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COCEDUCATION.COM CMA inter - REVISION SERIES CA/CMA Santosh kumar
REVISION OF REDEMPTION OF PREFERENCE SHARES and BONUS ISSUE

Meaning: Redemption of Preference Shares means paying back preference shareholders their money. Section 55 of
the company Act permits a company, limited by Shares, to issue redeemable preference shares if it is so authorized
by its articles of association.
CONDITIONS OF REDEMPTION:
Section 55 lays down the following conditions for the redemption of preference shares, namely:
1. Such shares must be fully paid-up. If they are not fully paid up then they must be made fully paid-up before
redemption.
2. Preference shares may be redeemed at par or at premium.
3. Such shares can be redeemed out of divisible or distributable profits or out of the proceeds of a fresh issue of shares
made for the purpose of redemption.
4. Amount equivalent to face value of redeemable preference shares must be raised --

➢ by an issue of shares (equity or preference) or
➢ by transferring the equivalent amount from the free reserves to Capital redemption reserve A/c
➢ or by applying both the orders.
Imp. Note-
➢ Free reserves/ divisible or distributable profits include profit and loss A/c, general reserve, retained
earnings, surplus, dividend Equalization fund/reserve, excess provision than actually required (e.g.
workmen compensation fund, Accident compensation Fund, insurance fund, reserve/provision for doubtful
debts and provision for taxation)
➢ Non- free reserves include security premium, Revaluation reserve, capital reserves, capital Redemption
Reserves, debentures redemption reserve e.t.c
Capital Redemption Reserve Account-According to Section 55, when preference shares are redeemable out
of divisible profit then amount equivalent to nominal value of redeemable shares must be transferred to Capital
Redemption Reserve Account out of free reserves.
Capital Redemption Reserve (CRR) A/c can be used by the company only for the purpose of issuing fully paid
bonus shares to its members/ Shareholders.
Practice question 1: (Compliance of section 55 by utilising its own resources/ free reserves)
Balance sheet of COC Ltd as on 31st March 2023
Equity and liabilities Amount Assets Amount
Shareholder’s fund:
Equity share capital of Rs 10 each 5,00,000 Non-current assets:
Building 3,20,000
Preference share capital of Rs 10 each 4,00,000 Machinery 1,20,000
Investments 1,60,000
Reserves and surplus:
General reserves 7,00,000 Current assets:
Profit & loss account 1,80,000 Debtors 9,00,000
Security premium 2,20,000 Stock 3,00,000
Bank 7,00,000
Non-current liabilities:
12% debentures 2,00,000
Current liabilities:
Creditors 3,00,000
25,00,000 25,00,000
COCEDUCATION.COM For enquiry: 9999631597, 7303445575, 8448322142
Company decided to use its own resources for the purpose of redemption of its preference shares at par. Make
Journal entries in the book of company.
Practice question 2: (Compliance of section 55 by issuing new shares) Assume in previous question, company
decided to issue new equity shares of ₹10 each at par to comply section 55. Make journal entries.
Note for Exam: - Preference shares may be redeemed at par or at premium, but compliance of
section 55 is required only up to the face value of redeemable preference shares.
Practice question 3: (Revision of concept of partly paid-up shares and compliance of section 55 and writing
off premium on redemption of preference shares)
Balance sheet as on 31st March 2023

Equity share capital of Rs 10 each 5,00,000 Non-current assets: 6,00,000
Preference share capital of Rs 10 each, 8 paid 4,00,000 Current assets:

Debtors 12,00,000
Reserves and surplus: Bank 7,00,000
General reserves 2,00,000
Profit & loss account 1,80,000
Security premium 2,20,000
Non-current liabilities:
12% debentures 7,00,000
Current liabilities:
Creditors 3,00,000
25,00,000 25,00,000
Preference shares were due for redemption at premium of 10% on the above date. Company decided to use its own
resources to the maximum extent subject to leaving a balance of ₹50,000 in general reserve. If required company
will issue new equity shares of ₹10 each. Make journal entries in the book of COC Ltd.

Answer:
No. Particulars Debit Credit
1. Preference shares final call account Dr 1,00,000
To preference share capital account 1,00,000
(Being final call money due)
2. Bank account Dr 1,00,000

To Preference share final call account 1,00,000
(Being final call money received)
3. Preference share capital account Dr 5,00,000

Premium on redemption account Dr 50,000
To preference shareholder account 5,50,000
(Being preference shares are due for payment)
4. Profit & loss account Dr 1,80,000

General reserve account Dr 1,50,000
To capital redemption reserve account 3,30,000
(Being CRR created to comply section 55)
To equity share capital account 1,70,000
(Being new equity share issued to comply section 55)
6. preference shareholder account Dr 5,50,000
To bank account 5,50,000
(Being preference shareholders paid)
7. Security premium account Dr 50,000
To premium on redemption account 50,000
(Being premium on redemption written off)
IMPORTANT NOTES FOR REVISION:
1. Premium on redemption of preference shares: - If preference shares are redeemable at a premium then
such premium on redemption must be adjusted in the following order:
Security premium A/c Dr
Free Reserves A/c Dr
To Premium on redemption of Shares A/C
Most important note for exam: In case of class of companies on which provision of section 133 is applied, the
premium, if any, payable on redemption shall be provided for out of profits of the company.
Journal entry for writing off Premium on redemption of preference shares:
Free Reserves A/c Dr

To Premium on redemption of Shares A/C
In exam- if not mentioned, always assume company is not covered under section 133. A proper
note should be given along with your answer.
2. Redeemable preference shares must be fully paid-up. If they are not fully paid up, then they must be made
fully paid-up before redemption (even not mentioned in question).

Note:- For complying section 55 new shares may be issued at par or premium, but compliance of
section 55 is always assumed to be equal to face value of new shares issue.
Practice question 4: Preference share capital = ₹6,00,000
They are redeemable at premium of 20%.
Calculate the number of new equity shares to be issued to comply section 55 if such new issue is at premium of 25%.
Practice question 5: Preference share capital = ₹6,00,000
They are redeemable at premium of 20%.
Calculate the number of new equity shares to be issued to finance the redemption if such new issue is at premium of
25%.
Practice question 6: Balance sheet of COC Ltd as on 31st March 2023

Equity share capital of Rs 10 each 5,00,000 Non-current assets:
Building 3,20,000
Preference share capital of Rs 10 each 6,00,000 Machinery 1,20,000
General reserves 7,00,000 Current assets:
Security premium 4,00,000 Debtors 9,00,000
Stock 7,00,000
Non-current liabilities: 2,00,000 Bank 3,00,000
12% debentures
Current liabilities: 1,00,000

Creditors
25,00,000 25,00,000
resources to comply section 55. If required company will issue new equity shares of ₹10 each at premium. Make
journal entries in the book of COC Ltd.
NEVER FORGET TO FOLLOW ---- SOCHTE HAI—IN WORKING NOTES.


Equity share capital of Rs 10 each 4,00,000 Bank 14,00,000
Preference share capital of Rs 10 each 9,00,000 Investments 4,00,000

Other assets 12,00,000
Security premium 50,000
Liabilities: 14,50,000
30,00,000 30,00,000
resources to the maximum extent subject to leaving a balance of ₹50,000 in general reserve. Company also issued
30,000 equity shares at premium of 10%. If required company will issue new preference shares of ₹10 each at par.
Make journal entries in the book of COC Ltd.
Solution:
Answer: Prepare SOCHTE HAI ……….


Premium on redemption account Dr 1,35,000
2. General reserve account Dr 95,000

To capital redemption reserve account 95,000
To security premium 30,000
(Being new equity share issued to comply section 55)
To preference share capital 5,05,000
5. preference shareholder account Dr 10,35,000
(Being preference shareholders paid)
General reserve account Dr 55,000
To premium on redemption account 1,35,000
IMAGINE BANK BALANCE IS LESS THAT ACTUAL AMOUNT REQUIRED FOR REDEMPTION:
ALSO CHECK IN ABOVE QUESTION---



Liabilities 2,00,000
30,00,000 30,00,000
resources for the purpose of complying section 55. Company sold its investment for ₹2,50,000 and also issued 12%
debentures of ₹5,00,000 to finance the redemption. If required Company will raise bank loan for the purpose of
redemption. It was also decided to maintain minimum balance of ₹40,000 in bank. Make journal entries in the book
of COC Ltd.

2. General reserve account Dr 10,00,000

To investment account 2,50,000

To 12% debentures 5,00,000
to bank loan account 2,00,000
6. Preference shareholder account Dr 10,50,000

7. General reserve account Dr 50,000
To premium on redemption account
(Being premium on redemption written off) 50,000

Practice question 9: Balance sheet of X Ltd as on 31st March 2023


Profit & loss account 1,20,000
Security premium 3,00,000
Liabilities 10,00,000
30,00,000 30,00,000
Preference shares were redeemed at premium of 10%. X Ltd sold its investment for ₹1,60,000. Company also issued
80,000 equity shares of ₹10 each at premium of 20% and 10,000, 12% debentures of ₹50 each to finance the
redemption. Make journal entries in the book of COC Ltd.


To investment account 1,60,000

To equity share capital 8,00,000
To security premium 1,60,000
5. Profit & loss account Dr 1,00,000
6. Preference shareholder account Dr 9,90,000
To premium on redemption account
(Being premium on redemption written off) 90,000

Practice question 10: The balance sheet of Redemption Ltd. as at 31 March 2023 is as follows:
Liabilities Rs. Assets Rs.

10,000 Equity Share of Fixed Assets 2,62,000
Rs. 10 each fully paid 1,00,000 Debtors 90,000
Stock 30,000
11% Preference Shares of Rs. 100 each 1,00,000 Investments 30,000
Less : Calls-in-arrear @ Rs. 20 per share 94,000 Bank 4,000
6,000
10% Preference Shares of Rs. 10 each fully paid 1,00,000

General Reserve 40,000
Profit and Loss Account 20,000
Securities Premium Account 5,000
Capital Reserve 30,000
Creditors 27,000
4,16,000 4,16,000
11% preference shares were due for payment on 1 April 2023 at a premium of 10%. The company sent the reminders
for the final call on the remaining 300-11% preference shares and could collect money from shareholders holding 200
shares @ ₹20 per share and forfeited the defaulting 100 shares. The company sold all investments at 90% of the cost of
such investments. The company issued adequate number of new equity shares at par, to the extent available profits
were insufficient to back-up the redemption. Draft journal entries and prepare the balance sheet of the company after
redemption.
Solution:
1. Bank account Dr 4,000
To calls in arrear 4,000
(Being calls in arrear money received on 200 shares)
2. Preference share capital account Dr 10,000
To calls in arrear 2,000
To share forfeiture account 8,000
3. Share forfeiture account Dr 8,000
To capital reserve account 8,000
Profit & loss account Dr 3,000
To investment account 30,000
5. Preference share capital account Dr 90,000
To preference shareholder account 99,000
6. Profit & loss account Dr 13,000

General reserve account Dr 40,000
To capital redemption reserve account 53,000
To equity share capital 37,000
8. Preference shareholder account Dr 99,000
To bank account 99,000
To premium on redemption account 9,000

Revision of Bonus issue of shares

(1) Bonus issue means capitalisation of reserves. It means issue of equity shares free of cost to the existing equity
shareholders.
(2) Bonus issue can be made only to fully paid equity shares.
(3) Bonus issue cannot be issued in lieu of dividend.
(4) Accounting treatment for bonus issue of equity shares:
Capital redemption reserve account Dr
Buy back reserve account Dr
Capital reserve account Dr
Security premium account Dr
Free reserves account Dr
To bonus issue account
Bonus issue account Dr
To equity share capital
(5) if existing equity shares are not fully paid, then firstly they should be made fully paid by any of the following two
methods:
(i) By making final call:
Equity share final call account Dr
To equity share capital account
Bank account Dr
To Equity share final call account
(Ii) By making bonus call:
Free reserves account Dr
To Bonus call account
Bonus call account Dr
To Equity share capital account
Note: if not mentioned, we always follow bonus call method to make equity shares fully paid.

Practice question 11. Balance sheet as at 31-03-2023
LIABILITIES AMOUNT ASSETS AMOUNT

Authorized share capital Sundry assets 17,00,000
1,50,000 equity shares of Rs.10 each 15,00,000
Issued, Subscribed& paid–up
80,000 equity shares of Rs 7.50 each
called-up& paid –up 6,00,000
Capital Redemption Reserve 1,50,000
Plant Revaluation reserve 20,000
Securities premium account 1,50,000
Development Rebate Reserve 2,30,000
Investment Allowance Reserve 2,50,000
General reserve 3,00,000
17,00,000 17,00,000
The company wanted to issue bonus shares to its shareholders at the rate of one Share for every two shares held.
Necessary resolutions were passed; requisite legal requirements were complied with. You are required to give effect
to the proposal by passing journal entries in the books of A Ltd.
Solution:
1. General reserve account Dr 2,00,000
To bonus call account 2,00,000
2. Bonus call account Dr 2,00,000
3. CRR account Dr 1,50,000
Security premium account Dr 1,50,000
General reserve account Dr 1,00,000
To Bonus issue account 4,00,000
4. Bonus issue account Dr 4,00,000
To equity share capital 4,00,000

COCEDUCATION.COM CMA INTER-2 CA/CMA Santosh kumar
FOLLOW ON PUBLIC OFFER(FPO)

An issuance of stock following a company’s Initial Public Offer is called a Follow-on Public Offer.
A company opts for the FPO route when it wishes to raise additional capital from the shareholders and new
investors.
An FPO is essentially a stock issue of supplementary shares made by a company that is already publicly listed
and has gone through the IPO process.
FPO are popular methods for companies to raise additional equity capital in the capital markets through a stock
issue.
FPOs should not be confused with IPOs, as IPOs are the initial public offering of equity to the public while
FPOs are supplementary issues made after a company has been established on an exchange.
Difference between Initial Public Offer and Follow on Public Offer:
a. IPO is made when company seeks to raise capital via public investment while FPO is subsequent public
contribution.
b. First issue of shares by the company is made through IPO when company first becoming a publicly traded
company on a national exchange while Follow on Public Offering is the public issue of shares for an already
listed company.

SWEAT EQUITY SHARES

When a company issue shares to its employees or directors for providing knowhow, intellectual properties
etc.,such an issue of shares is termed as issue of sweat equity shares.
As per Section 2(88) of the Companies Cat, 2013, “sweat equity shares” means such equity shares as are
issued by a company to its Directors or employees at a discount or for consideration, other than cash, for
providing their know-how or making available rights in the nature of intellectual property rights or value
additions, by whatever name called.
Provisions Relating to Issue of Sweat Equity Shares:

The provisions relating to issue of sweat equity shares are covered under Section 54 of the Companies Act,
2013 and Rule 8 of the Companies (Share Capital and Debentures) rules, 2014.
Section 54 of the Act states that –

Notwithstanding anything contained in section 53, a company may issue sweat equity shares of a class of
shares already issued, if the following conditions are fulfilled, namely: —
(a) the issue is authorised by a special resolution passed by the company;
(b) the resolution specifies the number of shares, the current market price, consideration, if any, and the
class or classes of Directors or employees to whom such equity shares are to be issued;
(c) not less than one year has, at the date of such issue, elapsed since the date on which the company had
commenced business; and
(d) where the equity shares of the company are listed on a recognised stock exchange, the sweat equity shares
are issued in accordance with the regulations made by the Securities and Exchange Board in this behalf and if
they are not so listed, the sweat equity shares are issued in accordance with such rules as may be prescribed.
Note- The rights, limitations, restrictions and provisions as are for the time being applicable to equity shares
shall also be applicable to the sweat equity shares.
Rule 8 of the Companies (Share Capital and Debentures) Rules, 2014 further states that –
(1) A company other than a listed company, which is not required to comply with the SEBI Regulations on
sweat equity, shall not issue sweat equity shares to its directors or employees,unless the issue is authorised by
a special resolution passed by the company in general meeting.
(2) The explanatory statement to be annexed to the notice of the general meeting.
(3) The special resolution authorising the issue of sweat equity shares shall be valid for making the allotment
within a period of not more than twelve months from the date of passing of the special resolution.
(4) The company shall not issue sweat equity shares for more than 15% of the existing paid-up equity share
capital in a year or shares of the issue value of rupees five crores, whichever is higher.
(5) The sweat equity shares issued to directors or employees shall be locked in/non-transferable for a period of
three years from the date of allotment.
(6) The sweat equity shares to be issued shall be valued at a price determined by a registered valuer as
the fair price giving justification for such valuation.

Accounting for Issue of Sweat Equity Shares:

i. Issue of sweat equity shares for cash consideration at a discount: When sweat equity shares are issued
for cash consideration at a discount, the difference between cash consideration and nominal value
of sweat equity shares shall be considered as the value of intellectual property provided by the
employee or director. The accounting entry shall be as follows:
Bank A/c ........................... Dr.
Intellectual Property A/c ……Dr.
To Equity Share Capital A/c
Note: The details of issue of sweat equity shares shall be disclosed in the Notes to Balance Sheet on Equity Share
Capital.
ii. Issue of sweat equity shares for consideration other than cash: According to Rule 8(9) of Companies
(Share Capital and Debentures) rules, 2014 –
Where sweat equity shares are issued for a non-cash consideration, such non-cash consideration shall be
treated in the following manner in the books of account of the company-
(a) where the non-cash consideration takes the form of a depreciable or amortizable asset, it shall be carried
to the balance sheet of the company in accordance with the accounting standards;
or
(b) where clause (a) is not applicable, it shall be expensed as provided in the accounting standards.
Accordingly, the accounting entries for issue of sweat equity shares for consideration other than cash
will be as follows:
(i) Sweat equity shares issued in pursuant to acquisition of an asset:
Intellectual Property A/c ................................................................... Dr. (Value of asset)

Employee/Director’s Compensation Expenses A/c ........................ Dr. (Difference)
(ii) Sweat equity shares issued not in pursuant to acquisition of an asset:
Employee/Director’s Compensation Expenses A/c............. Dr.

Note 1: Employee/Director’s Compensation Expenses will be included in Employee Benefit Expenses in the
Statement of Profit and Loss.
Note 2. The details of issue of sweat equity shares shall be disclosed in theNotes to Balance Sheet on Equity
Share Capital.

Question 1. Show the accounting entries for the following.

a. Tinku Ltd. allotted 500 sweat equity shares of Rs 100 each to its directors at a discount of 6%.
b. 800 sweat equity shares of Rs100 allotted to employees at par in consideration of technical know-how.
(ICMAI Study material)
Solution:
(a) Bank A/c ...................................... Dr. 47,000

Intellectual Property A/c.............. Dr. 3,000
To Equity Share Capital A/c 50,000
(Being allotment of 500 sweat equity shares of Rs 100 each to Directors at a discount
of 6%, balance amount of Rs 94 per share duly received)
(b) Technical Know-how A/c................ Dr. 80,000

To Equity Share Capital A/c 80,000
(Being allotment of 800 sweat equity shares of Rs 100 each to employees at par, in
consideration of technical know-how)

COCEDUCATION.COM MARATHON CA/CMA Santosh kumar
ACCOUNTING OF SHARES (ISSUE, FORFEITURE AND RE-ISSUE OF SHARES)
MEANING OF SHARES: According to section 2(84) of the companies act 2013, share means a sharein the share
capital of a company and includes stock.
SHARE CAPITAL: -
The capital of the company is called share capital. Total share capital of company is divided into number of
small indivisible units of a fixed amount and each unit is called share.
The fixed value of share printed on the share certificates called Nominal/ Par/ Face value of share.
The liability of holder of shares (called shareholders) is limited to issue price of share acquired bythem.
According to SEBI guidelines, a company is free to price its issue if it has three years track record ofconsistent
profitability and in case of New Company, if it has been promoted by company with a five years tracks record
of consistent profitability.
Note: The issue price need not be equal to market price of the share.
These days the shares are generally priced on the basis of book building process.
Book building is a process through which company determines it's share prices. Under this method company determines
a price band of its shares and based on bids received from potential investors at various prices within the price band
finally fixes its issue price.
Share capital of company divided into following categories:-
1. Authorized share capital (section 2(8): - This capital also called Registered Capital or Nominal Capital. This is
maximum capital requirement of company and mentioned in ‘capital clause’ of the ‘Memorandum of Association’
registered with Registrar of Company. This is maximum limit which a company can raise byissue of share capital during
its life time.
2. Issued Share Capital (section 2(50): - It is that part of Authorized Capital which company uses to raise fund
since it is not necessary that all Authorized Capital should be issued. The remaining portion of the authorized
capital which is not issued is called un-issued capital.
3. Subscribed Share Capital (section 2(86): - That part of issued share capital which has been subscribed by
the public is called subscribed share capital. Subscribed share capital may be more, less or equal to issued
share capital. At least 90% of the issued share capital must be subscribed by the public before the allotment
of shares.
4. Called-up Share Capital (section 2(15): - Companies generally receive the issue price of share in installments.
Called-up Capital is that portion of issue price of share which a company has demanded and called from
shareholder. The portion of issue price which is not called or demanded by company istermed as uncalled capital.
5. Paid-up Share Capital (section 2(64): - Paid-up capital is that portion of Called-up Capital which is paid by
shareholder. The portion of called up capital which is not paid by shareholders are called unpaid calls or
Installment in Arrears or Calls in Arrears. To calculate paid-up share capital,Calls in Arrear is deducted from
Called- up Capital in the balance sheet. Called-up Capital and
Paid-up capital are shown together at liabilities side of balance sheet. Dividend are paid on Paid -up Capital
6. Reserve Share capital: - According to section 65 of Company Act 2013, a company may decide bypassing
special resolution that some portion of subscribed uncalled capital shall not be called up
COCEDUCATION.COM ENQUIRY- 9999631597, 7303445575, 8448322142

except in the event of winding- up of Company. Portion of uncalled capital which a company has decided to
call only in case of liquidation of company is called Reserve Liability / Reserve Capital.
7. Capital Reserves: - Capital Reserves are created out of Capital Profits. These are not free for distribution as
dividend. This Reserve can be used to write off capital losses such as discount on issue of shares,
underwriting commission etc. This Reserve can also be used to issue Bonus Shares if they have been realized
in cash. Capital reserves are part of Reserves and surplus and shown under the head ‘Reserves and surplus’
in the balance sheet.
TYPES OF SHARES: These are two types of shares:
1. Preference Shares: -Those shareholders which have preferential right in following matter:
a. They get assured preferential dividend at fixed rate during the life of company.
b. They are having preferential right to be paid first in case of winding up ofcompany, from
other shareholders.
According to section 43 of companies Act 2013, person holding preference shares are called preference
shareholders. However, Holder of preference share does not have voting rights.
The company Act 2013, prohibits the issue of preference share which is irredeemable. According to Company
Act, preference shares which are redeemable within 20 years can only be issued.
Types of Preference Shares.: These are following type:-
a. Cumulative Preference Shares:

o A cumulative preference share is one that carries the right to a fixed amount of dividend every
year. If current year profit is insufficient, it is paid from future profit. So dividend is accumulated
unless it is paid in full and such shares are called Cumulative Preference Share.
o The arrears of dividend are shown in balance Sheet as ‘Contingent Liabilities’.
o In India ‘Preference shares’ are always cumulative unless otherwise stated.
o If dividends are in arrears for a period not less than two year, holders of such shares will be
entitled to take part and vote on every resolution in general body meeting of shareholders.
b. Non-Cumulative Preference Shares:
o These are those shares which do not carry right to get divided accumulated if profit ofcurrent
year are insufficient.
o If dividend remains arrears for a period not less than two years or an aggregate period of not less
than three years comprised in six years ending with the expiring of financial year, holder of such
shares will be entitled to take part and vote on every resolution at any meeting of shareholders.
c. Participating Preference shares: --These shareholders have following rights:

o Right to get fixed percentage of dividend.
o Right to participate on stipulated profit after equity shareholders have been paid atstipulated
rate.
o In case of winding up of company, these shareholders also get right to receive pre-
determined portion of surplus after equity shareholders have been paid off.
d. Non participating preference Share: - These shareholders only get fixed percentage of dividend
every year. They do not have right to participate in profit and surplus in case of winding-up of company.
e. Redeemable Preference Shares.: These are shares that company may issue on the condition that
company will repay after the fixed period or even earlier at company discretion. It is governed by section 55
of the companies Act 2013.

f. Non-Redeemable Preference shares: - Those shares which are not redeemable are called non-redeemable
preference shares.
According to section 55, no company limited by shares shall issue irredeemable preference share or
preference shares redeemable after expiry of 20 years from the date of issue.
g. Convertible Preference Shares: - These shareholders have right to convert their shares intoequity shares
at their option according to terms and conditions of their issue.
h. Non-Convertible preference Shares: These shareholders do not have right to convert their sharesinto equity
shares.
Note: Unless mentioned otherwise Preference Shares are Non-Cumulative, Non-Participating, Non- Convertibleand
Redeemable in nature.
2. Equity Shares [section 43(a)]: - They don’t have preferential right in matter of dividend or repayment of
capital. On Equity shares dividend is recommended by Board of Directors and dividend may vary from year to
year.
These shareholders carry voting right in general meeting of shareholders.
Company (Amendment) Act 2000, permit issue of equity share capital with differential right as to dividend,
voting or otherwise.
ISSUE OF SHARES FOR CASH: -

• To Issue shares, private companies raise funds from private placement of shares.
• Public companies for raising funds issue prospectus and invite general public to subscribe for its
shares.
First installment along with application is called application money. As per section 39 of theCompanies act
2013, application money cannot be less than 5% of face value of shares.
As per SEBI Guidelines, the minimum application money to be paid by an applicant along with the application
shall not be less than 25% of the issue price.
IMP. NOTE -- Matters related to issue and transfer of securities will be administered by the SEBIand not by the
Company Law Board (CLB)
SEBI Guidelines require the shares issued are made fully paid-up within 12 months of the date ofallotment if
the size of the issue is up to 500 crores.
Minimum Subscriptions: - A public limited company cannot make any allotment of shares unless the
amount of minimum subscription stated in prospectus has been subscribed. Amount of minimum subscription
to be disclosed in prosecutes by Board o f Director taking into account following
1. Preliminary expenses of company
2. Commission payable on issue of shares.
3. cost of fixed assets purchased or to be purchased
4. Working capital requirement of company.
5. Any other expenditure for day-to-day operation of business.
▪ According to guidelines of Securities Exchange Board of India (SEBI) a company must receive a
minimum 90% subscription against whole issue before making any allotment of shares or debenture
to public.
▪ If company is not able to receive minimum subscription of 90% of the issue, the entiresubscription
shall be refunded to applicants within 15 days from closures of issue.

▪ In case of delayed refund interest for the delayed period as per section 73 of companies Act shallbe
payable @ 4% to 15% (having regard to the length of the period in delay) on the amount of refund.
▪ The companies Act 2013 requires that the period of at least one month must be between twocalls.
▪ The company has right to reject or accept an application fully or partially.
Subscriptions of Shares: - Whenever company issues share it is not necessary that all sharesissued by
company are also subscribed by public. There are three situations of subscription by public
1. Full subscription
2. Under subscription
3. over subscription
Full subscription: - In this situation number of shares offered for subscription and the number of shares
actually subscribed by public are same.
Under Subscription: - In this situation number of shares offered for subscriptions is more than number of
shares subscribed by public.
Over subscriptions: - In this situation number of shares offered for subscription is less than number of
shares subscribed by public.
Shares issued at Discount (Section 53): - As per new section 53 of the co. act 2013, no shares can be issued at
discount (except ESOP and Sweat equity shares)
Shares Issued at Premium (section 52): - It is that situation where company issue share more thanits have
clue nominal value / face value. This extra amount is called share premium.
Treatment of security Premium: - Amount of security premium is credited to separate account called security
premium account. It is not part of capital. It is shown on liabilities side of balance sheet under the sub-head
reserve and surplus (Heading shareholder ‘fund).
According to section 52 of company Act 2013, security premium may be used by company for thefollowing
purpose
a) For issuing Bonus shares
b) To write off preliminary expenses of company
c) To write off expenses, commission, and discount allowed on any securities and debenture of
company.
d) To pay premium on redemption of preference share or debenture of company.
Over Subscription and pro- rata Allotment: - When shares are oversubscribed, it is not possible forcompany to
satisfy all the applicants. Allotment of shares is done at the discretion of company.
Allotment basis can be any one of the following: -
(a) Company may allot full shares to some and reject others.
(b) Allotment of shares on Pro-rata basis.
Pro-rata Allotment: - Means allotment of shares in proportion of shares applied for. Applicants are informed
about allotment procedure through an advertisement in leading newspapers.
Calls –in Arrears: Sometimes shareholders fail to pay the amount due on allotment or calls. The total
unpaid amount on one or more installments is known as call-in-arrear or unpaid calls.
Generally, Articles of Association empower the directors to charge interest at stipulated rate oncall-in-
arrear.
However, according to Table F of articles of association, Interest at the rate of 10% per annum is charged on
unpaid calls for the period started from the due date and end on when actual payment ismade.

Call-in Advance: - Sometime, shareholders pay in advance for calls which have not been made.
This amount may be with application money, allotment money, first call etc. Calls in advance is
shown as a separate item on the liability side of the balance sheet under the head ‘other current
liability’. As per table F of articles of association, INTEREST on calls in advance is paid @ 12% p.a.
Difference between interest on calls in arrear and interest on calls in advance:

Interest on Calls in Arrears Interest on Calls in Advance
It is payable by shareholders to company on the calls It is payable by the Company to Shareholders on
due but remaining unpaid. the call money received in advance but not yet due.
As per Table F maximum prescribed rate is 10%. As per Table F maximum prescribed rate is 12%.
Period considered: From the date call money was due Period considered: From the date money was
to the date money is finally received. received to the day call was finally made due.
Directors have a right to waive off such interest in Shareholders are not entitled for any dividend on
individual cases at their own discretion. calls in advance.
It is a nominal account in nature and is credited to It is a nominal account in nature with interest being
statement of profit and loss as an income. an expense for the company.
Forfeiture of shares: - The Article of a company usually authorize the directors to forfeit shares of amember on
account of non-payment of a call or interest thereon after serving him a prior notice as prescribed by the
articles.
Revision question 1. COC ltd issued 25,000 shares of ₹10 each payable as follow:
On application ₹2 On allotment ₹4
On first call ₹3 On final call ₹1
Public applied for 30,000 shares (Mr A for 18,000 and Mr B for 12,000 shares) and allotment was made pro- rata to both
applicants. Money dues on various calls were received except Mr A who failed to pay both calls money. His shares were
forfeited and reissued at ₹9 as fully paid up. Make entries.
Solution: Working notes 1.
Applicants Applied Alloted
A 18,000 15,000
B 12,000 10,000
Total 30,000 25,000
Working notes 2.
Particular A B Total
1. Total application money received
A- (18,000 X2) 36,000 24,000 60,000
B- (12,000 X 2)
Less: amount transfer to share capital 30,000 20,000 50,000
Excess amount for allotments 6,000 4,000 10,000
2. amount due on allotments @ ₹4 60,000 40,000 1,00,000
Less: excess amount received adjusted -6,000 -4,000 -10,000
Amount received on allotments 54,000 36,000 90,000
3. amount due on first call @ ₹3 45,000 30,000 75,000
Less: calls in arrear: - nil -45,000
45,000
Amount received on first call Nil 30,000 30,000
4. amount due on final call @ ₹1 15,000 10,000 25,000
Less: calls in arrear - nil -15,000
15,000
Amount received on final call Nil 10,000 10,000

Journal entries in the book of COC ltd

To share application account 60,000
(Being application money received)
2. Share application account Dr 60,000
To share capital account 50,000
To share allotment account 10,000
(Being application money adjusted)
3. Share allotment account Dr 1,00,000
To share capital account 1,00,000
(Being allotment money due)
(Being allotment money received)
5. Share first call account Dr 75,000
(Being first call money due)
Calls in arrear a/c Dr 45,000
To share first call account 75,000
7. Share final call account Dr 25,000
To share final call account 25,000
9. Share capital account Dr 1,50,000
To calls in arrear a/c 60,000
To share forfeiture a/c 90,000
(Being shares of Mr A forfeited)
Bank account Dr
10. Share forfeiture account Dr 1,35,000
To share capital account
(Being forfeited shares re-issued @ 9 as fully paid) 1,50,000
(Surplus amount in share forfeiture transferred to
capital reserve)
Revision question 2.
Applied Allotted
50,000 40,000
Application = ₹2Allotment = ₹3 Final call = ₹5

Ram to whom 2,000 shares were allotted failed to pay allotment and final call money. Calculate
(a) Calls in arrears on allotment
(b) Calls in arrears on final call.
(c) Amount forfeited.

Solution:
Alloted shares = 2,000
Applied shares = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑿 𝟓 = 2,500 Shares
𝟒
1. Application money receive (2,500 X 2) 5,000

Less: amount transferred to share capital (2000X2) -4,000
Excess amount received for allotments 1,000
2. amount due on allotmentsExcess amount adjusted 6,000

-1,000
Calls in arrear on allotment 5,000
Revision question 3.
Applied Allotted
60,000 50,000
Application = ₹Allotment = ₹4 Final call = ₹3
Mohan who had applied for 6,000 shares were allotted failed to pay allotment and final callmoney.
Calculate
(a) Calls in arrears on allotment
(b) Calls in arrears on final call.
(c) Amount forfeited.
Solution:
Applied shares = 6,000
Alloted shares = 𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑿 𝟓 = 5,000 Shares
𝟔
1. Application money receive (6,000 X 3) 18,000

Less: amount transferred to share capital (5,000X3) -15,000
Excess amount received for allotments 3,000
2. amount due on allotments (5,000 X4)Excess amount adjusted 20,000

-3,000
Calls in arrear on allotment 17,000
Revision question 4. Maruti ltd issued 40,000 shares of ₹10 each at a premium of 20% payable asfollow:
Application ₹3 (including premium Re 1) Allotment ₹4 (including premium Re 1)
First call ₹3
Final call ₹2
Public applied for 50,000 shares and allotment was made on pro-rata basis to all applicants. Mr Raju to whom 4,000
shares were allotted failed to pay allotment and first call money. Subsequently his shares wereforfeited.
Mr Kaju to whom 6,000 shares were allotted failed to pay both calls money. His shares were also forfeited after the final
call. Out of forfeited shares 7,000 shares were re-issued at ₹8 as fully paid. It includes all the shares of Mr Kaju. Make
entries.

Solution:
Applied Allotted
50,000 40,000
Particular Amount (₹)

1. Total application money received (50,000 X 3) 1,50,000
Less: amount transfer to share capital (40,000X2) 80,000
Less: amount transfer to security premium (40,000X1) 40,000
Excess amount for allotments 30,000

2. amount due on allotments (40,000X 4) 1,60,000
Less: excess amount received adjusted -30,000
Less: calls in arrear ( Raju) -13,000
Amount received on allotments 1,17,000
3. amount due on first call (40,000 X 3) 1,20,000
Less: calls in arrear:
Raju (4,000 X3)= 12,000
Kaju (6,000 X3)= 18,000 -30,000
Amount received on first call 90,000

4. amount due on final call (40,000-4,000) X 2 72,000
Less: calls in arrear (Kaju) -12,000
Amount received on final call 60,000
Working notes 3. Details of Raju
Allotted shares: 4,000 shares Applied shares = 5,000 shares
1. Application money received from Raju (5,000 X 3) 15,000

Less: amount transfer to security premium (4,000X1) -4,000
Excess amount received for allotments from Raju 3,000
2. amount due on allotment from Raju (4,000 X4) 16,000

Less: Excess amount adjusted -3,000
Calls in arrear on allotment from Raju 13,000
Journal entries in the book of COC ltd

No. Particulars Debit (₹) Credit (₹)
To share application account 1,50,000
(Being application money received)
2. Share application account Dr 1,50,000


To security premium 40,000
(Being application money adjusted)
3. Share allotment account Dr 1,60,000
To security premium account 40,000
(Being allotment money due)
To share allotment account 1,30,000
5. Share first call account Dr 1,20000
(Being first call money due)
To share first call account 1,20,000
7. Share capital account Dr 32,000
Security premium account Dr 4,000
To share forfeiture account 11,000
To calls in arrear account 25,000
(Being shares of Raju forfeited)
8. Share final call account Dr 72,000
To share final call account 72,000
10. Share capital account Dr 60,000
To calls in arrear a/c 30,000
To share forfeiture a/c 30,000
(Being shares of Mr Kaju forfeited)
Bank account Dr
(Being forfeited shares re-issued @ 9 as fully paid) 70,000

(Surplus amount in share forfeiture transferred to
capital reserve)
Working notes on amount transferred to capital reserve:

Raju Kaju
Shares forfeited 4,000 6,000
Amount forfeited ₹11,000 ₹30,000
Total 10,000 shares
Re-issued shares 1,000 shares 6,000 shares
Amount forfeited on re-issued shares 𝟏𝟏, 𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑿 𝟏, 𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝟒, 𝟎𝟎𝟎
= ₹ 2,750 ₹30,000

Total amount forfeited on re-issued 32,750

sharesLess: amount used on re-issue -14,000
Amount transferred to capital reserve 18,750
Important notes:
1. If security premium money has not been received from defaulting applicant, then it isdebited at the
time of forfeiture.
2. If premium money has been received from defaulting applicant, then it is not debited atthe time of
forfeiture.
3. Amount received for security premium is never forfeited. It remains in security premium account.
Revision question 5. Umesh Ltd. issued 2,00,000 equity shares of ₹10 each at a premium of Re. 1 per share
(To be adjusted on allotment) payable as follows (i) ₹2 on application; (ii) ₹3 on allotment and (iii)₹4 on first call.
Subscription list was closed on 1st January 2004 by which date applications for 4,50,000 shares had been received.
Allotment was made as under:
List A: Applicants for 50,000 shares were allotted in full.

List B: Applicants for 1,00,000 shares were allotted 50,000 shares on pro-rata basis
List C: Applicants for 3,00,000 shares were allotted 1,00,000 shares on pro-rata basis. Excess application money was
adjusted towards allotment and calls authorised by articles of association.
All the shareholders paid the amounts due on allotment and call except Aashima who was allotted 4,000 shares under
List B and Swati who was allotted 2,000 shares under List C. These shares were duly forfeited. Of these, 5,000 shares
(including 4,000 shares of Aashima) were reissued @ ₹7 per share. Journalize the transactions including the cash and
show the balance sheet with relevant information only.
Solution: Working notes 1.

Applied Allotted
List A 50,000 50,000
List BList C 1,00,000 50,000
3,00,000 1,00,000
TOTAL 4,50,000 2,00,000
Working notes 2.
List A List B List C Total
1. Total application money received 1,00,000 2,00,000 6,00,000 9,00,000

Less: amount transfer to share capital - - -2,00,000 -4,00,000
1,00,000 1,00,000
Excess amount for allotments Nil 1,00,000 4,00,000 5,00,000

2. amount due on allotments @ ₹4 1,50,000 1,50,000 3,00,000 6,00,000
Less: excess amount received -nil - 3,00,000 -4,00,000
adjusted 1,00,000
Less: Calls in arrear:Ashima (B)
-4,000 Nil -4,000
Swati (C)
Amount received on allotments 1,50,000 46,000 NIL 1,96,000
3. amount due on first call 2,0,000 2,00,000 4,00,000 8,00,000
Less: excess amount adjusted -nil Nil -1,00,000 -1,00,000
Less: calls in arrear:
Ashima -16,000 -6,000 -22,000
Swati
Amount received on first call 2,00,000 1,84,000 2,94,000 6,78,000

Working notes 3. Workings related to Ashima (List B):Allotted shares: 4,000 shares
Applied shares = 8,000 shares
1. Application money received from Ashima (8,000 X 2)Less: amount 16,000

transferred to share capital (4000X2) -8,000
Excess amount received for allotments from Ashima 8,000
2. amount due on allotment from Ashima (4,000 X3) 12,000

Calls in arrears on allotment from Ashima 4,000
Working notes 4. Workings related to Swati (List C):Allotted shares: 2,000 shares
Applied shares = 6,000 shares
1. Application money received from Swati (6,000 X 2) 12,000

Less: amount adjusted on allotment -6,000
Excess amount received for first call 2,000
2. amount due on first call from Swati (2,000 X4) 8,000

Calls in arrears on allotment from Swati 6,000
Some more points for revision: (Dummy notes)
Particular Rs Rs
1 Share Capital:
. Equity share capital Authorised share capital
1,00,000 Equity shares of ₹10 each
Issued share capital

60,000 Equity shares of ₹10 each
Subscribed share capital:

60,000 Equity shares of ₹10 each
Called up and paid-up share capital:

60,000 Equity shares of ₹10 each ₹9 called up
Less: Calls unpaid on 5,000 shares @ ₹2 per share
2. Cash and cash equivalents:

Balances with banks

ACCOUNTING OF RIGHT ISSUE (section 62)

INTRODUCTION:
Right issue of shares means the existing shareholders have a right to subscribe to any fresh issue of shares by the
company in proportion to their existing holding for shares. They have an implicit right to renounce this right in favour
ofanyone else, or even reject it completely. In other words, the existing shareholders have right of first refusal.
Provisions of section 62(1)(a) of the Companies Act, 2013 govern any company (public or private) which is desirousof
raising its subscribed share capital by issue of further shares.
A company desirous of issuing new shares has to offer, as per Section 62(1) (a) of Companies Act 2013,
theshares to existing equity shareholders through a letter of offer subject to the following conditions,
namely:
➢ The offer shall be made by notice specifying the number of shares offered and limiting a time not being
lessthan 15 days and not exceeding 30 days from the date of the offer within which the offer, if not accepted,
shall be deemed to have been declined;
➢ Unless the articles of the company otherwise provide, the offer aforesaid shall be deemed to include a right
exercisable by the person concerned to renounce the shares offered to him in favour of any other person; and
the notice shall contain a statement of this right;
➢ After the expiry of the time specified in the notice aforesaid, or on receipt of earlier intimation from the
person to whom such notice is given that he declines to accept the shares offered, the Board of Directors may
dispose of them in such manner which is not disadvantageous to the shareholders and the company.
Exceptions to the rights of existing equity shareholders (important for exam)

Section 62 recognises 4 situations under which the further shares are to be issued by a company, but they need not be
offered to the existing shareholders. The shares can be offered, without being offered to the existing shareholders,
provided the company has passed a special resolution and shares are offered accordingly.
Situation 1: To employees under a scheme of employees’ stock option subject to certain specified conditions.
Situation 2: To any persons, either for cash or for a consideration other than cash, if the price of
suchshares is determined by the valuation report of a registered valuer subject to specified conditions.
Situation 3: Sometimes companies borrow money through debentures / loans and give their creditor an
option to buy equity shares of a company.
Situation 4: It is a special situation where the loan has been obtained from the government, and government inpublic
interest, directs the debentures/loan to be converted into equity shares.
Difference between book Value and market value of a Share:
Book value of a share = Net worth (as per books)/ Number of shares.
if there are 10,000 shares with net worth of ₹ 1,25,000. The book value of one share is (₹ 125,000 / 10,000shares) ₹
12.50 per share. However, the market value may differ from the book value of shares.
The market value of a company's shares represents the present value of future cash flows expected to be earnedfrom
the share in the form of dividends and capital gains from expected future share price appreciation.
Difference between Cum-right Market Price and Ex-right Market Price of the shares
• The market price, which exists before the rights issue, is termed as Cum-right Market Price ofthe share.
• The market price of the shares after further issue of shares (right issue) is termed as Ex-rightMarket Price of
the shares.
Ex-right value of the shares = [Cum-right value of the existing shares + (Rights shares X Issue Price)] /(Existing Number
of shares + Number of right shares).
1. Note: Value of right = Cum-right value of share – Ex-right value of share. It is the maximum price at which
right can be renounced.

Right of Renunciation: Right of renunciation refers to the right of the shareholder to surrender his right to buy the
securities and transfer such right to any other person. Shareholders that have received right shares have three choices of
what to do with the rights.
i. They can act on the rights and buy more shares as per the particulars of the rights issue;
ii. They can sell them in the market; or
iii. They can pass on taking advantage of their rights (i.e., reject the right offer).
The renunciation of the right is valuable and can be monetised by the existing shareholders in well-functioning capital
market. The monetised value available to the existing shareholders due to right issue is known as ‘value of right’.
• If a shareholder decides to renounce all or any of the right shares in favour of his nominee, the value ofright is
restricted to the sale price of the renouncement of a right in favour of the nominee.
• In case the right issue offer is availed by an existing shareholder, the value of right is determined as given
below:
Value of right = Cum-right value of share – Ex-right value of share

Question 1. COC Education ltd is planning to raise funds by making right issue of equity shares for expansion. The existing
equity share capital of the company is ₹50,00,000 (₹10 each).
The market price of its share is ₹42. The company offers to its shareholders the right to buy 2 shares of ₹10each
at premium of 10% for every 5 shares held. You are required to calculate:
(a) Cum right value of equity share.
(b) Theoretical Ex-right value of share,
(c) The value of right,
(d) % increase in share capital.
Answer:
(a) Cum right value of equity share = Rs 42
(5X42) +
(b) Theoretical Ex-right value of (2X11
= Rs 33.14
share = ) 5+2
(c) The value of right = 42- 33.14 = Rs 8.86

2
(d) % increase in share 𝑋 100 = 40%
capital =
5
ACCOUNTING FOR RIGHT ISSUE: The accounting treatment of rights share is the same asthat of
issue of ordinary shares and the following journal entry will be made:
Bank A/c Dr.
To Equity Shares Capital A/c
In case rights shares are being offered at a premium, the premium amount is credited to the securitiespremium
account.
Question 2. A Company having 70,000 shares of ₹ 10 each as its issued share capital and having market value of
₹ 21 issues rights shares in the ratio of 1:10 at an issue price of ₹ 10. Pass journal entry for issue of right shares.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF RIGHT ISSUE:

Advantages of right issue: -
1. Right issue enables the existing shareholders to maintain their proportional holding in the company and retain their
financial and governance rights.
2. In well-functioning capital markets, the new issue necessarily leads to dilution in the value of share. However, the
existing shareholders are not affected by it because getting new shares at a discounted value from their cum-right
value will compensate decrease in the value of shares.
3. Right issue is a natural hedge against the issue expenses normally incurred by the company in relation to public
issue.
4. Right issue has an image enhancement effect, as public and shareholders view it positively.
5. The chance of success of a right issue is better than that of a general public issue and is logistically much easier to
handle.
Dis-advantages of right issue:

1. The right issue invariably leads to dilution in the market value of the share of the company.
2. The attractive price of the right issue should be objectively assessed against its true worth to ensurethat you
get a bargained deal.
Question 3. Multiple Choice Question:
Question i. In case of further issue of shares, the right to renounce the shares in favour of a third party.
(a) Must include a right exercisable by the person concerned to renounce the shares;
(b) Should include a right exercisable by the person concerned to renounce the shares;
(c) Is deemed to include a right exercisable by the person concerned to renounce the shares (subject to the provisions under the
articles of the company).
Question ii. A company’s share’s face value is ₹ 10, book value is ₹ 20, Right issue price is ₹ 30 and Marketprice is ₹ 40,
while recording the issue of right share, the securities premium will be credited with
(a) ₹ 10.
(b) ₹ 20.
(c) ₹ 30.
Question iii.
Right shares enable existing shareholders to maintain their proportional holding in the company.
Right share issue does not cause dilution in the market value of the Share.Which of the option is correct?
(a) A-Correct; B Correct
(b) A – Incorrect; B Correct
(c) A - Correct; B – Incorrect
Question iv. Right shares are normally offered at a price _the cum-right value of the share, causingdilution in its value
post-right issue
(a) More than.
(b) Less than.
(c) Equal
Question v. Rights issue of shares results in _ of market value of per share in comparison tomarket price before rights
issue.
(a) Increase.
(b) Decrease.
(c) No change.
Question vi. Ex-Rights price can be calculated by which of these formulas?

(a) (Cum rights value of the existing shares + Rights share issue proceeds)/ (existing number of shares + No.of right shares).
(b) (Cum rights value of the existing shares + Rights share issue proceeds) X (existing number of shares +No. of right shares).
(c) (Cum rights value of the existing shares - Rights share issue proceeds)/ (existing number of shares –No. of right shares).
Question vii. Issued share capital including issue of rights shares and bonus shares should be Authorized capital.
(a) More than.
(b) Less than.
(c) Less than or equal to.

AS-3 (REVISED): CASH FLOW STATEMENT

Introduction:
The Standard deals with the provision of information about the historical changes in cash and cash
equivalents of an enterprise by means of a cash flow statement which classifies cash flows during the
period from operating, investing and financing activities.
This statement provides relevant information in assessing a company’s liquidity, quality of earnings and
solvency.
Benefits:
i. Cash flow statement provides information about the changes in cash and cash equivalents of an enterprise.
ii. Identifies cash generated from trading operations.
iii. The operating cash surplus which can be applied for investment in fixed assets.
iv. Portion of cash from operations is used to pay dividend and tax and the other portion is ploughed back.
v. Very useful tool of planning.
CLASSIFICATION OF CASH FLOW ACTIVITIES:
• Operating activities are the principal revenue-producing activities of the enterprise. It provides usefulinformation
about financing through working capital. Net impact of operating activities on flow ofcash is reported as “cash flow
from operating activities”. The amount of cash flows from operating activities is a key indicator of the extent to
which the operations of the enterprise have generated sufficient cash flows to:
a. maintain the operating capability of the enterprise.
b. pay dividends, repay loans; and
c. make new investments without recourse to external sources of financing.
• Investing activities are the acquisition and disposal of long-term assets and other investments not included in cash
equivalents.
• Financing activities are activities that result in changes in the size and composition of the owners’ capital (including
preference share capital in the case of a company) and borrowings of the enterprise.
Methods of preparing Cash Flow Statement:

1. Direct Method.
2. Indirect Method.
Format of CASH FLOW STATEMENT BY INDIRECT METHOD:

Cash flow from operating activities:
Net profit before tax and extra-ordinary items xxxx
Add: non-cash expenses/non-operating expenses xxxx
Less: non-cash income/non-operating incomes xxxx
xxxx
Add: decrease in current assets xxxx
Add: increase in current liability xxxx
Less: increase in current assets xxxx
Less: decrease in current liability xxxx
Cash generated from operation xxx
Income tax paid (xxx)
Cash receipts/cash paid from extra-ordinary items (cash lostby xxx
fire, insurance claim received etc)
Total (A) XXX
Cash flow from Investing activities:

Purchase of fixed assets/ investments (xxxx)

sale of fixed assets/ investmentsincome received on investments xxxx
xxxx
Total (B) xxxx
Cash flow from Financing activities:
Issue of shares/debentures/loans(short term/long term) xxxx
Redemption of shares/debentures/loans(short term/long term) (xxx)
Payment of dividend/interest (xxx)
Total (C) xxxx
Net cash flow during the year(A+B+C) XXX
Add: opening cash and cash equivalents xxxx
Closing cash and cash equivalents Xxxx
(i) Meaning of cash and cash equivalents: cash + bank + bank draft+ cheque in hand + cash in transit +highly
liquid investments/ marketable investments held for 3 months or less +/- foreign exchange loss/gain.
(ii) bank overdraft is not considered as part of cash and cash equivalents. It is shown under the head
‘Cash flow from Financing activities’.
Format of CASH FLOW STATEMENT BY DIRECT METHOD:

Cash sales xxxx
Sale of scraps xxxx
Collection from debtors xxxx
Cash purchases xxxx
Payment to creditors xxxx
Operation Expenses paid xxxx
Cash generated from operation xxxx
Income tax paid xxx
Cash receipts/cash paid from extra-ordinary items (cash lostby (xxx)
fire, insurance claim received etc.)
Total (A) XXX
Cash flow from Investing activities: Purchase of fixed assets/
investmentssale of fixed assets/ investments (xxxx)
income received on investments xxxx
xxxx
Total (B) xxxx
Issue of shares/debentures/loans (short term/long term) xxxx
Redemption of shares/debentures/loans (short term/long term) (xxx)
Payment of dividend/interest (xxx)
Total (C) xxxx
Net cash flow during the year(A+B+C) XXX
Add: opening cash and cash equivalents xxxx
Closing cash and cash equivalents Xxxx

Revision question 1. Prepare cash flow statement by both methods with the followinginformations:
Trading account and profit & loss account for the first year of COC Education pvt ltd
Particulars Amount Particulars Amount
To purchases 2,60,000 By sales 12,80,000
To wages 20,000
To gross profits 10,00,000
12,80,000 12,80,000
To salary 70,000 By gross profits 10,00,000
To advertisement 50,000
To freights 10,000
To depreciation on machinery 40,000
To interest on debentures 1,20,000
To provision for tax 50,000
To net profit 6,60,000
10,00,000 10,00,000
To dividend on equity shares 2,00,000 By net profits 6,60,000
To general reserves 50,000
To balance of profit transferred 4,10,000
to balance sheet
6,60,000 6,60,000
Balance sheet as on 31st March 2023(end of first year)

Equity share capital12% 20,00,000 Cash MachineryBuilding 24,50,000
debentures 10,00,000 4,00,000
Provision for depreciation 40,000 7,00,000
Provision for tax 50,000
General reserve 50,000
Profit and loss account 4,10,000
35,50,000 35,50,000
Answer: CASH FLOW STATEMENT BY DIRECT METHOD:

Cash sales 12,80,000
Cash purchases (2,60,000)
Wages paid (20,000)
Salary paid (70,000)
Advertisement paid (50,000)
Freight paid (10,000) 8,70,000
Total (A) 8,70,000
Purchase of machine (4,00,000)
Purchase of building (3,00,000) (7,00,000)

Total (B) (7,00,000)

Cash flow from Financing activities:Issue of shares
Issue of debentures 20,00,000
Payment of interest on debenturesDividend paid 10,00,000
(1,20,000)
(2,00,000)
Total (C) 26,80,000
Net cash flow during the year(A+B+C) 24,50,000
Add: opening cash and cash equivalents nil
Closing cash and cash equivalents 24,50,000
CASH FLOW STATEMENT BY INDIRECT METHOD:

Net profit as per balance sheet 4,10,000
Depreciation on furniture 40,000
Provision for tax 50,000
General reserve 50,000
Interest on debentures 1,20,000
Dividend on equity 2,00,000 8,70,000
Total (A) 8,70,000
Purchase of building (3,00,000) (7,00,000)
Total (B) (7,00,000)

Issue of shares 20,00,000
Payment of interest on debentures (1,20,000)
Dividend paid (2,00,000) 26,80,000
Total (C) 26,80,000
Net cash flow during the year(A+B+C) 24,50,000
Add: opening cash and cash equivalents nil

Revision question 2. From the following details of COC EDUCATION Ltd. Prepare Cash Flow Statementby
indirect method:
31.3.2022 31.3.2021
Share Capital 10,00,000 8,00,000
General Reserve 2,00,000 1,50,000
Profit and Loss Account 1,00,000 60,000
Debentures 4,00,000
Provision for taxation 1,00,000 70,000
Dividend Payable --- 1,00,000
Sundry Creditors 7,00,000 8,20,000
25,00,000 20,00,000
Plant and Machinery 7,00,000 5,00,000
Land/Building 6,00,000 4,00,000
Sundry Debtors 5,00,000 7,00,000
Stock 4,00,000 2,00,000
Cash on hand/bank 2,00,000 2,00,000
25,00,000 20,00,000
Solution:
Profit before tax and extra ordinary items 1,90,000
Add: non-cash expenses/non-operating expenses NIL
Less: non-cash income/non-operating incomes NIL
Decrease in creditors 1,90,000
Decrease in Debtors increase in stock -1,20,000
Cash generated from operation +2,00,000
Income tax paid -2,00,000
70,000
(70,000)
Total (A) nil
Purchase of building (2,00,000)
Purchase of investments (1,00,000) (5,00,000)
Total (B) (5,00,000)
Issue of equity shares 2,00,000
Dividend paid (1,00,000) 5,00,000
Total (C) 5,00,000
Net cash flow during the year(A+B+C) nil
Add: opening cash and cash equivalents 2,00,000

Working notes: computation of profits before tax and extra-ordinary items:

Profit as per balance sheet 40,000
Transfer to general reserve 50,000
Dividend nil
Provision for tax 1,00,000
Profit before tax and extra-ordinary items ₹1,90,000.
Revision of important adjustments:
(1) Adjustments related to tax adjustments:

Case 1.
31-3-23 31-3-22
provision for tax 7,00,000 5,20,000
Adj i. taxes paid during the year Rs 5,00,000. Answer: provision for tax account

To bank account 5,00,000 By balance b/d 5,20,000
To balance c/d 7,00,000 By p/l account (bal -----
fig)
Case 2. 5,20,000 5,20,000
31-3-23 31-3-22
Income tax payable (or provision for tax) 6,00,000 5,20,000
Income tax reserve 50,000 nil
Solution: income tax payable account

To income tax reserve 50,000 By p/l account (bal fig) -------
To balance c/d 6,00,000
11,20,000 11,20,000
Income tax reserve account

By balance b/d Nil 50,000
To balance c/d 50,000 By income tax payablea/c
50,000 50,000
Case 3.
31-3-23 31-3-22
provision for tax 30,000 2,00,000
Adj 1. Net loss during the year ₹50 lakhs.

Answer: Provision for tax account

To balance c/d 30,000 By p/l account (balfig) -----
2,00,000 2,00,000
Case 4.
31-3-23 31-3-22
provision for taxAdvance tax 7,00,000 8,20,000
2,60,000 3,50,000
Solution: Provision for tax account

To advance tax 3,50,000 By balance b/d 8,20,000
To bank account 4,70,000 By p/l account (bal fig) -----
(8,20,000- 3,50,000) 7,00,000
To balance c/d
2,00,000 2,00,000
Advance tax account

To balance b/d 3,50,000 By provision for tax 3,50,000
To bank account 2,60,000 By balance c/d 2,60,000
2,00,000 2,00,000
Case 5.
31-3-23 31-3-22
provision for tax 8,00,000 9,80,000
Advance tax 4,70,000 5,30,000
Adj 1. Tax liability of previous year settled at ₹9,25,000.
Solution: Provision for tax account

To advance tax 5,30,000 By balance b/d 9,80,000
To bank account 3,95,000 By p/l account 7,45,000
To balance c/d 8,00,000 (bal fig)
17,25,000 17,25,000
Advance tax account

To balance b/d 5,30,000 By provision fortax 5,30,000
To bank account 4,70,000 By balance c/d 4,70,000
10,00,000 10,00,000
2. Adjustments related to dividends:
Case 1.
31-3-23 31-3-22
Dividend payable nil 2,40,000
Solution: Dividend payable account

To balance c/d nil By p/l account (balfig) nil
2,00,000 2,00,000
Case 2.
31-3-23 31-3-22
Dividend payable nil 2,40,000
Adjustment 1. Dividend declared/proposed during the year ₹5,00,000.Adjustment 2. Interim dividend paid during the
year ₹3,00,000.
Solution: Dividend payable account

To balance c/d nil By p/l account (balfig) nil
2,00,000 2,00,000
Interim dividend account

To bank account 3,00,000 By balance b/d Nil
To balance c/d nil By p/l account (balfig) ……..
2,00,000 2,00,000
Case 3.
31-3-23 31-3-22
Dividend payable Nil 8,00,000
Unclaimed dividend 40,000 nil
Answer: Dividend payable account

To unclaimed dividend 40,000 By p/l account (balfig) nil
To balance c/d nil
2,00,000 2,00,000

Unclaimed dividend account

By balance b/d Nil 40,000
To balance c/d 40,000 By dividend payable
2,00,000 2,00,000
Case 4 (exceptional case)
31-3-23 31-3-22
Dividend payable 4,00,000 2,40,000
Adj. dividend paid during the year Rs 3,50,000.
3. adjustments related to fixed assets:

Case 1.
Items 2023 2022 Remark

Machinery 2,00,000 1,70,000
Furniture 5,00,000 6,00,000
Building 5,00,000 4,80,000
Land 6,00,000 6,40,000
Land and building 8,00,000 7,20,000
Goodwill, intangible 7,70,000 9,00,000

assets
Intangible assets 6,00,000 5,20,000
Case 2.
31-3-23 31-3-22
Machinery 5,00,000 7,80,000
Adj 1. During the year a part of machine costing ₹1,60,000 (book value ₹90,000) sold for ₹82,000.
Adj. 2. During the year a machine purchased for ₹1,00,000.
Solution: Machinery account

To balance b/d 7,80,000 By bank account 82,000
To bank a/c 1,00,000 By profit & loss a/c (loss on sale) 8,000
By ………………………... 2,90,000
By balance c/d 5,00,000
8,80,000 8,80,000

Case 3.
31-3-21 31-3-22
Machinery 7,00,000 8,80,000
Adj 1. During the year a part of machine whose book value on 1.4.21 was ₹80,000(depreciation till date of sale ₹9,000)
sold for ₹62,000.
Adj. 2. A part of machine whose book value was ₹40,000 fully scraped.
Adj 3. Total depreciation charged on remaining machine was ₹1,30,000.

To balance b/d 7,00,000 By depreciation a/c 9,000
By bank a/c 62,000
By profit & loss a/c 9,000
To bank a/c (bal fig) 4,30,000 By profit & loss a/c 40,000
By depreciation a/c 1,30,000
Case 4. Assume in previous question, if in adjustment number 3, it is given that:Total depreciation charged on machine
during the year was ₹1,30,000.

To balance b/d 7,00,000 By depreciation a/c 9,000
By bank a/c 62,000
To bank a/c (bal fig) 4,21,000 By profit & loss a/c 40,000
By depreciation a/c 1,21,000
IMPORTANT NOTE:
(1) If provision for depreciation account is not maintained, fixed assets are shown in the balance sheetat its
depreciated value/book value/ written down value.
(2) If provision for depreciation account is maintained, fixed assets are shown in the balance sheet atits cost price
and total depreciation charged till date is shown under the head ‘ provision for depreciation/ accumulated
depreciation’.
Case 5.
31-3-21 31-3-22
Machinery 6,00,000 8,00,000
Less: provision for depreciation (2,40,000) (3,40,000)
Case 6.
31-3-21 31-3-22
Machinery 7,00,000 9,00,000

Adj 1. Machine costing ₹2,00,000 (depreciation charged ₹60,000) sold for ₹1,30,000.

To balance b/d 7,00,000 By Machine disposal 2,00,000
To bank a/c( bal fig) 4,00,000 account 9,00,000
By balance c/d
11,00,000 11,00,000
Provision for depreciation account

To Machine disposal 60,000 By balance b/d 3,60,000
account By profit & loss a/c (bal fig) 2,00,000
To balance c/d 5,00,000
5,60,000 5,60,000
Machine disposal account

To Machine account 2,00,000 By provision for dep a/c 60,000
By bank account 1,30,000
2,00,000 2,00,000
Case 6.
31-3-22 31-3-21
Machinery 6,20,000 8,00,000
Adj 1. During the year a part of machine costing ₹80,000 was sold for ₹10,000.
Adj 2. Total depreciation charged during the year ₹75,000.

To balance b/d 6,20,000 By Machine disposal account 80,000
To bank a/c (bal fig) 2,60,000 By balance c/d 8,00,000
8,80,000 8,80,000
Provision for depreciation account

To Machine disposal 25,000 By balance b/d 1,30,000
account 1,80,000 By profit & loss a/c (bal fig) 75,000
To balance c/d
2,05,000 2,05,000
Machinery disposal account

To Machine account 80,000 By provision for dep a/c 25,000
By bank account 10,000
80,000 80,000

Revision question 3. From the Following Balance Sheet of Grow More Ltd., Prepare Cash Flow Statement for the year
ended 31st March,2022.
Particulars 31st 31st

March,2022 March,2021
Equity and Liabilities:
1 Shareholder’s Funds;
A Share Capital 10,00,000 8,00,000
B Reserve and Surplus 1 3,00,000 2,10,000
2 Non-current liabilities
Long Term borrowings 2 2,00,000 ---
3 Current liabilities
A Trade payables 7,00,000 8,20,000
B Other Current liabilities 3 --- 1,00,000
C Short term provisions 1,00,000 70,000
(Provision for tax)
23,00,000 20,00,000
Total
Assets
1 Non-Current assets;
A Property, Plant and Equipment 4 13,00,000 9,00,000
B Non-Current Investment 1,00,000 ---
2 Current assets
A Inventories 4,00,000 2,00,000
B Trade receivables 5,00,000 7,00,000
C Cash and Cash Equivalents --- 2,00,000
Total 23,00,000 20,00,000
Notes to Account:
No. Particulars 31st March,2022 31st March,2021
1 Reserve and Surplus
Revenue Reserve 2,00,000 1,50,000
Profit and Loss Account 1,00,000 60,000
To 3,00,000 2,10,000
2 tal
Long term borrowings 2,00,000 ---
10% Debentures
3
Other Current liabilities --- 1,00,000
Dividend payable
4
Property, Plant and Equipment 7,00,000 5,00,000
Plant and Machinery Land and building 6,00,000 4,00,000
To 13,00,000 9,00,000
tal
i. Depreciation @ 25% was charged on the opening value of Plant and Machinery.
ii. At the year end, one old machine costing ₹ 50,000 (WDV ₹20,000) was sold for ₹ 35,000.
Purchase was also made at the year end.
iii. ₹ 50,000 was paid towards Income tax during the year.
iv. Construction of the building got completed on 31.03.2022 and hence no depreciation will be charged on the
same. Prepare Cash flow Statement.
v. 10% Debentures were issued on 1st April 2021.
Some more important adjustments discussed in regular classes:
Equity and liabilities 31-3-22 31-3-21

Equity share capital 8,00,000 2,00,000
Preference shares capital 1,00,000 3,00,000
12% Debentures 5,00,000 3,00,000
General reserve 2,50,000 2,00,000
Capital reserve 10,000 ----
Creditors 2,30,000 2,00,000
Assets:
Land and Building 7,50,000 6,00,000
Equipment 2,50,000 2,00,000
Furniture 20,000 60,000
Stock 3,00,000 2,16,000
Debtors 1,20,000 1,00,000
Investments 2,00,000 1,80,000
Goodwill 4,30,000 4,00,000
Adjustments:
1. Land and worth 1,50,000
Building
Equipment worth 50,000
Debtors 40,000
worth
Creditors 30,000
worth
Were purchased by issue of equity shares of ₹ 3,00,000 shares.
2. Debenture holders of ₹2,00,000 accepted preference shares in settlement of their claims on 1st April 2021.
3. Furniture of the book value of 30,000 sold for 22,000. Loss on sale adjusted from general reserve.
4. Debentures were redeemed at 5% premium on 31st March 2022.
5. Company decided to value inventory at cost, whereas previously the practice was to value inventory at cost less
10%.The inventory on 31.3.2022 was correctly valued.
6. Part of the investments (Cost ₹ 50,000) was sold for ₹ 70,000.
7. Dividend received on investments Rs 15,000 including Pre-acquisition dividend received ₹ 5,000.
8. The provision for depreciation against machinery last year was ₹27,000 and this year ₹30,000.
9. During the year a part of machine costing Rs 30,000(book value ₹22,000) was sold for ₹7,000.
10. The company sold some investment at a profit of ₹ 10,000 which was credited of capital Reserve.
Revision question 4. Intelligent Ltd., a non-financial company has the following entries in its Bank Account. Ithas
sought your advice on the treatment of the same for preparing Cash Flow Statement.
(i) Loans and Advances given to the following and Interest earned on them:
(1) to Suppliers (2) to employees. (3) to its Subsidiaries Companies.
(iv) TDS on Interest Income earned on Investment made
(v) TDS on Interest earned on Investments made
(vi) Insurance Claim received received for loss of fixed asset by fire. Discuss in the Context of AS-3 Cash Flow Statement.

Revision question 5. Garden Ltd. acquired fixed assets viz. plant and machinery for ₹ 20 lakhs. During the sameyear it
sold its furniture and fixtures for ₹ 5 lakhs. Can the company disclose, net cash outflow towards purchase of fixedassets in the
cash flow statement as per AS-3?
Answer: As per AS - 3 (Revised) 'Cash Flow statements', an organisation should report separately major classes of grosscash
receipts and gross cash payments arising from operating, investing and financing activities except to the extent that cash flows
described in AS 3 are reported on a net basis. Acquisition and disposal of fixed assets is not prescribed in the content of the
said standard. So, the Garden Ltd. cannot disclose net cash flow in respect of acquisition of plant and machinery and
disposal of furniture and fixtures.
Note: must revise all pattern of questions solved in my regular classes.
ALL THE BEST MY DEAR STUDENT…... YOU ARE GOING TO PERFORM BEST IN YOUR EXAM.
Your Santosh sir….

ISSUE OF DEBENTURE
Introduction: --A debenture is a bond issued by a company under its seal, acknowledging a debt and containing
provisions as regards repayment of the principal and interest.
Section 2 (30) of the Companies Act, 2013 defines debentures as “Debenture” includes debenture stock, bonds or any
other instrument of a company evidencing a debt, whether constituting a charge on the assets of the company or not.
FEATURES OF DEBENTURES:
(a) It is a document which evidences a loan made to a company.
(b) It is a fixed interest-bearing security where interest falls due on specific dates.
(c) Interest is payable at a predetermined fixed rate, regardless of the level of profit.
(d) The original sum is repaid at a specified future date or it is converted into shares or other debentures.
(e) It may or may not create a charge on the assets of a company as security.
(f) It can generally be bought or sold through the stock exchange at a price above or below its face value.
Distinction between shares and debentures

Debentures Shares
1. Debenture holders are the creditors of the 1. Shareholders are the owners of the company.
company.
2. Debenture holders have no voting rights and 2. Shareholders have voting rights and
consequently do not pose any threat to the existing consequentlycontrol the total affairs of the
control of the company. company.
3. Debenture interest is paid at a predetermined fixed 3. Dividend on equity shares is paid at a variable
rate. It is payable, whether there is any profit or not. rate which is vastly affected by the profits of the
Debentures rank ahead of all types of shares for company (however, dividend on preference shares
payment of the interest due on them. ispaid at a fixed rate).
4. Interest on debentures are the charges against 4. Dividends are appropriation of profits and these
profits and they are deductible as an expense in are not deductible in determining taxable profit of
determining taxable profit of the company. the company.
5. There are different kinds of debentures, such as 5. There are only two kinds of shares–Equity Shares
Secured/ Unsecured; Redeemable/ Irredeemable; and Preference Shares.
Registered / Bearer; Convertible/ Non-convertible,
etc.
6. In the Company’s Balance Sheet, Debentures are 6. In the Company’s Balance Sheet, shares are
shown under “Long Term Borrowings”. shown under “Shareholder’s Fund” detailed in
‘Share Capital’ of Notes to Accounts.
7. Debentures can be converted into other debentures 7. equity Shares cannot be converted into other
or shares as per the terms of issue of debentures. shares in any circumstances.
8. Debentures cannot be forfeited for non- payment 8. Shares can be forfeited for non-payment of
of call moneys. allotment and call moneys.
9. At maturity, debenture holders get back their 9. Equity shareholders cannot get back their
moneyas per the terms and conditions of redemption. moneybefore the liquidation of the company
(however, preference shareholders can get back
their money before liquidation).
10. At the time of liquidation, debenture holders are 10. At the time of liquidation shareholders are
paid-off before the shareholders. paidat last, after paying debenture holders, Trade
payable, etc.

TYPES OF DEBENTURES:
The following are the types of debentures issued by a company. They can be classified on the basis of:
(1) Security; (2) Convertibility; (3) Permanence; (4) Negotiability; and (5) Priority.
(i) Security:
(a) Secured Debentures: These debentures are secured by a charge upon some or all assets of the company. There are two
types of charges: (i) Fixed charge; and (ii) Floating charge. A fixed charge is a mortgage on specific assets. These assets
cannot be sold without the consent of the debenture holders. The sale proceeds of these assets are utilized first for repaying
debenture holders. A floating charge generally covers all the assets of the company including future one.
(b) Unsecured or “Naked” Debentures: These debentures are not secured by any charge upon any assets. A company merely
promises to pay interest on due dates and to repay the amount due on maturity date. These types of debentures are very
risky from the view point of investors.
(ii)Convertibility:
(a) Convertible Debentures: These are debentures which will be converted into equity shares (either at par or premium or
discount) after a certain period of time from the date of its issue. These debentures may be fully or partly convertible. In
future, these debenture holders get a chance to become the shareholders of the company.
(b) Non-Convertible Debentures: These are debentures which cannot be converted into shares in future. As perthe terms of
issue, these debentures are repaid.
(iii) Permanence:
(a) Redeemable Debentures: These debentures are repayable as per the terms of issue, for example, after 8years from the
date of issue.
(b) Irredeemable Debentures: These debentures are not repayable during the life time of the company. Theseare also called
perpetual debentures. These are repaid only at the time of liquidation.
(iv) Negotiability:
(a) Registered Debentures: These debentures are payable to a registered holder whose name, address and particulars of
holding is recorded in the Register of Debenture holders. They are not easily transferable. Theprovisions of the Companies
Act, 2013 are to be complied with for effecting transfer of these debentures. Debenture interest is paid either to the order
of registered holder as expressed in the warrant issued by thecompany or the bearer of the interest coupons.
(b) Bearer Debentures: These debentures are transferable by delivery. These are negotiable instruments payable to the
bearer. No kind of record is kept by the company in respect of the holders of such debentures.Therefore, the interest on it is
paid to the holder irrespective of any identity. No transfer deed is required for transfer of such debentures.
(v)Priority:
(a) First Mortgage Debentures: These debentures are payable first out of the property charged.
(b) Second Mortgage Debentures: These debentures are payable after satisfying the first mortgage debentures.

Revision of Issue of debentures for consideration other than cash
Practice question 1. Blue Prints Limited Purchases building worth ₹1,50,000, plant and machinery worth ₹1,40,000 and
furniture for ₹10,000 from Wadhwa and Company and took over liabilities of ₹20,000 for a purchase consideration
₹3,15,000. Blue Prints Limited paid the purchase consideration by issuing 12% debentures of ₹100 each at a premium of
5%. Pass the necessary journal entries.
Solution:
No Particular Debit (₹) Credit (₹)
.
1. Building account Dr 1,50,000
Plant & machinery account Dr 1,40,000
Furniture account Dr 10,000
Goodwill account (bal fig) Dr 35,000
To liabilities account 20,000

To Wadhwa and company a/c 3,15,000
2. Wadhwa & company account Dr 3,15,000
To 12% debentures account 3,00,000
To security premium account `5,000
Working notes: No of debentures issued = 𝟑,𝟏𝟓,𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒅𝒆𝒃𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆𝒔

𝟏𝟎𝟓
Practice question 2. Assume in the previous question purchase consideration was ₹2,70,000 and paymentwas made by
issue of 12% debentures of ₹100 each at a discount of 10%.
Solution:
No Particular Debit Credit
.
1. Building account Dr 1,50,000
Plant & machinery account Dr 1,40,000
Furniture account Dr 10,000
To liabilities account 20,000
To Wadhwa and company a/c 2,70000
To capital reserve (bal fig) 10,000
2. Wadhwa & company account Dr 2,70,000
Discount on issue account Dr 30,000
Working notes : No of debentures issued = 𝟐,𝟕𝟎,𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒅𝒆𝒃𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆𝒔

𝟗𝟎
Debentures issued as a collateral security: -A collateral security may be defined as additional security in
addition to some principal security. When a limited company obtains a loan from bank or any other financial
institutions, it may pledge some assets as a security against the said loan. But the lending institution may insist on some
more assets as collateral security so that the amount of loan can be realized in full with the help of collateral security. In
such case company may issue its debentures as collateral security. The collateral security will not be used or realized as
long as company fulfils its obligation regardingpayment of interest when due and repayment of loan on the maturity
date. In case of default in payment of interest or repayment of loan, If the amount realized from sale of principal
security falls short of the loan money, then loan of lending institution converted into debentures of the company and
lending institution claims all the right of being a debenture holder. Debentures issued as collateral security will be
realized by the lender only in case the loan is not repaid on the due date.
Let’s revise accounting treatment of issue of debentures as collateral security:

Practice question 3. X Ltd. obtains a loan from IDBI of Rs 1,00,00,000, giving as collateral security of Rs 1,50,00,000 (of Rs 10 each), 14%,
First Mortgage Debentures.
Solution: Method 1: In the Notes to Accounts of Balance Sheet of X Ltd., it is shown as follows:Notes to Accounts of X Limited as
at…(includes)
Long Term Borrowings:
Loan from IDBI 1,00,00,000
(Collaterally secured by issue of ₹1,50,00,000 14% First Mortgage Debentures)
Under this method, no entry is made in the books of account of the company at the time of making issue of such debentures. In the ‘Notes to
Accounts’ of Balance Sheet, the fact of the debentures being issued and outstanding is shown by a note under the liability secured.
Method 2: Under this method, the following entry is made to record the issue of such debentures:
Debentures Suspense Account Dr.
To % Debentures Account
(Being the issue of…debentures collaterally as per Board’s Resolution No…..dated)
Note: The Debentures Suspense Account will appear on the assets side of the Balance Sheet under Other Non- Current Assets and Debentures on
the liabilities side of the Balance Sheet. When the loan is repaid, the entry is reversed in order to cancel it.
Date Particulars ₹ ₹
Debentures Suspense A/c 1,50,00,000
1,50,00,000
Dr.
To 14% First Mortgage Debentures A/c
(Being the issue of 15,00,000 debentures @ ₹10 collaterally as
perBoard’s Resolution No…dated…)
Balance Sheet of X Limited as at…. (Extracts)

Particulars Notes ₹
No.
EQUITY AND LIABILITIES
1. Non-Current Liabilities
Long Term Borrowings 1 2,50,00,000
Total 2,50,00,000
ASSETS
2. Non-current Assets Other non-
current asset 2 1,50,00,000
3. Current Assets
Cash and cash equivalent 1,00,00,000
Total 2,50,00,000

Notes to accounts
₹ ₹
1 Long Term Borrowings:
Secured LoanIDBI Loan
14% First Mortgage DebenturesOther non- 1,00,00,000
current asset Debenture Suspense Account 1,50,00,000 2,50,00,000
2 (Issue of ₹15,00,000 14% First Debentures as collateral
security as per contra)
1,50,00,000
Let’s revise Issue of debentures for cash:
Practice question 4. Give journal entries for the following:

(a) Issue of ₹1,00,000 – 9% Debentures at par and redeemable at par.
Solution:
Debit Credit
At the time of issue Bank account Dr 1,00,000
At the time of redemption 9% debentures account Dr 1,00,000
To debenture holders account 1,00,000
Debenture holders account Dr 1,00,000
(b) Issue of ₹1,00,000 – 9% debentures at premium of 5% but redeemable at par.

Solution :
Debit Credit
(c) Issue of ₹1,00,000 – 9% Debentures at a discount of 10%, repayable at par.

Solution:
Debit Credit
At the time of issue Bank account Dr 90,000
Discount on issue account Dr 10,000

(d) Issue of ₹1,00,000 – 9% Debentures at par but repayable at a premium of 5%.

Solution:
Debit Credit
Loss on issue account Dr 5,000
To premium on redemption a/c 5,000
Premium on redemption Dr 5,000
(e) Issue of ₹1,00,000 – 9% Debentures at discount of 5% but redeemable at premium of 5%.

Solution:
Debit Credit
At the time of issue Bank account Dr 95,000
(f) Issue of ₹1,00,000 – 9% Debentures at premium of 5% but redeemable at premium of 5%.

Solution:
Debit Credit
Revision of accounting for interest on debentures:
Practice question 5. A company issued 12% debentures of the face value of ₹10,00,000 at 10% discount on 1-1-2022. Debenture
interest after deducting tax at source @ 10% was payable on 30th June and 31st of December every year. All the debentures were
to be redeemed after the expiry of five-year period at 5% premium. Pass journal entries for the accounting year 2022.

Solution: journal entries
Date Particular Debit (₹) Credit (₹)

1-1-2022 Bank A/c Dr. 9,00,000
Discount/Loss on Issue of Debentures A/c Dr. 1,50,000
To 12% Debentures A/c Dr. 10,00,000
To Premium on Redemption of Debentures A/c 50,000
(For issue of debentures at discount redeemable at premium)
30-6-2022 Debenture Interest A/c Dr. 60,000
To Debenture holder’s A/c 54,000
To Tax Deducted at Source A/c(For interest payable) 6,000
Debenture holder’s A/c Dr. 54,000

Tax Deducted at Source A/c Dr 6,000
To Bank A/c 60,000
(For payment of interest and TDS)
31-12-2022
Debenture Interest A/c Dr 60,000
To Debenture holder’s A/c 54,000
To Tax Deducted at Source A/c 6,000
(For interest payable)
Debenture holder’s A/c Dr 54,000

Tax Deducted at Source A/c Dr 6,000
To Bank A/c 60,000
(For payment of interest and tax)
Profit and Loss A/c Dr 1,20,000
To Debenture Interest A/c 1,20,000
(For transfer of debenture interest to profit and loss account atthe
end of the year)
Profit and Loss A/c Dr 30,000

To Discount/Loss on issue of debenture A/c 30,000
(For proportionate debenture discount and premium on redemption
written off, i.e., 1,50,000 x 1/5)
Revision of writing off discount/ loss on issue of debentures:
Practice question 6. A company issued 9% Debentures of the face value of ₹2,00,000 at a discount of 6%. The
debentures were repayable as follow
Year end amount repaid
2 40,000
4 1,20,000
5 40,000
Note: must revise question number 13 of my book (based on considering months forcalculation of
ratio)

REDEMPTION OF DEBENTURES
(1) Methods of redemption of debentures:

• By payment in lumpsum
• By payment in installments by draw of lots.
• By purchase in open market
• By conversion- it means conversion of debentures into equity shares or preference shares.
Rollover- Rollover means the issue of new debentures in the place of old ones. Rollover must bewith the written consent of
the debenture holder. If he does not given written consent, his claim must be settled in cash. Also whenever the debenture
liability is rolled over company must obtain fresh credit rating. Fresh trust must be executed at the time of rollover. Also, fresh
security must be created in respect of rolled over debentures.
(2) sources of redemption of debentures:
(a) out of capital.
(b) out of profits.
(c) by conversion/ rollover.
(3) As per rule 18(1) of the companies (share capital and debentures) Rule 2014, a companyshall not issue
debentures unless it complies the following conditions:
(a) Date of redemption of secured debentures shall not exceed 10 years from the date of issue. Butfollowing
companies may issue secured debentures for a period exceeding 10 years but not exceeding 30 years.
(i) Companies engaged in infrastructure project.
(ii) Infrastructure finance companies.
(iii) Infrastructure debt fund NBFC.
(iv) Companies permitted by Ministry or department of Central Govt or RBI orNational Housing
Bank (NHB)
(b) Such debentures shall be secured by creation of charge on the asset of the company or itssubsidiary or
its holding or its associate companies.
(c) The company shall appoint a debenture trustee before the issue of the prospectus and will execute
debenture trust deed to protect the interest of debentures not later than 60 days from date of allotment of
debentures.
(d) The security for debentures by way of charge shall be created in favour of debenture trusteeon any
movable property or immovable property.
(4) Debenture redemption reserve (DRR)

As per rule 18(7) of the companies (Share capital and debentures) amendment Rule, 2019, the companies
shall comply with the requirements with regard to DRR and investment given as follow:
(a) DRR shall be created out of profits available for dividend.
(b) limits with respect to DRR and DRI shall be as under:

DRR DRI
(i) Debentures issued by AIFI regulated by RBI and XXXX XXXX
banking company
(ii) for other financial institution As applicable to As applicable to
listed NBFC listed NBFC
(iii) For listed companies:
Listed NBFC XX 15%
Listed HFC XXXX 15%
Other listed companies 15%
(iv) for unlisted companiesUnlisted NBFC
Unlisted HFC XXXX XX XX 15%
Other unlisted company 10% of value of
outstanding
debentures
(c) Every other unlisted company is required to transfer 10% of face value of outstanding debentures out ofprofit
available for dividend in DRR A/c.
Profit and loss account Dr
General reserve account Dr
Dividend equalisation reserve a/c Dr
To Debenture redemption reserve a/c
(d) Every specified company shall invest an amount at least 15% of the face value of debentures, that shall be
redeemed by the company by 31st March of the next year and amount should be invested on or before 30 th April of
current year.
Debenture redemption investment a/c Dr
To bank account
Revision question 1. (Redemption in lumpsum) A Ltd (other Unlisted company) had issued 12% debentures of
₹50,00,000 on 1st January 2021. These debentures were redeemable at premium of 10% on 31 st March 2023. Make
entries for issue and redemption assuming that investments were sold at 20% profits.
Solution:
Date Particular Debit Credit
1st Jan 21 Bank account Dr 50,00,000
To 12% debenture application and allotment 50,00,000
st
1 Jan 21 12% debenture application and allotment A/c Dr 50,00,000
31-3-21 Profit & loss a/c Dr 5,00,000
To DRR A/c 5,00,000
31-3-21 DRI Account Dr 7,50,000
To Bank account 7,50,000
31-3-23 12% debentures account Dr 50,00,000
Premium on redemption a/c Dr 5,00,000 55,00,000
To debenture holder account
31-3-23 Debenture holder account Dr 55,00,000
31-3-23 Bank account Dr 9,00,000
To debenture redemption investment 7,50,000
To profit & loss account 1,50,000
31-3-23 DRR A/c Dr 5,00,000
To General reserve a/c 5,00,000
31-3-23 Profit and loss account Dr 5,00,000
To Premium on redemption a/c 5,00,000

Revision question 2. (Redemption in Installments) A Ltd (other Unlisted company) had issued 12% debentures of
₹50,00,000 on 1st January 2021. Out of this, Rs 10,00,000 debentures were redeemable at premium of 10% on 31st
March 2023. Make entries for issue and redemption assuming that investments weresold at 15%% loss.
Answer:
Date Particular Debit Credit
st
1 Jan 21 Bank account Dr 50,00,000
To 12% debenture application and allotment 50,00,000
1st Jan 21 12% debenture application and allotment A/c Dr 50,00,000
31-3-21 Profit & loss a/c Dr 5,00,000
To DRR A/c 5,00,000
31-3-21 DRI Account Dr 1,50,000
To Bank account 1,50,000
31-3-23 12% debentures account Dr 10,00,000
Premium on redemption a/c Dr 1,00,000
To debenture holder account 11,00,000
31-3-23 Debenture holder account Dr. 11,00,000
31-3-23 Bank account Dr 1,27,500
To debenture redemption investment 1,50,000
31-3-23 DRR A/c Dr 1,00,000

To General reserve a/c 1,00,000
31-3-23 Profit and loss account Dr 1,00,000
To Premium on redemption a/c 1,00,000
Revision question 3. The following balances appeared in the books of a company (unlisted company other
than AIFI, Banking company, NBFC and HFC) as on December 31, 2020: 6% Mortgage 10,000 debentures of
₹ 100 each; Debenture Redemption Reserve (for redemption of debentures) ₹60,000; Investments in
deposits with a scheduled bank, free from any charge or lien ₹1,50,000 at interest 4% p.a. receivable on
31st December every year. Bank balance with the company is ₹9,00, 000.The Interest on debentures had
been paid up to December 31, 2020.
On February 28, 2021, the investments were realised at par and the debentures were paid off at ₹101,
together with accrued interest. Write up the concerned ledger accounts. Ignore taxation.
Answer: 6% Debentures account
Date Particulars Amount Date Particulars Amount
28.2.21 To debenture holders 10,00,000 1.1.21 By balance b/d 10,00,000
10,00,000 10,00,000
DRR Account
28.2.21 To general reserve (bal fig) 1,00,000 1.1.21 By balance b/d 60,000
1.1.21 By profit & loss 40,000
1,00,000 1,00,000
DRI Account
1.1.21 To balance b/d 1,50,000 28.2.21 By bank 1,50,000
10,00,000 10,00,000

Bank account
1.1.21 To balance b/d 9,00,000 28.2.21 By Debenture holder 10,10,000
28.2.21 To DRI A/c 1,50,000 28.2.21 By premium on red 10,000
28.2.21 To interest on DRI 1,000 28.2.21 By balance c/d 31,000
10,51,000 10,51,000
Debenture holder’s account

28.2.21 To bank a/c 10,10,000 1.1.21 By debentures 10,00,000
1.1.21 By premium on 10,000
redemption
10,10,000 10,10,000
Interest on debentures account

28.2.21 To bank a/c 10,000 28-2-21 By p/l account 10,000
10,000 10,000
Premium on redemption account

28.2.21 To debenture holder 10,000 28-2-21 By p/l account 10,000
10,000 10,000
Interest on DRI account

28.2.21 To profit & loss account 1,000 28-2-21 By bank account 1,000
1,000 1,000
Revision question 4. COC Ltd (an unlisted company) had following balances on 1.4.2020: 12% debentures =
₹20,00,000 (40% convertible into equity shares at par)
DRR= ₹50,000
DRI =₹58,000
Date of redemption and conversion is 31-3-2022.
Prepare debentures account, DRR Account, DRI Account for 2 years ended on date of redemption.

Redemption of debentures on conversion:
Revision question 5. Mahindra Ltd. (unlisted other company) gave notice of its intention to redeem its outstanding ₹
4,00,000, 6% debenture stock at ₹102 per cent, and offered the holders the following options to apply the redemption
money to subscribe for: (a) 5% cum-pref. shares of ₹20 each at ₹22.50 per share; (b) 5% debenture stock at 96 per cent;
(c) to have their holdings redeemed for cash. Holders of ₹1,71,000 stock accepted the proposal
(a). Holders of ₹1,44,000 stock accepted the proposal
(b). The remaining stockholders accepted the proposal
(c). Pass the journal entries to record the above transactions.
Solution: Minimum DRR required = (850 debenture X 100) X 10% = ₹8,500Minimum DRI required = 85,000 x 15%
= ₹12,750
Journal entries in the book of Mahindra Ltd
1. 6% debentures account Dr 4,00,000
2 Debenture holders account (1710x102) Dr 1,74,420
(Option 1) To 5% preference share capital a/c 1,55,040
To security premium reserve a/c 19,380
Note: No. of shares issued = 174,420/22.50
3. Debenture holders account Dr 1,46,880
(Option 2) Discount on issue account Dr 6,120
Note: no. of debentures issued = 1,46,880/96= 1530
deb
4. Profit & loss account Dr 8,500
(Option 3) To DRR Account 8,500
5. DRI Account Dr 12,750
6. Debentures holder (850 X 102) Dr 86,700
7. DRR Account Dr 8,500
To general reserve a/c 8,500
To DRI Account 12,750

OPEN MARKET OPERATION

Revision
Question 6: Balance sheet of X Ltd
Equity + liabilities Amount Assets Amount

Share capital 20,00,000 Bank 27,00,000
20% debenturesProfit & loss 10,00,000 Other assets 28,00,000
a/c 25,00,000
55,00,000 55,00,000
X Ltd purchased its own 20% debentures of ₹5,00,000 for ₹4,20,000 from open market and suchdebentures were
cancelled immediately. Make entries.
Answer:
1 20% Debentures account Dr 5,00,000 i. investment in own debentures a/c Dr 4,20,000
. To bank account 4,20,00 To bank account 4,20,000
To profit on conciliation 80,000 ii. 20% debentures account Dr 5,00,000
To investment in own debentures 4,20,000
To profit on cancellation 80,000
Revision Question 7. On 1st April 2021, COC Bank had 50,000, 12% debentures of ₹100 each. Company purchased its own
12% debentures (interest payable on 30 September and 31 March) on following dates:1 August 2021 ₹6,00,000 @ ₹94
ex-interest
31st December 2021 ₹4,00,000 @ ₹95 cum interest
these debentures were cancelled immediately. Make journal entries only related to purchase and cancellation and interest
for the year ended on 31st March 2022.
Solution: (Firstly prepare diagram)
Working notes 1. On 1st August 2021:

Amount paid for debentures (60,000 X 94) = 5,64,000
Interest on debentures (6,00,000X X
𝟒 ) = 24,000
𝟏𝟐 𝟏
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟐
Total amount paid including interest 5,88,000

1 Investment in own debenture a/c Dr 5,64,000
Interest on debenture a/c Dr 24,000
2 12% debentures account Dr 6,00,000
To investment in own debenture a/c 5,64,000
To profit on cancellation a/c 36,000
Note: 1. Ex-interest quotation means quoted price does not include element of interest.
2. Investment in own debentures will always be recorded at price paid for debentures only.

Working notes 2. on 30th September 2021:

Interest on debentures = (50,00,000- 6,00,000) X X ) = ₹2,64,000
𝟔
𝟏𝟐 𝟏
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟐
3 Interest on debentures account Dr 2,64,000

4 Debenture holder a/c Dr 2,64,000
. To bank account 2,64,000
Working notes 3. on 31st December 2021:

Total amount paid including interest (4000X95) =3,80,000
Interest on debentures ((4,00,000X X
𝟑 )= 12,000
𝟏𝟐 𝟏
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟐
Amount paid for debentures 3,68,000
5 Investment in own debenture a/c Dr 3,68,000

Interest on debenture a/c Dr 12,000
6 12% debentures account Dr 4,00,000
To investment in own debenture a/c 3,68,000
To profit on cancellation a/c 32,000
Working notes 4. on 31st March 2022:

Interest on debentures = (44,00,000- 4,00,000) X X ) = ₹2,40,000
𝟔
𝟏𝟐 𝟏
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟐
7 Interest on debentures account Dr 2,40,000

8. Debenture holder a/c Dr 2,40,000
9. Profit & loss account Dr
To interest on debentures
10 Profit on cancellation a/c Dr 32,000
. To profit & loss account (as per Ind AS)OR 32,000
To capital reserve (as per Notified AS)
• Always check requirements of creating DRR and DRI as per respective type of company.
• If debentures are redeemed in instalments (or through open market) transfer DRR to general
reserve and sell DRI proportionately on date of redemption (if date not mentioned in question)
Accounting for interest on own debentures:

SINKING FUND METHOD: Under this method the amount is invested in first class securities with secured
and fixed return. Accumulation of interest becomes compounded resulting to produce the amount required to
redeem the debentures on the due date. This method of providing for funds is also called debenture redemption fund
method.
Accounting entries for making the provision for the redemption of debentures are as follows:
First year:
i. Profit and Loss Appropriation A/c Dr.
To Sinking Fund A/c
(Setting aside the required amount based on sinking fund table)
2. Sinking Fund Investment A/c Dr.

To Bank A/c
(Investment of amount set aside)
ii. Second and subsequent years:

(a) Bank A/c Dr.
To Sinking fund interest A/c
(Interest on sinking fund investment received.)
(b) Sinking fund interest, A/c Dr.

To Sinking fund A/c
(Transfer of interest account to sinking fund.)
(c) Profit and loss appropriation A/c Dr.
To Sinking fund A/c
(d) Sinking fund investment A/c Dr.
To Bank A/c
(Investment of amount set aside and the amount of interest received.)
Last year:
(a) Bank A/c Dr.
To Sinking fund interest A/c
(Interest on sinking fund investment received.)
(b) Sinking fund interest, A/c Dr.

To Sinking fund A/c
(Transfer of interest account to sinking fund.)
(c) Profit and loss appropriation A/c Dr.
To Sinking fund A/c
At the time of sale of investments and redemption:
(a) Bank A/c Dr

To Sinking fund investment A/c (Amount received from sale of investment)
(b) Sinking fund, A/c Dr

To Sinking fund investment A/c (Loss on sale)
OR
Sinking fund investment, A/c Dr

To Sinking fund A/c
(Profit on sale)

(c) Sinking fund, A/c

To General reserve A/c
(Transfer of balance of sinking fund account)
(d) Debentures A/c Dr
(e) To Bank A/c

(Redemption of debentures)
Revision question 8. Prakash Enterprises Ltd. issued ₹10,00,000, 10% Debentures on January 1st ,2021. Thesewere to be
redeemed on 31st December 2023. For this purpose, the company established a Sinking Fund.
Investments were expected to earn 5% interest per annum. Sinking Fund Tables show that 0.317208 invested annually
at 5% amount to Re. 1 in three years. On 31st December 2023, the bank balance was ₹4,20,000 before receipt of interest
on sinking fund investments. On that date the investments were sold for ₹6,56,000. Interest is payable annually.
Calculate the interest to the nearest of a rupee and investments are made in multiples of ₹100. Ignore tax on debenture
interest
Show the 10% Debentures Account, Sinking Fund Account, Sinking Fund Investments Account and Bank Account in the
books of the company. Also give complete journal entries.
Solution: 10% debentures account

31-12 21 To balance c/d 10,00,000 1-1-21 By bank account 10,00,000
10,00,000 10,00,000
31-12-22 To balance c/d 10,00,000 1-1-22 By balance b/d 10,00,000
10,00,000 10,00,000
31-12-23 To bank account 10,00,000 1-1-23 By balance b/d 10,00,000
10,00,000 10,00,000
Sinking fund account

31-12-21 To balance c/d 3,17,208 31-12-21 By P/L App 3,17,208
3,17,208 3,17,208
1-1-22 By balance b/d 3,17,208
31-12-22 By P/L App 3,17,208
31-12-22 By interest on SFI 15,860
31-12-22 To balance c/d 6,50,276
6,50,276 6,50,276
1-1-23 By balance b/d 6,50,276
31-12-23 By P/L App 3,17,208
31-12-23 To capital reserve 5,700 31-12-23 By interest on SFI 32,515
31-12-23 To general reserve 9,99,999 31-12-23 By Sinking fund
(bal fig) Investment 5,700
10,05,599 10,05,599

Sinking fund investment account

31-12-21 To bank a/c 3,17,200 31-12-21 By balance c/d 3,17,200
3,17,200 3,17,200
1-1-22 To balance b/d 3,17,200
31-12-22 To bank a/c 3,33,100 31-12-22 By balance c/d 6,50,300
6,50,300 6,50,300
1-1-23 To balance b/d 6,50,300
To sinking fund 5,700 31-12-23 By bank a/c 6,56,000
(Profit on sale)
6,56,000 6,56,000
Interest on Sinking fund investment account

--- ----- ---- -----
31-12-22 To sinking fund 15,860 31-12- By bank 15,860

22 account
15,860 15,860
31-12-23 To sinking fund 32,515 31-12- By bank 32,515
23 account
32,515 32,515
Bank account
31-12-23 To balance b/d 4,20,000 31-12- By debentures 10,00,000
23
To interest on SFI 32,515
To SF Investment 6,56,000 31-12- By balance c/d 1,08,515
23
11,08,515 11,08,515
INSURANCE POLICY METHOD
Revision question 9. On 01.01.2015, Hello Ltd. issued 500, 15% Debentures of ₹300 each at a discount of10%,
redeemable at a premium of 10% after 4 years. It was decided to take out an Insurance Policy to provide the
necessary funds for the redemption of the debentures. The annual premium for the policy, payable on 1st January
every year, was ₹40,000. The sum assured of the policy was ₹1,65,000. Give thenecessary journal entries. [Ignore
Debenture Interest] (ICMAI Study material)
Solution:
Date Particulars L.F. Dr. (₹) Cr. (₹)

01.01.15 Bank A/c Dr. 1,35,000
Discount on Issue of Debentures A/c Dr. 15,000
Loss on Issue of Debentures A/c Dr. 15,000
To 15% Debenture A/c 1,50,000
To Premium on Redemption of Deb. A/c 15,000
(Being the issue of debentures at a discount of 10% and redeemable at10%
premium)
Dec. 31 Debentures Redemption Fund Policy A/c Dr. 40,000
To Bank A/c 40,000
(Being the payment of annual premium)

Profit & Loss Appropriation A/c Dr. 40,000

To Debenture Redemption Fund A/c 40,000
(Being the transfer to profit to DRF A/c)
Dec. 31 Profit & Loss A/c Dr. 15,000

To Discount on Issue of Debentures A/c 15,000
(Being the discount on issue of debentures w/off)
01.01.18 Debenture Redemption Fund Policy A/c Dr. 40,000
J an. 1, 16 To Bank A/c 40,000
Dec. 31 Profit & Loss Appropriation A/c Dr. 40,000
To Bank A/c 40,000
Dec. 31 Profit & Loss Application A/c Dr. 40,000
To Bank A/c 40,000
Dec. 31 Profit & Loss Appropriation A/c Dr. 40,000
(Being the transfer of profit to DRF A/c)
Bank A/c Dr. 1,65,000
To Debenture Redemption Fund Policy, A/c 1,65,000
(Being the receipt of policy amount on maturity)
Debenture Redemption Fund Policy A/c Dr. 5,000

(Being the transfer to profit on the policy to DRF A/c)
15% Debentures A/c Dr. 1,50,000
Premium on Redemption of Debentures A/c Dr. 15,000
To Debenture holder’s A/c 1,65,000
(Being the amount due on redemption)
Debenture holders’ A/c Dr. 1,65,000
To Bank A/c 1,65,000
(Being the payment made to Debentures holders)
Debenture Redemption Fund A/c Dr. 15,000
To Loss on Issue of Debentures A/c 15,000
(Being the loss on Issue of debentures written against thebalance in DRF A/c)
Debenture Redemption Fund A/c Dr. 1,50,000

To Debenture Redemption Reserve A/c 1,50,000
(Being the transfer of nominal value of debentures redeemed toDebenture
Redemption Reserve A/c)

Underwriting of securities
Underwriting Commission It may be paid in cash or in fully paid-up shares or debentures or a combinationof all these.
It is paid on the issue price of the shares or debentures so underwritten. As per the provision of Section 40 of the
Companies Act, 2013, commission is payable if the following conditions are satisfied:
(i) The payment of the commission is authorized by the articles;
(ii) The commission paid or agreed to be paid does not exceed in the case of shares, 5% of the price at whichthe shares
are issued or the amount or rate authorized by the articles, whichever is less, and in the case of debentures, 2.5% of the
issue price or rate authorized by the articles, whichever is less;
(iii) commission is not payable on shares and debentures which are not offered to public for subscription. It means no
underwriting commission is payable on the shares taken up by the promoters, employees, directors,business associates,
etc.
Sub-Underwriters: In order to spread the risk of under-subscription, the principal underwriters may enter into
subsidiary agreements with sub-underwriters. Such agreements are made between the underwriters alone, with the
company not being a party thereto. As per agreement, the company pays commission at a prescribed rate to the
principal underwriters, who in turn, disburse commission to the sub- underwriters. Sometimes an additional
commission is paid to the principal underwriters to encourage sub-underwriting. This is known as over-riding
commission. The payment of an over-riding commission enables the company to deal with one or two underwriters
instead of a number of them.
Underwriting agreement. Underwriting agreement may take any of the two forms:
(a) Pure/conditional underwriting. Under this type of contract underwriters undertake to subscribe for shares to a
certain limit only when the offer made to the public is not fully subscribed for by them.
(b) Firm underwriting. Under this type of agreement, the underwriter agrees to take up a specified number of shares
irrespective of the number of shares subscribed for by the public. Unless it has otherwise agreed,the Underwriters’
liability is determined without considering the number of shares taken up ‘firm’ by him.
Marked and Unmarked Applications:
‘Marked’ applications are those applications which bear the stamp of an underwriter. If the issue is not fully
subscribed, ‘marked’ applications shall be applied in reduction of underwriter’s liability.
The ‘unmarked’ applications are those applications which bear no stamp of an underwriter. These applications are
received by the company directly from the public. The distinction between marked and unmarked applications becomes
immaterial when the whole issue is subscribed by only one underwriter.
When there are more than one underwriter, the unmarked applications are divided amongst Underwritersin the ratio
of their gross liability. When the issue is fully subscribed, the distinction between marked and unmarked applications
becomes immaterial.
Practice question 1. Sam Limited invited applications from public for 1,00,000 equity shares of ₹10 each at apremium of
₹5 per share. The entire issue was underwritten by the underwriters A, B, C and D to the extent of 30%, 30% 20% and 20%
respectively with the provision of firm underwriting of 3,000, 2,000, 1,000 and 1,000 shares respectively. The underwriters
were entitled to the maximum commission permitted by law. The company received applications for 70,000 shares from
public out of which applications for 19,000, 10,000, 21,000 and 8,000 shares were marked in favour of A, B, C and D
respectively. Calculate the liability of each one of the underwriters. Also ascertain the underwriting commission payable
to the different underwriters.

Solution: computation of Net liability of underwriters
Underwriters A B C D
Gross liability 30,000 30,000 20,000 20,000
Less: marked application -19,000 -10,000 -21,000 -8,000
Less: unmarked application (3:3:2:2) - 3,600 - 3,600 -2,400 -2,400
Less: firm underwriting
-3,000 -2,000 -1,000 -1,000
4,400 14,400 -4,400 8,600
Surplus of C transferred to A,B and D -1,650 -1,650 +4,400 -1,100
in 3:3:2
Net liability 2,750 12,750 Nil 7,500

Underwriting commission 30,000 X 15 30,000 X 15 20,000 X 15 20,000
X X X X
5% 5% 5% 15 X
= 22,500 = 22,500 = 15,000 5%
=
15,000
Computation of total liability of underwriters

Underwriters A B C D
Net liability 2,750 12,750 Nil 1,000 7,500
Add: firm underwriting 3,000 2,000 1,000
Total liability 5,750 14,750 1,000 8,500
Journal entries in the book of Sam limited

1. Bank account Dr (70,000 X 15) 10,50,000
To equity share application and allotment, a/c 10,50,000
(Being application money received from public)
2. Equity share application and allotment a/c 10,50,000
To Security premium account 3,50,000
(Being application amount transferred)
3. A account Dr (5,750 X 15) 86,250
B account Dr (14,750 X 15) 2,21,250
C account Dr (1,000 X 15) 15,000
D account Dr (8,500 X 15) 1,27,500
To Security premium account 1,50,000
(Being amount due from underwriters)
To A account 86,250
To B account 2,21,250
To C account 15,000
To D account 1,27,500
(Amount received from underwriters)
5. Underwriting commission account Dr 75,000
To A account 22,500
To B account 22,500
To C account 15,000
To D account 15,000
(Being underwriting commission due)
6. A account 22,500
B account 22,500
C account 15,000
D account 15,000
To Bank account 75,000
(Being underwriting commission paid)

Important points for revision: -

1. The unmarked applications can be divided between the underwriters in the following twoways.
Method 1: Under this method, all unmarked applications are divided between the underwriters in theratio of gross
liability of individual underwriter.
Method 2. Under this method, all unmarked applications are divided between the underwriters in theratio of
gross liability less marked applications.
2. Always check the value (face value/issue price) given in questions on which % of commission is to be
applied.
3. in case of partly called up/paid up shares- computation of commission.

Company Accounts Notes

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REVISION OF REDEMPTION OF PREFERENCE SHARES and BONUS ISSUE

2. Preference shares may be redeemed at par or at premium.

4. Amount equivalent to face value of redeemable preference shares must be raised --

➢ or by applying both the orders.

Balance sheet as on 31st March 2023

Preference share capital of Rs 10 each, 8 paid 4,00,000 Current assets:

COCEDUCATION.COM For enquiry: 9999631597, 7303445575, 8448322142

2. Bank account Dr 1,00,000

3. Preference share capital account Dr 5,00,000

4. Profit & loss account Dr 1,80,000

IMPORTANT NOTES FOR REVISION:

Journal entry for writing off Premium on redemption of preference shares:

Free Reserves A/c Dr

COCEDUCATION.COM For enquiry: 9999631597, 7303445575, 8448322142

Practice question 4: Preference share capital = ₹6,00,000

They are redeemable at premium of 20%.

Practice question 5: Preference share capital = ₹6,00,000

They are redeemable at premium of 20%.

Practice question 6: Balance sheet of COC Ltd as on 31st March 2023

Current liabilities: 1,00,000

NEVER FORGET TO FOLLOW ---- SOCHTE HAI—IN WORKING NOTES.

COCEDUCATION.COM For enquiry: 9999631597, 7303445575, 8448322142

Practice question 7: Balance sheet of COC Ltd as on 31st March 2023

Equity and liabilities Amount Assets Amount

Preference share capital of Rs 10 each 9,00,000 Investments 4,00,000

Answer: Prepare SOCHTE HAI ……….

No. Particulars Debit Credit

2. General reserve account Dr 95,000

ALSO CHECK IN ABOVE QUESTION---

Practice question 8: Balance sheet of COC Ltd as on 31st March 2023

Preference share capital of Rs 10 each 10,00,000 Investments 2,50,000

Answer: Prepare SOCHTE HAI ……….

No. Particulars Debit Credit

2. General reserve account Dr 10,00,000

4. Bank account Dr 5,00,000

6. Preference shareholder account Dr 10,50,000

COCEDUCATION.COM For enquiry: 9999631597, 7303445575, 8448322142

Practice question 9: Balance sheet of X Ltd as on 31st March 2023

Preference share capital of Rs 10 each 9,00,000 Investments 1,60,000

Answer: Prepare SOCHTE HAI ……….

No. Particulars Debit Credit

2. Bank account Dr 1,60,000

3. Bank account Dr 9,60,000

COCEDUCATION.COM For enquiry: 9999631597, 7303445575, 8448322142

Liabilities Rs. Assets Rs.

10% Preference Shares of Rs. 10 each fully paid 1,00,000

6. Profit & loss account Dr 13,000

COCEDUCATION.COM For enquiry: 9999631597, 7303445575, 8448322142

Revision of Bonus issue of shares

Buy back reserve account Dr

Capital reserve account Dr

Security premium account Dr

Free reserves account Dr

To bonus issue account

Bonus issue account Dr

To equity share capital

(i) By making final call:

Equity share final call account Dr