2022 Third International Conference on Intelligent Computing, Instrumentation and Control Technologies (ICICICT)
Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS) -
2022 Third International Conference on Intelligent Computing Instrumentation and Control Technologies (ICICICT) | 978-1-6654-1005-2/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ICICICT54557.2022.9918005
The Energy source of the future
Glan Devadhas G Mary Synthia Regis Prabha D. M .
Electronics and Instrumentation
Engineering
Electrical and Electronics
Vimal Jyothi Engineering College
Kannur
glandeva@gmail.com Noorul Islam Centre for Higher
Shinu M M
Assistant Professor
Department of EIE
Vimal Jyothi Engineering
College
Kannur, Kerala
Abstract—Transformation of global energy sector from fossil
fuel based energy production and consumption to renewable
energy sources has lead to energy transition. This energy transition
also aims to reduce the green house gases through various forms of
decarbonization. Fossil fuels are excellent fuels and cannot be
replaced immediately because of their incredible energy density,
requiring no innovation to collect, store and transform into energy
and the well-established structures which made the industrial
revolution possible. Hence to achieve net carbon zero condition
across the globe, the emitted CO2 from the fossil fuel plants is
collected, stored and is either used in applications requiring CO2 as
the raw material or can be permanently sequestrated in CO2 storage
sites utilizing Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS)
technology. The captured CO2 is used for producing further
energy thus improving the hydrogen economy and also is utilized
for Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) which makes this CCUS
technology the energy source of the future.
Keywords—Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage
(CCUS), Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR), Hydrogen Economy
I. INTRODUCTION
Fossil fuels are formed from compression and heating of
the carbon-rich remains of living things such as animals and
plants million of years ago underneath the earth. Burning of
these fossil fuels releases the stored carbon and other green
house gases into the atmosphere. As more and more fossil
fuels are burned, it will cause excess build up of green house
gases which trap heat in the atmosphere causing drastic
changes in the Earth’s climate. Thus, burning fossil fuels not
only just meet our energy demands but also paves way for
global warming.
About 80% of the world’s energy is derived from the
fossil fuels which have been powering for more than 150
years. Power and transport sector of the United States
accounts for about three-quarters of our carbon emissions by
burning fossil fuels. In 2019, about 74 percent of US
greenhouse gas emissions are from burning fossil fuels.
Hence it becomes impossible to completely replace fossil
fuels and hence avoid rapid accumulation of CO2 in the
atmosphere. An important methodology to reduce the CO2
emission and decrease global warming is Carbon Capture
and Sequestration Technology. In this process, the carbon
emitted by anthropogenic activities such as burning of fossil
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Gayathri A. R.
Associate Professor, Associate professor
Stella Mary’s College of
Engineering
Engineering Aruthenganvilai
ar.gayu13@gmail.com
Education
Kumaracoil Dhanoj M
regisprabha@gmail.com
Assistant Professor
Department of EIE
Vimal Jyothi Engineering
College
Kannur, Kerala
fuels are collected and injected back into the earth.
Throughout the world, 26 commercial CCS plants were in
operation, which captures about 40 million tons of carbon
which accounts about 0.11% of the total yearly global
emissions.With improvement in technology, it is expected to
increase the number of CCS plants. This technological
adoption by most of the CO2 emitting sources in the near
future can bring the 2015 Paris Agreement, signed by 194
parties and the European Union to bring the global warming
“well below 2°C’ come true.
This paper explains the various stages and the
technologies in CCUS in section III, Carbon Capture projects
in India in Section IV, Carbon capture and hydrogen
economy in section V and Enhanced oil recovery(EOR)
using the captured CO2 in Section VI.
II. CARBON SEQUESTRATION
Carbon sequestration is the process of long-term
capturing and storing of carbon dioxide in order to prevent it
from entering the atmosphere. This allows the stabilization of
carbon in solid and dissolved forms to avoid the increase in
temperature atmosphere. Carbon sequestrations can be
biological and geological. Naturally, vegetations such as
grasslands and forests, soil and oceans act as carbon
sequesters or carbon sinks. These natural carbon sinks can
store a large amount of carbon. Natural carbon sequestration
can be enhanced by afforestation, no-till agriculture and by
iron fertilization of Ocean surface which stimulates
phytoplankton production [1]. By using advanced
technologies, carbon emitted from large fossil based power
plants can be sequestrated or captured and send to natural
reservoirs for permanent storage. In ocean sequestration,
carbon is injected directly in the ocean where salt water
absorbs carbon and locking it deep in the ocean bed. Natural
pore spaces in underground geologic formations can also be
used as carbon sink. Carbon in the form of CO2 is injected
into these porous rocks deep underground for long-term
storage. This carbon storage program was initiated by
Department of Energy (DOE) office of Fossil Energy in
Washington in 1997 as a small-scale research effort and has
significantly advanced.
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 2022 Third International Conference on Intelligent Computing, Instrumentation and Control Technologies (ICICICT)
III. CARBON CAPTURE, UTILIZATION AND STORAGE
(CCUS) TECHNOLOGY
CCUS technology involves capturing of emitted
greenhouse gases from fossil fuel power stations and
industries (Stage I), transporting the captured and
compressed CO2 (Stage II), and storing this compressed
CO2 by injecting this into deep underground porous rock
formations or in ocean beds (Stage III).CO2 is normally
transported through pipelines, but it can also be transported
through trucks, train or ship. Geologic formations such as
depleted oil and gas fields, deep coal seams, and saline
formations are suitable for sequestration.
A. Stage I (Carbon Capture)
The technologies used to capture CO2 at the emission
point can be classified into three categories: Pre-combustion
Carbon Capture, Post-combustion Carbon Capture and
Oxyfuel Carbon Capture.
1) Post-combustion Carbon Capture
This method can be retrofitted in existing CO2 emitting
source hence making it a most popular method. About 90%
of the CO2 from the flue gascan be removed which is enabled
by the advancements in the solvents and the technology used.
In this technique, CO2 is captured from the flue gas, after the
flue gas is burned.
Flue gas from the power station is bubbled through an
absorber column which is packed with liquid solvents such
as amines which are organic compounds derived from
ammonia by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms by an
organic group. These amines bind the CO2. Once the amines
gets saturated, a stream of superheated steam at around
120ºC is passed through it releasing the trapped CO2 in a
separation unit called stripper. This pure CO2 stream is then
compressed and transported for storage.
Fig. 1 Schematic Diagram of Post Combustion Carbon Capture Technique
1.1 Carbonate looping carbon capture
This is an efficient post-combustion carbon capture
technology. The carbon capture technology reduces the net
efficiency of fossil fueled power plants by nearly 7%
because of the increase in the electricity production cost [2].
The performance of the Post Combustion Carbon Capture in
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retrofit fossil power plants can be further improved by using
enhanced sorbents and increasing the degree of heat
integration by using advanced power cycles. Carbonate
looping is used to reduce the economic and efficiency
penalties of carbon capture.
One of the promising configuration of Carbonate
looping process has two coupled circulating beds or gas-
solid reactors: (i) a fluidized bed reactor (Carbonator) in
which lime (CaO) reacts with CO2 in the flue gas at about
600-700 °C producing limestone (CaCO3) in an exothermic
reaction (ii) a regenerator (Calciner) in which the limestone
is calcined at about 900-950 °C in an endothermic reaction
producing a stream of pure concentrated CO2. The newly
formed lime is fedback into the first reactor for continuous
process. This looping system can be treated as a separate
unit and can be retrofitted in existing power plants for CO 2
sequestration. The CO2 captured can also be directly used as
a raw material for chemical synthesis.
In order to maintain the desired operating
temperature in the calciner, and to produce concentrated
pure CO2 additional amount of fuel is combusted in an
O2/CO2 environment.
Fig. 2 Schematic Diagram of Carbonate Looping Carbon Capture
Technique
2) Pre-combustion carbon capture
Normally coal-gasification combined cycle power plants
known as IGCC plants use this technique [3] in which
carbon is removed from the fuel before it is burned. This
technology yields higher capturing rates that the post-
combustion capture method. But this technique cannot be
implemented in older pulverized coal power plants.
The coal is gasified in a gasifier to produce a
synthetic gas called syngas made from carbon monoxide and
hydrogen. After the removal of fly ash from the syngas, it is
made to react with water in a shift reactor to produce more
hydrogen along with CO2, which is captured. The hydrogen
produced can be burned to produce electricity or can be used
to feed hydrogen fuel cells for cars.
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 2022 Third International Conference on Intelligent Computing, Instrumentation and Control Technologies (ICICICT)

This pre-combustion method cannot be retro-fitted to
older coal power plants as this technique requires
gasification of the fuel in the first stage. It could be used in
natural gas stations, where a syngas is first produced by
reacting the methane with steam to produce carbon dioxide
and hydrogen. The high installation cost makes this
technology to be less adopted when compared to post-
combustion technology.
3. Oxyfuel Combustion Carbon Capture:
When the fuel is burnt in air, only upto 3-15% of
the waste gas is CO2 and separating this CO2 from the waste
gas is a tedious process. In Oxy-fuel combustion process,
Oxygen is separated from air and is involved in the
combustion process. This Oxygen separation increases the
complexity and the capital cost making it more difficult to
apply to existing power plants. Approximately 95% of pure
oxygen is produced in this separation process and almost all
the nitrogen is separated from the air. The fuel is then
burned in pure Oxygen yielding the flue gas composing only
CO2 and water vapour. Water vapour can be easily
condensed into water, and the pure stream of CO2 rises up
which is collected and piped or transported to a storage
facility.
This oxy-fuel combustion carbon capture comprises
of three steps: (i) Pure Oxygen production for combustion in
a separation unit (ii) Oxy-combustion boiler and steam
turbine where power is produced and (iii) purification of CO2
obtained from the flue gas and compression for future
storage. In low-temperature designs, some parts of the flue
gas are recycled back into the furnace/boiler in order to
control the flame temperature and brings it down to
approximately 3,000°F.In high-temperature designs, the fuel
and oxygen are mixed at the burner undiluted with the
recycled flue gas resulting in high temperature greater than
4,500°F. This results in the fuel demand for steam generation
reducing the size and capital cost of the boiler. This oxyfuel
technology can be retro-fitted on existing power plants only
because of the high initial cost for setting up the air-
separation unit. This technology is found to be less suited for
low quality fuels, like ignite.

Fig. 3 Schematic Diagram of Pre-Combustion Carbon Capture technique

Fig. 4 Schematic Diagram of Oxy Fuel Combustion Carbon Capture technique

B. Stage II: Transportation of Captured CO2
The captured CO2 is compressed into a fluid and is then
transported to a storage site usually by pipelines or by ships
or trains or other vehicles.
C. Stage III: Storage of CO2
In stage III, the transported CO2 is then injected
permanently in sequestration sites which are mostly
underground geological solid porous formations such as
sandstone, dolomite or deep coal seams. Deep saline
formations, stranded oil and gas reservoirs and coal beds that
are too deep and too thin also has good storage potential. An
underground layer of rock storing water called aquifers can
also be used as sequestration sites. The captured CO2 can
also be used in applications in need of CO2 which may help
to reduce the extra capturing cost and thus making the
process more economical.

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 2022 Third International Conference on Intelligent Computing, Instrumentation and Control Technologies (ICICICT)

The main potential CO2 storage sites in India are
located in the saline aquifers and oil and gas fields around
the margins of peninsula, especially offshore, but also
onshore in the states of Gujarat and Rajasthan [4]. About
5GTt CO2 storage potential is estimated to be present in
India’s major coalfields and oil and gas fields.
IV. CARBON CAPTURE PROJECTS IN INDIA
The CCUS technology is regaining momentum in Indian
industries and public sectors while considering the need for
achieving the ambitious target of carbon-neutrality. TATA
Steel plant has commissioned India’s first large scale carbon
capture plant having a maximum capacity of 5 tonnes per
day. Dalmia Cement in Tamilnadu has made its
announcement in building a CCU with a capturing capacity
of 0.5Mt/yr. Likewise many large companies in India have
laid initial foundation in commissioning carbon capture
plants. The Table I shows the emission points in India
where Carbon capture plants are commissioned and is in
operation.

TABLE I: CARBON CAPTURE PROJECTS COMMISSIONED AT THE EMISSION POINTS IN INDIA

Method Installation Industry Installation Capacity Reusage of captured CO2

year location
• Using CO2 through Bio reactors to produce an
Jindal Steel’s algae, Spirulina (Dietary supplement)
Coal gasification
Oxy Fuel Rebar Mill At
plant (CGP) 2,000 tonnes of • CO2 to Bio-Ethanol Pilot Project
Combustion Carbon April 2022 Angul Plant,
located within CO2 per day • CO2 to Methanol through Catalytic
Capture technique Odisha
the steel unit hydrogenation route
• CO2 to Soda Ash Pilot project
Post-combustion TATA Steel
September Installed in Blast 5 tonnes per day Reuse the captured CO2 on site to promote the
Carbon Capture Plant,
2021 Furnace (TPD) circular carbon economy
(Amine based) Jamshedpur
Tuticorin Alkali
Post-combustion Captures 60,000
October Chemicals and Installed on coal-
Carbon Capture tonnes of CO2 per CO2 converted to soda ash
2016 Fertilizers fired boiler
(Amine based) year
limited
Urea Plant, Indo
Post-combustion Installed in
Gulf 150 tonnes of CO2
Carbon Capture 2007 ammonia CO2 used for urea synthesis
Corporation Ltd, a day
(Amine based) reformer unit
Jagdishpur, India
Aonla Urea plant
Post-combustion Installed on
and Phulpur urea 450 tonnes of CO2
Carbon Capture 2006 natural gas fired CO2 used for urea synthesis
plant in Uttar a day
(Amine based) steam reformer
Pradesh, India
promising technology. This can be done in Integrated
V. CARBON CAPTURE AND HYDROGEN Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) plants [5]. Extracting
ECONOMY CO2 at high purity and elevated pressure using CCS
Hydrogen is an aspiring energy source of the future. technology leaves behind a less-than-pure hydrogen called
Hydrogen use is dominated today in industries such as oil refinery hydrogen is commercially useful suitable for
refineries, ammonia production, methanol production , applications such as hydrogen-fueled internal combustion
treating metals and processing foods. engines [6].

Fig. 5 shows the scenario of the global hydrogen demand

by various sectors towards Net Zero Carbon. Net Zero
carbon refers to the condition of achieving a balance between
Carbon emissions and the amount removed for the
atmosphere. From the graph it is evident that the Hydrogen
demand in 2020 was approximately 90 Mt and that in 2030 is
approximately 210Mt.

Hydrogen can be extracted from fossil fuels and biomass,

from water, or from a mix of both. But conversion of fossil
fuel dependent economy into a hydrogen economy based on
fossil fuels won’t be an advantage if the CO2 is not removed.
Production of hydrogen from fossil fuels is responsible for Fig. 5 Global Hydrogen Demand by various sectors towards Net Zero
CO2 emissions of around 830 million tonnes of carbon Carbon Scenario [7]
dioxide per year.

Conversion of fossil fuels associated with the carbon VI. ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY (EOR) USING CO2
capture technology helps in reducing the carbon footprint of
About 2% of the global oil supply is supplied by EOR
these processes. Instead of producing Hydrogen in stand-
technique. The three phases of production involved in oil
alone plants co-production of hydrogen and electricity from
extraction in oil wells are primary production, secondary
fossil fuel plants with carbon capture may be the most

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 2022 Third International Conference on Intelligent Computing, Instrumentation and Control Technologies (ICICICT)
production and tertiary production. Primary production
utilizes the natural pressure built up within the underground
reservoirs and secondary production uses water flooding
technique for pumping out oil from oil wells. Nearly 65% of
the oil is left behind in the rock. EOR technique is used to
recover this leftover oil. The EOR technologies are
classified into (i) Thermal EOR (Steam is use to heat the oil)
(ii) CO2 EOR (Injecting CO2 into the subsurface) (iii) Other
gas injection EOR (Usage of gases such as natural gas or
nitrogen) (iv) Chemical EOR (Injecting polymer loaded
water) (v) Other EOR (Injecting microorganisms in the
reservoir).
In CO2-EOR technique, the CO2 extracted using carbon
capture techniques is utilized. In this CO2 flooding
technique, CO2 is delivered to the oil mills through pipe
lines where it is directed to the injection wells. This
technique is proved to be a large scale profitable permanent
carbon sequestration method because of the additional oil
revenues generated. This technology can reduce the cost of
CCS process. Moreover it gives a overall picture that it is
not able to reduce emissions since it produces carbon
emitting oil. But the study of Núñez-López et al. [8] shows
that a net carbon negative status is achieved in the
production site as a large percentage of the CO2 injected
gets trapped underground permanently.
The Table II below shows the critical properties of CO2.
Above the critical pressure and critical temperature, CO 2
behaves like a super-critical liquid expanding like a gas but
with density of a liquid. CO2 is completely miscible with oil
at supercritical pressure and temperature; hence combines
with crude oil forming a homogeneous liquid, decreases oil
viscosity and pressurizes it. This helps the oil to move
through the rock pore spaces, enhancing the recovery of oil.
TABLE II CRITICAL PROPERTIES OF CO2
Critical pressure (Pc) 1070.6 psia
Critical temperature (Tc) 87.98°F
Critical volume (Vc) 94 cm3/mol
Critical viscosity (μc) 0.0335 cp
Fig. 6 Number of EOR projects in operation globally [9]
Fig. 6 shows the statistics of the number of EOR projects
in operation around the globe. In 1980s, out of the 166 EOR
projects, 9 of them were CO2-EOR projects. There is a step
increase in the number of CO2-EOR plants successfully
installed in the following years and in 2017 it reached to 166
out of the 374 EOR projects commissioned globally. The
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technically recoverable domestic oil along with its largest
environmental benefit achieved because of the CO2 that is
captured instead of being released into the atmosphere
leading to the net-zero carbon status makes this technology
attractive.
VII. CONCLUSION
Global Energy demand is accelerating almost daily to
fulfill the human population needs. About 80% of the
current global energy sector depends on fossil fuels which
produces a large amount of CO2 as exhaust gases thus
increasing the global warming. Climate change is one of the
major challenges we are facing in the present situation.
Renewables cannot replace the fossil fuels and dominate the
energy sector immediately due to lack of technologies and
the need of high investment. The CCUS technology helps to
reduce this CO2 emitted into the atmosphere by capturing
the CO2 gas at the emission point and utilizing it for further
production of energy as well as in industries in demand of
CO2. Thus CCUS technology not only helps to mitigate the
climatic change but also serves as an energy source thus
converting the “problem” into a “solution”.
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