STEM 11

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WHAT IS
LOGARITHM
A logarithm is the exponent that a base needs
to be raised to produce a given number. For
example, 3 is the logarithm of 8 to base 2, or 3
= log2 8. Similarly, 2 is the logarithm of 100 to
base 10, or 2 = log10 100.

BASIC LAWS AND

PROPERTIES OF
PRODUCT LOGARITHM
RULE
Logarithms have a
product rule similar to
exponents. The
logarithm of a product POWER
is equal to the sum of RULE
logarithms. The power rule for
logarithms simplifies the
logarithms of powers
by rewriting them as
the exponent times the
logarithm of the base.
 QUOTIENT
RULE
Logarithms have a
product rule similar to CHANGE OF
exponents. The BASE
logarithm of a product The change of base
is equal to the sum of formula is used to re-
write a logarithm
logarithms.
operation as a fraction
of logarithms with a
new base.

GRAPH
OF L OGA RITHM
FUN C T IO N
 TABLE OF
VALUES IMPOR
x y TANCE OF
1 -1.301 LOGARITHM
3 -1.778
It is interesting to note
5 -2 that logarithms play a
significant role in solving
7 -2.146 exponential equations and
exploring the properties of
9 -2.255 exponential functions.

Additionally, in the field of calculus, they

are invaluable for calculating the slope of
certain functions and determining the area
bounded by certain curves.

Their importance cannot be overstated, and

they continue to be a crucial tool in many
mathematical applications.

REAL LIFE
APPLICATIONS
LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION
 Earthquake magnitude can be A0 – the A – the
measured using the logarithmic amplitude of measure of
function. the smallest the
detectable amplitude of
Seismographs detect even the slightest
movement in the earth, which is wave (or the
represented on a seismograph as a wave standard earthquake
with amplitude A0.
wave) wave.
Problem
An earthquake is measured with Solution
a wave amplitude 392 times as USe the richter scale
great as A0. What is the
magnitude of this earthquake
using the Richter scale, to the
nearest tenth? Since A is 392 times as large
as A0, A = 392A0. Substitute
Given this expression for A.

the magnitude of the

earthquake
Simplify the expression
R = log 392
Required R = 2.5932...
Find the magnitude of this ≅
R 2.6
earthquake using the Richter
scale to the nearest tenth. Answer
The magnitude of this
Formula earthquake is 2.6 on the
Richter scale.

LOGARITHMIC
EQUATION
 Problem
Logarithmic equations A certain radioactive substance
describe exponential has a half-life of 10 years. If the
relationships in physics initial amount of the substance
and engineering. They are was 100 grams, how much of it
used in areas such as will remain after 30 years?
radioactive decay, signal
processing, electrical Given
circuits, and acoustics. N(t) = amount of substance
remaining after time t.
N0 = initial amount of substance.
Answer T = half life of the substance.
t = time elapsed
So, after 30 years, there
will be 12.5 grams of
radioactive substance
Required
remaining. How much of it will remain after
30 years?

Formula
N(t) = N0(1/2)^(t/T)

Solution
N(30) = 100(1/2)^(30/10)
N(30) = 100(1/2)^3
N(30) = 100(1/8)
N(30) = 12.5

LOGARITHMIC
INEQUALITY
 Logarithmic inequalities are used in probability and
statistics to analyze data distributions, determine
thresholds for statistical significance, and make
informed decisions based on data analysis.

Problem Solution
A company is conducting a n ≥ log((1 - α) / β) / log(1 - p)
survey with a significance level n ≥ log((1 - 0.05) / 0.8 / log(1
of 0.05 (α = 0.05), a power of - 0.5)
0.8 (β = 0., and an expected n ≥ log(0.95 / 0.8 / log(0.5)
proportion of 0.5 (p = 0.5) to n ≥ 0.0202 / -0.301 = -0.0671
determine the minimum number n ≥ ceil(-0.0671) = 1
of participants needed for a n ≥ 1
statistically significant result.

Answer
Given
Therefore, the minimum sample
α = 0.05
size needed for the survey is
β = 0.8
p = 0.5
n ≥ 1 participant.

Formula
n ≥ log((1 - α) / β) / log(1 - p)
Required
Determine the minimum sample
size needed for the survey.
 Logarithms may seem
ut
intimidating at first, b
HOW they're actually super
useful

DO in many areas of life.

YOU
APPLY Logarithmic functions are
THIS essential for STEM students

AREA
as they have applications in
various fields. They help

OF solve equations involving

exponential growth or decay
KNOW and measure sound intensity,

LEDGE earthquake magnitudes, and

algorithm efficiency.
AS A
STEM
STUDENT?

Understanding logarithmic functions is

crucial for solving problems and
analyzing real-world phenomena in STEM
disciplines.
REFERENCE

https://math.libretexts.org/Courses/Western_Connecticut_State_Univ
ersity/Draft_Custom_Version_MAT_131_College_Algebra/06%3A_Exp
onential_and_Logarithmic_Functions/6.05%3A_Logarithmic_Properties?
fbclid=IwAR3Bc5lfzbq1ExJV2ejJ6rIAgv9FmacBbF6VgCJZaOPb0V5VxL
bI4tzypYM#:~:text=We%20have%20a%20similar%20property,we%20c
an%20add%20the%20exponents

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/intermediatealgebra/chapter/identi
fy-the-domain-of-a-logarithmic-function/?
fbclid=IwAR3EANpIb1Il_j265w4BrWOrhZ4PhYP0Blb1y9wYa56HP2uMzG
yRmF55ku8

https://content.nroc.org/DevelopmentalMath/COURSE_TEXT2_RESOURC
E/U18_L4_T2_text_final.html

Source: Gorlier New Book of Popular Mathematics

https://www.google.com/imgres?
imgurl=https://www.media4math.com/sites/default/files/library_asse
t/images/LogarithmicFunctionsTablesGraphs--
Example32.jpg&tbnid=SEZh4V3IGQBsbM&vet=1&imgrefurl=https://ww
w.media4math.com/library/math-example-logarithmic-functions-
tabular-and-graph-form-example-
32&docid=cf4VT797FAPOyM&w=800&h=600&hl=en-
US&source=sh/x/im/m1/4

https://www.google.com/url?
sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cuemath.com%2Fchange-of-base-
formula%2F&psig=AOvVaw1GDS4aVzFLb9fYXRLyT3fw&ust=17023045
66061000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBEQjRxqFwoT
CNjYxeyIhYMDFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD