..
. '
4.9.4. Size of Building Drain and Building
Sewer
1) The size of every building drain and
building sewer connected to the public sewer system
downstream of the main cleanout (see Sentence
4.7.1.(6)) shall be not less than 4 in.
4.1O. Hydraulic Loads
(See Appendix A for determination of hydraulic
loads and drainage pipe sizes.)
4.10.1. Total Load on a Pipe
1) The hydraulic load on a pipe is the total
load from
a) every fixture that is connected to the sys­
tem upstream of the pipe,
b) every fixture for which provision is made
for future connection upstream of the
pipe, and
c) all roofs and paved surfaces that drain
'into the system upstream of the pipe.
4.10.2. Hydraulic Loads for Fixtures
1) The hydraulic load from a fixture that is
listed in Table 4.9.3. is the number of fixture units set
forth in the Table.
2) Except as provided in Sentence (1), the
hydraulic load from a fixture that is not listed in
Table 4.9.3. is the number of fixture units set forth in
Table 4.10.2. for the trap of the size that serves the
fixture.
Table 4.10.2.
Permitted Hydraulic Load from a Fixture Based on Size of
Trap
Forming Part of Sentence 4.10.2.(2)
Size of trap, in. Hydraulic Load, fixture units
P/4 1 where the hydraulic load is to be expressed in litres,
Ph 2 fixture units shall be converted as follows:
2 3
21/'2 4
3 5
4 6
4.10.3. Hydraulic Loads from Fixtures
with Continuous Flows
1) Except as provided in Sentence (2), the
hydraulic load from a fixture that produces a contin­
uous or semi­continuous flow, such as a pump or
an air­conditioning fixture, is 26.4 fixture units for
each litre per second of flow.
2) Where a fixture or equipment that pro­
duces a continuous or semi­continuous flow drains
4.10.6.
to a combined sewer or to a storm sewer, the hydr u!Jc
load from the fixture is 900 L for each litre per sec­
ond of flow.
4.10.4. Hydraulic Loads from Roofs or
Paved Surfaces
1) Except as provided in Sentence (2), the ..
hydraulic load in litres frorn a roo Qr; p;:ived surface '
is the maximum 15 min rainfall determined in con­
formance with Subsection 2.2.1. of the National
Building Code of Canada 1995, multiplied by' the
sum of
a) the area in square metres of the horizon­
tal projection of the surface drained, and
b) one half the area in square metres of the
largest adjoining vertical surface.
(See Appendix A.)
2) Flow control roof drains may be installed
provided
a) the maximum drain down time does not
exceed 24 h, .
b) the roof structure has been designed to
carry the load of the stored water,
c) one or more scuppers are installed so
that the maximum depth of water on the
roof cannot exceed 150 mm,
d) they are located not more than 15 m from
the edge of the roof and not more than
30 m from adjacent drains, and
e) there is at least one drain for each 900 m 2 .
3) Hydraulic loads in litres per se.cond for
flow control roof drains and restricted paved area
drains shall be determined according to rain
intensity­duration frequency curves as compiled by
Environment Canada using 25­year frequencies.
4.10.5. Conversion of Fixture Units to
Litres
1) Except as provided in Sentence 4.10.3.(2),
a) when the number of fixture units is 260 or
fewer, the load is 2 360 L, and
b) when the number of fixture units exceeds
260, the load is 9.1 L for each fixture unit.
4.10.6. Hydraulic Loads to Soil-or•Waste
Pipes
1) Except as provided in Sentence (2);· the ., ..
hydraulic load that is drained to every soil-or c'uaste
stack shall conform to Table 4.10.6.A.
2) Where the nominally horiZontal offset in a
soil-or-waste stack is 1.5 m or more, the hydraulic
load that is served by it shall conform to Table
4.10.6.B. or Table 4.10.6.C., whichever is the less re­
strictive.
33
4.10.6.

Table 4.10.6.A.
Maximum Permitted Hydraulic Load Drained to Soil-or-Waste Stack
Forming Part of Sentence 4.10.6.(1)

Maximum Hydraulic Load, fixture units

Size of Stack, Maximum Load on Stack that Maximum Load to be Drained to
in. Maximum Load on Stack that Stack of more than 3 Storeys from
Passes through more than 3
Passes through 3 Storeys or Less any 1 Storey
Storeys
114 2 2 2
Pb 5 8 2
2 10 24 6
2lb 20 42 9
3 60 60 16
4 240 500 90
5 540 1100 200
6 960 1 900 350
8 2 200 3 600 600
10 3 800 5 600 1 000
12 6 000 8 400 1 500

Table 4.10.6.B.
Maximum Permitted Hydraulic Load Drained to a Branch
Forming Part of Sentence 4.10.6.(2) and Article 4.10.7.

Maximum Hydraulic Load

Size of Branch, in.
fixture units
114 2
Pb 3
2 6
2lb 12
3 27
4 180
5 390
6 700
8 1 600
10 2 500
12 3 900

34
 4.10.11.

Table 4.10.6.C.
Maximum Permitted Hydraulic Load Drained to a Sanitary Building Drain or Sewer
Forming Part of Sentence 4.10.6.(2) and Article 4.10.8.

Maximum Hydraulic Load, fixture units

Size of Drain
Slope
or Sewer, in.
1 in 400 1 in 200 1 in 133 1 in 100 1 in 50 1 in 25
3 ­ ­ ­ ­ 27 36
4 - ­ ­ 180 240 300
5 ­ ­ 380 390 480 670
6 ­ ­ 600 700 840 1 300
8 ­ 1 400 1 500 1600 2 250 3 370
10 ­ 2 500 2 700 3 000 4 500 6 500
12 2 240 3 900 4 500 5 400 8 300 13 000
15 4 800 7 000 9 300 10 400 16 300 22 500

4.10.7. Hydraulic Loads on Branches 4.10.9. Hydraulic Loads on Storm or

Combined Buildi'i19 Drains or
1) The hydraulic load that is drained to a Sewers
branch shall conform to Table 4.10.6.B.
1) The hydraulic load that is drained to a
4.10.8. Hydraulic Loads on Sanitary storm building drain, a storm building sewer or a com-
Building Drains or Sewers bined building sewer shall conform to Table 4.10.9.

1) The hydraulic load that is drained to a

sanitary building drain or a sanitary building sewer
shall conform to Table 4.10.6.C.

Table 4.10.9.
Maximum Permitted Hydraulic Load Drained to a Storm Building Drain or Sewer or a Combined Building Sewer
Forming Part of Article 4.10.9.

Maximum Hydraulic Load, L

Size of Drain Slope
or Sewer, in.
1 in 400 1 in 200 1 in 133 1 in 100 1in68 1 in 50 1 in 25
3 ­ ­ ­ - 2 390 2 770 3 910
4 ­ ­ ­ 4 220 5 160 5 970 8 430
5 ­ ­ 6 760 7 650 9 350 10 800 15 300
6 ­ ­ 10 700 12 400 15 200 17 600 24 900
8 ­ 18 900 23 200 26 700 32 800 37 800 53 600
10 ­ 34 300 41 900 48 500 59 400 68 600 97 000
12 37 400 55 900 68 300 78 700 96 500 112 000 158 000
15 71 400 101 000 124 000 143 000 175 000 202 000 287 000

4.10.1 O. Hydraulic Loads to Roof Gutters 4.10.11. . Hydraulic Loads on Leaders

1) The hydraulic load that is drained to a 1) The hydraulic load that is drained to a
roof gutter shall conform to Table 4.10.10. leader shall conform to Table 4.10.11.

35
4 10.11.

Table 4.10.10.
Maximum Permitted Hydraulic Load Drained to a Roof Gutter
Forming Part of Article 4.10.10.

Maximum Hydraulic Load, L

Size of Gutter, in. Area of Gutter, cm2 Slope
1 in 200 1 in 100 1in50 1in25
3 22.8 406 559 812 1 140
4 40.5 838 1 190 1 700 2 410
5 63.3 1 470 2 080 2 950 4170
6 91.2 2 260 3 200 4 520 6 530
7 124.1 3 250 4600 6 500 9190
8 162.1 4 700 6 600 9 400 13 200
10 253.4 8480 12 000 17 000 23 600

Table 4.10.11.
Maximum Permitted Hydraulic Load Drained to a Leader
Forming Part of Article 4.10.11.

Circular Leader Non-Circular Leader I

Size of Leader, in. Maximum Hydraulic Load, L Area of Leader, cm2 Maximum Hydraulic Load, L
2 1 700 20.3 1 520
2 1b 3 070 31.6 2 770
3 5000 45.6 4 500
4 10 800 81.1 9 700
5 19 500 126.6 17 600
6 31 800 182.4 28 700
8 68 300 324.3 61 500

36
A-4.10
Tables 4.10.9., 4.10.10. and 4.10.11. have been ex­
pressed in terms of the number of litres that they
can carry when the local rainfall intensity is 1 mm
in 15 min. The hydraulic load for a particular loca­
tion is obtained by simply multiplying the rainfall
intensity figure given in Appendix C of the
National Building Code of Canada 1995 by the ac­
tual area drained as specified in Sentence 4.10.4.(1).
In the case of restricted­flow drains, the hydraulic
load from storm water run­off must be calculated
using manufacturer discharge flow rates of specific
drains in the case of roofs, and water­flow restric­
tors in the case of paved areas.
When plumbing fixtures are connected to a com­
bined sewer, the hydraulic load from the fixtures
must be converted from fixture units to litres or, in
the case of continuous flow, from litres per second
to litres so that these loads can be added to the hy­
draulic loads from roofs and paved surfaces. As
already pointed out, the relationship between fix­
ture units and litres per second and, consequently,
the relationship between fixture units and litres is
not straightforward, and an approximate conversion
factor has been adopted. The conversion factor
which is given in Sentence 4.10.5.(1) is 9.1 L/fixture
unit, except where the load is less than 260 fixture
units when a round figure of 2 360 L is to be used.
In the case of continuous flow fixtures that are con­
nected to combined sewers or storm sewers, the
conversion factor given in Sentence 4.10.3.(2) is
900 L per L/ s. This conversion factor is not an ap­
proximation but is an exact calculation.
The conversion factors given in Sentences 4.10.3.(1)
and 4.10.5.(1) are designed to convert in one direc­
tion only, and must not be used to convert from
fixture units to litres per second in the one instance
nor from litres to fixture units in the other instance.
In summary it should be noted that
(a) in sanitary drainage systems all hydraulic
loads are converted to fixture units, and
(b) in storm drainage systems or combined
drainage systems all hydraulic loads are con­
verted to litres.
Procedure for Selecting Pipe Sizes
The following is an outline, with examples, of the
procedures to be followed in determining the size of
each section of drainage piping.
1. Sanitary drainage pipes, for example,
branches, stacks, building drains or building sewers
(a) Determine the load in fixture units from
all fixtures except continuous flow fix­
tures.
(b) Determine the load in litres per second
from all continuous flow fixtures and
multiply the number of litres per sec­
37
ond by 26.4 to obtain the number of
fixture units.
(c) Add loads (a) and (b) to obtain the total
hydraulic load on pipe in fixture units,
and
(d) Consult the appropriate table from
Tables 4.10.6.A., 4.10.6.B. or 4.10.6.C.
and select the pipe size.
(Note that no pipe size can be smaller than
that permitted in Subsection 4.9.)
2. Storm drainage pipes, for example, gut­
ters, leaders, horizontal pipes, building drains or
building sewers
(a) Determine the area in square metres of
roofs and paved surfaces according to
Sentence 4.10.4.(1).
(b) Determine the local rainfall intensity
(15 min rainfall) from Appendix C of
the NBC1995.
(c) Multiply (a) by (b) to obtain the hy­
draulic load in litres.
(d) If a fixture discharges a continuous flow
to the storm system, multiply its load in
litres per second by 900 to 'Obtain the
hydraulic load in litres.
(e) If flow control roof drains are used;
compute discharge rate based on rain
intensity, retention duration, accumula­
tion height and roof area from roof
drain manufacturers' data.
(f) Add loads (c) or (e), and (d) to obtain
the total hydraulic load on the pipe in
litres, and
(g) Consult the appropriate table from
Tables 4.10.9., 4.10.10. or 4.10.11. and se­
lect pipe or gutter size.
(Note that no pipe can be smaller than that
permitted in Subsection 4.9.)
3. Combined drainage pipes, for example,
building sewers
(a) Determine the total load in fixture units
from all fixtures except continuous flow
fixtures.
(b) If the fixture unit load exceeds 260, mul­
tiply it by 9.1 to determine the
equivalent hydraulic load in litres. If the
fixture unit load is 260 or fewer fixture
units, the hydraulic load is 2 360 L.
(c) Obtain the hydraulic load from roofs
and paved surfaces in the same manner
as for storm drains (see 2(a), (b), (c) and
(e)).
(d) Obtain the hydraulic load in litres from
any continuous flow source that is con­
nected to the sanitary or storm drainage
system in the same manner as for storm
drainage pipes (see 2(d)).
(e) Add hydraulic loads (b), (c) and (d) to
obtain the total hydraulic load on pipe
in litres, and
 A-4.10

(f) Consult Table 4.10.9. and select the pipe Examples

size.
(Note that no pipe can be smaller than that Example 1: Determination of the size of storm
permitted in Subsection 4.9.) drainage components for the building shown in
Figures A­4.10.B. and A­4.10.C.

3.6m
area of horizontal
projection surface
18 x 9 = 162 m2

area of roof
11 x 18 = 198 m2 RD
0

1/2 area of largest

adjacent vertical surface
1/2 x 3.6 x 18 = 32.4 m 2

area drained by RD leader

198 + 32.4 = 230.4 m2
11 m ·I
Figure A-4.10.B.
Storm Drainage Areas (Example 1)

Step No. 1 Determine the hydraulic load from the Tables 4.10.9., 4.10.10. and 4.10.11. These values are
roofs. tabulated in Table A­4.10. for rainfall intensities of
25 mm and 15 mm in 15 min.
Area drained by gutter 162 m 2
Area drained by roof drain 230.4 m2
If the local rainfall intensity is 25 mm 162 m 2
the load on the gutter (leader No. 2) -gutter
is (25 x 162)...................... 4 050 L 1 in 200
the load on the roof drain (leader No. 1)
is (25 x 230.4).................... 5 760 L
leader 1 leader 2
If the local rainfall intensity is 15 mm
the load on the gutter (leader No. 2)
is (15 x 162)......................... 2 430 L
the load on the roof drain (leader No. 1)
is (15 x 230.4)....................... 3 456 L
/ I
storm building drain, storm building sewer,
1 in 100 1 in 100

Step No. 2 Determine the size of storm drainage Figure A-4.10.C.

components. Storm Drainage Components (Example 1) (Elevation View)
Using the appropriate hydraulic loads, the size of
storm drainage components can be determined from

81
A·4.10

Table A-4.10.
Storm Drainage Pipe Sizes (Example 1)

15 min Rainfall Intensity, mm

Area Drained, 25 15 Reference
m2 Table No.
Hydraulic Size, in. Hydraulic Size, in.
Load, L. Load, L
Roof drain leader 230.4 5 760 4 3 456 3 4.10.11.
Gutter 162 4 050 8 2 430 7 4.10.10.
Gutter leader 162 4 050 3 2 430 21/2 4.10.11.
Storm building drain 230.4 5 760 5 3 456 4 4.10.9.
Storm building sewer 395.8 9 895 6 5 936 5 4.10.9.

Example 2: Determination of size of drainage 1FS@3 = 3 fixture units

pipes for buildings Semi­Continuous Flow
0.23 L/ s x 26.4 .=. §. fixture units
Figure A­4.10.D. represents an office building with 22 fixture units
washrooms for men and women, a drinking foun­ '
tain and cleaner's closet on each typical floor. The
equipment room with facilities is located in the
basement. The building is 18 m by 30 m and is to be Table 4.10.6.B. permits 3­in. pipe. Use 3­in. pipe.
built in Kitchener, Ontario.
D. Hydraulic Load on Building Drain
A. Hydraulic Load per Typical Floor

5WC@6 =30 fixture units From soil­or­waste stack 245 fixture units
2UR@1 1h =3 fixture units From basement branch 22 fixture units
4LAV@l1h =6 fixture units 267 fixture units
2FD@3 =6 fixture units
1 FS@3 =3 fixture units
1 DF@l =1 fixture units Table 4.10.6.C. @ 1 in 50, a 4­in. pipe will carry 240
49 fixture units fixture units

Table 4.10.6.C.@ 1 in 25, a 4­in. pipe will carry 300

The reader is left to calculate the size of the fixture units
branches, one of which must be 4 in. and another
3 in. (see Subsection 4.9). Therefore the smallest part
of the stack must be 4 in. For practical reasons use a 4­in. pipe at a slope of
not less than 1 in 32.
B. Hydraulic Load on Stack
E. Storm Load
5 storeys @ 49 fixture units = 245 fixture units
Area of roof 18 x 30 = 540 m 2
Table 4.10.6.A. permits 4 in. pipe. Use 4­in. pipe.

C. Hydraulic Load on Basement Branch Rainfall intensity for Kitchener from Appendix C of
the NBC 1995 is 28 mm in 15 min.

1 WC@6 =6 fixture units Total hydraulic storm load = 28 x 540 = 15120 L

1LAV@1 = 1 fixture unit
2FD@3 = 6 fixture units Storm load on each roof drain 15 120/2 = 7 560 L

39

design information can be obtained from Environ­
ment Canada.
In the past, two datasets formed the basis for calcu­
lation of the July 2.5% dry­bulb temperatures. The
first dataset was based on temperature frequency
distributions for 33 stations and an empirical rela­
tionship between design temperatures and the mean
annual maximum temperature. The second dataset
consisted of hourly data summaries for 109 stations
based on records from 1957 to 1966. Results from
the two datasets were averaged and adjusted for
consistency. The July 2.5% wet­bulb temperatures
were obtained in a similar way, using the two
datasets, but without the use of an empirical rela­
tionship for the first dataset.
A review of the July design temperatures was
undertaken for the 1995 issue of this Appendix. De­
sign dry­bulb temperatures were analyzed using
hourly temperature observations from 264 stations
for the length of record up to 1993. Where needed,
hourly dry­bulb temperatures were supplemented
with correlated record maximum temperatures from
1450 long term stations. The July 2.5% coincident
wet­bulb temperatures were obtained by averaging
wet­bulb temperatures for all hours when the dry­
bulb temperature was within 0.2°C of the July
design dry­bulb temperature. A comparison of the
results indicated reasonable consistency for design
dry­bulb temperatures but some differences for de­
sign wet­bulb temperatures that will be investigated
for future issues. The July design temperatures re­
main unchanged for this issue.
Heating Degree-Days
The rate of consumption of fuel or energy required
to keep the interior of a small building at 21°C
when the outside air temperature is below l8°C is
roughly proportional to the difference between l8°C
and the outside temperature. Wind speed, solar ra­
diation, the extent to which the building is exposed
to these elements and the internal heat sources also
affect the heat required and may have to be consid­
ered for energy efficient design. For average
conditions of wind, radiation, exposure, and inter­
nal sources, however, the proportionality with the
temperature difference generally still holds.
Since the fuel required is also proportional to the
duration of the cold weather, a convenient method
of combining these elements of temperature and
time is to add the differences between l8°C and the
mean temperature for every day in the year when
the mean temperature is below 18°C. It is assumed
that no heat is required when the mean outside air
temperature for the day is 18°C or higher.
Although more sophisticated computer simulations
using other forms of weather data have now almost
..
LA!J\;'S
Appendix C
completely replaced degree­day­based calculation
methods for estimating annual heating energy con­
sumpation, degree­days remain a useful indicator of
relative severity of climate and can form the basis
for certain climate­related code requirements.
The degree­days below l8°C have been computed
day by day for 1030 stations for the length of record
available from the period 1961 to 1990. The average
annual degree day values were then interpolated
from analyzed maps. When observations with 20
years or more of record were available, recommen­
dations for those locations were weighted towards
the observed value.
A difference of only one Celsius degree in the mean
annual temperature will cause a difference of 250 to
350 in the Celsius degree­days. Since differences of
0.5 of a Celsius degree in the mean annual tempera­
ture are quite likely to occur between two stations
in the same town, heating degree­days cannot be re­
lied on to an accuracy of less than about 100
degree­days.
Heating degree­day values for the core areas of
larger cities can be 200 to 400 degree­days less
(warmer) than for the surrounding fringe areas. The
observed degree­days, which are based on daily
temperature observations, are often most represen­
tative of rural settings or the fringe areas of cities.
Rainfall Intensity
Roof drainage systems are designed to carry off the
rainwater from the most intense rainfall that is
likely to occur. A certain amount of time is required
for the rainwater to flow across and down the roof
before it enters the gutter or drainage system. This
results in the smoothing out of the most rapid
changes in rainfall intensity. The drainage system,
therefore, need only cope with the flow of rainwater
produced by the average rainfall intensity over a
period of a few minutes, which can be called the
concentration time.
In Canada, it has been customary to use the 15­
minute rainfall that will probably be exceeded on an
average of once in 10 years. The concentration time
for small roofs is much less than 15 minutes and
hence the design intensity will be exceeded more
frequently than once in 10 years. The safety factors
in the National Plumbing Code of Canada will prob­
ably reduce the frequency to a reasonable value and,
in addition, the occasional failure of a roof drainage
system will not be particularly serious in most cases.
The rainfall intensity values tabulated in previous
editions of this document were based on measure­
ments of the annual maximum 15­minute rainfalls
at 139 stations with 7 or more years of record. They
were the 15­minute rainfalls that would be exceeded
477
Appendix C
once in 10 years on the average, or the values that
had one chance in 10 of being exceeded in any one
year. The values were analyzed using a Gumbel ex­
treme value distribution.rn
It is very difficult to estimate the pattern of rainfall
intensity in mountainous areas, where precipitation
is extremely variable. Many of the observations for
these areas were taken at locations in valley bot­
toms or in extensive, fairly level areas. Much greater
intensities can occur on mountainsides.
One Day Rainfall
If for any reason a roof drainage system becomes
ineffective, the accumulation of rainwater may be
great enough in some cases to cause a significant in­
crease in the load on the roof. It has been common
practice in previous editions of this document to
use the maximum one­day rainfall ever observed
for estimating the additional load. Since the length
of record for weather stations in Canada is quite
variable, the maximum one­day rainfall amounts in
previous editions often reflected the variable length
of record at nearby stations as much as the climatol­
ogy. As a result, the maximum values often differed
greatly within relatively small areas where little dif­
ference should be expected. The current values have
been standardized to represent the one­day rainfall
amounts that have one chance in 30 of being ex­
ceeded in any one year or the one­in­30­year return
value one day rainfalls.
The 24 hour rainfall values in the Table were based
on measurements of the annual maximum one­day
rainfalls for 2051 stations with 10 years or more of
record. These one­in­30­year values were obtained
using a Gumbel extreme value distribution fitted
using the method of moments.m
Rainfall frequency observations can vary consider­
ably over time and space. This is especially true for
mountainous areas, where elevation effects can be
significant. In other areas, small scale intense storms
or local influences can produce significant spatial
variability in the data. As a result, the analysis has
incorporated some spatial smoothing.
Annual Total Precipitation
The total amount of precipitation that normally falls
in one year is frequently used as a general indica­
tion of the wetness of a climate, and is therefore
included in this Appendix. Total precipitation is the
sum in millimetres of the measured depth of rain­
water and the estimated or measured water
equivalent of the snow (typically estimated as 0.1 of
the measured depth of snow, since the average den­
sity of fresh snow is about 0.1 that of water).
The average annual total precipitation amounts in
the Table have been interpolated from an analysis
478
of precipitation observations from 1379 stations for
the 30 year period from 1961 to 1990.
Snow Loads
The roof of a building should be able to support the
greatest weight of snow that is likely to accumulate
on it in many years. Some observations of snow on
roofs have been made in Canada, but not enough to
form the basis for estimating roof snow loads
throughout the country. Similarly, observations of
the weight, or water equivalent, of the snow on the
ground have not been available in digital form in
the past. The observations of roof loads and water
equivalents are very useful, as noted below, but the
measured depth of snow on the ground is used to
provide the basic information for a consistent set of
snow loads.
The estimation of the design snow load on a roof
from snow depth observations involves the follow­
ing steps:
1. The depth of snow on the ground which has an
annual probability of exceedence of' 1­in­30 is
computed.
2. The appropriate unit weight is selected and used
to convert snow depth to loads, S5•
3. The load, Sr, due to rain falling on the snow is
computed.
4. Because the accumulation of snow on roofs is
often different from that on the ground, adjust­
ments are applied to the ground snow load to
provide a design snow load on a roof.
The annual maximum depth of snow on the ground
has been assembled for 1618 stations for which data
has been recorded by the Atmospheric Environment
Service (AES). The period of record used varied
from station to station, ranging from 7 to 38 years.
These data were analyzed using a Gumbel extreme
value distribution fitted using the method of mo­
ments<0 as reported by Newark et at.< 2> The resulting
values are the snow depths which have a probabil­
ity of 1­in­30 of being exceeded in any one year.
The unit wei ht of old snow generally ranges from
2 to 5 kN Im , and it is usually assumed in Canada
that 1 kN/m 3 is the average for new snow. Average
unit weights of the seasonal snow pack have been
derived for different regions across the country 01
and an appropriate value has been assigned to each
weather station. Typically, the values average
2.01 kN I m 3 east of the continental divide (except
for 2.94 kN/m 3 north of the treeline), and range
from 2.55 to 4.21 kN/m 3 west of the divide. The
product of the 1­in­30 snow depth and the average
unit weight of the seasonal snow pack at a station is
converted to the snow load (SL) in units of kilopas­
cals (kPa).
' I

Appendix C

Ground Hourly Wind

Design Temperature Seismic Data
Degree- 15 One Ann. Snow Pressures
Elev., Days Min. Day Tot.
Province and Location January July 2.5% Load, kPa
m Below Rain, Rain, Ppn., Zonal
1/10 1/30 1/100
2.5% 1% Dry Wet 18°c mm mm mm kPa kPa kPa la Zv Velocity
oc oc oc oc Ss Sr Ratio,v
Forest 215 ­16 ­18 31 23 3850 23 95 875 1.8 0.4 0.39 0.48 0.58 0 0 0.00
Fort Erie 180 ­15 ­17 30 24 3800 23 105 1020 2.4 0.4 0.36 0.43 0.50 2 0 0.05
Fort Erie 190 ­15 ­17 30 24 105
3750 28 1000 2.3 0.4 0.37 0.43 0.50 2 0 0.05
(Ridgeway)
Fort Frances 340 ­33 ­35 29 22 5550 25 100 725 2.1 0.3 0.23 0.28 0.34 0 0 0.00
Gananoque 80 ­22 ­24 28 23 4200 23 95 900 1.9 0.4 0.35 0.43 0.52 2 1 0.05

Geraldton 345 ­35 ­38 28 21 6800 20 80 725 2.7 0.4 0.21 0.25 0.30 0 0 0.00
Glencoe 215 ­16 ­18 31 24 3900 28 95 925 1.4 0.4 0.31 0.39 0.49 0 0 0.00
Goderich 185 ­16 ­18 29 23 4000 23 85 950 2.2 0.4 0.40 0.50 0.62 0 0 0.00
Gore Bay 205 ­23 ­25 29 21 4900 23 85 860 2.4 0.4 0.30 0.36 0.43 0 0 0.00
Graham 495 ­37 ­40 29 22 6400 23 90 750 2.4 0.3 0.21 0.25 0.29 0 0 0.00
Gravenhurst
255 ­26 ­28 29 22 4750 25 95 1050 2.5 0.4 0.26 0.32 0.39 1 1 0.05
(Muskoka
Airport)
Grimsby 85 ­16 ­18 30 23 3650 23 100 875 0.8 0.4 0.36 0.43 0.50 1 0 0.05
Guelph 340 ­19 ­21 29 23 4350 28 105 875 1.7 0.4 0.25 0.30 0.36 1 0 0.05
Guthrie 280 ­24 ­26 29 22 4550 28 95 950 2.3 0.4 0.21 0.29 0.39 1 1 0.05
Haileybury 210 ­32 ­35 30 21 5600 23 85 820 2.2 0.4 0.32 0.39 0.49 2 1 0.05
Haldimand
190 ­17 ­19 30 23 3900 23 100 875 1.1 0.4 0.31 0.37 0.44 1 0 0.05
(Caledonia)
Haldimand
215 ­16 ­18 30 23 4000 25 90 875 1.2 0.4 0.33 0.39 0.46 1 0 0.05
(Hagersville)
Haliburton 335 ­27 ­29 29 22 4950 25 85 980 2.7 0.4 0.26 0.32 0.39 1 1 0.05
Halton Hills 255 ­19 ­21 30 23 4300 28 110 850 1.3 0.4 0.27 0.34 0.42 1 0 0.05
(Georgetown)
Hamilton 90 ­17 ­19 31 23 3600 23 100 875 0.8 0.4 0.36 0.43 0.50 1 0 0.05

Hanover 270 ­19 ­21 30 22 4600 28 100 1050 2.4 0.4 0.34 0.43 0.54 1 0 0.05
Hastings 200 ­23 ­26 30 23 4450 28 85 840 1.8 0.4 0.29 0.37 0.47 1 1 0.05
Hawkesbury 50 ­25 ­27 30 23 4750 23 95 925 2.1 0.4 0.31 0.37 0.45 4 2 0.10
Hearst 245 ­34 ­36 28 21 6500 20 75 825 2.6 0.3 0.20 0.25 0.32 0 0 0.00
Honey Harbour 180 ­24 ­26 29 22 4300 23 90 1050 2.5 0.4 0.25 0.34 0.45 1 1 0.05

Hornepayne 360 ­37 ­40 28 21 6500 20 90 750 3.3 0.4 0.19 0.25 0.31 0 0 0.00
Huntsville 335 ­26 ­29 29 22 4900 25 95 1000 2.7 0.4 0.26 0.32 0.39 1 1 0.05
Ingersoll 280 ­18 ­20 30 23 4100 28 100 950 1.6 0.4 0.33 0.43 0.54 0 0 0.00
Iroquois Falls 275 ­33 ­36 29 21 6300 20 80 825 2.7 0.3 0.30 0.37 0.45 1 0 0.05
Jellicoe 330 ­36 ­39 28 21 6600 20 80 750 2.5 0.4 0.21 0.25 0.29 0 0 0.00

Kapuskasing 245 ­33 ­35 28 21 6450 20 80 825 2.6 0.3 0.23 0.28 0.34 0 0 0.00
Kemptville 90 ­25 ­27 30 23 4650 25 80 925 2.1 0.4 0.30 0.37 0.46 4 2 0.10
Kenora 370 ­33 ­36 28 22 5850 25 105 630 2.1 0.3 0.23 0.28 0.34 0 0 0.00
Killaloe 185 ­28 ­31 30 22 5100 23 80 825 2.5 0.4 0.26 0.32 0.39 3 1 0.05
Kincardine 190 ­17 ­19 28 22 4100 23 85 950 2.4 0.4 0.40 0.50 0.62 0 0 0.00

Kingston 80 ­22 ­24 27 23 4300 23 105 950 1.9 0.4 0.35 0.43 0.52 2 1 0.05
Kinmount 295 ­26 ­28 29 22 4800 25 100 950 2.5 0.4 0.26 0.32 0.39 1 1 0.05
Kirkland Lake 325 ­33 ­36 30 21 6100 20 95 875 2.7 0.3 0.29 0.37 0.46 1 1 0.05
Kitchener 335 ­19 ­21 29 23 4250 28 110 925 1.8 0.4 0.27 0.34 0.42 1 0 0.05
Lakefield 240 ­24 ­26 30 23 4550 28 85 850 2.0 0.4 0.27 0.34 0.43 1 1 0.05

Lansdowne House 240 ­39 ­41 28 21 7150 18 90 680 2.7 0.2 0.24 0.29 0.35 0 0 0.00
Leaminqton 190 ­15 ­17 31 24 3600 28 105 875 0.7 0.4 0.35 0.43 0.52 0 0 0.00

489
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•
AppendixC

Ground Hourly Wind

Design Temperature Seismic Data
Degree- 15 One Ann. Snow Pressures
Province and Location Elev., Days Min. Day Tot.
January July 2.5% Load, kPa
m Below Rain, Rain, Ppn., Zonal
1/10 1/30 1/100
2.5% 1% Dry Wet 18°C mm mm mm Za Zv Velocity
Sr kPa kPa kPa
oc oc oc oc Ss Ratio, v

Lindsay 265 -24 -26 30 23 4550 25 95 850 2.1 0.4 0.26 0.34 0.43 1 1 0.05
Lion's Head 185 ·19 -21 27 22 4300 25 100 950 2.5 0.4 0.33 0.43 0.54 1 0 0.05
Listowel 380 -19 ·21 29 23 4500 30 110 1000 2.4 0.4 0.34 0.43 0.53 1 0 0.05

London 245 ·18 ·20 30 23 4150 28 95 975 1.7 0.4 0.36 0.48 0.61 0 0 0.00
Lucan 300 -17 -19 30 23 4150 25 105 1000 2.1 0.4 0.39 0.50 0.63 0 0 0.00
Maitland 85 -23 -25 29 23 4200 25 95 975 2.0 0.4 0.32 0.39 0.49 3 1 0.05
Markdale 425 -20 -22 29 22 4600 28 95 1050 3.1 0.4 0.29 0.37 0.47 1 0 0.05
Markham 175 -20 -22 31 24 4200 25 80 825 1.2 0.4 0.39 0.48 0.59 1 0 0.05

Martin 485 -36 -39 29 22 6200 25 95 750 2.4 0.3 0.21 0.25 0.29 0 0 0.00
Matheson 265 -33 -36 29 21 6250 20 80 825 2.6 0.3 0.30 0.37 0.46 1 1 0.05
Mattawa 165 -29 -31 30 22 5300 23 80 875 1.9 0.4 0.24 0.29 0.35 3 1 0.05
Midland 190 -23 -26 29 22 4300 25 90 1060 2.5 0.4 0.25 0.34 0.45 1 1 0.05
Milton 200 ­18 -20 30 23 4100 25 110 850 1.2 0.4 0.32 0.39 0.48 1 0 0.05

Milverton 370 -19 -21 29 23 4450 30 100 1050 2.2 0.4 0.31 0.39 0.49 1 0 0.05
Minden 270 -26 -29 29 22 4900 25 90 1010 2.5 0.4 0.26 0.32 0.39 1 1 0.05
Mississauga 160 -18 -20 30 23 3950 25 105 800 1.0 0.4 0.37 0.45 0.55 '1 0 0.05
Mississauga 75 -18 -20 30 23 3800 25 100 800 0.8 0.4 0.37 0.45 0.55 1 0 0.05
(Port Credit)
Mitchell 335 -18 -20 29 23 4400 28 105 1050 2.2 0.4 0.35 0.45 0.57 0 0 0.00

Moosonee 10 -36 -38 28 21 7100 18 75 700 2.0 0.3 0.26 0.32 0.39 0 0 0.00
Morrisburg 75 -23 -25 30 23 4550 25 100 950 2.1 0.4 0.30 0.37 0.46 4 2 0.10
Mount Forest 420 -21 -23 29 22 4750 30 95 940 2.5 0.4 0.29 0.37 0.47 1 0 0.05
Nakina 325 -35 -37 28 21 6900 20 80 750 2.6 0.4 0.21 0.25 0.30 0 0 0.00
Nanticoke (Jarvis) 205 -16 -18 30 23 4000 28 100 900 1.3 0.4 0.33 0.39 0.47 1 0 0.05

Nanticoke 180 -15 -17 30 24 3900 100 1.1

25 950 0.4 0.36 0.43 0.51 1 0 0.05
(Port Dover)
Napanee 90 ·22 -24 28 23 4250 23 85 900 1.7 0.4 0.32 0.39 0.48 2 1 0.05
New Liskeard 180 -32 -35 30 21 5700 23 85 810 2.1 0.4 0.31 0.39 0.49 2 1 0.05
Newcastle 115 -20 -22 30 23 4200 23 80 830 1.4 0.4 0.46 0.55 0.65 1 1 0.05
Newcastle 245 -20 ·22 30 23 4200 23 80 830 1.3 0.4 0.46 0.55 0.66 1 1 0.05
(Bowmanville)

Newmarket 185 -22 ·24 30 23 4400 28 100 800 1.8 0.4 0.26 0.34 0.44 1 1 0.05
Niagara Falls 210 -16 -18 30 23 3700 23 95 950 1.8 0.4 0.33 0.39 0.47 2 0 0.05
North Bay 210 -28 -30 28 21 5300 28 90 975 2.0 0.4 0.26 0.31 0.37 2 1 0.05
Norwood 225 -24 -26 30 23 4500 28 85 850 1.9 0.4 0.29 0.37 0.47 1 1 0.05
Oakville 90 -18 -20 30 23 3800 23 90 850 O.B 0.4 0.37 0.45 0.54 1 0 0.05

Orangeville 430 -21 -23 29 23 4600 30 100 B75 2.1 0.4 0.25 0.32 0.41 1 0 0.05
Orillia 230 ·25 -27 29 22 4600 25 95 1000 2.2 0.4 0.26 0.32 0.39 1 1 0.05
Oshawa 110 -19 ·21 30 23 4000 23 BO B75 1.3 0.4 0.43 0.52 0.64 1 1 0.05
Ottawa 60 -25 -27 30 23 4600 23 BO 900 2.2 0.4 0.30 0.37 0.46 4 2 0.10
Owen Sound 215 -19 ·21 29 22 4250 28 110 1075 2.6 0.4 0.33 0.43 0.55 1 0 0.05

Pagwa River 185 -34 -36 2B 21 6600 20 90 B25 2.2 0.4 0.19 0.25 0.31 0 0 0.00
Paris 245 -17 -19 30 23 4100 23 B5 925 1.3 0.4 0.31 0.37 0.45 1 0 0.05
Parkhill 205 -16 -1B 31 23 4000 23 95 925 1.9 0.4 0.40 0.50 0.61 0 0 0.00
Parry Sound 215 ·24 -26 2B 21 4700 23 95 1050 2.6 0.4 0.24 0.34 0.46 1 1 0.05
Pelham (Fonthill) 230 -15 -17 30 23 3BOO 23 95 950 2.1 0.4 0.33 0.39 0.46 1 0 0.05

490