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CPT150S - 2022 - Chapter 1 - Petroleum Industry and Petrochemicals
CPT150S - 2022 - Chapter 1 - Petroleum Industry and Petrochemicals
CPT150S - 2022 - Chapter 1 - Petroleum Industry and Petrochemicals
Semester 2 2023
Content
Fossil fuels
OPEC
Learning Outcomes
15%
34% Oil
24% Coal
Gas
27%
Non-fossil
9.58
4.62
4.219
3.823
3.068
2.652 2.604
2.213 1.948
United Russia Saudi Iraq Canada China UAE Kuwait Brazil Iran Nigeria
States Arabia
Country
Source: worldpopulationreview
Petroleum Refining and
Petrochemical Industry
Crude Oil Cont.
Statistical Review of World Energy 2021 reveals that the COVID-19
pandemic had a dramatic impact on energy markets, with both primary
energy and carbon emissions falling at their fastest rates since the
Second World War.
South Africa Oil Consumption:
492000 barrels per day (2020)
Top 10 Oil countries consumers (2020)
18.120
Million Barrels per day
14.314
4.738
3.544 3.282 3.243 3.019 2.575 2.342 2.127
United China India Saudi Japan Russia Brazil South Canada Germany
States Arabia Korea
Country
Source: www.bp.com
Petroleum Refining and
Petrochemical Industry
Crude Oil Cont.
The Three major stages of petroleum operations (Note: some companies
integrate all three stages. E.g. Shell, BP, Exxonmobil)
Petroleum Refining and
Petrochemical Industry
Perforated well Perforated gun lowered Charges set off
Crude Oil Cont.
Upstream Stage:
o Improve colour
o Improve odour
o Removal of sulphur to decrease the
corrosion effect
o Removal of gums, resins and asphaltic
materials
o Improvement of stability to light and air
Petroleum Refining and
Petrochemical Industry
Refining
Separation Process
Conversion Process
Isomerisation
o Steam - high temperature steam (816 ⁰C) is used to break ethane, butane and
naphtha into ethylene and benzene, which are used to manufacture chemicals.
Petroleum Refining and
Petrochemical Industry
Manufacturing
Cracking
o Question
Get 10 (Ten) marks ahead of the total marks of the first assignment !!
>> various hydrocarbons are cracked into smaller hydrocarbons, the products go
through another Separation unit (fractional distillation column) to separate them.
Petroleum Refining and
Petrochemical Industry
Manufacturing
Hydrogenation
o The addition of hydrogen to an alkene.
o The major unification process is called catalytic reforming and uses a catalyst
(platinum, platinum-rhenium mix) to combine low weight naphtha into
aromatics, which are used in making chemicals and in blending gasoline.
Petroleum Refining and
Petrochemical Industry
Manufacturing
Esterification
o Reaction between an acid and an alcohol.
Petroleum Refining and
Petrochemical Industry
Manufacturing
Polymerisation
o The linking of similar molecules, such as the joining of light alkenes
Petroleum Refining and
Petrochemical Industry
An oil refinery is a combination of all of these processes
Petroleum Refining and
Petrochemical Industry
Fuel supply chain overview
Petroleum Refining and
Petrochemical Industry
QUALITY IMPROVEMENT
PROCESSES
Petroleum Refining and
Petrochemical Industry
Treating and Blending the fractions
o Processed fractions are treated to remove impurities, such as organic
compounds containing sulphur, nitrogen, oxygen, water, dissolved metals
and inorganic salts.
o After the fractions have been treated, they are cooled and then blended
together to make various products.
AIMS
different mixtures of chains can create gasoline with different octane ratings
for ease in handling and to reduce the undesirable emissions produced
when the product is burned
Petroleum Refining and
Petrochemical Industry
Treating and Blending the fractions
Additives incorporated during and/or after blending to provide specific
properties not inherent in hydrocarbons.
Additives include
o octane enhancers
o anti-oxidants
o anti-knock agents (Methyl tertiary ether butyl
o gum and rust inhibitors
o detergents
Petroleum Refining and
Petrochemical Industry
Treating and Blending the fractions
Additives incorporated during and/or after blending to
provide specific properties not inherent in hydrocarbons.
Octane enhancers
o Designed to improve engine's stability under
compression by increasing the octane rating of the fuel
Anti-oxidants
Compounds that prevent oxidation. Oxidation chemical reaction can produce free
radicals and chain reactions
o Fuel stabilizers and lubricants to prevent oxidation
o Prevent the polymerization in Gasoline that leads to the formation of engine-
fouling residues
Processing: Noise, flaring of gas, Water and Land pollution, (global warming
→ climate change)
Petroleum Refining and
Petrochemical Industry
Environmental Impacts
Sources of impacts
Refining: Air Pollution (Cox, Sox, Nox – greenhouse gases), land pollution
(by solid waste), water pollution (by liquid effluent)
Transportation, Storage & Accidents: Oil spill, leakage, oil contaminated site
(water and land pollution), Burning oil
field
Petroleum Refining and
Petrochemical Industry
Environmental Impacts
Actions
Safety and precautions: Companies must ensure that they are following all
safety precautions and regulations that help lower the risks
e.g. Using double hull tankers instead of single hull tankers when
transporting oil from offshore sites
In case of spill: Companies must work hard to ensure that the environment
that has been affected is restored
Alternative source of energy: include hydro-, wind, solar, plants (biofuel) etc.
Petroleum Refining and
Petrochemical Industry
OPEC (Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries)
A permanent intergovernmental organization of 12 oil-exporting developing
nations that coordinates and unifies the petroleum policies of its Member
Countries
o Established at the Baghdad Conference in 1960
o Country members include: Algeria, Angola, Congo Republic, Equatorial
Guinea, Gabon, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, United
Arab Emirates (UAE), Venezuela
o USA vs OPEC The objective is to co-ordinate and unify petroleum
policies among Member Countries, in order to secure
fair and stable prices for petroleum producers; an
efficient, economic and regular supply of petroleum to
consuming nations; and a fair return on capital to those
investing in the industry.
Tutorial 2 – part 1
Answer the question below and submit your typed 1 page (a paragraph
answer for each question) to cpt150s2023@gmail.com
Question 2
Which stage of the petroleum industry contribute more to the cost of oil and gas? Explain
Question 3
Other than achieving the desired octane number, what are the motives of blending different liquid hydrocarbons
Question 4
Considering Brics summit 2023, which countries have been approved to be part of Brics and how is this a progressive or
unprogressive move pertaining the petroleum industry
References
49
Get statistics of South Africa Energy
Status @ http://www.energy.gov.za.
QUESTIONS?
50