos that transmitted diseases like
cholera, typhoid and malaria?
Variable Frequency Percentage
Yes 67 70%
No 26 30%
Total 93 100%
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attract disease vectors such as flies and mosquitos that transmit cholera,
not agree. This means the majority of the households in Mashi Local
vectors like flies and mosquitos that transmit diseases like cholera, typhoid
and malaria.
Table 13: Do you agree that indiscriminate disposal of waste like broken
bottles, broken tiles, glasses or rubber can cause injuries especially to
children?
Variable Frequency Percentage
Yes 75 80.6%
No 18 19.4%
Total 93 100%
like broken bottles, broken tiles, glasses or rubber can cause injuries
do not agree. This means the majority of the households in Mashi Local
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Variable Frequency Percentage
Yes 77 83%
No 16 17%
Total 93 100%
17% of responses do not agree. This means the majority of the households in
Table 15: Indiscriminate disposal of waste can block sewers and drainage
leading to floods in the community?
Variable Frequency Percentage
Yes 65 70%
No 28 30%
Total 93 100%
Table 15 above reveals that 65 respondents representing 70% which were the
block sewers and drainage thereby leading to flood in the community, while
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floods in the community.
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 Summary
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This study investigated the sociocultural factors affecting effective waste
significance of the study, scope and delimitation of the study and operational
definition of terms.
Chapter two delves into the foundation of the study by reviewing the related
discussed, solid waste, and finally, the method of waste disposal, discussing
The chapter discusses the chosen research design, the area of study,
population of the study, it also highlights the target group under investigation,
and the sample size, discussing the size and characteristics of the sample, the
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Chapter four deals with the data analysis and presentation, where the gathered
data is analyzed using the prescribed methods. This chapter seeks to provide a
portion of the population, 53.8%, was young adults between the ages of 18-
35, which is relevant for understanding their attitudes and behaviors towards
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HND/Degree qualifications (38%) formed the majority, indicating a basic
were single (54%), and 46% were married, suggesting potential differences in
waste inside or just outside their houses was a part of their culture, but a
majority (72%) did not practice this, revealing a gap between cultural beliefs
sources leading to disease outbreaks and 70% identifying disease vectors like
risks. Furthermore, 83% agreed that improper waste disposal could lead to an
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indiscriminate waste disposal could block sewers and drainage, potentially
Area. The data indicates a high level of awareness regarding the public health
5.3 Conclusion
community.
5.4 Recommendations
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To ensure a clean and safe environment the Katsina State Government should
the community.
disposal.
in the community.
REFERENCES
43
disposal among households in Kankia Local Government Area of
Katsina State. Journal of Environmental Health, Vol: 4 (6) pp. 123-8
44
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_management
Othman, (1993): Waste Management and Sanitation at Janes Town and Accra
Central University Ghana Legon.
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(QASCFAEWM)
Department of Environmental
Health, Nurun-Ala-Nur Advance
College, Mashi LGA, Katsina
State.
Dear respondent,
only.
Student ( )
disposal? a. Yes ( ) b. No ( )
a. Yes ( ) b. No ( )
4. If yes above, do you usually dispose your waste in the house to be used
indiscriminately? a. Yes ( ) b. No ( )
a. Yes ( ) b. No ( )
Disposal
cholera? a. Yes ( ) b. No ( )
2. Are you aware that indiscriminate disposal of waste can attracts disease
vectors such as flies and mosquitoes that transmitted diseases like cholera,
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3. Do you agree that indiscriminate disposal of waste like broken bottles;
a. Yes ( ) b. No ( )
environment? a. Yes ( ) b. No ( )
5. Do you agree that indiscriminate of waste can block sewers and drainage
Thank You
48