Chapter No: 16 1

Chapter No: 16 SUPPORT AND MOVEMENTS

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. Roots in plants and skeleton in animals support them against major force of:
(a) Attraction (b) Gravity (c) Adhesion (d) Cohesion
2. In which of the following group of cells, the secondary cell wall is absent.
(a) Collenchyma (b) Parenchyma (c) Sclerenchyma (d) Chlorenchyma
3. Collenchyma cells have protoplast and usually lack:
(a) Secondary wall (b) Primary wall (c) Cell membrane (d) Vacuole
4. The angular thickening in the primary wall of cell is present in:
(a) Chlorenchyma (b) Parenchyma (c) Sclerenchyma (d) Collenchyma
5. Fibers are included in:
(a) Collenchyma (b) Parenchyma (c) Sclerenchyma (d) Chlorenchyma
6. Which of these are cylindrical and exist as bundle cap?
(a): Vessel (b): Tracheids (c): Sclerids (d): Trachea
7. Ecdysis occur in arthropods during:
(a): Immature stage (b): Mature stage (c): Both stages (d): Do not undergo any change
8. The molting is controlled by a hormone:
(a): Thyroxin (b): Ecdysone (c): Aldosterone (d): All of these
9. Vertebral column protects the spinal cord and has ____curvatures.
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 3 (d) 5
10. The number of bone in our wrist is:
(a) 4 (b) 10 (c) 7 (d) 8
11. Skeletal muscles are composed of:
(a) Actin only (b) Myosin only (c) Actin, Myosin (d) Actin, Myosin and
Tropomyosin
12. The most abundant protein in the muscles is:
(a): Myosin (b): Actin (c): Troponin (d): Tropomyosin
13. Thin filaments are composed of chiefly ___molecules.
(a): Myosin (b): Actin (c): Troponin (d): Tropomyosin
14. The joints which allow moments in several directions are;
(a) Synovial (b) Hinge (c) Ball and socket (d) Fibrous
15. The first cervical vertebra is called:
(a) Atlas (b) Axis (c) Nasal (d) Sacrum
16. Which one is bone of hind limb?
(a) Radius (b) Tarsal (c) Ulna (d) Carpal
17. Which one of the following is earliest form of muscles?
(a) Cardiac muscle (b) Smooth muscle (c) Skeletal muscle (d) Alary muscles
18. Estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) is best protection against:
(a) Sciatica (b) Osteoporosis (c) Spondylosis (d) Fracture
19. Immobility and fusion of vertebral joints is:
(a) Sciatica (b) Herniation (c) Spondylosis (d) Fracture
20. The human teeth fix into jaws by ____joints.
(a) Fibrous (b) Synovial (c) Hinge (d) Ball and socket
 Chapter No: 16 2

21. The protein which binds to the calcium:

(a) Actin (b) Myosin (c) Troponin (d) Tropomyosin
22. Twisting around the actin chains there are two strands of another protein i.e.
(a) Myosin (b) Tropomyosin (c) Troponin (d) Creatinine
23. The unit of structure of myofibril lies between two successive Z-lines is known as:
(a) Sarcolemma (b) Sarcoplasm (c) Sarcomere (d) Myolemma
24. Muscle fatigue is caused by:
(a): Carbon dioxide (b): Lactic acid (c): Fumaric acid (d): Ethyl alcohol
25. Which of the following is the direct source of energy?
(a): ATP (b): Lactic acid (c): Creatine phosphate (d): Both b & c
26. Which of the following muscle fiber contain single nucleus:
(a): Skeletal muscle (b): Smooth muscle (c): Cardiac muscle (d): Allery muscles
27. A condition in which palatine process of maxilla and palatine fails to fuse is:
(a): Cleft palate (b): Microcephaly (c): Arthritis (d): Rickets
28. All of the following are related to axial skeleton except:
(a) Skull (b) Ribs (c) Sternum (d) Appendages
29. The structure formed by the fusion of posterior four pelvic vertebrae is:
(a) Axis (b) Coccyx (c) Atlas (d) Sacrum
30. Living cells of cartilage are called:
(a) Osteoblasts (b) Osteocytes (c) Choanocytes (d) Chondrocytes
31. The membrane bound the vacuole is:
(a): Callus (b): Galls (c): Tonoplast (d): Vessel
32. A bone which connect scapula with sternum.
(a): Humerus (b): Ischium (c): Pubis (d): Clavicle

1. Collenchyma and Sclerenchyma cells are heavily lignified cells:

(A) Cortex and phloem (B) Cortex and xylem
(C) Xylem and phloem (D) Pericycle and cortex
2. The membrane that bounds vacuole is called:
(A) Tomoplast (B) Tonoplast (C) Monoplast (D) Tocoplast
3. Angular thickening in their primary walls are present in:
(A) Parenchyma cells (B) Collenchyma cells (C) Sclerenchyma cells (D) Tracheids
4. The cell wall of sclerenchymatous cells are impregnated with:
(A) Silica (B) Pectin (C) Lignin (D) Suberin
5. Fibers, sclereides and vessels are three types of:
(A) Collenchyma (B) Parenchyma (C) Cambium (D) Sclerenchyma
6. The Sclerenchyma cells found in seed coats and nut shells are the:
(A) Fibers (B) Sclereides (C) Tracheids (D) Vessels
7. Which of these are long, cylindrical and exist as bundle caps?
(A) Sclereides (B) Vessels (C) Trachea (D) Tracheids
8. The collenchyma cells have protoplast and usually lacks:
(A) Secondary wall (B) Primary wall (C) Cell membrane (D) Vacuole
9. A bone which connects scapula with sternum:
(A) Humerus (B) Ischium (C) Pubis (D) Clavicle
 Chapter No: 16 3

10. Vertebral column protects the spinal cord and has curvatures:
(A) 3 (B) 2 (C) 5 (D) 4
11. A condition in which palatine process of maxilla & palatine fail to fuse:
(A) Arthritis (B) Tetany (C) Cleft palate (D) Osteoporosis
12. The fusion of 4 posterior vertebrae present in the pelvic region form:
(A) Cervical (B) Coccyx (C) Lumber (D) Sacrum
13. Muscle fatigue is caused by the accumulation of:
(A) Uric acid (B) Fumaric acid (C) Lactic acid (D) Ethyl alcohol
14. The protein filament which binds to the calcium:
(A) Actin (B) Myosin (C) Troponin (D) Tropomyosin
15. Femur, tibia & fibula are the bones of:
(A) Neck (B) Skull (C) Fore limb (D) Hind limb
16. The bone dissolving cells are:
(A) Osteoblast (B) Osteocytes (C) Osteoclasts (D) Stem cells
17. The inflammatory or degenerative disease that damages joints:
(A)Arthritis (B) Osteoporosis (C) Meningitis (D) Spondylosis
18. The joints that allow movements in several directions are:
(A)Ball & socket (B) Hinge joint (C) Fibrous joint (D) Synovial joint
19. The depression present in pelvic girdle for articulation of femur is:
(A)Acetabulum (B) Ischium (C) Ilium (D) Pubis
20. Human vertebral column has vertebrae:
(A) 20 (B) 23 (C) 33 (D) 37
21. are ideal for gliding into wind:
(A) Narrow wings (B) Broad wings (C) Long Narrow wings (D) Short Broad wings
22. The supracoracoid muscle provide power for the:
(A)Upward stroke (B) Downward stroke (C) Recovery stroke (D) Neutral stroke
23. The process of moulting is controlled by the nervous system and a hormone called:
(A) Aldosterone (B) Androgen (C) Ecdysone (D) Oxytocin
24. Mature bone cells are called as:
(A) Osteoblasts (B) Osteocytes (C) Osteoclasts (D) Chondrocytes
25. In thoracic region, number of vertebrae is:
(A) 12 (B) 15 (C) 05 (D) 04
26. All of the following bones are associated with coxal bones, except:
(A) Ilium (B) Ischium (C) Pubis (D) Clavicle
27. The number of lumbar vertebrae are:
(A) 05 (B) 07 (C) 12 (D) 33
28. The number of pelvic vertebrae in vertebral column of man is:
(A) 5 (B) 7 (C) 9 (D) 12
29. Which one is not a bone of axial skeleton?
(A) Ribs (B) Sternum (C) Pelvic (D) Cranium
30. Joints that are held together by short fibers embedded in connective tissues:
(A)Fibrous Joints (B) Cartilaginous Joint (C) Synovial Joints (D) Hinge Joints
31. The connective tissue which attaches the bones together and slightly elastic is called:
 Chapter No: 16 4

(A)Ligament (B) Tendon (C) Cross bridges (D) Z-line

32. Bowed legs and deformed pelvis are the symptoms of which disease in children:
(A) Disc Slip (B) Rickets (C) Sciatica (D) Hematoma
33. Muscle present in the Gut wall is:
(A)Smooth (B) Skeletal (C) Cardiac (D) Voluntary
34. There are muscles in the human body, most of which occur in pairs:
(A) 650 (B) 630 (C) 660 (D) 645
35. Which Animal has long narrow wings?
(A) Mammals (B) Owl (C) Reptiles (D) Gull
36. A disease which causes immobility and fusion of vertebral joint is called:
(A) Sciatica (B) Spondylosis (C) Rickets D) Disc Slip
37. Rickets is due to deficiency of vitamin:
(A) A (B) C (C) D (D) E
38. Which one of the following is not a joint disease?
(A) Arthritis (B) Sciatica (C) Disc Slip (D) Spondylosis
39. Acute forms of arthritis usually result from:
(A)Bacterial Invasion (B) Viral Invasion (C) Fungal Invasion (D) Severe Injury
40. Which is the end of muscle which remains fixed when the muscle contracts?
(A) Insertion (B) Origin (C) Tendon (D) Belly
41. Muscle is connected to bone by:
(A)Tendon (B) Ligament (C) Z-line (D) Cross bridges
42. Thick filament in myofibril is made up of:
(A) Troponin (B) Actin (C) Tropomyosin (D) Myosin
43. Collagen fibers of bone are hardened by the deposition of:
(A)Calcium phosphate (B) Sodium phosphate (C) Sodium carbonate (D) Calcium carbonate
44. The synovial joint is surrounded by a layer of connective tissue called:
(A) Ligament (B) Nucleus pulposus (C) Annulus fibroses (D) Fibrous capsule
45. Both bones and cartilage consists of living cells embedded in the matrix of protein known as:
(A)Collagen (B) Keratin (C) Insulin (D) Fibrinogen
46. Skeletal muscles fibers have diameter:
(A) 100-200 µm (B) 10-100 µm (C)10-100 mm (D) 100-1000 µm
47. Sacrum is formed by the fusion of:
(A) Two bones (B) Three bones (C) Four bones (D) Five bones
48. Which of the following muscle straightens the elbow joint?
(A) Brachialis (B) Triceps (C) Biceps (D) Brachioradialis
49. Skeletal muscles are called striated muscles due to the presence of:
(A)Red and yellow band (B) White and yellow band
(C)Alternating light and dark band (D) Red and black band
 Chapter No: 16 5

SHORT QUESTIONS
1. What is turgor pressure? Give its role in plants.
Definition:
The living cells of epidermis, cortex and pith take place in water by endosmosis. Thus, an internal
hydrostatic pressure called turgor pressure.
Importance:
1. Turgor pressure keeps plants rigid and resistant to bending.
2. The turgor pressure is extremely important to maintain the turgidity in plants. If they lose turgidity,
herbaceous stem wilts.

2. Characterize collenchyma cells.

 They have protoplast and lack secondary wall.
 Collenchyma cells form strands or continuous cylinders beneath the epidermis of stem or leaf stalk and
along vein in leaves.
 They are usually elongated with angular thickening in primary walls.
 Strands of collenchyma provide much of support for herbaceous plant

3. What are the disadvantages of exoskeleton?

Disadvantages of Exoskeleton:
1. Exoskeleton is inert and non-living so, animal cannot grow larger.
2. Exoskeleton is very rigid and heavy so, movement is restricted (snail) or even sessile (corals).
Adaptation:
The animal therefore needs to shed exoskeleton periodically and which is replaced it with one of the larger
size. This process is known as Ecdysis or molting.

4. What is difference between exoskeleton and Endoskeleton?

EXOSKELETON ENDOSKELETON
Inert and non-living Living
Restricts the growth Does not restrict the growth
Periodically shed exoskeleton for growth Bones grow along with body
No mineral homeostasis Mineral homeostasis
No blood cell production Blood cell production

5. Explain the skeleton of earthworm.

Introduction:
In earthworm, hydrostatic skeleton consists of fluid filled compartments separated by septa.
Contraction of circular and longitudinal muscles:
Contractions of circular muscle causes a compartment to elongate while contraction of longitudinal
muscle causes a compartment to shorten.
Locomotion:
Alternating wave of elongation and contraction move the earthworm through the soil aided by paired
setae in each segment.
 Chapter No: 16 6

6. Explain the role of exoskeleton in arthropods.

Discuss the modifications in the exoskeleton of the insects.
1. Arthropods have muscles that are attached to rigid chitinous exoskeleton.
2. Exoskeleton enables them to swim, to walk and to fly.
3. The joints on this skeleton are thin, soft and flexible.
4. It also contains sensory receptors called sensilla that are in form of bristles and lenses.
5. It protects them from drying and rough environment and against their enemies.

7. What do you know about the process of Ecdysis

What is the role of ecdysone?
What are the disadvantages of exoskeleton?
Introduction:
Exoskeleton has one disadvantage and that animal cannot grow larger.
Definition:
The animal therefore needs to shed exoskeleton periodically and replaced it with one of the larger
size. This process is known as ecdysis or molting.

Stages of Ecdysis:
Ecdysis is divided into four stages:
1. Enzymes, secreted from hypodermal glands, begin digesting the old endocuticle. This digestion
separates hypodermis and the exoskeleton.
2. The digestion of endocuticle is followed by secretion of new procuticle and epicuticle.
3. The old exoskeleton is split and pores are formed.
4. Finally, the new exoskeleton is hardened by deposition of calcium carbonate.
Control of ecdysis:
All these changes are controlled by the nervous system and hormones "ecdysone".

8. Name the cells associated with bones.

Differentiate between osteocytes and osteoblasts.
A bane has following types of cells;
(i) Bone-forming cells (Osteoblasts)
(ii) Mature bone cell (Osteocytes)
(iii) Bone-dissolving cells (Osteoclasts)

9. What is a cartilage?
Introduction:
 It is a form of connective tissue that covers ends of the bone at the joint and also supports the flexible
portion of nose and external ears.
 The living cells of cartilage are called chondrocytes.
Characteristics:
 These cells secret flexible, elastic, non-living matrix collagen that surrounds the chondrocytes.
 No blood vessels penetrate into this cartilage.
 Chapter No: 16 7

Types:
There are two main types of cartilage i.e. hyaline and fibro cartilage.

10. What is meant by hyaline and fibro cartilage?

HYALINE CARTILAGE FIBRO CARTILAGE
It is the most abundant type in human body. It is It has matrix-containing bundles of collagen fibers.
found in moveable joints. It forms external pinnae of ears and in the epiglottis.

11. Define axial skeleton.

The skeleton along the central axis of the body is called axial skeleton.
The axial skeleton is made up of:
(i): Skull (ii): Backbone (Vertebral Column) (iii): Ribcage

12. Name the bones of pelvic girdle in man.

Pelvic girdle attaches the hind limb to the vertebral column. It is composed of coxal bones. Each
coxal bone is formed by the fusion of three bone ilium, ischium and pubis. The pelvic girdle supports the
pelvic region.

13. Explain thoracic and lumbar region of vertebral column in man.

Thoracic Vertebra:
These are located in thoracic region, which are twelve in number.
Lumbar Vertebrae:
These are located in lumber (lower back) region, which are five in number.

14. Differentiate between Hinge joint, Ball, and socket joint.

HINGE JOINT BALL AND SOCKET JOINT
DEFINITION
The type of synovial joint, which allow
The type of synovial joints, which allow movements
movements in several directions, is called ball and
in two directions, only is called hinge joint.
socket joint.
ARRANGEMENT OF MUSCLES
At hinge joints, pair of muscles are arranged in the At ball and socket joints at least two pairs of
same plane. muscles are present perpendicular to each other.
EXAMPLE
 Knee joint  Hip joint
 Elbow joint  Shoulder joint
 Chapter No: 16 8

15. What is difference between tendon and ligament?

What is ligament?
TENDON LIGAMENT
DEFINITION
The type of connective tissue, which connects The type of connective tissue that connects bone to
muscles to bone, is called tendon. bone is called ligament.
NATURE
It is non-elastic in nature. It is slightly elastic in nature.

16. Describe genetic causes of deformities of skeleton.

Followings are the genetic causes of deformities of skeleton:
1. Cleft Palate
When palatine processes of maxilla and palatine fail to combine with each other, then a condition cleft
palate occur.
2. Microcephaly
In genetic defect microcephaly, the man get small sized skull.
3. Arthritis and Osteoarthritis
Arthritis and osteoarthritis are type of inflammatory disease of joints have genetic causes.

17. What is rickets? Give its causes and cure.

Introduction:
It is the disease, which is caused in children. The legs get bowed and pelvis is the found.
Causes:
The cause of this disease is poor calcium level in diet of deficiency of vitamin D.

Cure:
It is treated by vitamin D fortified milk and exposing skin to sunlight to cure disease.

18. What is herniation of disc?

Introduction:
Herniated disc is commonly known slipped disc. It is usually involves rupture of annulus fibrosis
followed by protrusion of the spongy nucleus pulposus.
Causes:
This is caused by severe or sudden physical trauma to spines for example from bending forward while
lifting a heavy object.
Treatment:
The treatment of this disease is complete bed rest, traction and use of pain killer. If this fails then
disc may be removed surgically.

19. What is spondylosis?

Introduction:
It is disease which causes immobility and fusion of vertebral joint.
Symptoms:
 Chapter No: 16 9

The symptoms of this disease are pain on pressure, a feeling of stiffness in muscles and congestion.

20. What is sciatica and its causes?

Introduction:
In this disease person feels pain radiating over the course of sciatic nerve.
Causes:
The causes of this disease are found to be injury in sciatic nerve, a herniated disc or improper
administration of an infection in buttock.
Treatment:
The recovery from sciatica injury is usually slow and incomplete.

21. What is hematoma formation?

As soon as there is a fracture in bone, the blood vessels of that bone and surrounding are torn which
results in hemorrhage. A mass of clotted blood is formed at that place which is called hematoma.

22. Define cardiac muscle.

The involuntary, striated, heart muscles with branched muscle fibers are called cardiac muscles.
They also contain intercalated discs.

23. Give two differences between sarcoplasm of muscle fiber and cytoplasm of other cells.
SARCOPLASM CYTOPLASM
Large number of stored glycogen Less amount of stored glycogen
Containing respiratory pigment myoglobin for the
Lack of myoglobin
storage of O2

24. How muscle fatigue is produced?

Introduction:
Muscle fatigue is a state of physiological inability to contract.
Causes:
 Due to deficiency of ATP muscles get fatigue.
 Excess accumulation of lactic acid and ionic imbalances are also the reason of muscle fatigue.
Effects:
 In this state, there is a continuous contraction which make unable the cross bridges to detach.
 Lactic acid that causes pH to drop causes extreme fatigue by breaking glucose.

25. What are the effects of exercise on muscle?

Introduction:
 Complete immobilization of muscle leads to muscle weakness and severe atrophy.
 Actively use of muscles and aerobic exercise such as swimming, jogging and fast walking results in
several changes in the skeletal muscles.
Changes in Muscles:
These changes are followings:
 They increase in size or strength and become more efficient and fatigue resistant.
 Chapter No: 16 10

 Capillary surroundings the muscle fibers as well as mitochondria within them more myoglobin.
Results:
These changes results in more efficient muscle metabolism and resistance to fatigue.

26. What are brachioradialis and Brachialis?

 These two are muscles lie below biceps brachii.
 The brachialis is inserted in ulna.
 While brachioradialis is inserted in radius

27. What are the organ of locomotion in Euglena, Paramecium, Amoeba and Starfish.
Name the organ of locomotion in Earthworm and Starfish.
(i) Euglena: Flagella
(ii) Paramecium: Cilia
(iii) Amoeba: Pseudopodia
(iv) Star Fish: Tube feet
(v) Earth worm: Setae

28. How jellyfish move?

Jellyfish shows the movement called jet propulsion. As jellyfish has umbrella like body called bell
so first water enters in bell then bell contracts, the water is forced out like a jet and animal moves forward.

29. Describe active and passive flight in birds.

What is passive flight?
What is active flight?
PASSIVE FLIGHT ACTIVE FLIGHT
DEFINITION
When birds glides, the wings act as aero foil. The air When little or no support can be gained from
flows over the wing in such a way that he bird is upward air currents, the same effect can be achieved
given lift, the amount of lift depends on the angle at by flapping the wings. This type of flight is called
which the wing is held relative to the air stream. active flight.
This type of flight is called active flight.
EXAMPLE
Gulls Garden birds (Sparrows, Pigeons, etc.)
Sea birds

30. Define aerofoils.

 An aerofoil is any smooth surface which moves through the air at an angle to the air stream.
 When birds glides, the wings act as aerofoil.

31. How locomotion takes place in mammals?

How digitigrade differ from unguligrade?
Differentiate between plantigrade and unguligrade.
 Chapter No: 16 11

Mammals show following modes of locomotion.

Plantigrade:
In this mode of locomotion, the mammals used to walk on their soles with palm, wrist and digits all
on land to rest more or less on ground, such as monkeys, apes, man and beers.
Digitigrade:
Some mammals tend to walk on their digits only. They run faster than plantigrade animals. In these
mammals, firs digit usually reduces or completely loss of as in rabbit, rodents etc.
Unguligrade:
These mammals move on the tips of toes modified into hoofs of deer, goat. It is the most swift type
of locomotion.

32. Describe pelvic girdle of tetrapods.

Tetrapod pelvic girdle is united firmly to the sacral region of vertebral column. It is
composed on each side of three cartilaginous bones ilium, ischium and pubis. A depression, the
acetabulum usually located at the point of junction of these three bones, furnishes the articular
surface for the femur. The limbs of tetrapods are fundamentally similar, for and hind limbs are
also alike.

33. Define foramen triosseum.

How lifting action is possible in birds during flight?
The lifting action is possible because the tendon of supra-coracoid muscles passes through
and opening, the foramen triosseum, formed between scapula, coracoid and clavicle and
this tendon attached to the upper surface of humerus bone.

SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
 Write a detail note on hydrostatic skeleton.
 What are the main differences between exoskeleton and Endoskeleton?
 Describe axial skeleton in human.
 Define joints. How they are classified? Explain.
 What is bone fracture? Discuss healing process of a simple bone fracture.
 Describe the repair of broken bone.
 Differentiate between cardiac, smooth and skeletal muscles.
 Describe structure and function of sarcomere.
 Describe the contraction of sarcomere as initiated by nerve impulse.
 Describe structure of a skeletal muscle fiber.
 Give an account on ultra-structure of myofilament.
 Explain the role of Ca++ ions in the process of sliding filament model.
 Describe the mechanism of muscle contraction in detail.
 What is sliding filament model? Explain it with the role of Ca++ in muscle contraction.
 How is energy provided for muscle contraction?